ENHANCED NETWORK-LINK ARCHITECTURE FOR IMPROVED

END-TO-END LATENCY IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN

DIFFERENT CLOUD ENVIRONMENTS

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of each of the following provisional applications. The entire contents of each of the provisional applications listed below are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

(1 ) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/306,007, filed on February 2, 2022;

(2) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/306,918, filed on February 4, 2022;

(3) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/321,614, filed on March 18, 2022;

(4) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/333,965, filed on April 22, 2022;

(5) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/336,811, filed on April 29, 2022;

(6) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/339,297, filed on May 6, 2022;

(7) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/346,004, filed on May 26, 2022;

(8) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/389,305, filed on July 14, 2022;

(9) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/389,145, filed on July 14, 2022, and

(10) U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/380,326, filed on October 20, 2022.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to cloud architectures, and more particularly to techniques for linking two cloud environments such that a user of one cloud environment can use a sendee provided by the other cloud environment.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The last few years have seen a dramatic increase in the adoption of cloud services and this trend is only going to increase. Various different cloud environments are being provided by different cloud service providers (CSPs), each cloud environment providing a set. of one or more cloud services. The set of cloud services offered by a cloud environment may include one or more different types of services including but not restricted to Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) services, Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS) services, Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) services, and others.

[0004] While various different cloud environments are currently available, each cloud environment provides a closed ecosystem for its subscribing customers. As a result., a customer of a cloud environment is restricted to using the services offered by that cloud environment. There is no easy way for a customer subscribing to a cloud environment provided by a CSP to, via that cloud environment, use a service offered in a different cloud environment provided by a different CSP. Embodiments discussed herein address these and other issues. Embodiments discussed herein address these and other issues.

SUMMARY

[0005] The present disclosure relates generally to improved cloud architectures, and more particularly to techniques for linking two clouds such that a user of one cloud environment can use a service provided by another different cloud environment. Various embodiments are described herein, including methods, systems, non-transitory computer-readable storage media storing programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors, and the like. Some embodiments may be implemented by using a computer program product, comprising computer program/instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform any of the methods described in the disclosure.

[0006] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a multi-cloud control plane (MCCP) framework that provisions for capabilities to deliver services of a particular cloud network (e.g., Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)) to users on other clouds (e.g., in Microsoft Azure). The MCCP framework allows users (of other cloud environment(s)) to access services (e.g., PaaS sendees) of a cloud environment, while providing with a user experience as close as possible to that of the native cloud environment( s) of the user. A key value proposition to MCCP is that customers wall be able to experience the full data plane capabilities of the sendees in external clouds.

[0007] One embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method comprising: receiving, by a multi-cloud infrastructure included in a first cloud environment, a request to create a network-link between a first virtual network in the first cloud environment and a second virtual network in a second cloud environment, the first virtual network in the first cloud environment being previously created to enable a user associated with a customer tenancy in the second cloud environment to access one or more services provided in the first cloud environment; and creating the network-link between the first virtual network in the first cloud environment and the second virtual network in the second cloud environment using a plurality of link-enabling virtual networks, wherein a first link-enabling virtual network from the plurality of link-enabling virtual networks is placed in the second cloud environment and a second link-enabling virtual network from the plurality of link-enabling virtual networks is placed in the first cloud environment.

[0008] An aspect of the present disclosure provides for a computing device comprising one or more data processors, and a non -transitory computer readable storage medium containing instructions which, when executed on the one or more data processors, cause the computing device to perform part or all of one or more methods disclosed herein.

[0009] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides for a computer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, including instructions configured to cause one or more data processors to perform part or all of one or more methods disclosed herein.

[0010] The foregoing, together with other features and embodiments wall become more apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Features, embodiments, and advantages of the present disclosure are better understood when the following Detailed Description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0012] FIG. 1 is a high-level diagram of a distributed environment showing a virtual or overlay cloud network hosted by a cloud service provider infrastructure according to certain embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 2 depicts a simplified architectural diagram of the physical components in the physical network within CSPI according to certain embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 3 shows an example arrangement within CSPI where a host machine is connected to multiple network virtualization devices (NVDs) according to certain embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 4 depicts connectivity between a host machine and an NVD for providing I/O virtualization for supporting multitenancy according to certain embodiments. [0016] FIG. 5 depicts a simplified block diagram of a physical network provided by a CSPI according to certain embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 6 depicts a simplified high-level diagram of a distributed environment comprising multiple cloud environments provided by different cloud sendee providers (CSPs) wherein the cloud environments include a particular cloud environment that provides specialized infrastructure that enables one or more cloud services provided by that particular cloud environment to be used by customers of other cloud environments according to certain embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary high-level architecture of a multi-cloud control plane (MCCP), according to some embodiments.

[0019] FIGs. 8A and 8B depict exemplary processes for linking two user accounts in different cloud environments, according to some embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary system diagram illustrating components of a multi-cloud control plane (MCCP) according to some embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 10 depicts a high-level block diagram of a network-link component according to certain embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 11 depicts a detailed architecture of a network-link according to certain embodiments.

[0023] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict, exemplary latency values observed for the architecture of the network-link of FIG. 11, according to certain embodiments.

[0024] FIG. 12C depicts an exemplary? flowchart, illustrating a process of establishing a network-link according to certain embodiments.

[0025] FIG. 13 depicts another detailed architecture of a network-link according to certain embodiments.

[0026] FIG. 14A depicts exemplary latency values observed for the architecture of the network-link of FIG. 13, according to certain embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 14B depicts another exemplary flowchart illustrating a process of establishing a network-link according to certain embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 15 depicts a system diagram of a multi-cloud service control plane, according to certain embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 16A depicts a swim diagram illustrating interactions of the multi -cloud control plane with different cloud environments, according to certain embodiments. [0030] FIG. 16B depicts an exemplary flowchart illustrating a process performed by the multi-cloud service control plane, according to certain embodiments.

[0031] Fig. 17 A depicts an exemplary placement strategy of compute instances in availability domains of different cloud environments, according to certain embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 17B depicts an exemplary flowchart illustrating a process performed by the multi-cloud service control plane in determining availability domains of different cloud environments in which compute instances are to be placed, according to certain embodiments. [0033] FIG, 18 is a block diagram illustrating one pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a system, according to at least one embodiment.

[0034] FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating another pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a sendee system, according to at least one embodiment.

[0035] FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating another pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a service system, according to at least one embodiment.

[0036] FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating another pattern for implementing a cloud infrastructure as a sendee system, according to at least one embodiment.

[0037] FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer system, according to at least one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of certain embodiments. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs.

[0039] The present disclosure relates generally to improved cloud architectures, and more particularly to techniques for linking two clouds such that a user of one cloud environment can use a service provided by another different cloud environment. Various embodiments are described herein, including methods, systems, computer-readable storage media storing programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors, and the like. Some embodiments may be implemented by using a computer program product, comprising computer program/instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform any of the methods described in the disclosure.

[0040] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a multi-cloud control plane (MCCP) framework that provisions for capabilities to deliver services of a particular cloud network (e.g., Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)) to users on other clouds (e.g., in Microsoft Azure). The MCCP framework allows users (of other cloud environments)) to access services (e.g., PaaS services) of a cloud environment, while providing with a user experience as close as possible to that of the native cloud environment(s) of the user. A key value proposition to MCCP is that customers wall be able to experience the full data plane capabilities of the sendees in external clouds.

[0041] The MCCP enables users of a second cloud infrastructure (e.g., Azure users) to make use of resources (e.g., database resources) provided by a first cloud infrastructure (e.g., OCI) in a way that is transparent to the user. Specifically, the services provided by the first cloud infrastructure appear as “native” services in the second cloud infrastructure. This allows customers of the second cloud infrastructure to natively access sendees provided by the first cloud infrastructure. As will be described below with reference to FIGs. 6-17B, the MCCP is a collection of microservices executed in the first cloud infrastructure which exposes resources of the first cloud infrastructure to be utilized by external cloud users (e.g., users of the second cloud infrastructure). Each of the microservices acts as a proxy providing communication to resources provided by the first cloud infrastructure.

Examples of Cloud Networks

[0042] The term cloud service is generally used to refer to a service that is made available by a cloud services provider (CSP) to users or customers on demand (e.g., via a subscription model) using systems and infrastructure (cloud infrastructure) provided by the CSP. Typically, the servers and systems that make up the CSP's infrastructure are separate from the customer's own on-premises sewers and systems. Customers can thus avail themselves of cloud services provided by the CSP without having to purchase separate hardware and software resources for the services. Cloud services are designed to provide a subscribing customer easy, scalable access to applications and computing resources without the customer having to invest in procuring the infrastructure that is used for providing the senices.

[0043] There are several cloud service providers that offer various types of cloud services. There are various different types or models of cloud services including Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS), and others. [0044] A customer can subscribe to one or more cloud services provided by a CSP. The customer can be any entity such as an individual, an organization, an enterprise, and the like. When a customer subscribes to or registers for a service provided by a CSP, a tenancy or an account is created for that customer. The customer can then, via this account, access the subscribed-to one or more cloud resources associated with the account.

[0045] As noted above, infrastructure as a service (laaS) is one particular type of cloud computing service. In an laaS model, the CSP provides infrastructure (referred to as cloud services provider infrastructure or CSPI) that can be used by customers to build their own customizable networks and deploy customer resources. The customer's resources and networks are thus hosted in a distributed environment by infrastructure provided by a CSP. This is different from traditional computing, where the customer's resources and networks are hosted by infrastructure provided by the customer.

[0046] The CSPI may comprise interconnected high-performance compute resources including various host machines, memory' resources, and network resources that form a physical network, which is also referred to as a substrate network or an underlay network. The resources in CSPI may be spread across one or more data centers that may be geographically spread across one or more geographical regions. Virtualization software may be executed by these physical resources to provide a virtualized distributed environment. The virtualization creates an overlay network (also known as a software-based network, a software-defined network, or a virtual network) over the physical network. The CSPI physical network provides the underlying basis for creating one or more overlay or virtual networks on top of the physical network. The physical network (or substrate network or underlay network) comprises physical network devices such as physical switches, routers, computers and host machines, and the like. An overlay network is a logical (or virtual) network that runs on top of a physical substrate network. A given physical network can support one or multiple overlay networks. Overlay networks typically use encapsulation techniques to differentiate between traffic belonging to different overlay networks. A virtual or overlay network is also referred to as a virtual cloud network (VCN). The virtual networks are implemented using software virtualization technologies (e.g., hypervisors, virtualization functions implemented by network virtualization devices (NVDs) (e.g., smartNICs), top-of-rack (TOR) switches, smart TORs that implement one or more functions performed by an NVD, and other mechanisms) to create layers of network abstraction that can be run on top of the physical network. Virtual networks can take on many forms, including peer-to-peer networks, IP networks, and others. Virtual networks are typically either Layer-3 IP networks or Layer-2 VLANs. This method of virtual or overlay networking is often referred to as virtual or overlay Layer-3 networking. Examples of protocols developed for virtual networks include IP-in-IP (or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)) Virtual Extensible LAN (VXL AN --- IETF RFC 7348), Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (e.g., MPLS Layer-3 Virtual Private Networks (RFC 4364)), VMware's NSX, GENEVE (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation), and others.

[0047] For laaS, the infrastructure (CSPI) provided by a CSP can be configured to provide virtualized computing resources over a public network (e.g., the Internet). In an laaS model, a cloud computing services provider can host the infrastructure components (e.g., servers, storage devices, network nodes (e.g., hardware), deployment software, platform virtualization (e.g., a hypervisor layer), or the like). In some cases, an laaS provider may also supply a variety of services to accompany those infrastructure components (e.g., billing, monitoring, logging, security, load balancing and clustering, etc.). Thus, as these services may be policy-driven, laaS users may be able to implement policies to drive load balancing to maintain application availability and performance. CSPI provides infrastructure and a set. of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and ran a wide range of applications and services in a highly available hosted distributed environment. CSPI offers high-performance compute resources and capabilities and storage capacity in a flexible virtual network that is securely accessible from various networked locations such as from a customer's on-premises network. When a customer subscribes to or registers for an laaS service provided by a CSP, the tenancy created for that, customer is a secure and isolated partition within the CSPI where the customer can create, organize, and administer their cloud resources.

[0048] Customers can build their own virtual networks using compute, memory’, and networking resources provided by CSPI. One or more customer resources or workloads, such as compute instances, can be deployed on these virtual networks. For example, a customer can use resources provided by CSPI to build one or multiple customizable and private virtual network(s) referred to as virtual cloud networks (VCNs). A customer can deploy one or more customer resources, such as compute instances, on a customer VCN. Compute instances can take the form of virtual machines, bare metal instances, and the like. The CSPI thus provides infrastructure and a set of complementary/ cloud services that enable customers to build and run a wide range of applications and sendees in a highly available virtual hosted environment. The customer does not manage or control the underlying physical resources provided by CSPI but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., firewalls).

[0049] The CSP may provide a console that enables customers and network administrators to configure, access, and manage resources deployed in the cloud using CSPI resources. In certain embodiments, the console provides a web-based user interface that can be used to access and manage CSPI. In some implementations, the console is a web-based application provided by the CSP.

[0050] CSPI may support single-tenancy or multi-tenancy architectures. In a single tenancy architecture, a software (e.g., an application, a database) or a hardware component (e.g., a host machine or a server) a single customer or tenant. In a multi-tenancy architecture, a software or a hardware component serves multiple customers or tenants. Thus, in a multitenancy architecture, CSPI resources are shared between multiple customers or tenants. In a multi-tenancy situation, precautions are taken, and safeguards put in place within CSPI to ensure that each tenant's data is isolated and remains invisible to other tenants.

[0051] In a physical network, a network endpoint ("endpoint") refers to a computing device or system that is connected to a physical network and communicates back and forth with the network to which it is connected. A network endpoint in the physical network may be connected to a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), or other type of physical network. Examples of traditional endpoints in a physical network include modems, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and other networking devices, physical computers (or host machines), and the like. Each physical device in the physical network has a fixed network address that can be used to communicate with the device. This fixed network address can be a Layer-2 address (e.g., a MAC address), a fixed Layer-3 address (e.g., an IP address), and the like. In a virtualized environment or in a virtual network, the endpoints can include various virtual endpoints such as virtual machines that are hosted by components of the physical network (e.g., hosted by physical host machines). These endpoints in the virtual network are addressed by overlay addresses such as overlay Layer-2 addresses (e.g., overlay MAC addresses) and overlay Layer-3 addresses (e.g., overlay IP addresses). Network overlays enable flexibility by allowing network managers to move around the overlay addresses associated with network endpoints using software management (e.g., via software implementing a control plane for the virtual network). Accordingly, unlike in a physical network, in a virtual network, an overlay address (e.g., an overlay IP address) can be moved from one endpoint to another using network management software. Since the virtual network is built on top of a physical network, communications between components in the virtual network involves both the virtual network and the underlying physical network. In order to facilitate such communications, the components of CSPI are configured to learn and store mappings that map overlay addresses in the virtual network to actual physical addresses in the substrate network, and vice versa. These mappings are then used to facilitate the communications. Customer traffic is encapsulated to facilitate routing in the virtual network. [0052] Accordingly, physical addresses (e.g., physical IP addresses) are associated with components in physical networks and overlay addresses (e.g., overlay IP addresses) are associated with entities in virtual or overlay networks. A physical IP address is an IP address associated with a physical device (e.g., a network device) in the substrate or physical network. For example, each NVD has an associated physical IP address. An overlay IP address is an overlay address associated with an entity in an overlay network, such as with a compute instance in a customer’s virtual cloud network (VCN). Two different customers or tenants, each with their own private VCNs can potentially use the same overlay IP address in their VCNs without any knowledge of each other. Both the physical IP addresses and overlay IP addresses are types of real IP addresses. These are separate from virtual IP addresses. A virtual IP address is typically a single IP address that is represents or maps to multiple real IP addresses. A virtual IP address provides a 1-to-many mapping between the virtual IP address and multiple real IP addresses. For example, a load balancer may use a VIP to map to or represent multiple servers, each server having its own real IP address.

[0053] The cloud infrastructure or CSPI is physically hosted in one or more data centers in one or more regions around the world. The CSPI may include components in the physical or substrate network and virtualized components (e.g., virtual networks, compute instances, virtual machines, etc.) that, are in a virtual network built on top of the physical network components. In certain embodiments, the CSPI is organized and hosted in realms, regions, and availability domains. A region is typically a localized geographic area that contains one or more data centers. Regions are generally independent of each other and can be separated by vast distances, for example, across countries or even continents. For example, a first region may be in Australia, another one in Japan, yet another one in India, and the like. CSPI resources are divided among regions such that each region has its own independent subset of CSPI resources. Each region may provide a set of core infrastructure services and resources, such as, compute resources (e.g., bare metal servers, virtual machine, containers and related infrastructure, etc.); storage resources (e.g., block volume storage, file storage, object storage, archive storage); networking resources (e.g., virtual cloud networks (VCNs), load balancing resources, connections to on-premise networks), database resources; edge networking resources (e.g., DNS); and access management and monitoring resources, and others. Each region generally has multiple paths connecting it to other regions in the realm.

[0054] Generally, an application is deployed in a region (i.e., deployed on infrastructure associated with that region) where it is most heavily used, because using nearby resources is faster than using distant resources. Applications can also be deployed in different regions for various reasons, such as redundancy to mitigate the risk of region-wide events such as large weather systems or earthquakes, to meet varying requirements for legal jurisdictions, tax domains, and other business or social criteria, and the like.

[0055] The data centers within a region can be further organized and subdivided into availability domains (ADs). An availability domain may correspond to one or more data centers located within a region. A region can be composed of one or more availability domains. In such a distributed environment, CSPI resources are either region-specific, such as a virtual cloud network (VCN), or availability domain-specific, such as a compute instance.

[0056] ADs within a region are isolated from each other, fault tolerant, and are configured such that they are very unlikely to fail simultaneously. This is achieved by the ADs not sharing critical infrastructure resources such as networking, physical cables, cable paths, cable entry points, etc., such that a failure at one AD within a region is unlikely to impact the availability of the other ADs within the same region. The ADs within the same region may be connected to each other by a low latency, high bandwidth network, which makes it. possible to provide high-availability connectivity to other networks (e.g., the Internet, customers' on-premises networks, etc.) and to build replicated systems in multiple ADs for both high-availability and disaster recovery'. Cloud services use multiple ADs to ensure high availability and to protect against resource failure. As the infrastructure provided by the laaS provider grows, more regions and ADs may be added with additional capacity. Traffic between availability domains is usually encrypted.

[0057] In certain embodiments, regions are grouped into realms. A realm is a logical collection of regions. Realms are isolated from each other and do not share any data. Regions in the same realm may communicate with each other, but regions in different realms cannot. A customer's tenancy or account with the CSP exists in a single realm and can be spread across one or more regions that belong to that realm. Typically, when a customer subscribes to an laaS service, a tenancy or account is created for that customer in the customer-specified region (referred to as the "home" region) within a realm. A customer can extend the customer's tenancy across one or more other regions within the realm. A customer cannot access regions that are not in the realm where the customer's tenancy exists.

[0058] An laaS provider can provide multiple realms, each realm catered to a particular set of customers or users. For example, a commercial realm may be provided for commercial customers. As another example, a realm may be provided for a specific country for customers within that country. As yet another example, a government realm may be provided for a government, and the like. For example, the government realm may be catered for a specific government and may have a heightened level of security than a commercial realm. For example, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) currently offers a realm for commercial regions and two realms (e.g., FedRAMP authorized and IL5 authorized) for government cloud regions. [0059] In certain embodiments, an AD can be subdivided into one or more fault domains. A fault domain is a grouping of infrastructure resources within an AD to provide anti-affinity. Fault domains allow for the distribution of compute instances such that the instances are not on the same physical hardware within a single AD. This is known as anti -affinity. A fault domain refers to a set of hardware components (computers, switches, and more) that share a single point of failure. A compute pool is logically divided up into fault domains. Due to this, a hardware failure or compute hardware maintenance event that affects one fault domain does not affect instances in other fault domains. Depending on the embodiment, the number of fault domains for each AD may vary. For instance, in certain embodiments each AD contains three fault domains. A fault domain acts as a logical data center within an AD.

[0060] When a customer subscribes to an laaS service, resources from CSPI are provisioned for the customer and associated with the customer's tenancy. The customer can use these provisioned resources to build private networks and deploy resources on these networks. The customer networks that are hosted in the cloud by the CSPI are referred to as virtual cloud networks (VCNs). A customer can set up one or more virtual cloud networks (VCNs) using CSPI resources allocated for the customer. A VCN is a virtual or software defined private network. The customer resources that are deployed in the customer's VCN can include compute instances (e.g., virtual machines, bare-metal instances) and other resources. These compute instances may represent various customer workloads such as applications, load balancers, databases, and the like. A compute instance deployed on a VCN can communicate with publicly accessible endpoints ("public endpoints") over a public network such as the Internet, with other instances in the same VCN or other VCNs (e.g., the customer's other VCNs, or VCNs not belonging to the customer), with the customer's on-premise data centers or networks, and with sendee endpoints, and other types of endpoints,

[0061] The CSP may provide various sendees using the CSPI. In some instances, customers of CSPI may themselves act like sendee providers and provide services using CSPI resources, A sendee provider may expose a service endpoint, which is characterized by identification information (e.g., an IP Address, a DNS name and port). A customer's resource (e.g., a compute instance) can consume a particular sendee by accessing a sendee endpoint exposed by the service for that particular service. These service endpoints are generally endpoints that are publicly accessible by users using public IP addresses associated with the endpoints via a public communication network such as the Internet. Network endpoints that, are publicly accessible are also sometimes referred to as public endpoints.

[0062] In certain embodiments, a sendee provider may expose a sendee via an endpoint (sometimes referred to as a service endpoint) for the service. Customers of the service can then use this sendee endpoint to access the service. In certain implementations, a service endpoint provided for a service can be accessed by multiple customers that intend to consume that sendee. In other implementations, a dedicated service endpoint may be provided for a customer such that only that customer can access the sendee using that, dedicated sendee endpoint.

[0063] In certain embodiments, when a VCN i s created, it i s associated with a private overlay Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) address space, which is a range of private overlay IP addresses that are assigned to the VCN (e.g., 10.0/16). A VCN includes associated subnets, route tables, and gateways. A VCN resides within a single region but can span one or more or all of the region's availability domains, A gateway is a virtual interface that is configured for a VCN and enables communication of traffic to and from the VCN to one or more endpoints outside the VCN. One or more different types of gateways may be configured for a, VCN to enable communication to and from different types of endpoints.

[0064] A VCN can be subdivided into one or more sub-networks such as one or more subnets. A subnet is thus a unit of configuration or a subdivision that can be created within a VCN. A VCN can have one or multiple subnets. Each subnet within a VCN is associated with a contiguous range of overlay IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.1.0/24) that do not overlap with other subnets in that VCN, and which represent an address space subset within the address space of the VCN.

[0065] Each compute instance is associated with a virtual network interface card (VNIC), that enables the compute instance to participate in a subnet of a VCN. A VNIC is a logical representation of physical Network Interface Card (NIC). In general, a VNIC is an interface between an entity (e.g., a compute instance, a service) and a virtual network. A VNIC exists in a subnet, has one or more associated IP addresses, and associated security rules or policies. A VNIC is equivalent to a Layer-2 port on a switch. A VNIC is attached to a compute instance and to a subnet within a VCN. A VNIC associated with a compute instance enables the compute instance to be a part of a subnet of a VCN and enables the compute instance to communicate (e.g., send and receive packets) with endpoints that are on the same subnet as the compute instance, with endpoints in different subnets in the VCN, or with endpoints outside the VCN. The VNIC associated with a compute instance thus determines how the compute instance connects with endpoints inside and outside the VCN. A VNIC for a compute instance is created and associated with that compute instance when the compute instance is created and added to a subnet within a VCN. For a subnet comprising a set of compute instances, the subnet contains the VNICs corresponding to the set of compute instances, each VNIC attached to a compute instance within the set of computer instances.

[0066] Each compute instance is assigned a private overlay IP address via the VNIC associated with the compute instance. This private overlay IP address is assigned to the VNIC that is associated with the compute instance when the compute instance is created and used for routing traffic to and from the compute instance. All VNICs in a given subnet use the same route table, security lists, and DHCP options. As described above, each subnet within a VCN is associated with a contiguous range of overlay IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.1.0/24) that do not overlap with other subnets in that VCN, and which represent an address space subset within the address space of the VCN. For a VNIC on a particular subnet of a VCN, the private overlay IP address that is assigned to the VNIC is an address from the contiguous range of overlay IP addresses allocated for the subnet.

[0067] In certain embodiments, a compute instance may optionally be assigned additional overlay IP addresses in addition to the private overlay IP address, such as, for example, one or more public IP addresses if in a public subnet. These multiple addresses are assigned either on the same VNIC or over multiple VNICs that are associated with the compute instance. Each instance however has a primary VNIC that is created during instance launch and is associated with the overlay private IP address assigned to the instance — this primary VNIC cannot be removed. Additional VNICs, referred to as secondary VNICs, can be added to an existing instance in the same availability domain as the All the VNICs are in the same availability domain as the instance. A secondary VNIC can be in a subnet in the same VCN as the primary VNIC, or in a different subnet that is either in the same VCN or a different one.

[0068] A compute instance may optionally be assigned a public IP address if it is in a public subnet. A subnet can be designated as either a. public subnet or a private subnet at the time the subnet is created. A private subnet means that the resources (e.g., compute instances) and associated VNICs in the subnet cannot have public overlay IP addresses. A public subnet means that the resources and associated VNICs in the subnet can have public IP addresses. A customer can designate a subnet to exist either in a single availability domain or across multiple availability domains in a region or realm.

[0069] As described above, a VCN may be subdivided into one or more subnets. In certain embodiments, a Virtual Router (VR) configured for the VCN (referred to as the VCN VR or just enables communications between the subnets of the VCN. For a subnet within a VCN, the VR represents a logical gateway for that subnet that enables the subnet (i.e., the compute instances on that subnet) to communicate with endpoints on other subnets within the VCN, and with other endpoints outside the VCN. The VCN VR. is a logical entity that is configured to route traffic between VNICs in the VCN and virtual gateways ("gateways") associated with the VCN. Gateways are further described below with respect to FIG. 1. A VCN VR is a Layer-3/IP Layer concept. In one embodiment, there is one VCN VR for a VCN where the VCN VR has potentially an unlimited number of ports addressed by IP addresses, with one port for each subnet of the VCN. In this manner, the VCN VR has a different IP address for each subnet in the VCN that the V CN VR i s attached to. The VR is al so connected to the various gateways configured for a VCN. In certain embodiments, a particular overlay IP address from the overlay IP address range for a subnet is reserved for a port of the VCN ATI for that subnet. For example, consider a VCN having two subnets with associated address ranges 10.0/16 and 10.1/16, respectively. For the first subnet within the VCN with address range 10.0/16, an address from this range is reserved for a port, of the VCN VR for that subnet. In some instances, the first IP address from the range may be reserved for the example, for the subnet with overlay IP address range 10.0/16, IP address 10.0.0.1 may be reserved for a port of the for that subnet. For the second subnet within the same VCN with address range 10.1 /16, the VCN VR may have a port for that second subnet with IP address 10.1.0.1. The has a different IP address for each of the subnets in the VCN.

[0070] In some other embodiments, each subnet within a A’CN may have its own associated VR that is addressable by the subnet using a reserved or default IP address associated with the VR. The reserved or default IP address may, for example, be the first IP address from the range of IP addresses associated with that subnet. The VNICs in the subnet can communicate (e.g., send and receive packets) with the VR associated with the subnet using this default or reserved IP address. In such an embodiment, the VR is the ingress/egress point for that subnet. The VR associated with a subnet within the VCN can communicate with other VRs associated with other subnets within the VCN. The VRs can also communicate with gateways associated with the VCN. The VR function for a subnet is running on or executed by one or more NVDs executing VNICs functionality for VNICs in the subnet.

[0071] Route tables, security rules, and DHCP options may be configured for a VCN. Route tables are virtual route tables for the VCN and include rules to route traffic from subnets within the VCN to destinations outside the VCN by way of gateways or specially configured instances. A VCN's route tables can be customized to control how packets are forwarded/routed to and from the VCN. DHCP options refers to configuration information that is automatically provided to the instances when they boot up.

[0072] Security rules configured for a VCN represent overlay firewall rules for the VCN. The security rules can include ingress and egress rules, and specify the types of traffic (e.g., based upon protocol and port) that, is allowed in and out of the instances within the VCN. The customer can choose whether a given rule is stateful or stateless. For instance, the customer can allow incoming SSH traffic from anywhere to a set of instances by setting up a stateful ingress rule with source CIDR 0.0.0.0/0, and destination TCP port 22. Security rules can be implemented using network security groups or security lists. A network security group consists of a set of security rules that apply only to the resources in that group. A security list, on the other hand, includes rules that apply to all the resources in any subnet that uses the security list. A VCN may be provided with a default security list with default security rules. DHCP options configured for a VCN provide configuration information that is automatically provided to the instances in the VCN when the instances boot up.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the configuration information for a VCN is determined and stored by a VCN Control Plane, The configuration information for a VCN may include, for example, information about the address range associated with the VCN, subnets within the VCN and associated information, one or more VRs associated with the VCN, compute instances in the VCN and associated VNICs, NVDs executing the various virtualization network functions (e.g., VNICs, VRs, gateways) associated with the VCN, state information for the VCN, and other VCN-related information. In certain embodiments, a VCN Distribution Sendee publishes the configuration information stored by the VCN Control Plane, or portions thereof, to the NVDs. The distributed information may be used to update information (e.g., forwarding tables, routing tables, etc.) stored and used by the NVDs to forward packets to and from the compute instances in the VCN.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the creation of VCNs and subnets are handled by a VCN Control Plane (CP), and the launching of compute instances is handled by a Compute Control Plane. The Compute Control Plane is responsible for allocating the physical resources for the compute instance and then calls the VCN Control Plane to create and attach VNICs to the compute instance. The VCN CP also sends VCN data mappings to the VCN data plane that is configured to perform packet forwarding and routing functions. In certain embodiments, the VCN CP provides a distribution service that is responsible for providing updates to the VCN data plane. Examples of a VCN Control Plane are also depicted in FIGs. 6, 7, 8, and 9 (see references 616, 716, 816, and 916) and described below.

[0075] A customer may create one or more VCNs using resources hosted by CSPI. A compute instance deployed on a customer VCN may communicate with different endpoints. These endpoints can include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI and endpoints outside CSPI.

[0076] Various different architectures for implementing cloud-based service using CSPI are depicted in FIGs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 18-22, and are described below. FIG. 1 is a high-level diagram of a distributed environment 100 showing an overlay or customer VCN hosted by CSPI according to certain embodiments. The distributed environment depicted in FIG. 1 includes multiple components in the overlay network. Distributed environment 100 depicted in FIG. 1 is merely an example and is not intended to unduly limit the scope of claimed embodiments. Many variations, alternatives, and modifications are possible. For example, in some implementations, the distributed environment depicted in FIG. 1 may have more or fewer systems or components than those shown in FIG. 1, may combine two or more systems, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of systems.

[0077] As shown in the example depicted in distributed environment 100 comprises CSPI 101 that provides services and resources that customers can subscribe to and use to build their virtual cloud networks (VCNs). In certain embodiments, CSPI 101 offers laaS services to subscribing customers. The data centers within CSPI 101 may be organized into one or more regions. One example region "Region US" 102 is shown in A customer has configured a customer VCN c/o Oracle International Corporation for region 102. The customer may deploy various compute instances on VCN 104, where the compute instances may include virtual machines or bare metal instances. Examples of instances include applications, database, load balancers, and the like.

[0078] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, customer VCN 104 comprises two subnets, namely, "Subnet-1" and "Subnet-2", each subnet with its own CIDR IP address range. In FIG.

1. the overlay IP address range for Subnet- 1 is 10.0/16 and the address range for Subnet-2 is 10.1/16. A VCN Virtual Router 105 represents a logical gateway for the VCN that, enables communications between subnets of the VCN 104, and with other endpoints outside the VCN. VCN VR 105 is configured to route traffic between VNICs in VCN 104 and gateways associated with VCN 104. VCN VR 105 provides a port for each subnet of VCN 104. For example, VR 105 may provide a port, with IP address 10.0.0.1 for Subnet-1 and a port, with IP address 10.1.0.1 for Subnet-2.

[0079] Multiple compute instances may be deployed on each subnet, where the compute instances can be virtual machine instances, and/or bare metal instances. The compute instances in a subnet may be hosted by one or more host machines within CSPI 101. A compute instance participates in a subnet via a VNIC associated with the compute instance. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, a compute instance Cl is part of Subnet- 1 via a VNIC associated with the compute instance. Likewise, compute instance C2 is part of Subnet- 1 via a VNIC associated with C2. In a similar manner, multiple compute instances, which may be virtual machine instances or bare metal instances, may be part of Subnet- 1. Via its associated VNIC, each compute instance is assigned a private overlay IP address and a MAC address. For example, in FIG. 1, compute instance Cl has an overlay IP address of 10.0.0.2 and a MAC address of Ml, while compute instance C2 has a private overlay IP address of 10.0.0.3 and a MAC address of M2. Each compute instance in Subnet-1, including compute instances Cl and C2, has a default route to VCN VR 105 using IP address 10.0.0.1 , which is the IP address for a port of VCN VR 105 for Subnet- 1.

[0080] Subnet-2 can have multiple compute instances deployed on it, including virtual machine instances and/or bare metal instances. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, compute instances and D2 are part of Subnet-2 via VNICs associated with the respective compute instances. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, compute instance DI has an overlay IP address of 10.1.0.2 and a MAC address of MMI, while compute instance D2 has a private overlay IP address of 10.1.0.3 and a MAC address of MM2. Each compute instance in Subnet-

2, including compute instances DI and D2, has a default route to VCN VR 105 using IP address 10.1.0.1, which is the IP address for a port of VCN VR 105 for Subnet-2. [0081] VCN A 104 may also include one or more load balancers. For example, a load balancer may be provided for a subnet and may be configured to load balance traffic across multiple compute instances on the subnet. A load balancer may also be provided to load balance traffic across subnets in the VCN.

[0082] A particular compute instance deployed on VCN 104 can communicate with various different endpoints. These endpoints may include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 200 and endpoints outside CSPI 200. Endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 101 may include: an endpoint on the same subnet as the particular compute instance (e.g., communications between two compute instances in Subnet- 1); an endpoint on a different subnet but within the same VCN (e.g., communication between a compute instance in Subnet- 1 and a compute instance in Subnet-2); an endpoint in a different VCN in the same region (e.g., communications between a compute instance in Subnet- 1 and an endpoint in a VCN in the same region 106 or 110, communications between a compute instance in Subnet- 1 and an endpoint in service network 110 in the same region); or an endpoint in a VCN in a different region (e.g., communications between a compute instance in Subnet- 1 and an endpoint in a VCN in a different region 108). A compute instance in a subnet hosted by CSPI 101 may also communicate with endpoints that are not hosted by CSPI 101 (i.e., are outside CSPI 101). These outside endpoints include endpoints in the customer's on-premises network 116, endpoints within other remote cloud hosted networks 118, public endpoints 1 14 accessible via a public network such as the Internet, and other endpoints.

[0083] Communications between compute instances on the same subnet are facilitated using VNICs associated with the source compute instance and the destination compute instance. For example, compute instance C l in Subnet- 1 may want to send packets to compute instance C2 in Subnet-1. For a packet originating at a source compute instance and whose destination is another compute instance in the same subnet, the packet is first processed by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Processing performed by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance can include determining destination information for the packet from the packet headers, identifying any policies (e.g., security lists) configured for the VNIC associated with the source compute instance, determining a next hop for the packet, performing any packet encapsulation/decapsulation functions as needed, and then forwarding/routing the packet to the next hop with the goal of facilitating communication of the packet to its intended destination. When the destination compute instance is in the same subnet as the source compute instance, the VNIC associated with the source compute instance is configured to identify the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance and forward the packet to that VNIC for processing. The VNIC associated with the destination compute instance is then executed and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance. [0084] For a packet to be communicated from a compute instance in a subnet to an endpoint in a different subnet in the same VCN, the communication is facilitated by the VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances and the VCN VR. For example, if compute instance Cl in Subnet- 1 in FIG. 1 wants to send a packet to compute instance in Subnet-2, the packet is first processed by the VNIC associated with compute instance The VNIC associated with compute instance is configured to route the packet to the VCN VR 105 using default route or port 10.0.0. 1 of the VCN VR. VCN VR 105 is configured to route the packet to Subnet-2 using port 10.1.0.1. The packet is then received and processed by the VNIC associated with and the VNIC forwards the packet to compute instance

[0085] For a packet to be communicated from a compute instance in VCN 104 to an endpoint that is outside VCN 104, the communication is facilitated by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance, VCN VR 105, and gateways associated with VCN 104. One or more types of gateways may be associated with VCN 104. A gateway is an interface between a VCN and another endpoint, where another endpoint is outside the VCN. A gateway is a Layer-3/IP layer concept and enables a VCN to communicate with endpoints outside the VCN. A gateway thus facilitates traffic flow between a VCN and other VCNs or networks. Various different types of gateways may be configured for a VCN to facilitate different types of communications with different types of endpoints. Depending upon the gateway, the communications may be over public networks (e.g., the Internet) or over private networks. Various communication protocols may be used for these communications.

[0086] For example, compute instance may want to communicate with an endpoint outside VCN 104. The packet may be first processed by the VNIC associated with source compute instance Cl . The VNIC processing determines that the destination for the packet is outside the Subnet- 1 of Cl. The VNIC associated with Cl may forward the packet to VCN VR 105 for VCN 104. VCN VR 105 then processes the packet and as part of the processing, based upon the destination for the packet, determines a particular gateway associated with VCN 104 as the next hop for the packet. VCN VR 105 may then forward the packet to the particular identified gateway. For example, if the destination is an endpoint within the customer's onpremise network, then the packet may be forwarded by VCN VR 105 to Dynamic Routing Gateway (DRG) gateway 122 configured for VCN 104. The packet may then be forwarded from the gateway to a next hop to facilitate communi cation of the packet to it final intended destination.

[0087] Various different types of gateways may be configured for a VCN. Examples of gateways that may be configured for a VCN are depicted in FIG. 1 and described below. Examples of gateways associated with a VCN are also depicted in FIGs. 18, 19, 20, and 21 (for example, gateways referenced by reference numbers 1834, 1836, 1838, 1934, 1936, 1938, 2034, 2036, 2038, 2134, 2136, and 2138) and described below. As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, a Dynamic Routing Gateway (DRG) 122 may be added to or be associated with customer VCN 104 and provides a path for private network traffic communication between customer VCN 104 and another endpoint, where the another endpoint can be the customer's on-premise network 116, a VCN 108 in a different region of CSPI 101, or other remote cloud networks 118 not hosted by CSPI 101. Customer on-premise network 116 may be a customer network or a customer data center built using the customer's resources. Access to customer on-premise network 116 is generally very restricted. For a customer that has both a customer on-premise network 116 and one or more VCNs 104 deployed or hosted in the cloud by CSPI 101, the customer may want their on-premise network 116 and their cloud based VCN 104 to be able to communicate with each other. This enables a customer to build an extended hybrid environment encompassing the customer's VCN 104 hosted by CSPI 101 and their on-premises network 116. DRG 122 enables this communication. To enable such communications, a communication channel 124 is set up where one endpoint of the channel is in customer on-premise network 116 and the other endpoint is in CSPI 101 and connected to customer VCN 104. Communication channel 124 can be over public communication networks such as the Internet or private communication networks. Various different communication protocols may be used such as IPsec VPN technology over a public communication network such as the Internet, Oracle's FastConnect technology that uses a private network instead of a public network, and others. The device or equipment in customer on-premise network 1 16 that forms one end point for communication channel 124 is referred to as the customer premise equipment (CPE), such as CPE 126 depicted in FIG. 1. On the CSPI 101 side, the endpoint may be a host machine executing DRG 122.

[0088] In certain embodiments, a Remote Peering Connection (RPC) can be added to a DRG, which allows a customer to peer one VCN with another VCN in a different region. Using such an RPC, customer VCN 104 can use DRG 122 to connect with a VCN 108 in another region. DRG 122 may also be used to communicate with other remote cloud networks 118, not hosted by CSPI 101 such as a Microsoft Azure cloud, Amazon AWS cloud, and others,

[0089] As shown in FIG. 1, an Internet Gateway (IGW) 120 may be configured for customer VCN 104 the enables a compute instance on VCN 104 to communicate with public endpoints 114 accessible over a public network such as the Internet. IGW 120 is a gateway that connects a VCN to a public network such as the Internet. IGW 120 enables a public subnet (where the resources in the public subnet have public overlay IP addresses) within a VCN, such as VCN 104, direct access to public endpoints 112 on a public network 114 such as the Internet. Using IGW 120, connections can be initiated from a subnet within VCN 104 or from the Internet.

[0090] A Network Address Translation (NAT) gateway 128 can be configured for customer's VCN 104 and enables cloud resources in the customer's VCN, which do not have dedicated public overlay IP addresses, access to the Internet and it does so without exposing those resources to direct incoming Internet connections (e.g., L4-L7 connections). This enables a private subnet within a VCN, such as private Subnet- 1 in with private access to public endpoints on the Internet. In NAT gateways, connections can be initiated only from the private subnet to the public Internet and not from the Internet to the private subnet.

[0091] In certain embodiments, a Service Gateway (SGW) 126 can be configured for customer VCN 104 and provides a path for private network traffic between VCN 104 and supported services endpoints in a service network 110. In certain embodiments, service network 110 may be provided by the CSP and may provide various sendees. An example of such a service network is Oracle’s Services Network, which provides various services that can be used by customers. For example, a compute instance (e.g., a database system) in a private subnet of customer VCN 104 can back up data to a service endpoint (e.g., Object Storage) without needing public IP addresses or access to the Internet. In certain embodiments, a VCN can have only one SGW, and connections can only be initiated from a subnet within the VCN and not from service network 110. If a VCN is peered with another, resources in the other VCN typically cannot access the SGW. Resources in on-premises networks that are connected to a VCN with FastConnect or VPN Connect can also use the service gateway configured for that VCN.

[0092] In certain implementations, SGW 126 uses the concept of a service Classless Domain Routing (CIDR) label, which is a string that represents all the regional public IP address ranges for the or group of services of interest. The customer uses the service CIDR label when they configure the SGW and related route rules to control traffic to the sendee. The customer can optionally utilize it when configuring security rules without needing to adjust them if the service’s public IP addresses change in the future.

[0093] A Local Peering Gateway (LPG) 132 is a gateway that can be added to customer VCN 104 and enables VCN 104 to peer with another VCN in the same region. Peering means that the VCNs communicate using private IP addresses, without the traffic traversing a public network such as the Internet or without routing the traffic through the customer’s on-premises network 116. In preferred embodiments, a VCN has a separate LPG for each peering it establishes. Local Peering or VCN Peering is a common practice used to establish network connectivity between different applications or infrastructure management functions.

[0094] Service providers, such as providers of services in service network 110, may provide access to services using different access models. According to a public access model, services may be exposed as public endpoints that are publicly accessible by compute instance in a customer VCN a public network such as the Internet and or may be privately accessible via SGW 126. According to a specific private access model, services are made accessible as private IP endpoints in a private subnet in the customer's VCN. This is referred to as a Private Endpoint (PE) access and enables a service provider to expose their service as an instance in the customer’s private network. A Private Endpoint resource represents a service within the customer's VCN. Each PE manifests as a VNIC (referred to as a PE- VNIC, with one or more private IPs) in a subnet chosen by the customer in the customer's VCN. A PE thus provides a way to present a service within a private customer VCN subnet using a VNIC. Since the endpoint is exposed as a VNIC, all the features associates with a VNIC such as routing roles, security lists, etc., are now available for the PE VNIC.

[0095] A service provider can register their service to enable access through a PE. The provider can associate policies with the sendee that restricts the senice's visibility to the customer tenancies. A provider can register multiple sendees under a single virtual IP address (VIP), especially for multi-tenant sendees. There may be multiple such private endpoints (in multiple VCNs) that represent the same sendee.

[0096] Compute instances in the private subnet can then use the PE VNIC's private IP address or the service DNS name to access the sendee. Compute instances in the customer VCN can access the service by sending traffic to the private IP address of the PE in the customer VCN. A Private Access Gateway (PAGW) 130 is a gateway resource that can be attached to a sendee provider VCN (e.g., a VCN in service network 110) that acts as an ingress/egress point for all traffic from/to customer subnet private endpoints. PAGW 130 enables a provider to scale the number of PE connections without utilizing its internal IP address resources. A provider needs only configure one PAGW for any number of services registered in a single VCN. Providers can represent a service as a private endpoint in multiple VCNs of one or more customers. From the customer's perspective, the PE VNIC, which, instead of being attached to a customer's instance, appears attached to the service with which the customer wishes to interact. The traffic destined to the private endpoint is routed via PAGW 130 to the These are referred to as customer-to-service private connections (C2S connections).

[0097] The PE concept can also be used to extend the private access for the service to customer's on-premises networks and data centers, by allowing the traffic to flow through FastConnect/IPsec links and the private endpoint in the customer VCN. Private access for the service can also be extended to the customer’s peered VCNs, by allowing the traffic to flow between LPG 132 and the PE in the customer's VCN.

[0098] A customer can control routing in a. VCN at the subnet level, so the customer can specify which subnets in the customer's VCN, such as VCN 104, use each gateway. A VCN's route tables are used to decide if traffic is allowed out of a VCN through a particular gateway. For example, in a particular instance, a route table for a public subnet within customer VCN 104 may send non-local traffic through IGW 120. The route table for a private subnet within the same customer VCN 104 may send traffic destined for CSP services through SGW 126. All remaining traffic may be sent via the NAT gateway 128. Route tables only control traffic going out of a VCN.

[0099] Security lists associated with a VCN are used to control traffic that comes into a VCN via a gateway via inbound connections. All resources in a subnet use the same route table and security lists. Security lists may be used to control specific types of traffic allowed in and out of instances in a subnet of a VCN. Security list rules may comprise ingress (inbound) and egress (outbound) rules. For example, an ingress rule may specify an allowed source address range, while an egress rule may specify an allowed destination address range. Security rules may specify a particular protocol (e.g., TCP, ICMP), a particular port (e.g., 22 for SSH, 3389 for Windows RDP), etc. In certain implementations, an instance's operating system may enforce its own firewall rules that are aligned with the security list rules. Rules may be stateful (e.g., a connection is tracked, and the response is automatically allowed without an explicit security list rule for the response traffic) or stateless.

[0100] Access from a customer VCN (i.e., by a resource or compute instance deployed on VCN 104) can be categorized as public access, private access, or dedicated access. Public access refers to an access model where a public IP address or a NAT is used to access a public endpoint. Private access enables customer workloads in VCN 104 with private IP addresses (e.g., resources in a private subnet) to access services without traversing a public network such as the Internet. In certain embodiments, CSPI 101 enables customer VCN workloads with private IP addresses to access the (public service endpoints of) services using a service gateway. A service gateway thus offers a private access model by establishing a virtual link between the customer's VCN and the service's public endpoint residing outside the customer's private network

[0101] Additionally, CSPI may offer dedicated public access using technologies such as FastConnect public peering where customer on-premises instances can access one or more services in a customer VCN using a FastConnect connection and without traversing a public network such as the Internet. CSPI also may also offer dedicated private access using FastConnect private peering where customer on-premises instances with private IP addresses can access the customer's VCN workloads using a FastConnect connection. FastConnect is a network connectivity alternative to using the public Internet to connect a customer’s on-premise network to CSPI and its services. FastConnect provides an easy, elastic, and economical way to create a dedicated and private connection with higher bandwidth options and a more reliable and consistent networking experience when compared to Internet-based connections.

[0102] FIG. 1 and the accompanying description above describes various virtualized components in an example virtual network. As described above, the virtual network is built on the underlying physical or substrate network. FIG. 2 depicts a simplified architectural diagram of the physical components in the physical network within CSPI 200 that provide the underlay for the virtual network according to certain embodiments. As shown, CSPI 200 provides a distributed environment comprising components and resources (e.g., compute, memory, and networking resources) provided by a cloud service provider (CSP). These components and resources are used to provide cloud services (e.g., laaS services) to subscribing customers, i.e., customers that have subscribed to one or more services provided by the CSP. Based upon the services subscribed to by a customer, a subset of resources (e.g., compute, memory, and networking resources) of CSPI 200 are provisioned for the customer. Customers can then build their own cloud-based (i.e., CSPI-hosted) customizable and private virtual networks using physical compute, memory, and networking resources provided by CSPI 200. As previously indicated, these customer networks are referred to as virtual cloud networks (VCNs). A customer can deploy one or more customer resources, such as compute instances, on these customer VCNs. Compute instances can be in the form of virtual machines, bare metal instances, and the like. CSPI 200 provides infrastructure and a set of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and ran a wide range of applications and services in a highly available hosted environment.

[0103] In the example embodiment depicted in FIG. 2, the physical components of CSPI 200 include one or more physical host machines or physical servers (e.g., 202, 206, 208), network virtualization devices (NVDs) (e.g., 210, 212), top-of-rack (TOR) switches (e.g., 214, 216), and a physical network (e.g., 218), and switches in physical network 218. The physical host machines or servers may host and execute various compute instances that participate in one or more subnets of a VCN. The compute instances may include virtual machine instances, and bare metal instances. For example, the various compute instances depicted in FIG. 1 may be hosted by the physical host machines depicted in FIG. 2. The virtual machine compute instances in a VCN may be executed by one host machine or by multiple different host machines. The physical host machines may also host virtual host machines, container-based hosts or functions, and the like. The VNICs and VCN VR depicted in FIG. 1 may be executed by the NVDs depicted in FIG. 2. The gateways depicted in FIG. 1 may be executed by the host machines and/or by the NVDs depicted in FIG. 2.

[0104] The host machines or servers may execute a hypervisor (also referred to as a virtual machine monitor or VMM) that creates and enables a virtualized environment on the host machines. The virtualization or virtualized environment facilitates cloud-based computing. One or more compute instances may be created, executed, and managed on a host machine by a hypervisor on that host machine. The hypervisor on a host machine enables the physical computing resources of the host machine (e.g., compute, memory', and networking resources) to be shared between the various compute instances executed by the host, machine.

[0105] For example, as depicted in FIG. 2, host machines 202 and 208 execute hypervisors 260 and 266, respectively. These hypervisors may be implemented using software, firmware, or hardware, or combinations thereof. Typically, a hypervisor is a process or a software layer that sits on top of the host machine's operating system (OS), which in turn executes on the hardware processors of the host machine. The hypervisor provides a virtualized environment by enabling the physical computing resources (e.g., processing resources such as processors/cores, resources, networking resources) of the host machine to be shared among the various virtual machine compute instances executed by the host machine. For example, in FIG. 2, hy pervisor 260 may sit on top of the OS of host machine 202 and enables the computing resources (e.g., processing, memory, and networking resources) of host machine 202 to be shared between compute instances (e.g., virtual machines) executed by host machine 202. A virtual machine can have its own operating system (referred to as a guest operating system), which may be the same as or different from the OS of the host machine. The operating system of a virtual machine executed by a host machine may be the same as or different from the operating system of another virtual machine executed by the same host machine. A hypervisor thus enables multiple operating systems to be executed alongside each other while sharing the same computing resources of the host machine. The host machines depicted in FIG. 2 may have the same or different types of hypervisors.

[0106] A compute instance can be a virtual machine instance or a bare metal instance. In FIG . 2, compute instances 268 on host machine 202 and 274 on host machine 208 are examples of virtual machine instances. Host machine 206 is an example of a bare metal instance that is provided to a customer.

[0107] In certain instances, an entire host machine may be provisioned to a single customer, and all of the one or more compute instances (either virtual machines or bare metal instance) hosted by that host machine belong to that same customer. In other instances, a host machine may be shared between multiple customers (i.e., multiple tenants). In such a multi-tenancy scenario, a host machine may host virtual machine compute instances belonging to different customers. These compute instances may be members of different VCNs of different customers. In certain embodiments, a bare metal compute instance is hosted by a bare metal server without a hypervisor. When a bare metal compute instance is provisioned, a single customer or tenant maintains control of the physical CPU, memory, and network interfaces of the host machine hosting the bare metal instance and the host machine is not shared with other customers or tenants.

[0108] As previously described, each compute instance that is part of a VCN is associated with a VNIC that enables the compute instance to become a member of a subnet of the VCN. The VNIC associated with a compute instance facilitates the communication of packets or frames to and from the compute instance. A VNIC is associated with a compute instance when the compute instance is created. In certain embodiments, for a compute instance executed by a host machine, the VNIC associated with that compute instance is executed by an NVD connected to the host machine. For example, in FIG. 2, host machine 202 executes a virtual machine compute instance 268 that is associated with VNIC 276, and VNIC 276 is executed by NVD 210 connected to host machine 202. As another example, bare metal instance 272 hosted by host machine 206 is associated with VNIC 280 that is executed by NVD 212 connected to host machine 206. As yet another example, VNIC 284 is associated with compute instance 274 executed by host machine 208, and VNIC 284 is executed by NVD 212 connected to host machine 208.

[0109] For compute instances hosted by a host machine, an connected to that host machine also executes VCN VRs corresponding to VCNs of which the compute instances are members. For example, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2, NVD 210 executes VCN VR 277 corresponding to the VCN of which compute instance 268 is a member. NVD 212 may also execute one or more VCN VRs 283 corresponding to VCNs corresponding to the compute instances hosted by host machines 206 and 208.

[0110] A host machine may include one or more network interface cards (NIC) that enable the host machine to be connected to other devices. A NIC on a host machine may provide one or more ports (or interfaces) that enable the host machine to be communicatively connected to another device. For example, a host machine may be connected to an NAT) using one or more ports (or interfaces) provided on the host machine and on the NVD. A host machine may also be connected to other devices such as another host machine.

[0111] For example, in FIG. 2, host machine 202 is connected to NVD 210 using link 220 that extends between a port 234 provided by a NIC 232 of host machine 202 and between a port 236 of NVD 210. Host machine 206 is connected to NVD 212 using link 224 that extends between a port 246 provided by a NIC 244 of host machine 206 and between a port 248 of NVD 212. Host machine 208 is connected to NVD 212 using link 226 that extends between a port 252 provided by a NIC 250 of host machine 208 and between a port 254 of NVD 212.

[0112] The NVDs are in turn connected via communication links to top-of-the-rack (TOR) swatches, which are connected to physical network 218 (also referred to as the switch fabric). In certain embodiments, the links between a host machine and an NAT), and between an NAT) and a TOR switch are Ethernet links. For example, in FIG. 2, NVDs 210 and 212 are connected to TOR swatches 214 and 216, respectively, using links 228 and 230. In certain embodiments, the links 220, 224, 226, 228, and 230 are Ethernet links. The collection of host machines and NVDs that are connected to a TOR is sometimes referred to as a rack. Physical network 218 provides a communication fabric that enables TOR switches to communicate with each other. Physical network 218 can be a multi-tiered network. In certain implementations, physical network 218 is a multi-tiered Clos network of switches, with TOR switches 214 and 216 representing the leaf level nodes of the multi-tiered and multi-node physical switching network 218. Different Clos network configurations are possible including but not limited to a 2-tier network, a 3-tier network, a 4-tier network, a 5-tier network, and in general a "n"-tiered network. An example of a Clos network is depicted in FIG. 5 and described

[0114] Various different connection configurations are possible between host machines and NVDs such as one-to-one configuration, many-to-one configuration, one-to-many configuration, and others. In a one-to-one configuration implementation, each host machine is connected to its own separate NVD. For example, in FIG. 2, host machine 202 is connected to NVD 210 via NIC 232 of host machine 202. In a many-to-one configuration, multiple host machines are connected to one NVD, For example, in FIG. 2, host machines 206 and 208 are connected to the same NVD 212 via NICs 244 and 250, respectively.

[0115] In a one-to-many configuration, one host machine is connected to multiple NVDs FIG. 3 shows an example within CSPI 300 where a host machine is connected to multiple NVDs As shown in FIG. 3, host machine 302 comprises a network interface card (NIC) 304 that includes multiple ports 306 and 308. Host machine 300 is connected to a first NVD 310 via port 306 and link 320 and connected to a second NVD 312 via port 308 and link 322. Ports 306 and 308 may be Ethernet ports and the links 320 and 322 between host machine 302 and NVDs 310 and 312 may be Ethernet links. NVD 310 is in turn connected to a first TOR switch 314 and NVD 312 is connected to a second TOR switch 316. The links between NVDs 310 and 312, and TOR switches 314 and 316 may be Ethernet links. TOR switches 314 and 316 represent the Tier-0 switching devices in multi-tiered physical network 318.

[0116] The arrangement depicted in FIG. 3 provides two separate physical network paths to and from physical switch network 318 to host machine 302: a first path traversing TOR switch 314 to NVD 310 to host machine 302, and a second path traversing TOR switch 316 to NVD 312 to host machine 302. The separate paths provide for enhanced availability (referred to as high availability) of host machine 302. If there are problems in one of the paths (e.g., a link in one of the paths goes down) or devices (e.g., a particular NVD is not functioning), then the other path may be used for communications to/from host machine 302.

[0117] In the configuration depicted in FIG. 3, the host machine is connected to NVDs using two different ports provided by a NIC of the host machine. In other embodiments, a host machine may include multiple NICs that enable connectivity of the host machine to multiple NVDs. [0118] Referring back to FIG. 2, an NVD is a physical device or component that performs one or more network and/or storage virtualization functions. An NVD may be any device with one or more processing units (e.g., CPUs, Network Processing Units (NPUs), FPGAs, packet processing pipelines, etc.), memory including cache, and ports. The various virtualization functions may be performed by software/firmware executed by the one or more processing units of the NVD.

[0119] An NVD may be implemented in various different forms. For example, in certain embodiments, an NVD is implemented as an interface card referred to as a smartNIC or an intelligent NIC with an embedded processor onboard. A smartNIC is a separate device from the NICs on the host machines. In FIG, 2, the NVDs 210 and 212 may be implemented as smartNICs that are connected to host machines 202, and host machines 206 and 208, respectively.

[0120] A smartNIC is however just one example of an N VD implementation. Various other implementations are possible. For example, in some other implementations, an NVD or one or more functions performed by the NVD may be incorporated into or performed by one or more host machines, one or more TOR switches, and other components of CSPI 200. For example, an NVD may be embodied in a host machine where the functions performed by an NVD are performed by the host machine. As another example, an NVD may be part of a TOR switch, or a TOR switch may be configured to perform functions performed by an NVD that enables the TOR switch to perform various complex packet transformations that are used for a public cloud. A TOR that performs the functions of an NVD is sometimes referred to as a smart TOR. In yet other implementations, where virtual machines (VMs) instances, but not bare metal (BM) instances, are offered to customers, functions performed by an NVD may be implemented inside a hypervisor of the host machine. In some other implementations, some of the functions of the may be offloaded to a centralized service running on a fleet of host machines.

[0121] In certain embodiments, such as when implemented as a smartNIC as showm in FIG. 2, an NVD may comprise multiple physical ports that enable it to be connected to one or more host machines and to one or more TOR switches. A port on an NVD can be classified as a host-facing port (also referred to as a "south port") or a network -facing or TOR-facing port (also referred to as a "north port"). A host-facing port of an NVD is a port that is used to connect the to a host machine. Examples of host-facing ports in FIG. 2 include port 236 on NVD 210, and ports 248 and 254 on NVD 212. A network-facing port of an that is used to connect the NVD to a TOR switch. Examples of network-facing ports in FIG. 2 include port 256 on NVD 210, and port 258 on NVD 212. As shown in FIG. 2, NVD 210 is connected to TOR switch 214 using link 228 that extends from port 256 of NVD 210 to the TOR switch 214. Likewise, NVD 212 is connected to TOR switch 216 using link 230 that extends from port 258 of NVD 212 to the TOR switch 216.

[0122] An NVD receives packets and frames from a host machine (e.g., packets and frames generated by a compute instance hosted by the host machine) via a host-facing port and, after performing the necessary packet processing, may forward the packets and frames to a TOR switch via a network-facing port of the NVD. An NVD may receive packets and frames from a TOR switch via a network-facing port of the NVD and, after performing the necessary packet processing, may forward the packets and frames to a host machine via a host-facing port of the NVD.

[0123] In certain embodiments, there may be multiple ports and associated links between an and a TOR switch. These ports and links may be aggregated to form a link aggregator group of multiple ports or links (referred to as a LAG). Link aggregation allows multiple physical links between two endpoints (e.g., between an and a TOR switch) to be treated as a single logical link. All the physical links in a given LAG may operate in full-duplex mode at the same speed. LAGs help increase the bandwidth and reliability of the connection between two endpoints. If one of the physical links in the LAG goes down, traffic is dynamically and transparently reassigned to one of the other physical links in the LAG. The aggregated physical links deliver higher bandwidth than each individual link. The multiple ports associated with a LAG are treated as a single logical port. Traffic can be load-balanced across the multiple physical links of a LAG. One or more LAGs may be configured between two endpoints. The two endpoints may be between an NAT) and a TOR swatch, between a host machine and an and the like.

[0124] An implements or performs network virtualization functions. These functions are performed by software/firmware executed by the NVD. Examples of network virtualization functions include without limitation: packet encapsulation and de-capsulation functions, functions for creating a VCN network; functions for implementing network policies such as security list (firewall) functionality; functions that facilitate the routing and forwarding of packets to and from compute instances in a VCN; and the like. In certain embodiments, upon receiving a packet, an NVD is configured to execute a packet processing pipeline for processing the packet and determining how the packet is to be forwarded or routed. As part of this packet processing pipeline, the NVD may execute one or more virtual functions associated with the overlay network such as executing VNICs associated with compute instances in the VCN, executing a Virtual Router (VR) associated with the VCN, the encapsulation and decapsulation of packets to facilitate forwarding or routing in the virtual network, execution of certain gateways (e.g., the Local Peering Gateway), the implementation of Security Lists, Network Security Groups, network address translation (NAT) functionality (e.g., the translation of Public IP to Private IP on a host by host basis), throttling functions, and other functions.

[0125] In certain embodiments, the packet processing data path in an NVD may comprise multiple packet pipelines, each composed of a series of packet transformation stages. In certain implementations, upon receiving a packet, the packet is parsed and classified to a single pipeline. The packet is then processed in a linear fashion, one stage after another, until the packet is either dropped or sent out over an interface of the NVD. These stages provide basic functional packet processing building blocks (e.g., validating headers, enforcing throttle, inserting new Layer-2 headers, enforcing L4 firewall, VCN encapsulation/decapsulation, etc.) so that new pipelines can be constructed by composing existing stages, and functionality can be added by creating new stages and inserting them into existing pipelines.

[0126] An NVD may perform both control plane and data plane functions corresponding to a control plane and a data plane of a VCN. Examples of a VCN Control Plane are also depicted in FIGs. 18, 19, 20, and 21 (see references 1816, 1916, 2016, and 2116) and described below. Examples of a VCN Data Plane are depicted in FIGs. 18, 19, 20, and 21 (see references 1818, 1918, 2018, and 2118) and described below. The control plane functions include functions used for configuring a network (e.g., setting up routes and route tables, configuring VNICs, etc.) that controls data is to be forwarded. In certain embodiments, a VCN Control Plane is provided that computes all the mappings centrally and publishes them to the NVDs and to the virtual network edge devices such as various gateways such as the DRG, the SGW, the IGW, etc. Firewall rules may also be published using the same mechanism. In certain embodiments, an NVD only gets the mappings that are relevant for that NVD. The data plane functions include functions for the actual routing/forwarding of a packet based upon configuration set up using control plane. A VCN data plane is implemented by encapsulating the customer's network packets before they traverse the substrate network. The encapsulation/decapsulation functionality is implemented on the NVDs. In certain embodiments, an NVD is configured to intercept all network packets in and out of host machines and perform network virtualization functions.

[0127] As indicated above, an NVD executes various virtualization functions including VNICs and VCN VRs. An NVD may execute VNICs associated with the compute instances hosted by one or more host machines connected to the VNIC. For example, as depicted in FIG. 2, NVD 210 executes the functionality for VNIC 276 that, is associated with compute instance 268 hosted by host machine 202 connected to NVD 210. As another example, NVD 212 executes VNIC 280 that is associated with bare metal compute instance 272 hosted by host machine 206 and executes VNIC 284 that is associated with compute instance 274 hosted by host machine 208. A host machine may host compute instances belonging to different VCNs, which belong to different customers, and the NVD connected to the host machine may execute the VNICs (i.e., execute VNICs-relate functionality) corresponding to the compute instances. [0128] An NVD also executes VCN Virtual Routers corresponding to the VCNs of the compute instances. For example, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2, NVD 210 executes VCN VR 277 corresponding to the VCN to which compute instance 268 belongs. NVD 212 executes one or more VCN VRs 283 corresponding to one or more VCNs to which compute instances hosted by host machines 206 and 208 belong. In certain embodiments, the VCN VR corresponding to that VCN is executed by all the NVDs connected to host machines that host at least one compute instance belonging to that VCN. If a host machine hosts compute instances belonging to different VCNs, an NVD connected to that host machine may execute VCN VRs corresponding to those different VCNs.

[0129] In addition to VNICs and VCN VRs, an NVD may execute various software (e.g., daemons) and include one or more hardware components that facilitate the various network virtualization functions performed by the NVD. For purposes of simplicity, these various components are grouped together as "packet processing components" shown in FIG. 2. For example, NVD 210 comprises packet processing components 286 and NVD 212 comprises packet processing components 288. For example, the packet processing components for an NVD may include a packet processor that, is configured to interact with the NVD's ports and hardware interfaces to monitor all packets received by and communicated using the NVD and store network information. The network information may, for example, include network flow information identifying different network flows handled by the NVD and per flow information In certain embodiments, network flows information may be stored on a per VNIC basis. The packet processor may perform packet-by-packet manipulations as well as implement stateful NAT and L4 firewall (FW). As another example, the packet processing components may include a replication agent that is configured to replicate information stored by the NVD to one or more different replication target stores. As yet another example, the packet processing components may include a logging agent that is configured to perform logging functions for the NVD. The packet processing components may also include software for monitoring the performance and health of the NVD and, also possibly of monitoring the state and health of other components connected to the NVD.

[0130] FIG, 1 shows the components of an example virtual or overlay network including a VCN, subnets within the VCN, compute instances deployed on subnets, VNICs associated with the compute instances, a VR for a VCN, and a set of gateways configured for the VCN. The overlay components depicted in FIG. 1 may be executed or hosted by one or more of the physical components depicted in FIG. 2. For example, the compute instances in a VCN may be executed or hosted by one or more host machines depicted in FIG. 2. For a compute instance hosted by a host machine, the VNIC associated with that compute instance is typically executed by an NVD connected to that host machine (i.e., the VNIC functionality is provided by the NVD connected to that host machine). The VCN VR function for a VCN is executed by all the NVDs that are connected to host machines hosting or executing the compute instances that are part of that VCN. The gateways associated with a VCN may be executed by one or more different types of NVDs. For example, certain gateways may be executed by smartNICs, while others may be executed by one or more host machines or other implementations of NVDs.

[0131] As described above, a compute instance in a customer VCN may communicate with various different endpoints, where the endpoints can be within the same subnet as the source compute instance, in a different subnet but within the same VCN as the source compute instance, or with an endpoint that is outside the VCN of the source compute instance. These communications are facilitated using VNICs associated with the compute instances, the VCN VRs, and the gateways associated with the VCNs.

[0132] For communications between two compute instances on the same subnet in a VCN, the communication is facilitated using VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances. The source and destination compute instances may be hosted by the same host machine or by different host machines. A packet originating from a source compute instance may be forwarded from a host machine hosting the source compute instance to an NVD connected to that host machine. On the NVD, the packet is processed using a packet processing pipeline, which can include execution of the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Since the destination endpoint for the packet is within the same subnet, execution of the VNIC associated with the source compute instance results in the packet being forwarded to an NVD executing the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance, which then processes and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance. The VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances may be executed on the same NVD (e.g., when both the source and destination compute instances are hosted by the same host machine) or on different NVDs (e.g., when the source and destination compute instances are hosted by different host machines connected to different NVDs). The VNICs may use routing/forwarding tables stored by the NVD to determine the next hop for the packet.

[0133] For a packet to be communicated from a compute instance in a subnet to an endpoint in a different subnet in the same VCN, the packet originating from the source compute instance is communicated from the host machine hosting the source compute instance to the NVD connected to that host machine. On the NVD, the packet is processed using a packet processing pipeline, which can include execution of one or more VNICs, and the VR associated with the VCN. For exampie, as part of the packet processing pipeiine, the NVD executes or invokes functionality corresponding to the VNIC (also referred to as executes the VNIC) associated with source compute instance. The functionality performed by the VNIC may include looking at the VLAN tag on the packet. Since the destination is outside the subnet, the VCN VR functionality is next invoked and executed by the NVD. The VCN VR then routes the packet to the NVD executing the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance. The VNIC associated with the destination compute instance then processes the packet and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance. The VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances may be executed on the same NVD (e.g., when both the source and destination compute instances are hosted by the same host machine) or on different NVDs (e.g., when the source and destination compute instances are hosted by different host machines connected to different NVDs).

[0134] If the destination for the packet is outside the VCN of the source compute instance, then the packet originating from the source compute instance is communicated from the host machine hosting the source compute instance to the NVD connected to that host machine. The NVD executes the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Since the destination end point of the packet is outside the VCN, the packet is then processed by the VCN VR for that VCN. The NVD invokes the VCN VR functionality, which may result in the packet being forwarded to an NVD executing the appropriate gateway associated with the VCN. For example, if the destination is an endpoint within the customer's on-premise network, then the packet may be forwarded by the VCN VR to the NVD executing the DRG gateway configured for the VCN. The VCN VR may be executed on the same NVD as the NVD executing the VNIC associated with the source compute instance or by a different NVD. The gateway may be executed by an NVD, which may be a smartNIC, a host machine, or other NVD implementation. The packet is then processed by the gateway and forwarded to a next hop that facilitates communication of the packet to its intended destination endpoint. For example, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2, a packet originating from compute instance 268 may be communicated from host machine 202 to NVD 210 over link 220 (using NIC 232). On NVD 210, VNIC 276 is invoked since it is the VNIC associated with source compute instance 268. VNIC 276 is configured to examine the encapsulated information in the packet and determine a next hop for forwarding the packet with the goal of facilitating communication of the packet to its intended destination endpoint, and then forward the packet to the determined next hop. [0135] A compute instance deployed on a VCN can communicate with various different endpoints. These endpoints may include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 200 and endpoints outside CSPI 200. Endpoints hosted by CSPI 200 may include instances in the same VCN or other VCNs, which may be the customer's VCNs, or VCNs not belonging to the customer. Communications between endpoints hosted by CSPI 200 may be performed over physical network 218. A compute instance may also communicate with endpoints that are not hosted by CSPI 200 or are outside CSPI 200. Examples of these endpoints include endpoints within a customer's on-premise network or data center, or public endpoints accessible over a public network such as the Internet. Communications with endpoints outside CSPI 200 may be performed over public networks (e.g., the Internet) (not shown in FIG. 2) or private networks (not shown in FIG. 2) using various communication protocols.

[0136] The architecture of CSPI 200 depicted in FIG. 2 is merely an example and is not intended to be limiting. Variations, alternatives, and modifications are possible in alternative embodiments. For example, in some implementations, CSPI 200 may have more or fewer systems or components than those shown in FIG. 2, may combine two or more systems, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of systems. The systems, subsystems, and other components depicted in FIG. 2 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, using hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non- transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device). [0137] FIG. 4 depicts connectivity between a host machine and an NVD for providing I/O virtualization for supporting multitenancy according to certain embodiments. As depicted in FIG. 4, host machine 402 executes a hypervisor 404 that provides a virtualized environment. Host machine 402 executes two virtual machine instances, VM1 406 belonging to custom er/tenant #1 and VM2 408 belonging to customer/tenant #2. Host machine 402 comprises a physical NIC 410 that is connected to an NVD 412 via link 414. Each of the compute instances is attached to a VNIC that is executed by NVD 412. In the embodiment in FIG. 4, VM1 406 is attached to VNIC-VM1 420 and VM2408 is attached to VNIC-VM2422. [0138] As shown in FIG. 4, NIC 410 comprises two logical NIC’s, logical NIC A 416 and logical NIC B 418. Each virtual machine is attached to and configured to work with its own logical NIC. For example, VM1 406 is attached to logical NIC A 416 and VM2408 is attached to logical NIC B 418. Even though host machine 402 comprises only one physical NIC 410 that is shared by the multiple tenants, due to the logical NICs, each tenant's virtual machine believes they have their own host machine and NIC.

[0139] In certain embodiments, each logical NIC is assigned its own VLAN ID. Thus, a specific VLAN ID is assigned to logical NIC A 416 for Tenant #1 and a separate VLAN ID is assigned to logical NIC B 418 for Tenant #2. When a packet is communicated from VM1 406, a tag assigned to Tenant #1 is attached to the packet by the hypervisor and the packet is then communicated from host machine 402 to NVD 412 over link 414. In a similar manner, when a packet is communicated from VM2408, a tag assigned to Tenant #2 is attached to the packet by the hypervisor and the packet is then communicated from host machine 402 to NVD 412 over link 414. Accordingly, a packet 424 communicated from host machine 402 to NVD 412 has an associated tag 426 that identifies a specific tenant and associated VM. On the NVD, for a packet 424 received from host machine 402, the tag 426 associated with the packet is used to determine whether the packet is to be processed by The packet is then processed by the corresponding VNIC. The configuration depicted in FIG. 4 enables each tenant's compute instance to believe that they own their own host machine and NIC. The setup depicted in FIG. 4 provides for I/O virtualization for supporting multi-tenancy. [0140] FIG. 5 depicts a simplified block diagram of a physical network 500 according to certain embodiments. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 5 is structured as a Clos network. A Clos network is a particular type of network topology designed to provide connection redundancy while maintaining high bisection bandwidth and maximum resource utilization. A Clos network is a type of non-blocking, multistage or multi-tiered switching network, where the number of stages or tiers can be two, three, four, five, etc. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 5 is a 3-tiered network comprising tiers 1, 2, and 3. The TOR switches 504 represent Tier-0 switches in the Clos network. One or more NVDs are connected to the TOR switches. Tier-0 switches are also referred to as edge devices of the physical network. The Tier-0 switches are connected to Tier-1 switches, which are also referred to as leaf switches. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, a set of "n" Tier-0 TOR switches are connected to a set of "n" Tier- 1 switches and together form a pod. Each Tier-0 switch in a pod is interconnected to all the Tier- 1 switches in the pod, but there i s no connectivity of switches between pods. In certain implementations, two pods are referred to as a block. Each block is served by or connected to a set of "n" Tier-2 switches (sometimes referred to as spine switches). There can be several blocks in the physical network topology. The Tier-2 switches are in turn connected to "n" Tier- 3 switches (sometimes referred to as super-spine switches). Communication of packets over physical network 500 is typically performed using one or more Layer-3 communication protocols. Typically, all the layers of the physical network, except for the TORs layer are n- ways redundant thus allowing for high availability. Policies may be specified for pods and blocks to control the visibility of switches to each other in the physical network so as to enable scaling of the physical network.

[0141] A feature of a Clos network is that the maximum hop count to reach from one Tier-0 switch to another Tier-0 switch (or from an NVD connected to a Tier-0- switch to another NVD connected to a Tier-0 switch) is fixed. For example, in a 3-Tiered Clos network at most seven hops are needed for a packet to reach from one NVD to another NVD, where the source and target NVDs are connected to the leaf tier of the Clos network. Likewise, in a 4-tiered Clos network, at most nine hops are needed for a packet to reach from one NVD to another NVD, where the source and target NVDs are connected to the leaf tier of the Clos network. Thus, a Clos network architecture maintains consistent latency throughout the network, which is important for communication within and between data centers. A Clos topology scales horizontally and is cost effective. The bandwddth/throughput capacity of the network can be easily increased by adding more switches at the various tiers (e.g., more leaf and spine switches) and by increasing the number of links between the switches at adjacent tiers.

[0142] In certain embodiments, each resource within CSPI is assigned a unique identifier called a Cloud Identifier (CID). This identifier is included as part of the resource’s information and can be used to manage the resource, for example, via a Console or through APIs. An example syntax for a CID is: where, ocidl : The literal string indicating the version of the CID; resource type: The type of resource (for example, instance, volume, subnet, user, group, and so on); realm: The realm the resource is in. Example values are for the commercial realm, "c2" for the Government Cloud realm, or "c3" for the Federal Government Cloud realm, etc. Each realm may have its own domain name; region: The region the resource i s in. If the region is not applicable to the resource, thi s part might be blank; future use: Reserved for future use. unique ID: The unique portion of the ID. The format may vary' depending on the type of resource or service.

Multi-Cloud Introduction

[01.43] FIG. 6 depicts a simplified high-level diagram of a distributed environment 600 comprising multiple cloud environments provided by different cloud service providers (CSPs) wherein the cloud environments include a particular cloud environment that provides specialized infrastructure that enables one or more cloud services provided by that particular cloud environment to be used by customers of other cloud environments according to certain embodiments. As depicted in FIG. 6, various different cloud environments (also referred to as “clouds”) may be provided by different cloud service providers (CSPs), each cloud environment or cloud offering one or more cloud sendees that can be subscribed to by one or more customers of that cloud environment. The set of cloud services offered by a cloud environment provided by a CSP may include one or more different types of cloud services including but not restricted to services, Infrastructure-as-a- Service (laaS) services, Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) services, Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) services, and others. Examples of cloud environments provided by various CSPs include Oracle® Cloud Infrastructure provided by Oracle Corporation, Microsoft® Azure provided by Microsoft Corporation, Google Cloud™ provided by Google LLC, Amazon Web Services (AWS®) provided by Amazon Corporation, and others. The cloud services offered by a particular cloud environment may be different from the set of cloud services offered by another cloud environment. [0144] In a typical cloud environment, a CSP provides cloud sendee provider infrastructure that is used to provide the one or more cloud services that are offered by that cloud environment to its customers. The CSPI provided by a CSP may include various types of hardware and software resources including compute resources, memory resources, networking resources, consoles for accessing the cloud sendees, and others. A customer of a cloud environment provided by a CSP may subscribe to one or more of the cloud services offered by that cloud environment. Various subscription models may be offered by the CSP to its customers. After a customer subscribes to a cloud sendee provided by a cloud environment, one or more users may be associated with the subscribing customer and these users can use the cloud sendee subscribed to by the customer. In certain implementations, when a customer subscribes to a. cloud service provided by a particular cloud environment, a. customer account or customer tenancy is created for that customer. One or more users can then be associated with the customer tenancy and these users can then use the services subscribed to by the customer under the customer tenancy. Information regarding the services subscribed to by a customer, the users associated with the customer tenancy, etc., is usually stored within the cloud environment and associated with the customer tenancy. For example, three different cloud environments provided by three different CSPs are depicted in FIG. 6. These include a Cloud Environment A (cloud A) 610 provided by a CSP A, a Cloud Environment B (cloud B) 640 provided by a CSP B, and a Cloud Environment C (cloud C) 660 provided by a CSP C. Cloud A 610 includes infrastructure CSPI A 612 provided by CSP A, and this infrastructure may be used to provide a set of services “Services A” 614 offered by cloud A 610. One or more customers subscribe to one or more services from Services A 614 provided by cloud A 610. One or more users 618-1 may be associated with Customer Al 616-1 and can use the services subscribed to by customer Al 616-1 in cloud A 610. In a similar manner, one or more users 618-2 may be associated with customer A2 616-2 and can use the services subscribed to by customer A2616- 2 in cloud A 610. In various use cases, the services subscribed to by customer Al 616-1 may be different from the services subscribed to by customer A2 616-2.

[0146] As depicted in FIG. 6, cloud B 640 includes infrastructure CSPI B 642 provided by CSP B, and this infrastructure may be used to provi de a set of services “Services B” 644 offered by cloud B 640. One or more customers (e.g., Cust_Bl 646-1) may subscribe to one or more services from Services B 644. One or more users 648-1 may be associated with Customer 646-1 and can use the services subscribed to by customer [0147] As depicted in FIG. 6, cloud C 660 includes infrastructure CSPI C 662 provided by CSP C, and this infrastructure may be used to provide a set of services “Services C” 664 offered by cloud C 660. One or more customers (e.g., Cust Cl 666-1) may subscribe to one or more services from Services C 664. One or more users 668-1 may be associated with Customer Cl 666-1 and can use the sendees subscribed to by customer Cl 666-1 in cloud C 660. It is to be noted that Services A 614, Services B 644, and Services C 664 can be different from each other. [0148] In existing cloud implementations, each cloud provides a closed ecosystem for its subscribing customers and associated users. As a result, a customer of a cloud environment and its associated users are restricted to using the services offered by the cloud that the customer subscribes to. For example, customer Bl 646-1 and its users 648-1 are restricted to using services B 644 provided by cloud B 640 and cannot use their account in cloud B 640 to access services from a different cloud environment, such as a services from services A 614 offered by cloud A 610 or a service from Services C 664 offered by cloud C 660. The teachings described herein overcome this limitation. As described in this disclosure, various techniques are described that enable a link to be created between two cloud environments that enables a service provided by a first cloud environment provided by a first CSP to be used by a customer (and associated users) of a second different cloud environment provided by a second different CSP, using the customer’s account in the second cloud environment.

[0149] For example, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, infrastructure CSPI A 612 provided by CSP A, in addition to other infrastructure 620, includes special infrastructure 622 (referred to as multi-cloud enabling infrastructure 622 or MEI 622 or multi-cloud infrastructure 622) that enables one or more services 614 offered by cloud A to be used by customers and associated users of other clouds, such as clouds B 640 and C 660, using the customer accounts in those other clouds . In certain implementations, customers of clouds B and C do not have to open separate accounts with cloud A to use one or more of services 614 offered by cloud A 610. A customer of cloud B 640 and an associated user 648-1 can use their customer account or tenancy in cloud B 640 to use one or more senices 614 provided by cloud A 610. As another example, a customer Cl 666-1 of cloud C 660 and an associated user 668-1 can use their customer account or tenancy in cloud C 660 to use one or more services 614 provided by cloud A 610.

[0150] In certain implementations, MEI 622 enables links to be created between cloud A 610 and other clouds, where these links can be used by customers of the other clouds and their associated users to access and make use of services provided by cloud A 610. This is symbolically shown in FIG. 6 as a link 670 created between cloud A 610 and cloud B 640, and a link 672 created between cloud A 610 and cloud C 660. Via link 670, a customer of cloud B 640 can access or use one or more services 614 provided by cloud A 610. Likewise, via link 672, a customer of cloud C 660 can access or use one or more A 610.

[0151] There are different ways in which MEI 612 may be implemented. In certain embodiments, MEI 612 may include components that enable links to be established with different clouds. For example, in FIG. 6, MEI 622 includes an infrastructure component 624 that is responsible for enabling link 670 with cloud B 640, and an infrastructure component 626 for enabling link 672 with cloud C 660. In a similar manner, MEI 622 may include other components that enable and facilitate links with other clouds. In some implementations, a component of MEI 622 may also facilitate links with multiple different clouds.

[0152] There are several reasons why a customer of one cloud may want or desire to use a cloud service provided by a different cloud. Using FIG. 6 as an example, there are multiple reasons why a customer of cloud B 640 may want to use a cloud by cloud A 610. In one use case scenario, this may happen because cloud A 610 offers a cloud service with functionality that is not provided by cloud B 640. As another use case scenario, clouds A and B may offer a similar service, but the sendee provided by cloud A 610 may be better (e.g., more features/functionality, faster, etc.) that the corresponding service offered by cloud B 640. As yet another use case scenario, customer B l 646-1 of cloud B 640 may want to use a cloud service provided by cloud A 610 because the service is provided at a cheaper price point than by cloud B 640. In some cases, there may be geographical restrictions or other reasons why customer B l 646-1 of cloud B 640 might want to use a cloud service provided by cloud A 610. For example, cloud A 610 may offer the desired service in a geographical area that is not serviced by cloud B 640, or the particular service is not provided by cloud B 640 in a geographical area in which the customer desires the service. Several other use case scenarios are also possible as to why a customer of one cloud might want to use a service provided by a different cloud.

[0153] In certain embodiments, MEI 622 provides capabilities and performs functions for creating the link between cloud A 610 and another cloud, and via the link, enabling a user associated with a customer of the other cloud to, in a seamless manner, access and use, from the other cloud itself, a sendee provided by cloud A 610. For example, MEI 622 enables a user 648-1 associated with customer Bl 646-1 of cloud 640 to access a service from

4: provided by cloud A 610 in a seamless manner. In certain implementations, user interfaces (e.g., a console) may be provided that user 648-1 can access from within cloud B 640 that enable the user to see a list of services 614 offered by cloud A 610 and to select a particular service that the user 648-1 desires to access. In response to the user selection, MEI 622 is responsible for performing processing that establishes link 670 between clouds A and B to enable access to the requested service. The processing for setting up link 670 is performed substantially automatically by MEI 622. Customer or associated users 648-1 do not have worry about performing any system, networking, or other configuration changes that are needed to facilitate the creation, maintenance, and usage of link 670 between clouds A 610 and B 640. No burden is placed on the users or the customers in the creation of the link between the clouds. The link is created in a fast and efficient manner using the techniques described in this disclosure.

[0154] MEI 622 may use various techniques to make the creation and use of the link seamless to users and customers and thus provide for an enhanced user experience. In certain implementations, MEI 622 causes the user interfaces (e.g., graphical user interfaces GUIs, etc.) and process flows that a customer Bl and associated users 648-1 interact with, such as for requesting a service from cloud A 610 and for accessing the requested service from cloud A 610, to be substantially similar to the interfaces and process flows that the customer/user would experience in cloud B 640. In this manner, the customer or user, who may be accustomed to the interfaces and process flow's of cloud B 640, does not have to learn new interfaces and process flows to access a service 614 from cloud A 610. MEI 622 may present different interfaces and process flows for users of different cloud environments. For example, a first set of user interfaces and process flows that are substantially similar to the user interfaces and flows of cloud B may be presented to a user from cloud B 640, while a different set of user interfaces and process flows that are substantially similar to the user interfaces and flows of cloud C may be presented to a user accessing cloud A 610 from cloud C 660. This is done to simplify and consequently enhance a user’s experience for accessing services 614 of cloud A 610 from other clouds.

[0155] As another example, each cloud environment typically includes an identify management system that is configured to provide security for the cloud environment. The identity' management system is configured to protect resources in the cloud environment, including resources provided by the CSP and resources of subscribing cloud customers that are deployed in the cloud environment. Functions performed by the identity management system include, for example, managing identity credentials (e.g., usernames, passwords, etc.) associated with the cloud’s subscribing customers and associated users, using the identity credentials to regulate users’ access to cloud resources and services based upon permission/access policies configured for the cloud environment, and other functions. Different clouds may use different identity management systems and associated techniques. For example, the identity management system and associated procedures in cloud A 610 may be completely different from the identity management system and associated procedures in cloud B 640, which in turn may be completely different from the identity management system and associated procedures in cloud C 660. In certain implementations, in spite of these differences in identity management systems and associated procedures between different cloud environments, the techniques described herein enable a user associated with a customer of a first cloud to access a cloud service provided by a different cloud using the same identity credentials associated with the customer and the user in the first cloud.

[0156] For example, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, cloud B 640 provided by CSP B may include an identity management system that assigns or allocates identity credentials to its subscribing customers and associated users, such as customer Bl 646-1 and associated users 648-1. These identity credentials are associated with the tenancy created for customer 1 in cloud B 640. In certain implementations, MEI 622 provided by cloud A 610 enables a user 648-1 associated with cloud B customer Bl 646-1 to access a service from services A 614 in cloud A 610 using identity credentials associated with users 648-1 and customer Bl 646-1 in cloud B 640. This greatly enhances the user experience for users 648-1 since they do not have to create new identity credentials that are specific to cloud A 610 just for the purpose of accessing a service 614 in cloud A 610. The MEI 622 facilitates such access.

[0157] As an example, a customer Bl of cloud B 640 may select to use a sendee, such as a Database-as-a Service (DBaaS), from the set of services 614 provided by cloud A 610. In response to such a selection, MEI 622 causes a link 670 to be automatically created between cloud A 610 and cloud B 640 to enable users 648-1 associated with customer B l 646-1 to use the DBaaS service provided by cloud A 610. The automatic setup of link 670 is facilitated by MEI 622. After link 670 has been set up, a user 648-1 can use the DBaaS service in cloud A 610 via cloud B 640, As part of using this service, user 648-1 can, via cloud B 640 send a request to cloud A 610 to create a database resource. In response, CSPI A 612 may create the requested database in cloud A 610. In certain implementations, the created database may be provisioned in a virtual network (e.g., a virtual cloud network or VCN) created for customer in cloud A 610 and is accessible to user 648-1 via cloud B 640. User 648-1 may then send, from cloud B 640, requests to cloud A 610 to use the provisioned database. These requests may include, for example, requests to write data to the database, to update data stored in the database, to delete data in the database, to delete the database, to create additional databases, and the like. In some use cases, these requests may originate from a user 648-1 via cloud B 640 or from a service 644 provided by cloud B 640, In this manner, MEI 622 provided by cloud A 610 enables a user associated with a customer of a different cloud provided by a different CSP to seamlessly access a service provided by cloud A 610.

[0158] Distributed environment 600 depicted in FIG. 6 is merely an example and is not intended to unduly limit the scope of claimed embodiments. Many vari ations, alternatives, and modifications are possible. For example, in alternative embodiments, distributed environment 600 may have more or fewer cloud environments. The cloud environments may also have more or fewer systems and components or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the systems and components. The systems and components depicted in FIG. 6 may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, using hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g.,

[0159] FIG. 7 depicts a high-level architecture of a Multi-Cloud Control Plane (MCCP) according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 7, the high-level architecture 700 includes a first cloud environment provided by a first cloud services provider (e.g., OCI) 720 and a second cloud environment provided by a second cloud sendees provider 710 (i.e., Azure). The first cloud environment 720 includes a first cloud infrastructure 720A that provides users of the first cloud environment 720 with a plurality of sendees. Additionally, the first cloud environment 720 includes a multi-cloud infrastructure 720B that provisions for capabilities to deliver sendees of the first cloud infrastructure 720A (e.g., Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)) to users of other cloud environment (e.g., the second cloud infrastructure 710A). The multicloud infrastructure 720B allows users to access services (e.g., Oracle PaaS sendees) on other clouds with a user experience as close as possible to that of the native cloud environments of the users, while providing simple integration between the cloud environments. [0160] The second cloud infrastructure 710A includes a second cloud portal 711, an active a resource manager 713, a customer subscription 715, a subscription of the first cloud provider 717. The second cloud portal 711 is a centralized access point where customers of the second environment 710 can login and manage their cloud deployments and instances. It is noted that the second cloud portal may provide options for both monitoring and operating services provided by the second cloud infrastructure. The active directory 712 is a sendee provided by the second cloud infrastructure 710A that that provides administrators with the ability to manage end-user identities and access privileges. Its sendees may include core directory, access management, and protection. The resource manager 713 is a deployment and management sendee of the second cloud infrastructure i.e., a management layer that provides users to perform operations (e.g., create, update, delete, etc.,) with respect to resources deployed in the customer subscription 715. It is noted that the customer subscription may also be referred to as a virtual network (VNET) where customer applications are deployed and executed. The subscription of the first cloud provider 717 in the second cloud infrastructure 710A includes an express route and a hub and spoke VNET that provision for network connections (e.g., from on-premises locations, from external cloud environments) to be established with the second cloud infrastructure 710A. It is noted that such connections may not be routed through the public internet, thereby providing users with more reliability, faster speeds, consistent latency, and higher security.

[0161] The first cloud infrastructure 720A includes a control plane 724, a customer tenancy 726, and a multi-cloud infrastructure 720B. The control plane 724 of the first cloud infrastructure 720A is a native control plane of the first cloud environment that provides management and orchestration across the cloud environment. It is here where configuration baselines are set, user and role access provisioned, and applications reside so they can be executed with related services. The multi-cloud infrastructure 720B includes a multi-cloud platform data plane 722 and multi-cloud platform data plane 728. As stated previously, the multi-cloud infrastructure 720B provisions for users of other cloud environments (e.g., the second cloud environment 710) to access services provided by the first cloud environment with a user experience as close as possible to that of the native cloud environments of the users (e.g., the second cloud environment 710), while providing simple integration between the cloud environments.

[0162] The MCCP architecture of FIG. 7 further includes a multi-cloud console 721 (different than the second cloud portal 71 1) that permits users authenticated in the second cloud infrastructure 710 to perform control plane operations on resources of the first cloud infrastructure 720 that are exposed via the multi-cloud infrastructure 720B. In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 7, all user 705 requests transmitted to the multi-cloud console 721 are directed to the multi-cloud infrastructure included in the first cloud environment. It is appreciated that the user 705 can transmit requests (e.g., CRUD requests) with respect to resources provided by the first cloud infrastructure directly to the multi-cloud console 721. The multi-cloud console 721 is configured to process requests that have a syntax or format similar to that as used locally in the second cloud infrastructure. In other words, the multi-cloud console 721 has a similar look-and-feel as well as uses terminology that is similar to the second cloud portal 711 included in the second cloud infrastructure 710A. In some implementations, a link (e.g., a weblink) may be provided in the second cloud console 711 that directs users to the multi-cloud console 721.

[0163] The multi-cloud infrastructure 720B included in the first cloud infrastructure 720A includes a plurality' of microservices such as an authority' module 722A, a proxy module 722B, a platform services module 722C, a cloud-link adaptor 722D, a pool of adaptors 722E including adaptor 1, adaptor 2, adaptor 3, and adaptor 4, and a network link adaptor 722F. The pool of adaptors 722E can include adaptors such as an Exa-data cloud service adaptor, an autonomous database-shared adaptor, an autonomous database-dedicated adaptor, and a virtual machine database adaptor.

[0164] Each of the adaptors included in the pool of adaptors 722E is responsible for exposing a set of unique underlying resources (provided by the first cloud infrastructure 720 A) to users of other cloud environments (e.g., second cloud environment). Specifically, each of the adaptors in the pool of adaptors 722E maps to a particular product or resource offered by the first cloud infrastructure 720A. It is noted that the actual resources are created by the native control plane 724 of the first cloud infrastructure. For instance, with respect to database as a service (DBaaS), the DBaaS control plane included in the control plane 724 is configured to instantiate Exa-database resources in the customer tenancy 726 of the first cloud environment. [0165] The incoming request received by the multi-cloud infrastructure 720B is processed by the authority module 722 A for performing authentication and access control. Each request includes a token associated with the account of the user in the second cloud infrastructure. The authority module extracts the token and validates the token in conjunction with the active directory' 712 (i.e., the identity provider system of the second cloud infrastructure 710A). Upon successful validation, the authority module 722A may check roles (i.e., set of privileges) associated with the user. It is noted that a role may be associated with one or more tasks/operations that are permitted for the role. .According to one embodiment, the authority module 722A is responsible for authenticating incoming requests to MCCP and authorizing if the user is allowed to perform the requested operation based on the roles associated with the token. In some implementations, the authority module 722A may perform the authentication process described above by taking advantage of a custom authentication feature of a service platform (i.e., SPLAT associated with the first cloud infrastructure). SPLAT accepts an incoming request and forwards it to the authority module 722 A, which further parse the incoming request to determine an authorization decision and returns a success or failure message back to SPLAT. On success, the request is passed by SPLAT to the routing proxy 722B, whereas on failure, SPLAT returns an error response directly to the caller.

[0166] The proxy module 722B (also referred to as a routing proxy module) included in the multi-cloud infrastructure 720B is a component that receives an incoming request from the multi-cloud console 721 and routes the request to a particular adaptor included in the pool of adaptors 722E. By one embodiment, the proxy module 722B accepts pre-authenticated requests from a service platform (i.e., SPLAT) of the first cloud infrastructure and routes the requests to the appropriate adaptor based on path information included in the incoming request. In some implementations, the proxy module 722B extracts an identifier (from the incoming request) corresponding to a provider of the service and routes the request to the appropriate adaptor in the pool of adaptors 722E.

[0167] The cloud-link adaptor 722D included in the multi-cloud infrastructure 720B is responsible for handling lifecycle operations of resources provided by the first cloud infrastructure. The cloud-link adaptor 722D is configured to create a mapping (or a relationship created at a sign-up process) between an active directory' tenant of the second cloud infrastructure (and its associated subscriptions) and a corresponding tenancy/account of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. In other words, the cloud-link adaptor 722D generates a mapping of a first identifier associated with the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure to a second identifier associated with the account of the user in the second cloud infrastructure.

[0168] In some implementations, the cloud-link adaptor 722D performs translation between external cloud identifiers (e.g., second identifier associated with the account of the user in the second cloud infrastructure) and a first identifier (associated with the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure) to enable operations going through the multi -cloud control plane 722 to map to the appropriate underlying resource in the first cloud infrastructure. In some embodiments, the cloud-link adaptor generates a data object to store the above-described mapping information. Additionally, the cloud-link adaptor 722D also generates a resourceprincipal that is associated with the data object. The resource-principal is assigned one or more permissions based on the token (and associated roles thereof) included in the request. Access to downstream services provided by the first cloud infrastructure is achieved by the user from the second cloud infrastructure based on the resource-principal. The cloud-link adaptor 722D may store the data object and the associated resource-principal in a root compartment of a tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. Alternatively, or additionally, the cloudlink adaptor 722D may also locally persist the data object and the resource-principal on the platform services module 722C of the multi -cloud infrastructure for seamless access by other adaptors included in the multi-cloud infrastructure.

[0169] The network link module (also referred to as a network adaptor) 722F is responsible for creating a network link between the customer subscription 715 (in the second cloud infrastructure) and the corresponding customer tenancy/account (in the first cloud infrastructure) 726. By some embodiments, the network link module 722F obtains a token (from the platform services module 722C) and creates (1) a first peering relationship (in the first cloud environment) between the multi-cloud platform data plane 728 and the customer tenancy 726, and (2) a second peering relationship (in the second cloud environment) between the customer subscription 715 and the subscription of the first cloud sendees provider 717 included in the second cloud infrastructure.

[0170] The network link module 722F is also configured to establish network connectivity between the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment i.e., the network link module 722F can configure an interconnect 719 to communicatively couple the two cloud environments. It is appreciated that upon forming the network link between the two cloud environments, applications that are executed in the customer’s subscription (e.g., in a VNET of the second cloud infrastructure) are able to access resources e.g., Exa-database resource that is deployed in the customer tenancy 726 of the first cloud infrastructure. Further, as shown in FIG. 7, within the tenancy 726, there is provided a functionality of telemetry. Such a functionality relates to maintaining logs, metrics, and other performance parameters related to the resources deployed in the customer tenancy and their respective usages. According to some embodiments, MCCP mirrors the logs and metrics associated with different resources in the first cloud environment and publishes the metrics, logs, events etc., for instance in a dashboard (e.g., in an application insights module included in the customer subscription 715 of the second cloud environment) for further processing.

[0171] By some embodiments, the platform services module 722C included in multi-cloud infrastructure is configured to store credentials associated with sendees of the first cloud infrastructure provided to the second cloud infrastructure. The platform sendees module 722C provides, for instance, tokens/resource principals for the different adaptors included in the pool of adaptors 722E so that the adaptors can communicate with native control plane 724 of the first cloud infrastructure. By some embodiments, the platform module 722C exposes APIs that are called by different adaptors to perform tasks such as:

* Vending a minimally scoped access token (issued by the second cloud infrastructure) to adaptors. For example, the network adaptor 722F requires an access token to perform the above-described network peering operations.

* Providing a resource principal that adaptors will use to call downstream sendees to create resources in customer tenancies of the first cloud infrastructure.

* Triggering replication of observability data (logs, metrics, events) from the first cloud infrastructure to the second cloud infrastructure.

[0172] As stated previously, the pool of adaptors includes a plurality of adaptors, each of which is responsible for exposing a set of unique underlying resources of the first cloud infrastructure to the users of the second cloud infrastructure i.e., each adaptor maps to a particular product or resource offered by the first cloud environment. For instance, the Exadatabase adaptor acts as a proxy for the users of the second cloud infrastructure to create and utilize Exa-database resources. Exa-database is a pre-configured combination of hardware and software that provides an infrastructure for executing databases. By some embodiments, Exa- database comprises a stack of resources: (a) Exadata infrastructure (i.e., hardware), (b) VM cloud cluster, (c) container databases, and (d) pluggable databases. According to some embodiments, the multi -cloud infrastructure provides the ability (for users of the second cloud infrastructure) to analyze each of the levels of stacked infrastructure. Moreover, the MCCP provides flexibility for a user to simply issue a create command (via the multi-cloud console 721) for a workflow, where after the MCCP performs automatic creation of individual resources at each level of the stack. It is appreciated that, although the pool of adaptors 722F as depicted in FIG. 7 includes four different adaptors, it is in no way limiting the scope of the MCCP architecture 700. The MCCP architecture may include other adaptors, for example, a dedicated adaptor directed for use by a specific cloud service provider based on requirements of the cloud sendees provider.

[0173] FIGs. 8A and 8B depict exemplary flow diagrams for linking two user accounts in different cloud environments, according to some embodiments. The two user accounts may correspond to a first user account (e.g., tenancy) in a first cloud infrastructure and a second user account in a second cloud infrastructure. FIG. 8A depicts the process of linking the two user accounts, wherein the tenancy of the user is initially created in the first cloud infrastructure and then linked to the account of the user in the second cloud infrastructure. FIG. 8B depicts the process of linking the two user accounts, wherein the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure is already created i.e., the tenancy already exists.

[0174] FIG. 8 A depicts a data flow that is executed when a user representing a customer, such as a system administrator makes a call from the second cloud infrastructure to the multicloud infrastructure (included in the first cloud infrastructure) for signing up for sendees provided in the first cloud infrastructure. A special console (referred to herein as a multi-cloud console) may be provided for users of the second cloud infrastructure to open accounts within the first cloud infrastructure and to link the account of the user in the first cloud infrastructure to the account of the user in the second cl oud infrastructure. It i s noted that linking the accounts in the first and second cloud infrastructures, enables the user to utilize (from the second cloud infrastructure), one or more services provided by the first cloud infrastructure. In certain implementations, the user signs up for the services using the multi-cloud console. In response to the sign-up, a URL may be sent to the user that enables the user to log into the multi-cloud console. The multi-cloud console exposes UIs and APIs that are similar to the UIs and APIs of the second cloud infrastructure.

[0175] The multi-cloud console may provide various UIs (e.g., GUIs) that provide user- selectable options that enable a user of the second cloud infrastructure to open an account in the first cloud infrastructure and to further link the user accounts in the first and second cloud infrastructures. For example, multi-cloud console may provide a sign-up UI, which enables a user to create an account/tenancy in the first cloud infrastructure and to link the user’s account (in the first cloud infrastructure) to the user's account in the second cloud infrastructure. Once the processing triggered responsive to the signup/link request is complete the user’s accounts in the respective cloud infrastructures are linked together. As part of the processing, the multicloud console enables a user (e.g., a system administrator) to log into the second cloud infrastructure, and request: (a) creation of an account for the user (in the first cloud infrastructure) and to link the user’s accounts; or (b) for an account that the user already has in the first cloud infrastructure, to request the user’s first cloud infrastructure account to be linked to the user’s second cloud infrastructure account.

[0176] Accordingly, in certain use cases, there are two possibilities: (a) the user already has an existing account or tenancy in the first cloud infrastructure and now, via the multi-cloud console sign-up UI, the user requests a link to be created between the user’s accounts (details pertaining to this processing is described next with reference to FIG. 8B), or (b) the user requests both the creation of a new account in the first cloud infrastructure and the linking of the newly created account with the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure. Details pertaining to this processing is described next with reference to FIG. 8 A. It is appreciated that linking of the accounts enables a user to, via the second cloud, use resources in the first cloud. For example, via the second cloud, a user can request a resource to be created or provisioned in the first cloud, utilize and manage resources in the first cloud, delete resources in the first cloud, and the like.

[0177] As shown in FIG. 8A, in step 1, in response to a user’s input provided to multi-cloud console (e.g., sign-up UI of the multi-cloud console) requesting a new account for the user to be created in the first cloud infrastructure and linked to the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure, a call is made by the multi-cloud console to accounts sendees (in the first cloud infrastructure) to create a new account. It is noted that, the call includes a token that is generated by second cloud infrastructure. The token generated by the second cloud infrastructure and included in the call to the accounts services enables the account or tenancy created in the first cloud infrastructure to be linked to the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure.

[0178] At step 2, as part of the processing for setting up the new account for the user, accounts service may make a call to the authority/proxy module included in the multi-cloud control plane (e.g., authority module 722A included in the multi-cloud infrastructure of FIG. 7) to validate the token. The authority/proxy module validates the token (as described previously with reference to FIG. 7) and further processing may continue only upon successful validation of the token. Upon successful validation of the token, accounts service creates a new account for the user in the first cloud infrastructure. As part of creating the new account, a native user may be created and associated with the newly created account. However, note that this native user’s credentials are not used. Rather, the user’s identity in the second cloud infrastructure is used for managing the account and its resources (from the second cloud infrastructure) in the first cloud infrastructure. [0179] After the new account has been successfully created by accounts services in the first cloud infrastructure, at step 3, accounts sendees makes a call to the cloud-link adaptor (included in the multi-cloud infrastructure) to create a link (also referred to as a cloud-link) between the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure and the newly created account in the first cloud infrastructure. In certain implementations, the cloud-link adaptor exposes APIs to account services and to multi-cloud console. These APIs may be called by account services (or by the multi-cloud console) to request linking of the accounts. It is noted that in some implementations, there is no token included in the call of step 3, since the call requesting the linkage is not made by the user but is rather initiated by accounts sendees. In this case, cloudlink adaptor does not do another authentication that would require another token because it relies upon accounts sendees having already performed the necessary authentication for the user as part of the processing for setting up the account using the token received in step 1.

[0180] In some implementations, the processing performed in step 3 by the cloud-link adaptor for linking the two accounts comprises:

(a) cloud-link adaptor creates a data object (also referred to herein as a cloud-link resource object for storing metadata information identifying the two accounts being linked. For example, the data object stores metadata information including a mapping of a first identifier associated with the tenancy (i.e., account) created in the first cloud infrastructure and a second identifier associated with the account of the user with the second cloud service provider.

(b) cloud-link adaptor creates a compartment for storing and containing resources on the first cloud infrastructure side that the user can/would manage using the multicloud console. In some implementations, the cloud-link resource object is created at the root of the customer's account in the first cloud infrastructure.

(c) cloud-link adaptor creates a resource-principal (referred to herein as a cloudlink resource principal) for a resource that is desired to be used by the user of the second cloud infrastructure.

(d) cloud-link adaptor may perform one or more federation setups that facilitate linking of a domain in the first cloud infrastructure to an active directory (e.g., Active Directory 712 of the second cloud infrastructure as shown in FIG. 7). The process of federating accounts of the first cloud infrastructure and the second cloud infrastructure allows users/groups of users in the second cloud infrastructure to be authenticated in first cloud infrastructure, and users/groups from the first cloud infrastructure to be authenticated into the second cloud infrastructure. [0181] In certain implementations, permissions are associated with the cloud-link resource principal based upon the user’s credent! al s/token in the account of the second cloud infrastructure. Consent for setting up the resource principal is provided by the user when the user requests a new account using the multi -cloud console or requests the user's account in the first cloud infrastructure to be linked to the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure. Further, as shown in step 4, the cloud-link resource principal is transmitted to the downstream service to enable the user to utilize the downstream service(s) (e.g., one or more sendees provided by the first cloud infrastructure) from the second cloud infrastructure.

[0182] Turning to FIG. 8B, there is depicted processing related to linking an existing account or tenancy in the first cloud infrastructure to an account of the user in the second cloud infrastructure. As shown in FIG. 8B, the user, via the sign-up UI provided by the multi -cloud console, requests the user’s accounts in the first cloud infrastructure and the second cloud infrastructure to be linked. In response, in step 1 , the multi-cloud console makes a call to the cloud-link adaptor to link the accounts. Such a call may be made using one of the APIs exposed by the cloud-link adaptor to the sign-up UL In certain implementations, the information passed to the cloud-link adaptor in step 1, includes information identifying the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure and also the user’s account in the first cloud infrastructure, a token issued by the second cloud infrastructure, etc.

[0183] At step 2, the cloud-link adaptor makes a call to the authority /proxy module included in the multi-cloud infrastructure to authenticate the token received in step 1. As part of this authentication, the authority /proxy module determines whether the user making the request has sufficient authority on the second cloud infrastructure side to make the linkage request. As part of the validation, roles and permissions set up on the second cloud infrastructure side may be checked. In response to the user being successfully validated, the cloud-link adaptor retrieves from the data object previously created for the user, the resource-principal associated with a resource that is desired to be utilized by the user. Further, as shown in step 3, the cloudlink resource principal is transmitted to the downstream service to enable the user to utilize the downstream service(s) (e.g., one or more services provided by the first cloud infrastructure) from the second cloud infrastructure. FIG , 9 depicts an exemplary system diagram illustrating components of a multi-cloud control plane (MCCP) according to some embodiments. The MCCP 900 includes a platform (SPLAT) 910, a routing proxy 915, a cloud-link adaptor 920, a database adaptor 925, a network adaptor 930, and an MCCP platform 935. Upon the user successfully completing the sign-up process as described above with reference to FIGs. 8A and 8B, the user may utilize the multi-cloud console 905 to issue commands to access, create, or update a resource in the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. For sake of illustration, in what follows, there is described a scenario of the user utilizing the multi -cloud console to issue a request to create an Exa-database resource.

[0185] In some implementations, the user accesses the multi-cloud console 905 and provides login information e.g., credentials of the user in the second cloud infrastructure. The multicloud console 905 provides a plurality of options e.g., create a resource, access a resource, update a resource etc. Such options may be provided to the user in the form of selectable icons (e.g., buttons) in the multi-cloud console 905. Upon the user performing a selection (e.g., to create a resource), an API call is triggered to the service platform 910. It is appreciated that the request made to the service platform 910 is not a native call with respect to the first cloud infrastructure. Rather, the call is a REST type call including an authorization header that comprises a token associated with the user in the second cloud infrastructure.

[0186] The REST call including the token is further forwarded to the routing proxy module 915 that performs authentication and access control operations. According to some embodiments, the routing proxy module 915 performs an authentication operation by extracting the token included in the REST call. The routing proxy module 915 validates the token by comparing a signature (used to sign the request) with a publicly available signature of the second cloud infrastructure to ensure that the request originates from a valid customer associated with the second cloud infrastructure. Additionally, the routing proxy module 915 may also check roles i.e., privileges associated with the token e.g., whether the role corresponds to an Exadata DB administrator or the like. Based on the role, the routing proxy module 915 may route the request to an appropriate adaptor included in the MCCP framework 900.

[0187] According to one embodiment, the routing proxy module 915 compares the role (associated with the token) to a preconfigured list of roles that is published and assigned (as part of the API specification) for each of the adaptors. For example, if the role associated with the token corresponds to an ‘Exadata DB administrator’, then the request may be comprehended as one being of creating an Exa-database and thus the request is forwarded to the database adaptor 925. Additionally, by some embodiments, the routing proxy module 915 may analyze information included in the REST call such as a provider ID, resource type requested, etc., and based on the analyzed information, the routing proxy module 915 may forward the request to the appropriate adaptor. [0188] In some implementations, the request obtained by the routing proxy module 915 may not include information identifying the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure where the resource is to be deployed. Thus, the routing proxy module 915 communicates with the cloud-link adaptor 920 to obtain mapping information of the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure to the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. If the mapping information exists, then the routing proxy module 915 obtains the information pertaining to the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure and passes the information to the database adaptor 925. In this manner, the database adaptor 925 is aware of the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure where the resource is to be created/deployed. However, if the cloudlink adaptor 920 determines that no mapping information exists, then the routing proxy module 915 may simply issue, as a response to the request to create the database resource, an ‘unauthorized-access’ message that is transmitted back to the user.

[0189] It is noted that in some implementations, the cloud-link adaptor 920 creates a data object (referred to herein as a cloud-link resource object) for storing metadata information identifying the two accounts being linked. For example, the data object stores metadata information including a mapping of a first identifier associated with the tenancy (i.e., account) in the first cloud infrastructure and a second identifier associated with the account of the user with the second cloud service provider. Additionally, the cloud-link adaptor 920 also creates a resource-principal (referred to herein as a cloud-link resource principal) for a resource (e.g., database) that is desired to be created/managed by the user of the second cloud infrastructure. The cloud-link adaptor 920 may maintain the data object as well as the resource-principal within a root compartment of the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. In some embodiments, the cloud-link adaptor 920 may also locally persist the data object and/or the resource principal in the MCCP platform 935.

[0190] In some embodiments, the database adaptor 925 may communicate with (or instruct) the network adaptor 930 to create a network link between the user’s account in the second cloud infrastructure and the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. For instance, the network adaptor 930 may obtain from the native services in the second cloud infrastructure module 945, a token associated with the user and create: (1) a first peering relationship (in the first cloud environment) between a data plane of the MCCP and the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure, and (2) a second peering relationship (in the second cloud environment) between the user’s account and a subscription of the first cloud provider included in the second cloud infrastructure. [0191] The network adaptor 930 is also configured to establish network connectivity between the first cloud infrastructure and the second cloud infrastructure i.e., the network adaptor 930 can configure an interconnect (e.g., interconnect 719 of FIG. 7) that communicatively couples the two cloud environments. It is appreciated that upon forming the network link between the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure and the account of the user in the second cloud infrastructure, applications that are executed in the user’s subscription/account are able to access resources e.g., Exa-database deployed in the tenancy of the first cloud infrastructure. Furthermore, the creation of the peering relationships provisions for metrics e.g., database usage metrics to be accessible in the second cloud infrastructure e.g., in a dashboard application that is executed in the subscription of the user in the second cloud infrastructure.

[0192] In some implementations, the database adaptor 925 may obtain the resource principal that is locally persisted in the MCCP platform 935. The database adaptor 925 may transmit a request (including the resource-principal) to one or more downstream sendees included in the first cloud infrastructure 940 to create the resources in the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. In other words, the downstream sendees included in the first cloud infrastructure 940 utilizes the identity i.e., resource principal obtained from the MCCP platform 935 to create/deploy the required resources e.g., Exa-database in the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure. Upon the user issuing the request to create the Exa-database, the user may intermittently poll the MCCP 900 to obtain a status of the request. Upon the downstream services of the first cloud infrastructure 940 creating the resource in the tenancy of the user in the first cloud infrastructure, and the network adaptor 930 establishing the peering relationships, the MCCP 900 may notify the user regarding a successful completion of the request.

Multi Cloud Network Service - Network Adaptor

[0193] Referring to FIG. 7, the architecture of the multi-cloud control plane 700 enables a customer of an external cloud environment (that is provided by an external cloud services provider) e.g., the second cloud environment 710, to deploy resources (e.g., database resources), execute a sendee, etc., provided in a first cloud environment 720 by utilizing the multi-cloud console 721 and the multi-cloud infrastructure 720B (included in the first cloud environment). In some implementations, network connectivity between the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment is to be configured and maintained in order to expose sendee offerings (e.g., PaaS offerings) of the first cloud environment to customers of the second cloud environment. As described below in detail, a network adaptor (e.g., the network-link component 722F of FIG. 7) is responsible for handling such network related resources.

[0194] In certain embodiments, there is provided a multi-cloud network (MCN) service that is responsible for configuring and maintaining the network connectivity between the first cloud environment and other cloud environments e.g., the second cloud environment. MCN exposes services such as PaaS offerings to customers of the other cloud environments is a seamless manner. It is appreciated that the MCN service fits into the architecture of the multi-cloud control plane 700 of FIG. 7 as the Network Adaptor component 722F. According to some embodiments, the MCN service is responsible for:

1. Integrating with a multi-cloud platform and exposing a customer-facing API object referred to as network-link, which will serve as a cross-cloud virtual network interconnect abstraction to the customer.

2. Configure and maintain direct interconnect links (e.g., ExpressRoute, FastConnect, etc.,) between external cloud environments and the first cloud environment to be shared across N customers.

3. Launch and monitor per-customer packet processor instances to enable end-to- end packet flow between external cloud environments and the first cloud environment.

4. Configure any domain name system (DNS) related resources in external cloud environments and the first cloud environment to allow seamless name resolutions.

[0195] Network-Link, as the name suggests, is an abstraction that interconnects two cloud environments. For example, the network-link may interconnect a customer's virtual in the second cloud environment to a customer's virtual cloud network (VCN) in the first cloud environment. It is appreciated that if a customer has to manually set up the network-link, the customer is responsible for a multitude of tasks such as configuring an interconnect (e.g., Express Route) for the second cloud environment, configuring another interconnect (e.g., Fast Connect) for the first cloud environment, configuring dynamic routing gateways, configuring gateway attachments and route tables, etc. Such tasks are by no means trivial in nature and moreover cause a poor customer experience. As described by embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided the multi-cloud network (MCN) sendee which automatically configures the network -link (and related networking resources) with minimal to no customer Thus, by utilizing the MCN service, customers need not have to the internals of the network-link component offered by the multi-cloud infrastructure of the first cloud environment, but simply use the network-link as a black-box that allows traffic to and from virtual networks of the customer in different cloud environments. Additionally, it is noted that the network-link which is established between the different cloud environments may be required to have a very' low transmission latency. This is due to the fact that resources deployed in the first cloud environment may be resources such as Exa-database resources which handle online transaction processing events. As such events demand minimal latency, the multi-cloud network (MCN) sendee of the present disclosure is relied upon to establish, between different cloud environments, a highly performative and highly available end-to-end network link with a low transmission latency.

[0196] FIG. 10 depicts a high-level block diagram of a network-link component according to certain embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 10 depicts a network-link component 1007 (also referred to herein as a multi-cloud network infrastructure (MCNI)) that is established between a first cloud environment 1005 and a second cloud environment 1010. As shown in FIG. 10, the network-link component 1007 is established between a customer’s virtual network (VNET) e.g., VNET 1022 included in the second cloud environment 1010 to a customer’s virtual cloud network (VCN) 1012 i.e., a VNET in the first cloud environment 1005. Thus, a resource 1013 (e.g., exa-database) hosted in the customer’s VCN 1012 (in the first cloud environment. 1005) may be accessed/utilized by a virtual machine 1023 that is hosted in the customer’s VNET 1022 in the second cloud environment 1010.

[0197] As shown in FIG. 10, on the second cloud environment side, the network-link component 1007 includes a VNET (labeled as a leaf VNET) 1019 that peers with the customer’s VNET 1022 included in the second cloud environment 1010. Any traffic to and from the customer’s VCN 1012 is put onto this VNET peering. It is noted that the leaf VNET 1019 appears as a generic ’’network-link VNET" to the customer. On the first cloud environment side, the network-link component 1007 has a dynamic routing gateway (DRG) attachment, named Multi-Cloud Atachment 1017. In some implementations, a customer may attach one's VCN (e.g., customer VCN 1012) to a customer owned DRG 1015 using VCN Attachment., and the MCNI 1007 is linked into this DRG 1015 via the Multi -Cloud Attachment. 1017. It is noted that any traffic to and from the customer VNET 1022 (included in the second cloud environment 1010) is put onto VCN attachment, and then to the Multi-Cloud Attachment 1017 within the DRG.

[0198] As will described below with reference to FIGS. 11 and 13, some portions of the network-link component 1007 will be included in the first cloud environment 1005, whereas some other portions of the network-link component 1007 will be included in the second cloud environment 1010. Furthermore, it is appreciated that one of the goals of the network-link component 1007 is to construct a multi -tenant tunneling infrastructure to share the interconnect(s) between the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment. In order for multi-tenant traffic to share a single inter-cloud interconnect, it is noted that the networklink component 1007 provisions for tunnelling to encapsulate/de-capsulate customer traffic e.g., by using GENEVE tunnels.

[01.99] Turning to FIG, 11 , there is depicted a detailed architecture 1 100 of a network-link configuration according to certain embodiments. As shown in FIG. 11, the network-link communicatively couples a region of a second cloud environment 1105 to a region of a first cloud environment 1135. The region of the second cloud environment 1105 may include one or more customer VNETs. For example, the region of the second cloud environment 1105 includes two customer VNETs i.e., customer 1 VNET 1101, and customer 2 VNET 1102. Accordingly, a portion of the second cloud environment 1105 hosting the customer VNETs is represented as customer domain 1 150 A. Similarly, the region of the first cloud environment 1135 may include one or more customer VCNs (i.e., customer virtual networks). For example, the region of the first cloud environment 1135 includes two customer VCNs i.e., customer 1 VCN 1131, and customer 2 VCN 1132. Accordingly, a portion of the first cloud environment 1135 hosting the customer VCNs is represented as customer domain 1150C.

[0200] According to some embodiments, a multi-cloud network infrastructure (MCNI) domain network -link, communicatively couples a pair of customer virtual networks. For instance, as shown in FIG. 11, customer 1 VNET 1101 (included in the region of the second cloud environment 1105) is communicatively coupled with customer 1 VCN 1131 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1135). In a similar manner, customer 2 VNET 1102 (included in the region of the second cloud environment 1105) is communicatively coupled with customer 2 V CN 1 132 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1135). It is noted that the MCNI domain 1150 corresponds to the network-link domain and is disposed between the dotted lines 1160 and 1170. More specifically, the MCNI domain includes a first portion that is disposed in the region of the second cloud environment 1 105 and a second portion that is disposed in the region of the first cloud environment 1135. [0201] In some implementations, each pair of customer virtual networks (e.g., customer 1 VNET 1101 in the region of the second cloud environment 1105, and customer 1 VCN 1131 in the region of the first cloud environment 1 135) is communicatively coupled using a plurality of virtual networks (referred to herein as link-enabling virtual networks), that are deployed (in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment) by the multi-cloud network (MCN) sendee. For example, a first link-enabling virtual network 1103 (labeled as a leaf 1 VNET) and a second link-enabling virtual network 1107 (labeled as Spoke 1 VNET) are deployed in the region of the second cloud environment 1105 and associated with customer 1 VNET 1101. Further, a third link-enabling virtual network 1123 (labeled as a Spoke 1 VCN) is deployed in the region of the first cloud environment 1135 and associated with customer 1 VCN 1131. In a similar manner, customer 2 VNET 1102 is associated with a link-enabling virtual network 1104 (labeled as a leaf 2 VNET) and another link-enabling virtual network 1106 (labeled as Spoke 2 VNET) that are deployed in the region of the second cloud environment 1105, whereas customer 2 VCN 1132 is associated with a different link-enabling virtual network 1124 (labeled as spoke 2 VCN). Thus, in the architecture of FIG. 11, each pair of customer virtual networks is associated with three link-enabling virtual networks.

[0202] Further, the region of the second cloud environment 1105 includes a Hub VNET 1110 that is shared between the different customer virtual networks included in the second cloud environment. In other words, Hub VNET 1110 processes traffic for the plurality of customer tenancies included in the region of the second cloud environment 1105, Similarly, the region of the first cloud environment 1135 includes a Hub VNET 1122 that is shared between the different customer’s virtual cloud networks included in the first cloud environment i.e., Hub VNET 1122 processes traffic for the plurality of customer VCNs included in the region of the first cloud environment 1135. As shown in FIG, 11, the region of the second cloud environment 1 105 is communicatively connected to the region of the first cloud environment 1 135 by a high-bandwidth network interconnect 1115. In what follows, there is provided a detailed description of configuring an end-to-end network path between the customer 1 VNET 1 101 (included in the region of the second cloud environment 1105) and the customer 1 VCN 1131 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1135).

[0203] As shown in FIG. 11, the first link-enabling virtual network 1103 (i.e., Leaf 1 VNET) is peered to the customer 1 VNET 1101 in order to receive traffic from virtual machines (e.g., operated by user 1101 A) that are executed in the customer 1 VNET 1101. As the Hub VNET 1 1 10 is shared across multiple customer VNETs in the region of the second cloud environment 1 105, in some implementations of the present disclosure, an encapsulation and tunneling framework is utilized to differentiate between different customer traffic originating from the customer VNETs in the region of the second cloud environment 1105. The first link-enabling virtual network 1103 includes a pair of network adaptors 1103 A (referred to herein as remote virtual network adaptors (RVNA)). Each of the network adaptors 1 103 A included in the first link-enabling virtual network 1103 is configured to encapsulate traffic received from the customer 1 VNET 1101 to generate encapsulated traffic.

[0204] In some implementations, the pair of network adaptors 1103 A is used for purposes of achieving high availability and is maintained in an active-active state. In other words, each adaptor included in the pair of network adaptors 1103 A is functional and encapsulates traffic received from the customer 1 VNET 1101. In some embodiments, the pair of network adaptors 1103 A may utilize a service provided by the second cloud environment 1105 for purposes of performing BGP peering. The pair of network adaptors 1103 A may instruct such a service to spread traffic (originating from customer VNET) in a uniform manner, by using mechanisms such as equal cost multi-path routing (ECMP). For example, considering that the second cloud environment 1105 corresponds to an Azure cloud (i.e., cloud operated by Microsoft), the pair of network adaptors 1103 A may utilize an Azure route server (ARS) for purposes of performing BGP peering.

[0205] However, utilization of such a service (e.g., ARS) of the second cloud environment poses some limitations. For example, services such as ARS can only learn and propagate routes in directly peered VNETs - this means that in order for the service to inject RVNA routes into customer's VNET, the service (provided by the second cloud environment) needs to either exist in the first link-enabling virtual network (i.e., Leaf VNET 1103), or in a separate VNET that is directly peered with customer VNET 1101. In order to avoid customer confusion by having two VNETs peer into their network, by one embodiment of the present disclosure, it is preferred to have the sendee (e.g., ARS) be placed in the first link-enabling virtual network 1103.

[0206] According to some embodiments, a limitation of some types of second cloud environments is that it forbids route-propagation across the VNETs if both the VNETs in the peering have either a virtual network gateway (VNG) or the service (e.g., ARS) deployed within it. Since hub VNET 1110 has a VNG 1112 and the first link-enabling virtual network 1103 would host the service (e.g., ARS), peering these two VNETs directly would mean that routes for hub VCN 1122 CIDR next-hopped to VNG would not get installed automatically, nor be configurable via user defined routes (UDR). As such, an additional layer of networkindirection is introduced between the first link-enabling virtual network 1103 and the Hub VNET 1110. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 11, a second link-enabling virtual network 1107 is introduced as a next hop, to forward traffic from the first link-enabling virtual network i 103 to the Hub VNET 1110.

[0207] The second link-enabling virtual network 1107 includes a pair of virtual network forwarders (VNF) 1107 A. Each VNF included in the pair of VNFs 1107A is configured to forward the encapsulated traffic received from the first link-enabling virtual network 1103 to the Hub virtual network 1110 included in the region of the second cloud environment 1105. In some implementations, the pair of virtual network forwarders (VNFs) 1107 A perform network address translation (NAT) with respect to the encapsulated traffic that is received from the first link-enabling virtual network 1103. Specifically, the pair of virtual network forwarders (VNFs) 1107 A performs a NAT operation on each data packet that is received from the first linkenabling virtual network 1103 such that the data packet is transmitted to a virtual network interface card (VNIC) e.g., VNIC 1122 A included in the Hub VCN 1122 of the region of the first cloud environment 1 135. It is appreciated that the pair of virtual network forwarders (VNF) 1107A forwards traffic to the VNG 1112 included in the Hub VNET 1110, whereafter the traffic is communicated over to the Hub VCN 1122 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1135) via the high-bandwidth interconnect 1115.

[0208] According to some embodiments, encapsulated traffic received by the VNIC (e.g., VNIC 1122A) included in the Hub VCN 1122 is forwarded to a third link-enabling virtual network 1123 (labeled as Spoke VCN) included in the region of the first cloud environment 1135. The third link-enabling virtual network 1123 includes a pair of virtual network adaptors 1 123 A (labeled as local virtual network adaptors (LVNAs)), each of which is configured to decapsulate, the encapsulated traffic received from the VNIC 1 122A included in the Hub VCN 1122. Further, as shown in FIG. 11, the pair of virtual network adaptors 1123A included in the third link-enabling virtual network 1 123 of the first cloud environment 1135 transmit the decapsulated traffic to the customer 1 VCN 1131 (e.g., to a resource 1131 A that is deployed in the customer 1 VCN 1131 ) via a dynamic routing gateway (DRG) attachment.

[0209] In this manner, an end-to-end network link is established between the customer 1 VNET 1101 in the region of the second cloud environment 1105 to the customer 1 VCN 1131 in the region of the first cloud environment 1135 via the first link-enabling virtual network 1 103, the second link-enabling virtual network 1107, the Hub VNET 1110 (in the first cloud environment), the Hub VCN 1122 (in the second cloud environment), and the third linkenabling virtual network 1123. It is appreciated that a network-link can be established between the customer 2 VNET 1102 (in the region of the second cloud environment 1105) to the customer 2 VCN 1132 (in the region of the first cloud environment 1135) in a manner similar to that as described above with respect to the network -link established between customer 1 VNET and customer 1 VCN. Additionally, it is noted that although customer virtual networks in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment may share an IP address space, each of the first link-enabling virtual network, the second link-enabling virtual network, the third link-enabling virtual network, and the HUB virtual networks included in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment are assigned a unique classless inter-domain routing IP address space to avoid traffic collision.

[0210] FIGS. 12A and 12B depict exemplary' latency values observed for the architecture of the network-link of FIG. 11, according to certain embodiments. Specifically, the architecture of the network-link discussed above with reference to FIG. 1 1 results in an observed latency (corresponding to, for example, communication path between customer 1 VNET and customer 1 VCN, as shown by the dotted lines) to have latency of 3 milliseconds. A breakdown of the latency observed between the individual components on said path is depicted in FIG. 12A. It is noted that in the case depicted in FIG. 12A, the RVNAs and VNFs are randomly placed in the second cloud environment. According to some embodiments, using a placement strategy, wherein the RVNAs and VNFs are placed in accordance with some condition (as opposed to being randomly placed) results in an improvement of the observed latency. For instance, placing the RVNAs and VNFs (i.e., that are associated with a customer’s virtual network) in a same zone (e.g., availability zone of the second cloud environment) results in an improvement of the observed latency. For instance, as shown in FIG. 12 B, which provides the latency breakdown between the individual components, it is observed that the end-to-end latency is reduced from 3 milliseconds down to 1.6 milliseconds by placing the RVNAs and the VNFs in the same availability domain of the second cloud environment.

[0211] FIG. 12C depicts an exemplary/ flowchart illustrating a process of establishing a network-link according to certain embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. 12C may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g., on a device). The method presented in FIG. 12C and described below' is intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. Although FIG. 12C depicts the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the steps may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel.

[0212] The process commences in step 1250, where a multi-cloud infrastructure that is included in a first cloud environment (e.g., multi -cloud infrastructure 720B of FIG. 7), receives a request to create a network-link between a first virtual network (e.g., customer 1 VCN 1131 of FIG. 11 ) in the first, cloud environment, and a second virtual network (e.g., customer 1 VNET 1101 of FIG. 11) in a second cloud environment. It is noted that the first virtual network in the first cloud environment is created previously in order to enable a user associated with a customer tenancy in the second cloud environment 1105 to access one or more sendees provided in the first cloud environment 1135. Thereafter, the process proceeds to step 1260 for creating the network-link between the first virtual network and the second virtual network.

[0213] The process of creating the network-link in step 1260 includes encapsulating, by a first link-enabling virtual network in the second cloud environment, traffic that i s received from the second virtual network to generate encapsulated traffic. For example, referring to FIG. 11, the first link-enabling virtual network 1103, which includes RVNAs, encapsulates the traffic received from the customer 1 VNET 1101 (step 1263).

[0214] Further, in step 1265, a second link-enabling virtual network (e.g., the link-enabling virtual network 1107 in FIG. 11) in the second cloud environment forwards (e.g., via VNFs) the encapsulated traffic received from the first link-enabling virtual network to a hub virtual network (e.g., Hub VNET 1110) included in the second cloud environment. The process then moves to step 1267 where a third link-enabling virtual network (e.g., the link-enabling virtual network 1123 of FIG. 11) in the first cloud environment, decapsulat.es (e.g., via the LVNAs) the encapsulated traffic received from the hub virtual network e.g., Hub VCN 1122. Further, in step 1269, the third link-enabling virtual network in the first cloud environment transmits the decapsulated traffic to the first virtual network (e.g., customer 1 VCN 1131 of FIG. 11) in the first cloud environment via a DRG attachment. In this manner, the multi-cloud infrastructure of the present disclosure configures a high-performant, highly available, and low latency network-link between different customer virtual networks.

[0215] Turning to FIG. 13, there is depicted a detailed architecture 1300 of a network-link configuration according to certain embodiments. As shown in FIG. 13, the network -link communicatively couples a region of a second cloud environment 1305 to a region of a first cloud environment 1335. The region of the second cloud environment 1305 may include one or more customer VNETs. For example, the region of the second cloud environment 1305 includes two customer VNETs i.e., customer 1 VNET 1301, and customer 2 VNET 1302. Accordingly, a portion of the second cloud environment 1305 hosting the customer VNETs is represented as customer domain 1350A. Similarly, the region of the first cloud environment 1335 may include one or more customer VCNs (i.e., customer virtual networks). For example, the region of the first cloud environment 1335 includes two customer VCNs i.e., customer 1 VCN 1331, and customer 2 VCN 1332, Accordingly, a portion of the first, cloud environment 1335 hosting the customer VCNs is represented as customer domain I350C.

[0216] According to some embodiments, a multi-cloud network infrastructure (MCNI) domain 1350B i.e., network -link, communicatively couples a pair of customer virtual networks. For instance, as shown in FIG. 13, customer 1 VNET 1301 (included in the region of the second cloud environment 1305) is communicatively coupled with customer I VCN 1331 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335). In a similar manner, customer 2 VNET 1302 (included in the region of the second cloud environment 1305) is communicatively coupled with customer 2 VCN 1332 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335). It is noted that the MCNI domain 1350 corresponds to the network-link domain and is disposed between the dotted lines 1360 and 1370. More specifically, the MCNI domain includes a first portion that is disposed in the region of the second cloud environment 1305 and a second portion that is disposed in the region of the first cloud environment 1335. [0217] In some implementations, each pair of customer virtual networks (e.g., customer 1 VNET 1301 in the region of the second cloud environment 1305, and customer 1 VCN 1331 in the region of the first cloud environment 1335) is communicatively coupled using a plurality of virtual networks (referred to herein as link-enabling virtual networks), that are deployed (in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment) by the multi-cloud network (MCN) service. For example, a first link-enabling virtual network 1303 (labeled as a leaf 1 VNET) is deployed in the region of the second cloud environment 1305. A second linkenabling virtual network 1323 (labeled as Spoke 1 VCN) is deployed in the region of the first cloud environment 1335. In a similar manner, customer 2 VNET 1302 is associated with a linkenabling virtual network 1304 (labeled as a leaf 2 VNET) and another link-enabling virtual network 1324 (labeled as Spoke 2 VCN) that are deployed in the region of the second cloud environment 1305 and the region of the first cloud environment 1335, respectively. Thus, in the architecture of FIG. 13, each pair of customer virtual networks is associated with enabling virtual networks. [0218] Further, the region of the second cloud environment 1305 includes a Hub VNET 1310 that is shared between the different customer virtual networks included in the second cloud environment. In other words, Hub VNET 1310 processes traffic for the plurality of customer tenancies included in the region of the second cloud environment 1305. Similarly, the region of the first cloud environment 1335 includes a Hub VCN 1322 that is shared between the different customer’s virtual cloud networks included in the first cloud environment i.e., Hub VCN 1322 processes traffic for the plurality of customer VCNs included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335. As shown in FIG. 13, the region of the second cloud environment 1305 is communicatively connected to the region of the first cloud environment 1335 by a high-bandwidth network interconnect 1315. In what follows, there is provided a detailed description of configuring an end-to-end network path between the customer 1 VNET 1301 (included in the region of the second cloud environment 1305) and the customer 1 VCN 1331 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335).

[0219] As shown in FIG. 13, the first link-enabling virtual network 1303 (i.e., Leaf 1 VNET) is peered to the customer 1 VNET 1301 in order to receive traffic from virtual machines (e.g., operated by user 1301 A) that are operated in the customer 1 VNET 1301. As the Hub VNET 1310 is shared across multiple customer VNETs in the region of the second cloud environment 1305, in some implementations of the present disclosure, an encapsulation and tunneling framework is utilized to differentiate between different customer traffic originating from the customer VNETs in the region of the second cloud environment 1305. The first link-enabling virtual network 1303 includes a pair of network adaptors 1303 A (referred to herein as remote virtual network adaptors (RVNA)). Each of the network adaptors 1303 A included in the first link-enabling virtual network 1303 is configured to encapsulate traffic received from the customer 1 VNET 1301 to generate encapsulated traffic.

[0220] In some implementations, the pair of network adaptors 1303 A is used for purposes of achieving high availability and is maintained in an active-active state. In other words, each adaptor included in the pair of network adaptors 1303A is functional and encapsulates traffic received from the customer 1 VNET 1301. In some embodiments, the pair of network adaptors 1303 A may utilize a service provided by the second cloud environment 1305 for purposes of performing BGP peering. The pair of network adaptors 1303 A may instruct such a sendee to spread traffic (originating from customer VNET) in a uniform manner, by using mechanisms such as equal cost multi-path routing (ECMP). [0221] As shown in FIG. 13, the Hub VNET 1310 includes pairs of virtual network forwarders (VNF) 1306 and 1307. A pair of VNFs are associated for each customer VNET included in the region of the second cloud environment 1305. For example, the pair of VNFs 1307 is associated with customer 1 VNET 1301 and the pair of VNFs 1306 is associated with customer 2 VNETs 1301. Each VNF included in the pair of VNFs 1307 is configured to forward the encapsulated traffic received from the first link-enabling virtual network 1303 (i.e., from the corresponding RVNAs) to the Hub virtual network 1322 included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335.

[0222] In some implementations, the pair of virtual network forwarders (VNFs) 1307 perform network address translation (NAT) with respect to the encapsulated traffic that is received from the first link-enabling virtual network 1303. Specifically, the pair of virtual network forwarders (VNFs) 1307 performs a NAT operation on each data packet that is received from the first link-enabling virtual network 1303, such that the data packet is transmitted to a virtual network interface card (VNIC) e.g., VNIC 1322A included in the Hub VCN 1322 of the region of the first cloud environment 1335. It is appreciated that the pair of virtual network forwarders (VNF) 1307 forwards traffic to a virtual network gateway (VNG) 1312 included in the Hub VNET 1310, whereafter the traffic is communicated over to the Hub VCN 1322 (included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335) via the high-bandwidth interconnect 1315.

[0223] According to some embodiments, encapsulated traffic received by the VNIC (e.g., VNIC 1322A) included in the Hub VCN 1322 is forwarded to a second link-enabling virtual network 1323 (labeled as Spoke VCN) included in the region of the first cloud environment 1335. The second link-enabling virtual network 1323 includes a pair of virtual network adaptors 1323 A (labeled as local virtual network adaptors (LVNAs)), each of which is configured to decapsulate, the encapsulated traffic received from the VNIC 1322A included in the Hub VCN 1322. Further, as shown in FIG. 13, the pair of virtual network adaptors 1323A included in the second link-enabling virtual network 1323 of the first cloud environment 1335 transmits the decapsulated traffic to the customer 1 VCN 1331 (e.g., to a resource 1331A that is deployed in the customer 1 VCN 1331) via a dynamic routing gateway (DRG) attachment. [0224] In this manner, an end-to-end network link is established between the customer 1 VNET 1301 in the region of the second cloud environment 1305, to the customer 1 VCN 1331 in the region of the first cloud environment 1335 via the first link-enabling virtual network 1303, the second link-enabling virtual network 1323, the Hub VNET 1310 (in the first cloud environment), and the Hub VCN 1322 (in the second cloud environment). It is appreciated that a network-link can be established between the customer 2 VNET 1302 (in the region of the second cloud environment 1305) to the customer 2 VCN 1332 (in the region of the first cloud environment 1335) in a manner similar to that as described above with respect to the networklink established between customer 1 VNET and customer 1 VCN. Additionally, it is noted that although customer virtual networks in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment may share an IP address space (e.g., have overlapping IP address space), each of the first link-enabling virtual network, the second link-enabling virtual network, and the HUB virtual networks included in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment are assigned a unique classless inter-domain routing IP address space to avoid traffic collision.

[0225] FIG. 14A depicts an exemplary' observed latency breakdown for the interconnect sharing structure of FIG. 13, according to some embodiments. It is observed that in this configuration, the end-to-end latency (for example path 1 from customer 1 VNET to customer 1 VCN) is 950 micro-seconds. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides for a strategic placement of the packet processors e.g., VNFs being placed in the Hub VNET that accomplishes a low latency which is advantageous for supporting high-throughput and latency sensitive applications such as Exa-database applications. It is noted that in the above-described embodiments, the latency measurements correspond to a specific setup of the customer VNET and customer VCNs i.e., in the availability zones and regions.

[0226] FIG. 14B depicts another exemplary flowchart illustrating a process of establishing a network-link according to certain embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. 14B may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device). The method presented in FIG. 14B and described below'' is intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. Although FIG. 14B depicts the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the steps may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel.

[0227] The process commences in step 1450, where a multi-cloud infrastructure that is included in a first cloud environment (e.g., multi-cloud infrastructure 720B of FIG. 7), receives a request to create a network-link between a first virtual network (e.g., customer 1 VCN 1331 of FIG. 13) in the first cloud environment and a second virtual network (e.g., customer 1 VNET 1301 of FIG. 13) in a second cloud environment. It is noted that the first virtual network in the first cloud environment is created previously in order to enable a user associated with a customer tenancy in the second cloud environment 1305 to access one or more services provided in the first cloud environment 1335. Thereafter, the process proceeds to step 1455 for creating the network-link between the first virtual network and the second virtual network using a plurality of link-enabling virtual networks.

[0228] The process then moves to step 1460, where a first link-enabling virtual network from the plurality of link-enabling virtual networks is placed in the second cloud environment. For example, referring to FIG. 13, the first link-enabling virtual network 1303 is deployed in the region of the second cloud environment to peer with a customer’s VNET. The process in step 1465 places/deploys a second link-enabling virtual network from the plurality of link-enabling virtual networks is placed in the first cloud environment. For example, referring to FIG. 13, the second link-enabling virtual network 1323 is deployed in the region of the first cloud environment to peer with a customer’s VCN via a DRG attachment. In this manner, the multicloud infrastructure of the present disclosure configures a high-performant, highly available, and low latency network-link between different customer virtual networks.

[0229] FIG. 15 depicts an architecture of a service infrastructure 1500 including a multicloud network service control plane (MCNS-CP), according to certain embodiments. The MCNS-CP is responsible for configuring network-links as those described above with reference to FIGS. 11 and 13. As shown in FIG. 15, the sendee architecture 1500 includes a region of a second cloud environment 1501 and a region of a first cloud environment 1551 that may be communicatively coupled to each other via a high-bandwidth interconnect (e.g., Express Route or Fast Connect). The region of the second cloud environment 1501 includes a customer VNET 1503, a Spoke VNET 1505, a Leaf VNET 1507, a Hub VNET 1509, and a multi-cloud service VNET 1510. The customer VNET 1503 corresponds to a customer domain, whereas the Spoke VNET 1505 and the Leaf VNET 1507 correspond to a service domain that is instantiated per customer. It is appreciated that the Hub VNET 1509 and the multi-cloud service VNET 1510 correspond to portions of the sendee plane that are multi-tenanted.

[0230] The Leaf VNET 1507 peers with the customer VNET 1503 and includes one or more virtual network adaptors (e.g., RVNAs 1507 A) that are configured to encapsulate/decapsulate traffic received from/to the customer VNET 1503. The Spoke VNET 1505 includes one or more virtual network forwarders (e.g., VNFs 1505 A) that are configured to forward traffic received from the Leaf VNET 1507 to the Hub VNET 1509. Further, each of the Leaf VNET 1507 and the Spoke 1505 include private endpoints via which network configuration information may be provided to the RVNAs and VNFs, respectively. For example, Leaf VNET 1507 includes a private endpoint 1507B and the Spoke VNET 1505 includes a private endpoint 1505B via which, network configuration information (i.e., mapping information) can be obtained. Details regarding distribution of the network configuration information are described below.

[0231] The Hub VNET 1509 includes a virtual network gateway (VNG) which is communicatively coupled to the high-bandwidth interconnect in order to couple the second cloud environment to the first cloud environment. In some implementations, the Hub VNET 1509 may include a Bastion 1509 A, which is a fully platform-managed PaaS service that is provisioned in a virtual network. Specifically, the Bastion 1509 is a service that enables one to connect to a virtual machine, for instance by using a browser, via a native SSH, etc. The multicloud service VNET 1510 includes an internal load balancer (ILB) 1510B and an outpost 1510A. The combination of the outpost 1510A and the ILB 1510B are used to distribute network configuration information (received from the first cloud environment) to the private endpoints 1505B and 1507B. In this manner, the VNF 1505 A as well as the RVNA 1507A can receive network configuration information from their respective private endpoints i.e., private endpoint 1505B and private endpoint 1507B.

[0232] The region of the first cloud environment 1551 includes a customer VCN 1557 that hosts a resource 1558 (e.g., exa-database), a Spoke VCN 1555, a Hub VCN 1553, and a multicloud service VCN 1560. The customer VCN 1557 corresponds to a customer domain, whereas the Spoke VCN 1555 corresponds to a service domain that is instantiated per customer. It is appreciated that the Hub VCN 1553 and the multi -cloud service VCN 1560 correspond to portions of the service plane that are multi-tenanted.

[0233] The Spoke VCN 1555 peers with the customer VCN 1557 (e.g., via a DRG attachment) and includes one or more virtual network adapters (e.g., LVNAs 1555 A) that are configured to encapsulate/decapsulate traffic received from/to the customer VCN 1557. The Spoke V CN 1555 includes a VNIC attachment via which it communicates with the multi-cloud service VCN 1560. For example, the LVNAs 1555 A included in the Spoke VCN 1555 connect to a VNIC included in the multi-cloud service VCN 1560 on in order to receive the network configuration information. The Spoke VCN 1555 is further communicatively coupled to the Hub VCN 1553 via another VNIC attachment 1553B included in the Hub VCN 1553. The Hub VCN 1553 includes a DRG via which the Hub VCN 1553 is coupled to the high-bandwidth interconnect that couples the first cloud environment to the second cloud environment.

[0234] According to some embodiments, the multi-cloud sendee VCN 1560 corresponds to a stack of the control plane that is built in the first cloud environment 1551. Specifically, the multi-cloud service is composed of several networking resources such as VCNs, route tables, DRGs, attachments, VNETs, instances, VNICs, peerings, etc. The multi-cloud service VCN 1560 includes a load balancer 1560 A, one or more API servers 1560B, a key -value store 1560 (labeled as a K-V store), a distribution service 1560D, workflow-as-a-service (WFaaS) workers 1560F, and a gateway 1560G. In some implementations, the one or more API servers 1560B receive a request to setup the network-link between the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment. In response, the one or more API servers 1560B may initiate a worker (included in the WFaaS workers 1560F). In some implementations, the WFaaS workers 1560 initiate communication with control planes of the first cloud environment and second cloud environment to deploy the required networking resources to provision the network-link e.g., launch the link-enabling virtual networks in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment, and peer the network-link connections. One such exemplary process performed by the WFaaS workers 1560F is described later with reference to FIG, 16A, The one or more API servers 1560B are configured to manage CIDR address allocation to the different components of the multi-cloud sendee,

[0235] The distribution sendee 1560D is a mapping sendee that receives requests (e.g., mapping requests) from RVNAs, VNFs, and LVNAs. The distribution service 1560D responds to such mapping requests by providing the network configuration information required by the RVNAs, VNFs, and LVNAs to perform the encapsulation/decapsulation of network packets (i.e., traffic). For instance, in one implementation, the RVNAs, VNFs, and LVNAs may periodically poll the distribution sendee 1560D to obtain their respective network configuration information. The distribution sendee 1560D provides the network configuration information to the LVNA 1555 A (located in the Spoke VCN 1555) via the VNIC attachment.

[0236] Further, the multi -cloud service VCN 1560 may setup a communication channel e.g., a tunnel (e.g., IPsec tunnel) with the multi -cloud sendee VNET 1510 in order to transmit the network configuration information to the outpost 1510A (included in the multi-cloud senice VNET 1510), so that the network configuration information may be eventually obtained by the VNF 1505 A and RVNA 1507A (via their respective private endpoints) that are each located in the second cloud environment. Specifically, polling requests of the VNFs and

7: RVNAs are received (via their respective endpoints 1505B and 1507B) by outpost 1510A. The outpost 1510A in turn redirects such requests to the distribution service 1560D. In response to receiving the polling requests, the distribution service 1560D provides the corresponding network configuration information to the VNFs and RVNAs. In some implementations, the distribution service 1560D obtains the network configuration information from the K-V store 1560 and further distributes the obtained information to the different packet processors (i.e., VNFs, RVNAs, and LVNAs). It is appreciated that the distribution service 1560D may receive information indicative of a health status corresponding to each of the RVNAs, LVNAs, and VNFs in the polling requests issued by the respective packet processors. Further, the multicloud service VCN 1560 includes the gateway 1560G, which is used to provision/enable calls/requests made by the multi-cloud service VCN 1560 to external parties e.g., calls made to the second cloud environment, call made to a public IP address, etc.

[0237] Turning to FIG. 16 A, there is depicted a swim diagram illustrating interactions of the multi-cloud control plane with different cloud environments, according to certain embodiments. The swim diagram of FIG . 16A depicts the interactions between the following entities: a client 1601, a multi-cloud platform control plane 1602, a second cloud environment laaS API 1603, and an laaS API corresponding to the first cloud environment 1604.

[0238] As shown in FIG. 16 A, a request issued by the client 1601 to create a network-link is received by the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602, In some implementations, the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 accepts the request and provides an acknowledgement (step S2) back to the client 1601 . Thereafter, the client 1601 may poll the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 to obtain a status of the request.

[0239] In step S3, upon accepting the request to create the network-link, the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 initiates a workflow e.g., using the WFaaS workers (1560F of FIG. 15). In step S4, the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 transmits a first request to an laaS corresponding to the first cloud environment 1604. It is noted that such a request may be transmitted to a first endpoint of the first cloud environment (e.g., the first endpoint may correspond to a resource manager of the first cloud environment). The first, request corresponds to a request that is issued by the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 and requests the provisioning of a first set of resources in the first cloud environment. The first set of resources may correspond to creation of LVNAs, Hub VCNs, Spoke VCNs, VNICs etc. It is appreciated that in some implementations, the first request may include a template, which requests the first endpoint, a collective instantiation of all the required resources in the first cloud environment. [0240] In step S5, the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 transmits a second request to an laaS API corresponding to the second cloud environment 1603. It is noted that such a request may be transmitted to a second endpoint of the second cloud environment (e.g., the second endpoint may correspond to a resource manager of the second cloud environment). The second request corresponds to a request that is issued by the multi -cloud platform control plane 1602 and requests the provi sioning of a second set of resources in the second cloud environment. The second set of resources may correspond to creation of RVNAs, VNFs, Hub VNET, Spoke VNET, service endpoints, network peerings, etc. It is appreciated that in some implementations, the second request may include a template, which requests the second endpoint, a collective instantiation of all the required resources in the second cloud environment.

[0241] In steps 6 and 7, the multi -cloud platform control plane 1602 may receive acknowledgements from the first endpoint and the second endpoint, respectively. Thereafter, upon receiving a polling request from the client 1601 pertaining to a status of the requested network-link, the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 in step 9 may transmit a message to the client indicating a successful creation of the network-link (i.e., a message that indicates that the network-link is available).

[0242] FIG. 16B depicts an exemplary flowchart illustrating a process performed by the multi-cloud service control plane, according to certain embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. 16B may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non -transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device). The method presented in FIG. 16B and described below is intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. Although FIG. 16B depicts the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the steps may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel.

[0243] The process commences in step 1650, where a control plane of a multi-cloud infrastructure that is included in a first cloud environment, receives a request to create a network-link between a first virtual network in the first cloud environment and a second virtual network in a second cloud environment. It is noted that the first virtual network in the first cloud environment is previously created to enable a user associated with a customer tenancy in the second cloud environment to access one or more services provided in the first cloud environment. Upon receiving the request to create the network-link, the control plane executes a workflow to commence the creation of the network-link (step 1660).

[0244] In some implementations, the workflow may include several sub-steps that are performed to create the network-link. For example, the may include step 1663, where a first request is transmitted to a first endpoint of the first cloud environment (e.g., the first endpoint may correspond to a resource manager of the first cloud environment). The first request corresponds to a request that is issued by the multi -cloud platform control plane 1602 and requests the provisioning of a first set of resources in the first cloud environment. The first set of resources may correspond to creation of LVNAs, Hub VCNs, Spoke VCNs, VNICs etc. [0245] Thereafter, the process moves to step 1665, where a second request is transmitted to a second endpoint of the second cloud environment (e.g., the second endpoint may correspond to a resource manager of the second cloud environment). The second request corresponds to a request that is issued by the multi-cloud platform control plane 1602 and requests the provisioning of a second set of resources in the second cloud environment. The second set of resources may correspond to creation of RVNAs, VNFs, Hub VNET, Spoke VNET, service endpoints, network peerings, etc.

[0246] Further, in step 1670, responsive to the first set of resources and the second set of resources being provisioned, the control plane may distribute, network configuration information to one or more resources in the first, set of resources and the second set of resources. The network configuration information may include for example, information corresponding to an IP address of a resource. As such, the packet processors are provi ded information (via the distribution service of the control plane) as to an address of next-hop destination to which the traffic is to be forwarded. In other words, the network configuration information enables traffic to be communicated between the first virtual network in the first cloud environment and the second virtual network in the second cloud environment.

[0247] The architectures of the network-link created between a first cloud environment and a second cloud environment as described above with respect to FIGs. 11 and 13 pertain to the location and placements of packet processors in the link-enabling virtual networks that are created to provision the network -link. It is appreciated that the network-link created by embodiments of the present disclosure support high-throughput and latency sensitive applications such as Exa-database applications. According to some embodiments, transmission latency (e.g., round-trip latency) of communication between the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment may also be affected by a selection of a domain in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment, where compute instances are provisioned. In other words, it is desired to select an optimal pair of domains (i.e., one domain in each of the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment) to host the compute instances in order to achieve low latency.

[0248] It is noted that a cloud infrastructure is typically hosted in regions and domains (also referred to as availability domains). A region is defined as a localized geographic area, and an availability domain may correspond to one or more data centers located within a region i.e., a region is composed of one or more availability domains. Furthermore, cloud infrastructure resources may either be region-specific, such as a virtual cloud network, or availability domain-specific, such as a compute instance. Availability domains are isolated from each other, fault tolerant, and very unlikely to fail simultaneously. Because availability domains do not share infrastructure such as power or cooling, or the internal availability domain network, a failure at one availability domain within a region is unlikely to impact the availability of the others within the same region. Described below with reference to FIG. 17A is a framework for selecting availability domains in the first cloud environment and the second cloud environment for placement of compute instances such that a low latency is achieved in transmission of information from the first, cloud environment to the second cloud environment and vice versa.

[0249] Fig. 17A depicts an exemplary placement strategy of compute instances in availability domains of different cloud environments, according to certain embodiments. For sake of simplicity and illustration, FIG. 17A depicts a first cloud environment 1701 including three availability domains (ADs) i.e., AD-1 1703A, AD-2 1703B, and AD-3 1703C. Similarly, a second cloud environment 1721 is depicted as including three availability domains i.e., 1723 A, AD-2’ 1723B, and AD-3’ 1723C. Customers in second cloud environment may desire to avail services (e.g., database services) provided by the first cloud environment. Certain types of services (e.g., Exa-database services) provided by the first cloud environment may be latency-sensitive as well as high throughput. Thus, as shown in FIG. 17A, and according to some embodiments, one may require the deployment of one or more compute instances 1720 availability domain in each cloud environment, for provisioning the service. It that ADs are allocated to customers in a random manner. Specifically, 2, and .AD 3 that are allocated to customer 1 in a particular cloud environment may not correspond (with regard to the order) to the first, second, and third availability domains that are allocated for another customer e.g., customer 2. [0250] In the above-described framework, in order for a customer in the second cloud environment to avail services provided by the first cloud environment, a selection of one AD in each cloud environment is to be determined such that one or more compute instances may be deployed in the selected ADs to enable the desired service. It is noted that the selection of the pair of ADs (i.e., one AD in the first cloud environment and another AD in the second cloud environment) is to be performed in a manner such that a latency incurred in providing the service via the selected is the least. Such a selection strategy of the ADs enables providing latency sensitive

[0251] According to some embodiments, the selection of an AD in each cloud environment is empirically derived in order to obtain the lowest latency. In one implementation, the steps involved in selection of an AD in each cloud environment may be described as follows:

Step 1 Assign a single compute instance (referred to herein as a test compute instance) in each availability domain in each cloud environment.

Step 3:- Select the pair of ADs having the lowest latency.

Step 4:- Shut down instances in ADs (in each cloud environment) that are not selected and deploy a desired number of compute instances in each AD of the selected pair of ADs. In some applications, two compute instances (i.e., a primary compute instance and a secondary compute instance) may be deployed in the selected AD of each cloud environment. For instance, as shown in FIG. 17A, AD-1 1703 A in the first cloud environment and AD-2’ 1723B in the second cloud environment are determined as the pair of ADs that incur the lowest transmission latency. As such for provisioning the service, two compute instances are deployed in each of AD-1 1703 A and AD-2’ 1723B.

[0252] According to some embodiments, it is noted that the two compute instances may be deployed in different fault domains within the AD for purposes of high availability. By some other embodiments, one may choose to deploy one compute instance in the AD pair having the lowest latency, and another instance in another AD pair having the second lowest latency. It is appreciated that other possible selections of ADs based on the selection strategy discussed above are well within the scope of the present disclosure. [0253] FIG. 17B depicts an exemplary flowchart illustrating a process performed by the multi-cloud sendee control plane in determining availability domains of different cloud environments in which compute instances are to be deployed, according to certain embodiments. The processing depicted in FIG. may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device). The method presented in FIG. 17B and described below is intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. Although FIG, 17B depicts the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the steps may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel.

[0254] The process commences in step 1755, where a multi-cloud infrastructure included in a first cloud environment receives a. request to deploy: (i) a first plurality of compute instances in a first availability domain of a first plurality of availability domains in the first cloud environment, and (ii) a second plurality of compute instances in a second availability domain of a second plurality of availability domains in a second cloud environment. The first plurality of compute instances in the first availability domain of the first cloud environment and the second plurality of compute instances in the second cloud environment enable a user in the second cloud environment to access one or more services provided in the first cloud environment.

[0255] The process then moves to step 1760 to determine the first availability domain of the first plurality of availability domains in the first cloud environment and the second availability domain of a second plurality of availability domains in a second cloud environment. In order to determine the first and second availability domains, the process moves to step 1765, where the process iteratively performs a set of operations for each availability domain of the first plurality of availability domains in the first cloud environment and each availability domain of the second plurality of domains in the second cloud environment. The iterative operations include steps 1765A-1765D.

[0256] In step 1765 A, a first test compute instance is placed in the first plurality of availability domains in the first cloud environment. In step 1765B, a second test compute instance is placed in the availability domain of the second plurality of availability domains in the second cloud environment. The iterative process then moves to step 1765C, where a test packet is transmitted from the first test compute instance to the second test compute instance. In step 1765D, a transmission latency corresponding to a pair of availability domains hosting the first test compute instance and the second test compute instance is computed. Upon iteratively processing the steps 1765A-1765D, the process moves to step 1770, where the first availability domain in the first cloud environment and the second availability domain in the second cloud environment are selected based on a condition associated with the transmission latencies computed for pairs of availability domains.

[0257] The condition may correspond to selecting the pair of ADs that results in the lowest transmission latencies observed in the iterative process of steps 1765A-1765D. Upon identifying the first availability domain in the first cloud environment and the second availability domain in the second cloud environment, the process may instantiate a desired number of compute instances in the selected domains to enable a user in the second cloud environment to avail of one or more sendees provided by the first cloud environment.

Examples of Cloud Infrastructure

[0258] As noted above, infrastructure as a sendee (laaS) is one particular type of cloud computing. laaS can be configured to provide virtualized computing resources over a public network (e.g., the Internet). In an laaS model, a cloud computing provider can host the infrastructure components (e.g., servers, storage devices, network nodes (e.g., hardware), deployment software, platform virtualization (e.g., a hypervisor layer), or the like). In some cases, an laaS provider may also supply a variety of sendees to accompany those infrastructure components (e.g., billing, monitoring, logging, security, load balancing and clustering, etc.). Thus, as these sendees may be policy-driven, laaS users may be able to implement policies to drive load balancing to maintain application availability and performance.

[0259] In some instances, laaS customers may access resources and sendees through a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, and can use the cloud provider's sendees to install the remaining elements of an application stack. For example, the user can log in to the laaS platform to create virtual machines (VMs), install operating systems (OSs) on each VM, deploy middleware such as databases, create storage buckets for workloads and backups, and even install enterprise software into that VM. Customers can then use the provider's sendees to perform various functions, including balancing network traffic, troubleshooting application issues, monitoring performance, managing disaster recovery, etc.

[0260] In most cases, a cloud computing model will require the participation of a cloud provider. The cloud provider may, but need not be, a third-party sendee that specializes in providing (e.g., offering, renting, selling) laaS. An entity might also opt to deploy a private cloud, becoming its own provider of infrastructure services.

[0261] In some examples, laaS deployment is the process of putting a new application, or a new version of an application, onto a prepared application server or the like. It may al so include the process of preparing the server (e.g., installing libraries, daemons, etc.). This is often managed by the cloud provider, below the hypervisor layer (e.g., the servers, storage, network hardware, and virtualization). Thus, the customer may be responsible for handling (OS), middleware, and/or application deployment, (e.g., on self-service virtual machines (e.g., that can be spun up on demand) or the like.

[0262] In some examples, laaS provisioning may refer to acquiring computers or virtual hosts for use, and even installing needed libraries or sendees on them. In most cases, deployment does not include provisioning, and the provisioning may need to be performed first.

[0263] In some cases, there are two different problems for laaS provisioning. First, there is the initial challenge of provisioning the initial set of infrastructure before anything is running. Second, there is the challenge of evolving the existing infrastructure (e.g., adding new services, changing services, removing services, etc.) once everything has been provisioned. In some cases, these two challenges may be addressed by enabling the configuration of the infrastructure to be defined declaratively. In other words, the infrastructure (e.g., what components are needed and how they interact) can be defined by one or more configuration files. Thus, the overall topology of the infrastructure (e.g., what resources depend on which, and how they each work together) can be described declaratively. In some instances, once the topology is defined, a workflow can be generated that creates and/or manages the different components described in the configuration files.

[0264] In some examples, an infrastructure may have many interconnected elements. For example, there may be one or more virtual private clouds (VPCs) (e.g., a potential ly on-demand pool of configurable and/or shared computing resources), also known as a core network. In some examples, there may also be one or more security group rules provisioned to define how the security of the network wall be set up and one or more virtual machines (VMs). Other infrastructure elements may also be provisioned, such as a load balancer, a database, or the like. As more and more infrastructure elements are desired and/or added, the infrastructure may incrementally evolve. [0265] In some instances, continuous deployment techniques may be employed to enable deployment of infrastructure code across various virtual computing environments. Additionally, the described techniques can enable infrastructure management within these environments. In some examples, service teams can write code that is desired to be deployed to one or more, but often many, different production environments (e.g., across various different geographic locations, sometimes spanning the entire world). However, in some examples, the infrastructure on which the code wall be deployed must first be set up. In some instances, the provisioning can be done manually, a provisioning tool may be utilized to provision the resources, and/or deployment tools may be utilized to deploy the code once the infrastructure is provisioned.

[0266] FIG. 18 is a block diagram 1800 illustrating an example pattern of an laaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment. Service operators 1802 can be communicatively coupled to a secure host tenancy 1804 that can include a virtual cloud network (VCN) 1806 and a secure host subnet 1808. In some examples, the sendee operators 1802 may be using one or more client computing devices, which may be portable handheld devices (e.g., an iPhone®, cellular telephone, an iPad®, computing tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA)) or wearable devices (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounted display), running software such as Microsoft Windows Mobile®, and/or a variety of mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows Phone, Android, BlackBerry 8, Palm OS, and the like, and being Internet, e-mail, short message service (SMS), Blackberry®, or other communication protocol enabled. Alternatively, the client, computing devices can be general purpose personal computers including, by way of example, personal computers and/or laptop computers running various versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems. The client computing devices can be workstation computers running any of a variety of commercially available UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems, including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operating systems, such as for example, Google Chrome OS. Alternatively, or in addition, client computing devices may be any other electronic device, such as a thin-ciient. computer, an Internet-enabled gaming system (e.g,, a Microsoft Xbox gaming console with or without a Kinect® gesture input device), and/or a personal messaging device, capable of communicating over a network that can access the VCN 1806 and/or the Internet.

[0267] The VCN 1806 can include a local peering gateway (LPG) 1810 that can be communicatively coupled to a secure shell (SSH) VCN 1812 via an LPG 1810 contained in the SSH VCN 1812. The SSH VCN 1812 can include an SSH subnet 1814, and the SSH VCN 1812 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 1816 via the LPG 1810 contained in the control plane VCN 1816. Also, the SSH VCN 1812 can be communicatively coupled to a data plane VCN 1818 via an LPG 1810. The control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818 can be contained in a sendee tenancy 1819 that can be owned and/or operated by the laaS provider.

[0268] The control plane VCN 1816 can include a control plane demilitarized zone (DMZ) tier 1820 that acts as a perimeter network (e.g., portions of a corporate network between the corporate intranet and external networks). The DMZ-based servers may have restricted responsibilities and help keep security breaches contained. Additionally, the DMZ tier 1820 can include one or more load balancer (LB) subnet(s) 1822, a control plane app tier 1824 that can include app subnet(s) 1826, a control plane data tier 1828 that can include database (DB) subnet(s) 1830 (e.g., frontend DB subnet(s) and/or backend DB subnet(s)). The LB subnet(s) 1822 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1820 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1826 contained in the control plane app tier 1824 and an Internet gateway 1834 that can be contained in the control plane VCN 1816, and the app subnet(s) 1826 can be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 1830 contained in the control plane data tier 1828 and a service gateway 1836 and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 1838. The control plane VCN 1816 can include the service gateway 1836 and the NAT gateway 1838.

[0269] The control plane VCN 1816 can include a data plane mirror app tier 1840 that can include app subnet(s) 1826. The app subnet(s) 1826 contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1840 can include a virtual network interface controller (VNIC) 1842 that can execute a compute instance 1844. The compute instance 1844 can communicatively couple the app subnet(s) 1826 of the data plane mirror app tier 1840 to app 1826 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 1846.

[0270] The data plane VCN 1818 can include the data plane app tier 1846, a data plane DMZ tier 1848, and a data plane data tier 1850. The data plane DMZ tier 1848 can include LB subnet(s) 1822 that can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1826 of the data plane app tier 1846 and the Internet gateway 1834 of the data plane VCN 1818. The app subnet(s) 1826 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 1836 of the data plane V CN 1818 and the NAT gateway 1838 of the data plane VCN 1818. The data plane data tier 1850 can also include the DB subnet(s) 1830 that can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1826 of the data plane app tier 1846.

8: [0271] The Internet gateway 1834 of the control plane VCN 1816 and of the data plane VCN 1818 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management sendee 1852 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 1854. Public Internet 1854 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 1838 of the control plane VCN 1816 and of the data plane VCN 1818. The service gateway 1836 of the control plane VCN 1816 and of the data plane VCN 1818 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 1856.

[0272] In some examples, the service gateway 1836 of the control plane VCN 1816 or of the data plan VCN 1818 can make application programming interface (API) calls to cloud services 1856 without going through public Internet 1854. The API calls to cloud services 1856 from the service gateway 1836 can be one-way: the service gateway 1836 can make API calls to cloud services 1856, and cloud services 1856 can send requested data to the service gateway 1836. But, cloud services 1856 may not initiate API calls to the service gateway 1836.

[0273] In some examples, the secure host tenancy 1804 can be directly connected to the service tenancy 1819, which may be otherwise isolated. The secure host subnet 1808 can communicate with the SSH subnet 1814 through an LPG 1810 that may enable two-way communication over an otherwise isolated system. Connecting the secure host subnet 1808 to the SSH subnet 1814 may give the secure host subnet 1808 access to other entities within the sendee tenancy 1819.

[0274] The control plane VCN 1816 may allow users of the service tenancy 1819 to set up or otherwise provision desired resources. Desired resources provisioned in the control plane VCN 1816 may be deployed or otherwise used in the data plane VCN 1818. In some examples, the control plane VCN 1816 can be isolated from the data pl ane VCN 1818, and the data plane mirror app tier 1840 of the control plane VCN 1816 can communicate with the data plane app tier 1846 of the data plane VCN 1818 via VNICs 1842 that can be contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1840 and the data plane app tier 1846.

[0275] In some examples, users of the system, or customers, can make requests, for example create, read, update, or delete (CRUD) operations, through public Internet 1854 that can communicate the requests to the metadata management service 1852. The metadata management sendee 1852 can communicate the request to the control plane VCN 1816 through the Internet gateway 1834. The request can be received by the LB subnet(s) 1822 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1820. The LB subnet(s) 1822 may determine that the request is valid, and in response to this determination, the LB subnet(s) 1822 can transmit the request to app subnet(s) 1826 contained in the control plane app tier 1824. If the request is validated and requires a call to public Internet 1854, the call to public Internet 1854 may be transmitted to the NAT gateway 1838 that can make the call to public Internet 1854. Memory that may be desired to be stored by the request can be stored in the DB subnet(s) 1830.

[0276] In some examples, the data plane mirror app tier 1840 can facilitate direct communication between the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818. For example, changes, updates, or other suitable modifications to configuration may be desired to be applied to the resources contained in the data plane VCN 1818. Via a VNIC 1842, the control plane VCN 1816 can directly communicate with, and can thereby execute the changes, updates, or other suitable modifications to configuration to, resources contained in the data plane VCN 1818.

[0277] In some embodiments, the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane V CN 1818 can be contained in the service tenancy 1819. In this case, the user, or the customer, of the system may not own or operate either the control plane VCN 1816 or the data plane VCN 1818. Instead, the laaS provider may own or operate the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818, both of which may be contained in the service tenancy 1819. This embodiment can enable isolation of networks that may prevent users or customers from interacting with other users’, or other customers’, resources. Also, this embodiment may allow users or customers of the system to store databases privately without needing to rely on public Internet 1854, which may not have a desired level of security, for storage.

[0278] In other embodiments, the LB subnet(s) 1822 contained in the control plane VCN 1816 can be configured to receive a signal from the service gateway 1836. In this embodiment, the control plane VCN 1816 and the data plane VCN 1818 may be configured to be called by a customer of the laaS provider without calling public Internet 1854. Customers of the laaS provider may desire this embodiment since database(s) that the customers use may be controlled by the laaS provider and may be stored on the service tenancy 1819, which may be isolated from public Internet 1854.

[0279] FIG. 19 is a block diagram 1900 illustrating another example pattern of an laaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment. Service operators 1902 (e.g., service operators 1802 of FIG. 18) can be communicatively coupled to a secure host tenancy 1904 (e.g., the secure host tenancy 1804 of FIG. 18) that, can include a virtual cloud network (VCN) 1906 (e.g., the VCN 1806 of FIG. 18) and a secure host subnet 1908 (e.g., the secure host subnet 1808 of FIG. 18). The VCN 1906 can include a local peering gateway (LPG) 1910 (e.g., the LPG 1810 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to a secure shell (SSH) VCN 1912 (e.g., the SSH VCN 1812 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 1810 contained in the SSH VCN 1912. The SSH VCN 1912 can include an SSH subnet 1914 (e.g., the SSH subnet 1814 of FIG. 18), and the SSH VCN 1912 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 1916 (e.g., the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 1910 contained in the control plane VCN 1916. The control plane VCN 1916 can be contained in a service tenancy 1919 (e.g., the service tenancy 1819 of FIG. 18), and the data plane VCN 1918 (e.g., the data plane VCN 1818 of FIG. 18) can be contained in a customer tenancy 1921 that may be owned or operated by users, or customers, of the system.

[0280] The control plane VCN 1916 can include a control plane DMZ tier 1920 (e.g. the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG. 18) that can include LB subnet(s) 1922 (e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG. 18), a control plane app tier 1924 (e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG. 18) that can include app subnet(s) 1926 (e.g. app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG. 18), a control plane data tier 1928 (e.g. the control plane data tier 1828 of FIG. 18) that can include database (DB) subnet(s) 1930 (e.g. similar to DB subnet(s) 1830 of FIG. 18). The LB subnet(s) 1922 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1920 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1926 contained in the control plane app tier 1924 and an Internet gateway 1934 (e.g. the Internet gateway 1834 of FIG. 18) that can be contained in the control plane VCN 1916, and the app subnet(s) 1926 can be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 1930 contained in the control plane data tier 1928 and a service gateway 1936 (e.g. the service gateway of FIG. 18) and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 1938 (e.g. the NAT gateway 1838 of FIG. 18). The control plane VCN 1916 can include the service gateway 1936 and the NAT gateway 1938.

[0281] The control plane VCN 1916 can include a data plane mirror app tier 1940 (e.g., the data plane mirror app tier 1840 of FIG. 18) that can include app subnet(s) 1926. The app subnet(s) 1926 contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1940 can include a virtual network interface controller (VNIC) 1942 (e.g., the VNIC of 1842) that can execute a compute instance 1944 (e.g., similar to the compute instance 1844 of FIG. 18). The compute instance 1944 can facilitate communication between the app subnet(s) 1926 of the data plane minor app tier 1940 and the app subnet(s) 1926 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 1946 (e.g., the data plane app tier 1846 of FIG. 18) via the VNIC 1942 contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1940 and the VNIC 1942 contained in the data plan app tier 1946.

[0282] The Internet gateway 1934 contained in the control plane VCN 1916 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management sendee 1952 (e.g., the metadata management service 1852 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 1954 (e.g., public Internet 1854 of FIG. 18). Public Internet 1954 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 1938 contained in the control plane VCN 1916. The service gateway 1936 contained in the control plane VCN 1416 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 1956 (e.g., cloud services 1856 of FIG. 18).

[0283] In some examples, the data plane VCN 1918 can be contained in the customer tenancy 1921. In this case, the laaS provider may provide the control plane VCN 1916 for each customer, and the laaS provider may, for each customer, set up a unique compute instance 1944 that is contained in the service tenancy 1919. Each compute instance 1944 may allow communication between the control plane VCN 1916, contained in the service tenancy 1919, and the data plane VCN 1918 that is contained in the customer tenancy 1921. The compute instance 1944 may allow resources that are provisioned in the control plane VCN 1916 that is contained in the service tenancy 1919, to be deployed or otherwise used in the data plane VCN 1918 that is contained in the customer tenancy 1921.

[0284] In other examples, the customer of the laaS provider may have databases that live in the customer tenancy 1921. In this example, the control plane VCN 1916 can include the data plane mirror app tier 1940 that can include app subnet(s) 1926. The data plane mirror app tier 1940 can reside in the data plane VCN 1918, but the data plane mirror app tier 1940 may not live in the data plane VCN 1918. That is, the data plane mirror app tier 1940 may have access to the customer tenancy 1921, but the data plane mirror app tier 1940 may not exist in the data plane VCN 1918 or be owned or operated by the customer of the laaS provider. The data plane mirror app tier 1940 may be configured to make calls to the data plane VCN 1918 but may not be configured to make calls to any entity contained in the control plane VCN 1916. The customer may desire to deploy or otherwise use resources in the data plane VCN 1918 that are provisioned in the control plane VCN 1916, and the data plane mirror app tier 1940 can facilitate the desired deployment, or other usage of resources, of the customer.

[0285] In some embodiments, the customer of the laaS provider can apply filters to the data plane VCN 1918. In this embodiment, the customer can determine what the data plane VCN 1918 can access, and the customer may restrict access to public Internet 1954 from the data plane VCN 1918. The laaS provider may not be able to apply filters or otherwise control access of the data plane VCN 1918 to any outside networks or databases. Applying filters and controls by the customer onto the data plane VCN 1918, contained in the customer tenancy 1921, can help isolate the data plane VCN 1918 from other customers and from public Internet 1954. [0286] In some embodiments, cloud sendees 1956 can be called by the service gateway 1936 to access sendees that may not exist on public Internet 1954, on the control plane VCN 1916, or on the data plane VCN 1918. The connection between cloud services 1956 and the control plane VCN 1916 or the data plane VCN 1918 may not be live or continuous. Cloud sendees 1956 may exist on a different network owned or operated by the laaS provider. Cloud services 1956 may be configured to receive calls from the service gateway 1936 and may be configured to not receive calls from public Internet 1954. Some cloud sendees 1956 may be isolated from other cloud services 1956, and the control plane VCN 1916 may be isolated from cloud sendees 1956 that may not be in the same region as the control plane VCN 1916. For example, the control plane VCN 1916 may be located in “Region 1 ,” and cloud sendee “Deployment 13,” may be located in Region 1 and in “Region 2.” If a call to Deployment 13 is made by the sendee gateway 1936 contained in the control plane VCN 1916 located in Region 1, the call may be transmitted to Deployment 13 in Region 1. In this example, the control plane VCN 1916, or Deployment 13 in Region 1, may not be communicatively coupled to, or otherwise in communication with, Deployment 13 in Region 2.

[0287] FIG. 20 is a block diagram 2000 illustrating another example pattern of an laaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment. Sendee operators 2002 (e.g., service operators 1802 of FIG. 18) can be communicatively coupled to a secure host tenancy 2004 (e.g., the secure host tenancy 1804 of FIG. 18) that can include a virtual cloud network (VCN) 2006 (e.g., the VCN 1806 of FIG. 18) and a secure host subnet 2008 (e.g., the secure host subnet 1808 of FIG. 18). The VCN 2006 can include an LPG 2010 (e.g., the LPG 1810 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to an SSH VCN 2012 (e.g., the SSH VCN 1812 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2010 contained in the SSH VCN 2012. The SSH VCN 2012 can include an SSH subnet 2014 (e.g., the SSH subnet 1814 of FIG. 18), and the SSH VCN 1812 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 2016 (e.g., the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2010 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and to a data plane VCN 2018 (e.g. the data plane 1818 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2010 contained in the data plane VCN 2018. The control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018 can be contained in a sendee tenancy 2019 (e.g., the sendee tenancy 1819 of FIG. 18).

[0288] The control plane VCN 1816 can include a control plane DMZ tier 1820 (e.g, the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG. 18) that can include load balancer (LB) subnet(s) 1822 (e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG. 18), a control plane app tier 2024 (e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG. 18) that can include app subnet(s) 2026 (e.g., similar to app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG. 18), a control plane data tier 2028 (e.g., the control plane data tier 1828 of FIG. 18) that can include DB subnet(s) 2030. The LB subnet(s) 2022 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 2020 can be communicatively coupled to the app 2026 contained in the control plane app tier 2024 and to an Internet gateway 1834 (e.g. the Internet gateway 1834 of FIG. 18) that can be contained in the control plane VCN 2016, and the app subnet(s) 2026 can be communicatively coupled to the DB 1830 contained in the control plane data tier 1828 and to a service gateway 1836 (e.g. the service gateway of FIG. 18) and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 1838 (e.g. the NAT gateway 1838 of FIG. 18). The control plane VCN 2016 can include the service gateway 2036 and the NAT gateway 2038.

[0289] The data plane VCN 2018 can include a data plane app tier 2046 (e.g., the data plane app tier 1846 of FIG . 18), a data plane DMZ tier 2048 (e.g., the data plane DMZ tier 1848 of FIG. 18), and a data plane data tier 2050 (e.g., the data plane data tier 1850 of FIG. 18). The data plane DMZ tier 2048 can include LB subnet(s) 2022 that can be communicatively coupled to trusted app subnet(s) 2060 and untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 of the data plane app tier 2046 and the Internet gateway 2034 contained in the data plane VCN 2018. The trusted app subnet(s) 2060 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2036 contained in the data plane VCN 2018, the NAT gateway 2038 contained in the data plane VCN 2018, and DB subnet(s) 2030 contained in the data plane data tier 2050. The untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2036 contained in the data plane VCN 2018 and DB subnet(s) 2030 contained in the data plane data tier 2050. The data plane data tier 2050 can include DB subnet(s) 2030 that can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2036 contained in the data plane VCN 2018.

[0290] The untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 can include one or more VNICs 2064(1)- (N) that can be communicatively coupled to tenant virtual machines (VMs) 2066(1 )-(N). Each tenant can be communicatively coupled to a respective app subnet 2067(1)- (N) that can be contained in respective container egress VCNs 2068(1 )-(N) that can be contained in respective customer tenancies 2070(l)-(N). Respective secondary VNICs 2072(1 )~(N) can facilitate communication between the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 contained in the data plane VCN 2018 and the app subnet contained in the container egress VCNs Each container egress VCNs 2068(1 )-(N) can include a NAT gateway 2038 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2054 (e.g., public Internet 1854 of FIG. 18). [0291] The Internet gateway 2034 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and contained in the data plane VCN 2018 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management sendee 2052 (e.g., the metadata management system 1852 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2054. Public Internet 2054 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 2038 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and contained in the data plane VCN 2018. The service gateway 2036 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 and contained in the data plane VCN 2018 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 2056.

[0292] In some embodiments, the data plane VCN 2018 can be integrated with customer tenancies 2070. This integration can be useful or desirable for customers of the laaS provider in some cases such as a case that may desire support when executing code. The customer may provide code to run that may be destructive, may communicate with other customer resources, or may otherwise cause undesirable effects. In response to this, the laaS provider may determine whether to run code given to the laaS provider by the customer.

[0293] In some examples, the customer of the laaS provider may grant temporary network access to the laaS provider and request a function to be attached to the data plane tier app 2046. Code to run the function may be executed in the VMs 2066(1 )-(N), and the code may not be configured to run anywhere else on the data plane VCN 2018. Each VM 2066(l)-(N) may be connected to one customer tenancy 2070. Respective containers 2071(I)~(N) contained in the VMs 2066(1 )-(N) may be configured to run the code. In this case, there can be a dual isolation (e.g., the containers 2071(l)-(N) running code, where the containers 2071(l)-(N) may be contained in at least the VM 2066(1 )-(N) that are contained in the untrusted app subnet(s) 2062), which may help prevent incorrect or otherwise undesirable code from damaging the network of the laaS provider or from damaging a network of a different customer. The containers 2071(l)-(N) may be communicatively coupled to the customer tenancy 2070 and may be configured to transmit or receive data from the customer tenancy 2070. The containers 2071(l)-(N) may not be configured to transmit or receive data from any other entity in the data plane VCN 2018. Upon completion of running the code, the laaS provider may kill or otherwise dispose of the containers

[0294] In some embodiments, the trusted app subnet(s) 2060 may run code that may be owned or operated by the laaS provider. In this embodiment, the trusted app subnet(s) 2060 may be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2030 and be configured to execute CRUD operations in the DB subnet(s) 2030. The untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 may be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2030, but in this embodiment, the untrusted app subnet(s) may be configured to execute read operations in the DB subnet(s) 2030. The containers 2071(l)-(N) that can be contained in the VM 2066(1 )-(N) of each customer and that may run code from the customer may not be communicatively coupled with the DB subnet(s) 2030.

[0295] In other embodiments, the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018 may not be directly communicatively coupled. In this embodiment, there may be no direct communication between the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018. However, communication can occur indirectly through at least one method. An LPG 2010 may be established by the laaS provider that, can facilitate communication between the control plane VCN 2016 and the data plane VCN 2018. In another example, the control plane VCN 2016 or the data plane VCN 2018 can make a call to cloud services 2056 via the service gateway 2036. For example, a call to cloud services 2056 from the control plane VCN 2016 can include a request for a sendee that can communicate with the data plane VCN 2018.

[0296] FIG. 21 is a block diagram 2100 illustrating another example pattern of an laaS architecture, according to at least one embodiment. Sendee operators 2102 (e.g., sendee operators 1802 of FIG. 18) can be communicatively coupled to a secure host tenancy 2104 (e.g., the secure host tenancy 1804 of FIG. 18) that can include a virtual cloud network (VCN) 2106 (e.g., the VCN 1806 of FIG. 18) and a secure host subnet 2108 (e.g., the secure host subnet 1808 of FIG. 18). The VCN 2106 can include an LPG 2110 (e.g., the LPG 1810 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to an SSH VCN 2112 (e.g., the SSH VCN 1812 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 21 10 contained in the SSH VCN 2112. The SSH VCN 2112 can include an SSH subnet 2114 (e.g., the SSH subnet 1814 of FIG. 18), and the SSH VCN 2112 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 2116 (e.g., the control plane VCN 1816 of FIG. 18) via an LPG 2110 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and to a data plane VCN 2118 (e.g., the data plane 1818 of FIG. 18 ) via an LPG 2110 contained in the data plane VCN 2118. The control plane VCN 2116 and the data plane VCN 2118 can be contained in a service tenancy 2119 (e.g., the service tenancy 1819 of FIG. 18).

[0297] The control plane VCN 2116 can include a control plane DMZ tier 2120 (e.g. the control plane DMZ tier 1820 of FIG. 18) that can include LB subnet(s) 2122 (e.g. LB subnet(s) 1822 of FIG. 18), a control plane app tier 2124 (e.g. the control plane app tier 1824 of FIG. 18) that can include app subnet(s) 2126 (e.g. app subnet(s) 1826 of FIG. 18), a control plane data tier 2128 (e.g., the control plane data tier 1828 of FIG. 18) that can include DB subnet(s) 2130 (e.g. DB subnet(s) 2030 of FIG. 20). The LB subnet(s) 2122 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 2120 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 2126 contained in the control plane app tier 2124 and to an Internet gateway 2134 (e.g., the Internet gateway 1834 of FIG. 18) that can be contained in the control plane VCN 2116, and the app subnet(s) 2126 can be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2130 contained in the control plane data tier 2128 and to a service gateway 2136 (e.g., the service gateway of FIG. 18) and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 2138 (e.g., the NAT gateway 1838 of FIG. 18). The control plane VCN 2116 can include the service gateway 2136 and the NAT gateway 2138.

[0298] The data plane VCN 2118 can include a data plane app tier 2146 (e.g., the data plane app tier 1846 of FIG. 18), a data plane DMZ tier 2148 (e.g., the data plane DMZ tier 2148 of FIG. 18), and a data plane data tier 2150 (e.g., the data plane data tier 1850 of FIG. 18). The data plane DMZ tier 2148 can include LB subnet(s) 2122 that can be communicatively coupled to trusted app subnet(s) 2160 (e.g., trusted app subnet(s) 2060 of FIG. 20) and untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 (e.g., untrusted app subnet(s) 2062 of FIG. 20) of the data plane app tier 2146 and the Internet gateway 2134 contained in the data plane VCN 2118. The trusted app subnet(s) 2160 can be communicatively coupled to the sendee gateway 2136 contained in the data plane VCN 2118, the NAT gateway 2138 contained in the data plane VCN 2118, and DB subnet(s) 2130 contained in the data plane data tier 2150. The untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2136 contained in the data plane VCN 2118 and DB subnet(s) 2130 contained in the data plane data tier 2150. The data plane data tier 2150 can include DB subnet(s) 2130 that can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 2136 contained in the data plane VCN 2118.

[0299] The untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 can include primary VNICs 2164(1)-(N) that can be communicatively coupled to tenant virtual machines (VMs) 2166(1 )-(N) residing within the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162. Each tenant VM 2166(1)-(N) can run code in a respective container 2167( 1)-(N) and be communicatively coupled to an app subnet 2126 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 2146 that can be contained in a container egress VCN 2168. Respective secondary' VNICs 2172(1)-(N) can facilitate communication between the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 contained in the data plane VCN 2118 and the app subnet contained in the container egress VCN 2168. The container egress VCN can include a NAT gateway 2138 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2154 (e.g., public Internet 1854 of FIG. 18). [0300] The Internet gateway 2134 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and contained in the data plane VCN 2118 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management sendee 2152 (e.g., the metadata management system 1852 of FIG. 18) that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2154. Public Internet 2154 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 2138 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and contained in the data plane VCN 2118. The service gateway 2136 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and contained in the data plane VCN 2118 can be communicatively couple to cloud services 2156.

[0301] In some examples, the pattern illustrated by the architecture of block diagram 2100 of FIG. 21 may be considered an exception to the pattern illustrated by the architecture of block diagram 2000 of FIG. 20 and may be desirable for a customer of the laaS provider if the laaS provider cannot directly communicate with the customer (e.g., a disconnected region). The respective containers 2167( 1)-(N) that are contained in the VMs for each customer can be accessed in real-time by the customer. The containers may be configured to make calls to respective secondary VNICs 2172(1 )-(N) contained in app subnet(s) 2126 of the data plane app tier 2146 that can be contained in the container egress VCN 2168. The secondary VNICs 2172(1 )-(N) can transmit the calls to the NAT gateway 2138 that may transmit the calls to public Internet 2154. In this example, the containers 2167(1)-(N) that can be accessed in real-time by the customer can be isolated from the control plane VCN 2116 and can be isolated from other entities contained in the data plane VCN 2118. The containers 2167(1)-(N) may also be isolated from resources from other customers.

[0302] In other examples, the customer can use the containers 2167(1)-(N) to call cloud services 2156. In this example, the customer may run code in the containers 2167( 1 )-(N) that requests a service from cloud services 2156. The containers 2167(1)-(N) can transmit this request to the secondary VNICs 2172(1)-(N) that can transmit the request to the NAT gateway that can transmit the request to public Internet 2154. Public Internet 2154 can transmit the request to LB subnet(s) 2122 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 via the Internet gateway 2134. In response to determining the request is valid, the LB subnet(s) can transmit the request to app subnet(s) 2126 that can transmit the request to cloud sendees 2156 via the service gateway 2136.

[0303] It should be appreciated that laaS architectures 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100 depicted in the figures may have other components than those depicted. Further, the embodiments shown in the figures are only some examples of a cloud infrastructure system that may incorporate an embodiment of the disclosure. In some other embodiments, the laaS systems may have more or fewer components than shown in the figures, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of components. [0304] In certain embodiments, the laaS systems described herein may include a suite of applications, middleware, and database sendee offerings that are delivered to a customer in a self-service, subscription-based, elastically scalable, reliable, highly available, and secure manner. An example of such an laaS system is the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) provided by the present assignee.

[0305] FIG. 22 illustrates an example computer system 2200, in which various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The system 2200 may be used to implement any of the computer systems described above. As shown in the figure, computer system 2200 includes a processing unit 2204 that communicates with a number of peripheral subsystems via a bus subsystem 2202. These peripheral subsystems may include a processing acceleration unit 2206, and 170 subsystem 2208, a storage subsystem 2218 and a communications subsystem 2224. Storage subsystem 2218 includes tangible computer-readable storage media 2222 and a system memory 2210.

[0306] Bus subsystem 2202 provides a mechanism for letting the various components and subsystems of computer system 2200 communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem 2202 is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple buses. Bus subsystem 2202 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. For example, such architectures may include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, which can be implemented as a Mezzanine bus manufactured to the IEEE P1386.1 standard.

[0307] Processing unit 2204, which can be implemented as one or more integrated circuits (e.g., a conventional microprocessor or microcontroller), controls the operation of computer system 2200. One or more processors may be included in processing unit 2204. These processors may include single core or multicore processors. In certain embodiments, processing unit 2204 may be implemented as one or more independent processing units 2232 and/or 2234 with single or multicore processors included in each processing unit. In other embodiments, processing unit 2204 may also be implemented as a quad-core processing unit formed by integrating two dual-core processors into a single chip.

[0308] In various embodiments, processing unit 2204 can execute a variety of programs in response to program code and can maintain multiple concurrently executing programs or processes. At any given time, some, or all of the program code to be executed can be resident in processor(s) 2204 and/or in storage subsystem 2218. Through suitable programming, 2204 can provide various functionalities described above. Computer system 2200 may additionally include a processing acceleration unit 2206, which can include a digital signal processor (DSP), a special-purpose processor, and/or the like.

[0309] I/O subsystem 2208 may include user interface input devices and user interface output devices. User interface input devices may include a keyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball, a touchpad or touch screen incorporated into a display, a scroll wheel, a click wheel, a dial, a button, a switch, a keypad, audio input devices with voice command recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. User interface input devices may include, for example, motion sensing and/or gesture recognition devices such as the Microsoft Kinect® motion sensor that enables users to control and interact with an input device, such as the Microsoft Xbox® 360 game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and spoken commands. User interface input devices may also include eye gesture recognition devices such as the Google Glass® blink detector that detects eye activity (e.g., ‘blinking’ while taking pictures and/or making a menu selection) from users and transforms the eye gestures as input into an input device (e.g., Google Glass®). Additionally, user interface input devices may include voice recognition sensing devices that enable users to interact with voice recognition systems (e.g., Siri® navigator), through voice commands.

[0310] User interface input devices may also include, without limitation, three dimensional (3D) mice, joysticks or pointing sticks, gamepads and graphic tablets, and audio/visual devices such as speakers, digital cameras, digital camcorders, portable media players, webcams, image scanners, fingerprint scanners, barcode reader 3D scanners, 3D printers, laser rangefinders, and eye gaze tracking devices. Additionally, user interface input devices may include, for example, medical imaging input devices such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, medical ultrasonography devices. User interface input devices may also include, for example, audio input devices such as MIDI keyboards, digital musical instruments and the like.

[0311] User interface output devices may include a display subsystem, indicator lights, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. The display subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device, such as that using a liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display, a projection device, a touch screen, and the like. In general, use of the term "output device" is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for outputting information from computer system 2200 to a user or other computer. For example, user interface output devices may include, without limitation, a variety of display devices that visually convey text, graphics, and audio/video information such as monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, automotive navigation systems, plotters, voice output devices, and modems.

[0312] Computer system 2200 may comprise a storage subsystem 2218 that comprises software elements, shown as being currently located within a system memory 2210. System memory 2210 may store program instructions that, are loadable and executable on processing unit 2204, as well as data generated during the execution of these programs.

[0313] Depending on the configuration and type of computer system 2200, system memory 2210 may be volatile (such as random -access memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile (such as read-only memory’ (ROM), flash The RAM typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated and executed by processing unit 2204. In some implementations, system memory 2210 may include multiple different types of such as static random-access dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). In some implementations, a basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines that, help to transfer information between elements computer system 2200, such as during start-up, may typically be stored in the ROM. By way of example, and not limitation, system memory 2210 also illustrates application programs 2212, which may include client applications, Web browsers, mid-tier applications, relational database management systems (RDBMS), etc., program data 2214, and an operating system 2216. By way of example, operating system 2216 may include various versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems, a variety of commercially available UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems (including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operating systems, the Google Chrome® OS, and the like) and/or mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows® Phone, Android® OS, BlackBerry® 17 OS, and Palm® OS operating systems.

[0314] Storage subsystem 2218 may also provide a tangible computer-readable storage medium for storing the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality' of some embodiments. Software (programs, code modules, instructions) that when executed by a processor provide the functionality described above may be stored in storage subsystem 2218. These software modules or instructions may be executed by processing unit 2204. Storage subsystem 2218 may also provide a repository' for storing data used in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0315] Storage subsystem 2200 may also include a computer-readable storage media reader 2220 that can further be connected to computer-readable storage media 2222. Together and optionally, in combination with system memory 2210, computer-readable storage media 2222 may comprehensively represent remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing, storing, transmitting, and retrieving computer-readable information.

[0316] Computer-readable storage media 2222 containing code, or portions of code, can also include any appropriate media known or used in the art, including storage media and communication media, such as but not limited to, volatile and non-volatile, removable and nonremovable media implemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmission of information. This can include tangible computer-readable storage media such as RAM, ROM, electronically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory' or other memory' technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible computer readable media. This can also include nontangible computer-readable media, such as data signals, data transmissions, or any other medium which can be used to transmit the desired information, and which can be accessed by computing system 2200.

[0317] By way of example, computer-readable storage media 2222 may include a hard disk drive that, reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk such as a CD ROM, DVD, and Blu-Ray® disk, or other optical media. Computer-readable storage media 2222 may include, but is not limited to, Zip® drives, flash memory cards, universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, secure digital (SD) cards, DVD disks, digital video tape, and the like. Computer- readable storage media 2222 may also include, solid-state drives (SSD) based on non-volatile memory such as flash-memory based SSDs, enterprise flash drives, solid state ROM, and the like, SSDs based on volatile memory such as solid-state RAM, dynamic RAM, static RAM, DRAM-based SSDs, magneto resistive RAM (MRAM) SSDs, and hybrid SSDs that use a combination of DRAM and flash memory based SSDs. The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media may provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer system 2200. [0318] Communications subsystem 2224 provides an interface to other computer systems and networks. Communications subsystem 2224 serves as an interface for receiving data from and transmitting data to other systems from computer system 2200. For example, communications subsystem 2224 may enable computer system 2200 to connect to one or more devices via the Internet. In some embodiments communications subsystem 2224 can include radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessing wireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephone technology, advanced data network technology, such as 3G, 4G or EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family standards, or other mobile communication technologies, or any combination thereof), global positioning system (GPS) receiver components, and/or other components. In some embodiments communications subsystem 2224 can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet) in addition to or instead of a wireless interface.

[0319] In some embodiments, communications subsystem 2224 may also receive input communication in the form of structured and/or unstructured data feeds 2226, event streams 2228, event updates 2230, and the like on behalf of one or more users who may use computer system 2200.

[0320] By way of example, communications subsystem 2224 may be configured to receive data feeds 2226 in real-time from users of social networks and/or other communication services such as Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates, web feeds such as Rich Site Summary (RSS) feeds, and/or real-time updates from one or more third party information sources.

[0321] Additionally, communications subsystem 2224 may also be configured to receive data in the form of continuous data streams, which may include event streams 2228 of realtime events and/or event updates 2230 that may be continuous or unbounded in nature with no explicit end. Examples of applications that generate continuous data may include, for example, sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performance measuring tools (e.g., network monitoring and traffic management applications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile traffic monitoring, and the like.

[0322] Communications subsystem 2224 may also be configured to output the structured and/or unstructured data feeds 2226, event streams 2228, event updates 2230, and the like to one or more databases that may be in communication with one or more streaming data source computers coupled to computer system 2200.

[0323] Computer system 2200 can be one of various types, including a handheld portable device (e.g., an iPhone® cellular phone, an iPad® computing tablet, a PDA), a wearable device (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounted display), a PC, a workstation, a mainframe, a kiosk, a server rack, or any other data processing system.

[0324] Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description of computer system 2200 depicted in the figure is intended only as a specific example. Many other configurations having more or fewer components than the system depicted in the figure are possible. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, firmware, software (including applets), or a combination. Further, connection to other computing devices, such as network input/output devices, may be employed. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the various embodiments.

[0325] Although specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described, various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, and equivalents are also encompassed within the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure are not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments but are free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although embodiments of the present disclosure have been described using a particular series of transactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the described series of transactions and steps. Various features and aspects of the above-described embodiments may be used individually or jointly.

[0326] Further, while embodiments of the present disclosure have been described using a particular combination of hardware and software, it should be recognized that other combinations of hardware and software are also within the scope of the present disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented only in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. Accordingly, where components or modules are described as being configured to perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, e.g., by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof. Processes can communicate using a variety of techniques including but. not. limited to conventional techniques for inter process communication, and different pairs of processes may use different techniques, or the same pair of processes may use different techniques at different times. [0327] The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope as set forth in the claims. Thus, although specific disclosure embodiments have been described, these are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the following claims.

[0328] The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosed embodiments (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly- contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually- recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure.

[0329] Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, or Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is intended to be understood within the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present.

[0330] Preferred embodiments of this disclosure are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the disclosure. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary- skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate and the inventors intend for the disclosure to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

[0331] All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

In the foregoing specification, aspects of the disclosure are described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above-described disclosure may be used individually or jointly. Further, embodiments can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.