ENHANCED RESOURCE PARTITIONING FOR NEW RADIO (NR)-LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) CO-EXISTENCE

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/356,163, which was filed June 28, 2022; and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/410,559, which was filed September 27, 2022.

FIELD

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. For example, some embodiments may relate to resource partitioning for cellular network coexistence.

BACKGROUND

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings.

Figure 1 schematically illustrates an example of impact of one wireless network on another, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 2 illustrates an alternative example of impact of one wireless network on another, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 3 illustrates an alternative example of impact of one wireless network on another, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figures 4a and 4b (collectively, Figure 4) illustrates examples of different wireless networks operating with different multiplexing modes, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 5 schematically illustrates an example of semi-static frequency division multiplexing (FDM) with enabled hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback for a new radio (NR) system, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 6 illustrates examples of Type I and Type II resources, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 7 illustrates an example of use of time division duplexing (TDD) between a long term evolution (LTE) network and NR sidelink (SL) transmissions, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 8 illustrates an example of an enhanced inter-user equipment (UE) coordination scheme, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 9 illustrates an alternative example of an enhanced inter-UE coordination scheme, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 10 illustrates an alternative example of an enhanced inter-UE coordination scheme, in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 11 illustrates an example of a multi-slot configuration related to automatic gain control (AGC), in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 12 schematically illustrates an example wireless network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 13 schematically illustrates example components of a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 14 is a block diagram illustrating example components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

Figure 15 illustrates an alternative example network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 16 depicts an example procedure for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein.

Figure 17 depicts another example procedure for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein.

Figure 18 depicts another example procedure for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein.

DETAIEED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B). Mobile communication has evolved significantly from early voice systems to today’s highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next generation wireless communication system, 5G, or new radio (NR) will provide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime by various users and applications. NR may act as a unified network/system that meets vastly different and sometime conflicting performance dimensions and services. Such diverse multi-dimensional requirements may be driven by different services and applications.

For instance, in the third generation partnership project (3GPP) release-16 (which may be referred to herein as Rel.16, Rel-16, Rel. 16, etc.) specifications, sidelink (SL) communication was developed at least in part to support advanced vehicle-to-anything (V2X) applications. In the release- 17 (referred to herein as Rel.17, Rel- 17, Rel. 17, etc.) specifications, proximity-based services were introduced including public safety and commercial related services and as part of Rel.17, power saving solutions (e.g., partial sensing, discontinuous reception (DRX)) and interuser equipment (UE) coordination have been developed at least in part to improve power consumption for battery limited terminals and reliability of SL transmissions. Although NR SL may have been initially applicable to V2X applications, there is growing interest in the industry to expand the applicability of NR SL to commercial use cases, such as sensor information (including video) sharing between vehicles with high degree of driving automation. For commercial SL applications, the two following elements may be desirable:

Increased SL data rate

Support of new carrier frequencies for SL

To achieve these aspects, objectives in the 3GPP release- 18 (which may be referred to as Rel.18, Rel. 18, Rel-18, etc.) specifications may be at least in part to support SL carrier aggregation, SL over unlicensed spectrum, and also frequency range 2 (FR2 or FR-2, which may referred to transmissions at frequencies below approximately 7 gigahertz (GHz) or, in some embodiments, below approximately 6 GHz) SL operation. However, another aspect to consider is the V2X deployment scenario where both LTE V2X and NR V2X devices are to coexist in the same frequency channel. For the two different types of devices to coexist, while using a common carrier frequency, it may be desirable that there is/are mechanism(s) to efficiently utilize resource allocation by the two technologies without negatively impacting the operation of each technology. Furthermore, it may be desirable for these mechanisms to be designed so that no changes would be needed to the LTE design.

In this context, there are several challenges that may be considered when designing resource partitioning mechanisms for better co-existence among LTE V2X and NR V2X. The challenges may include, for example, one or more of the following:

1. Automatic gain control (AGC) impact deriving from the NR PSFCH transmission: Given that in NR, the physical SL feedback channel (PSFCH) has been introduced, the power variations associated with the NR V2X transmission in the case of NR-slots configured with PSFCH symbols may have a negative impact on the LTE’s AGC setting due to the power envelope that an LTE device may observe during a subframe, as illustrated in Figure 1. Specifically, Figure 1 depicts an example of the impact of a NR transmission on an AGC related to LTE when the NR SL slot overlaps with the LTE SL subframe and contains PSFCH symbols. In fact, the LTE receiver (Rx) may perform the AGC adjustment in the first symbol of an LTE SL subframe and the AGC’s gain may be adjusted based on the received signal power. When the NR UE performs PSFCH transmission in the second part of the subframe its signal will be added to the ongoing LTE SL transmission - which increases the total received power at the LTE Rx - while the AGC’s gain determined in the first part of the subframe is still the one being applied. As a result, the above circumstance may lead the ADC to become saturated and therefore impact the decoding of the LTE transmission at the LTE Rx.

2. AGC impact deriving from using different subcarrier spacings (SCSs) between LTE and NR: a. Given that LTE and NR may use different SCS, regardless of whether an NR slot may or may not carry PSFCH symbols, the LTE’s AGC setting may be detrimentally impacted due to the power envelope the LTE device may observe along the subframe, which may lead the LTE device to see high variations in terms of power along the subframe while being unable to cope with this variation, similarly as above. Figure 2 illustrates an example of this issue, where NR SL supports 30 kilohertz (KHz) SCS and LTE SL supports 15 KHz SCS. In this example, the two NR V2X slots overlap with a LTE V2X subframe, and the first NR SL slot carries PSFCH, while the second does not. b. The same impact may be also observed in case NR V2X system may have nothing to transmit in a specific NR-slot as illustrated in Figure 3. Specifically, Figure 3 may depict an example of the impact of a NR transmission on an AGC related to LTE when the NR SL supports a different SCS than that of the LTE SL, and the NR SL will not or does not transmit in one of the two slots.

3. Non-ideal resource orthogonality between LTE and NR: regardless of whether LTE and NR may be configured to use same SCS and NR may or may not transmit PSFCH, given that LTE SL and NR SL are not able to indicate each other how the resources will be used, LTE and NR transmissions may collide with each other, and impact negatively the overall system performance. Notice that this issue may also arise even in case the resources devoted to LTE and NR may be configured to be orthogonal, if the subframe boundaries are not aligned between the two technologies due to synchronization errors.

With that said, embodiments herein may provide several options and design considerations on how to mitigate the aforementioned issues and improve the co-existence between NR and LTE.

One of the typical scenarios for V2X may include both LTE V2X and NR V2X devices, which need to coexist in the same frequency channel. For the two different types of devices to coexist, while using a common carrier frequency, it may be desirable that there is/are mechanism(s) to efficiently utilize resource allocation by the two technologies without negatively impacting the operation of each technology. Furthermore, these mechanisms should be envisioned and designed so that no changes would be needed to the LTE design. With that said, embodiments herein may provide several options and design considerations on how to improve the co-existence between NR V2X and LTE V2X when co-deployed.

Semi-static Resource Pool Partitioning

In one embodiment, LTE and NR V2X may be operated on orthogonal resources via higher layer signaling configuration (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) configuration), preconfiguration, or both, which can be semi-statically configured.

In particular, for NR V2X the IE SL-ResourcePool is used to configure the parameters of NR SL related to the resource pool, and:

• For devices in coverage and RRC_CONNECTED state, the information element (IE) can be updated by SL-ConfigDedicatedNR within RRCReconfiguration

• For devices in coverage but in RRC_INACTIVE or RRC_IDLE state, the IE can be further updated by SIB 12 within Systeminformation.

As for LTE V2X, the IE SL-CommResourcePoolV2X is the corresponding IE used to configure the parameters of LTE V2X related to the resource pool, and:

• For devices in coverage and RRC_CONNECTED state, the IE can be updated by SL- CommConfig within RRCConnectionReconfiguration',

• For devices in coverage but in RRC_IDLE state, it can be further updated by SystemInformationBlockType21 within Systeminformation.

As for pre-configuration, this may be updated by over-the-air signaling for one or both of a mobile equipment (ME, which may be similar to a UE) and/or a universal integrated circuit card (UICC). Using this approach, LTE V2X and NR V2X may be operated either in time division multiplex (TDM) or frequency division multiplexed (FDM) mode as illustrated in Figures 4a and Figure 4b, respectively. Specifically, Figure 4a (on the left) illustrates an example of NR V2X and LTE V2X operating in TDM mode, while Figure 4b (on the right) illustrates an example of NR V2X and LTE V2X operating in FDM mode.

In one option of this embodiment, LTE SL is configured so that it doesn’t use the slots that contain PSFCH transmissions from the NR system. One example of this option is illustrated in Figure 5, which depicts the case when the PSFCH periodicity is set to 4. Specifically, Figure 5 depicts an example of a semi-static FDM case with enabled HARQ feedback for the NR system.

Dynamic Resource Pool Partitioning

In one embodiment, resources within an NR SL resource pool may be divided into two types: type I where resources are used such that LTE and NR V2X may be operated in an orthogonal manner via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC configuration), pre-configuration, or both, and type II, where resources may not be necessarily allocated in an orthogonal manner between LTE and NR V2X and may be allocated in a more dynamic manner following one or more of the mechanisms described along this disclosure. An example illustration of type I and type II resources is provided in Figure 6.

In one embodiment, a UE may include both a NR SL and a LTE SL module, and the LTE SL module shares one or more of the following example parameters (and/or some other parameter(s)) with the NR SL module:

■ Time and frequency locations of reserved LTE transmissions

■ Resource reservation periods

■ SL RSRP and/or SL RSSI measurement reports

■ Half-duplex subframes which are not monitored by the LTE SL UE.

In another embodiment, the type I and type II resources are split into separate resource pools for mode 2 for the NR SL system. UEs without the capability to receive LTE SL transmission are transmitted only in type I resource pool, but could decode all NR SL transmission in the type II resources. UEs being able to receive LTE SL transmissions are allowed to transmit in both type I and II resource pools.

In one embodiment, one or more of the following example mechanisms may be adopted for UEs in SL resource allocation mode 2 (it will be noted that the following are examples of such mechanisms, and other embodiments may include additional/alternative mechanisms):

• Resource selection based on NR+LTE sensing and reserved resources: for type II resources or aggregation of type I and type II resources, a UE may perform the selection of the candidate resources to use through the legacy sensing and resource selection procedure defined in TS 38.124 Sec. 8.1.4, where the exclusion rules defined in step 6 of this procedure may now include the reserved resources from LTE devices, and additionally the LTE sensing: such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE sidelink control information(s) (SCI(s)) via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). In this matter, a UE may exclude any candidate single-slot resource if it meets all the following example conditions (and/or one or more additional/altemative conditions ) : o UE receives an NR SCI (i.e., format 1-A) and/or an LTE SCI which reserves SL resources overlapping with a candidate resource;

■ In one option, any LTE reserved SL resources overlapping with a candidate resource are considered;

■ In one option, only LTE reserved SL resources overlapping with a candidate resource which are associated with a higher or same priority as the candidate resource are considered. o Reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement (i.e., NR + LTE) is higher than the configured threshold defined based on the Rx NR priority (i.e., carried in NR SCI format 1-A) or Rx LTE priority (i.e., carried in LTE SCI format 1) or the highest (or lowest) or more stringent (or more relaxed) between the two. In addition, the priority of the resources reserved for the LTE system can be interpreted as having the highest priority despite of the priority set in the related LTE SCI information. o NR and LTE reserved resources overlap with a considered candidate resource including potential future overlaps outside of the resource selection window that may happen due to different periodicities.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rules may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rules may be enabled or disabled based on higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) and/or pre-configuration.

In one embodiment, in the aforementioned modified exclusion rules a UE may additionally consider for excluding any resources overlapping with subframes which cannot be monitored by the LTE SL UE due to half-duplexing reasons, during which the SL UE in LTE mode is either transmitting or receiving or simply not performing any sensing. In one option, resources overlapping with subframes that cannot be monitored by the LTE SL UE due to halfduplexing reasons, are included in the reserved SL resources used for resources exclusion.

Notice that the embodiments listed herein may not be mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together.

• Resource exclusion of LTE reserved resources: for type II resources or aggregation of type I and type II resources, the set of slots allocated for LTE SL resources may be excluded for the determination of the set of slots for NR SL communication resource pool. In particular, the following procedure can be used to determine the set of slots for NR SL communication resource pool, where the set of slots includes all the slots except the following example slots (and/or some other type of slot): o Slots where a SL synchronization signal block (S-SSB) resource are configured; o Slots which are identified as non-SL slots, where some orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) symbols are not semi-statically configured as uplink UL in this slot as determined in Section 8 of the 3GPP technical specification (TS) 38.214. o Slots that are allocated for LTE SL resources, where such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). o Reserved slots as determined in Section 8 in 3GPP TS 38.214.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rule may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rules may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration. In one embodiment, the set of slots which may need to be excluded from the set of slots for an NR SL communication resource pool may additionally include slots overlapping with any subframes which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons, and which may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

• Resource exclusion of LTE reserved resources based on priority: for type II resources or aggregation of type I and type II resources, a UE may perform the selection of the candidate resources to use through the legacy sensing and resource selection procedure defined in 3 GPP TS 38.124 Sec. 8.1.4, where in addition a UE may exclude a priori any slots that may have been reserved by LTE UEs, where such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). In one option, when excluding the reserved resources by LTE, a UE may consider all of them, while in another option a UE may only consider the LTE reserved SL resources which are associated with an higher or same priority as the candidate resource.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rule may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rules may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration.

Notice that the embodiment listed here are not mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together.

• Resource selection based on LTE reserved resources: for type II resources or aggregation of type I and type II resources, (where type I and type II resources are as defined in prior embodiment), a UE may perform the selection of the candidate resources to use by firstly identifying a set of candidate resources by following the legacy sensing and resource selection procedure defined in 3GPP TS 38.124 Sec. 8.1.4, and then by applying one or more of the following additional exclusion rules: o If a UE determines that an LTE SL UE may have reserved the same single- slot resource or overlapping single- slot resources over which it may perform a transmission, that transmission may be dropped; o If a UE determines that an LTE SL UE may have reserved a single-slot resource or single- slot resources overlapping with some of the candidate resources defined during the NR SL sensing and resource selection procedure, those resources will be excluded from the candidate resources.

A UE may retrieve the reserved resources from LTE devices via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). Furthermore, in one option, when dropping a transmission or excluding a candidate resource based on the reserved resources by LTE, a UE may consider all of the reserved resources by LTE, while in another option a UE may only consider the LTE reserved SL resources which are associated with an higher or same priority as the candidate resource or the resource over which a transmission may be meant.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned rules may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned modified exclusion rules may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration. In one embodiment, in addition to the exclusion rules listed above, a UE may additionally drop or cancel any transmission that may overlap with any resources overlapping with any subframes which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons, and which may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

Notice that the embodiment listed here are not mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together.

• TDD between LTE and NR over a super-frame: a super-frame may be composed by a radio-frame or N subframes, where N may be fixed or configurable. Within a superframe, the type II or both type I and type II subframes may be associated to either LTE or NR via a specific configuration which is known by both technologies, and may be semi- statically configured. The specific TDD configuration to use may be RRC configured or pre-configured. Figure 7 depicts an example illustration of TDD between LTE resources and NR SL resources.

• Detect and avoid (DAA) mechanism: for type II resources or aggregation of type I and type II resources, a UE may perform a detection and avoid procedure by performing a short term sensing right before the single-slot resource selected for transmission. In this case, if the RSRP measurement performed right before a potential transmission is higher than a configured or pre-configured threshold, a UE may drop its transmission, and select another resource from the candidate resources to perform a transmission, otherwise the device may transmit immediately. In one option, the sensing procedure may be equivalent to Cat-2A LBT or Cat- 1 LBT with the lowest priority class or a single 9us clear channel assessment. In one option, a SL slot may never start in symbol #0 if NR supports 15 KHz SCS.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration.

Notice that the embodiment listed here are not mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together.

• Inter-UE coordination with exchange of information related to LTE reserved resources: for type II resources or aggregation of type I and type II resources, one of the following mechanisms may be adopted: o Inter-UE Coordination Scheme 1 may be enhanced so that to include within the inter-UE coordination (IUC) feedback informant sent from UE-A to UE-B not only the set of preferred resources by UE-A, but also the resource reserved by LTE which are sensed by UE-A. In this case, the candidate resources selected by UE-B will exclude all preferred resources indicated by UE-A including those reserved by LTE and sensed by UE-A. Figure 8 depicts an example illustration of an enhanced inter- UE coordination scheme (scheme 1).

In one embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration.

In one embodiment, the preferred resources by UE-A may additionally include any resource overlapping with any subframes which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons, and which may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

Notice that the embodiment listed here are not mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together. Also notice that a UE-A may retrieve the reserved resources from LTE devices by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). o Inter-UE Coordination Scheme 1 may be enhanced so that to include within the inter-UE coordination (IUC) feedback informant sent from UE-A to UE-B the set of non-preferred resources by UE-A which may need to also exclude any resource reserved by LTE which are sensed by UE-A. In this case, the candidate resources selected by UE-B may include all non-preferred resources, which exclude those reserved by LTE and sensed by UE-A. Figure 9 depicts an example of an enhancement to the inter-UE coordination scheme 1.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration.

In one embodiment, the non-preferred resource by UE-A may additionally exclude any resource overlapping with any subframes which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons, and which may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

Notice that the embodiment listed here are not mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together. Also notice that a UE-A may retrieve the reserved resources from LTE devices by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

Inter-UE Coordination Scheme 2 may be enhanced so that UE-A may generate IUC feedback information indicating potential conflict to UE-B reserving resources if not only it may detect expected/potential SL conflict on UE-B’s reserved resources, but also by accounting for any potential conflict with the resources reserved by LTE which are sensed by UE-A and/or any resources overlapping with any subframes which cannot be monitored by the LTE module of UE-A due to half-duplexing reasons, and which may be retrieved by UE-A via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). Figure 10 depicts an example illustration of an enhanced inter-UE coordination scheme (e.g., scheme 2).

In one embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be only used by a UE based on capability signaling. In another embodiment, the aforementioned procedure may be enabled or disabled based on RRC signaling or pre-configuration.

Notice that the embodiment listed here are not mutually exclusive, and one or more of them may apply together. Also notice that a UE-A may retrieve the reserved resources from LTE devices by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

In one embodiment, regardless of whether a semi-static or dynamic resource partitioning is adopted, when LTE V2X and NR V2X may need to co-exist, NR V2X may only support 15 KHz SCS. In another embodiment, regardless of whether a semi-static or dynamic resource partitioning is adopted, when LTE V2X and NR V2X may need to co-exist, PSFCH should never be configured.

In one embodiment, when LTE V2X and NR V2X may need to co-exist, NR V2X may support both 15 KHz and 30 KHz SCS. In this case one or more of the following options could be adopted:

• Exclusion of all slots overlapping with busy or potentially busy subframes: When the NR V2X system operated at 30 KHz SCS or 60 KHz, an NR SL UE in mode 2 may exclude a priori from the set of suitable resources for SL transmission all the slots overlapping with the subframes belonging to the resource reserved for LTE transmissions, where such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). In addition, an NR SL UE in mode 2 may also exclude a priori any subframe which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons, and which may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

• Exclusion of all slots with exception of the first slots overlapping with busy or potentially busy subframes: When the NR V2X system operated at 30 KHz or 60 KHz SCS, an NR SL UE in mode 2 may exclude a priori from the set of suitable resources for SL transmission all the slots overlapping with the subframes belonging to the resource reserved for LTE transmissions except for the first slots of such subframes. Such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). In addition, an NR SL UE in mode 2 may also exclude a priori all the slots overlapping with the subframe which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons except for the first slots of such subframes. The subframe which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

• Multi-consecutive slot transmission: When the NR V2X uses 30 or 60 kHz SCS, multi slot transmissions without gaps are used for a SL transmission, meaning that a SL transmission may span contiguously over a number of slots equivalent to the duration of a 15 KHz SCS slot (i.e., 2 for 30 KHz and 4 for 60 KHz). Note that these will occupy the same time as the corresponding LTE V2X sub-frame. For 30 kHz SCS this means it is only possible to transmit n*2 slots combined to avoid AGC problems of the LTE system. For 60 kHz this means n*4 slots need to be combined for one multi-slot transmission. In both cases, n is a natural number (non-negative integer) larger than zero. Note this solution is applicable for the dynamic coexistence as well as the FDM based coexistence. An example of a multi-slot transmission for coexistence when the NR system operates at 30 KHz SCS is shown in Figure 11. For example, Figure 11 depicts an example illustration of a multi-slot solution to avoid AGC problems of the LTE V2X system. In one option, in order to realize the aforementioned solution, the first symbol of each additional SL slot transmission may either be an AGC symbol (as shown in figure 11) or a symbol used for PSCCH/PSSCH transmission. Note that in one option the control information may be only transmitted in the first slot of the combined multislot transmission.

In one embodiment, when LTE V2X and NR V2X may need to co-exist, and NR V2X may configured PSFCH, one or more of the following options could be adopted:

• In one option, resource are distinguished in type I and type II resources as defined in prior embodiment, and a PSFCH resource may always fall within type I resources. In other words, LTE (pre-)configured resources will not overlap with NR resources where PSFCH is configured.

• In one option, a NR SL UE in mode 2 may drop a PSFCH transmission if this overlaps with any reserved resources for LTE transmissions, where such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signalling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). In addition, a UE may also drop a PSFCH transmission if this overlaps with any resources belonging to a subframe which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons except for the first slots of such subframes, where such information may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

• In one option, a NR SL UE in mode 2 may drop a PSSCH/PSCCH transmission if the corresponding PSFCH may overlaps with any reserved resources for LTE transmissions, where such information may be either retrieved by a UE via inter-UE coordination/signaling via other UEs capable to decode the LTE SCIs, or by decoding itself the LTE SCIs via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities). In addition, a UE may also drop a PSSCH/PSCCH transmission if the corresponding PSFCH may overlaps with any resources belonging to a subframe which cannot be monitored by the LTE module due to half-duplexing reasons except for the first slots of such subframes, where such information may be retrieved by a UE via proper implementation (e.g., via implementing a dual module or single module with NR-SL and LTE-SL capabilities).

In another embodiment, to prevent unintentional interference during the time the synchronization source of either LTE or NR V2X is changed the system is not transmitting if such a situation is detected or can be predicted in the imminent future. Note that it is also possible that a device that possessed the capability to communicate using both standards is detecting or predicating this change on only one of these systems and is afterwards dropping transmissions for both. The detection of the synchronization change can be based on a subset of the following information:

• Entering or leaving network coverage

• Entering or leaving GNSS coverage

• Entering or leaving SL S-SSB coverage

• Rapidly decreasing reception quality for one of the synchronization sources • Rapidly decreasing channel quality

• Increasing errors for transmission or reception of transmissions

• Rapidly changing congestion control status

• Side information outside of communication systems like camera, location information of stored past context information

• Predicted changes of the synchronization source based on a combination of context information synthesize by AI/ML

SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

Figures 12-15 illustrate various systems, devices, and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments.

Figure 12 illustrates a network 1200 in accordance with various embodiments. The network 1200 may operate in a manner consistent with 3 GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3 GPP systems, or the like.

The network 1200 may include a UE 1202, which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 1204 via an over-the-air connection. The UE 1202 may be communicatively coupled with the RAN 1204 by a Uu interface. The UE 1202 may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, loT device, etc.

In some embodiments, the network 1200 may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc.

In some embodiments, the UE 1202 may additionally communicate with an AP 1206 via an over-the-air connection. The AP 1206 may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN 1204. The connection between the UE 1202 and the AP 1206 may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 1206 could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE 1202, RAN 1204, and AP 1206 may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular- WLAN aggregation may involve the UE 1202 being configured by the RAN 1204 to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources.

The RAN 1204 may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN 1208. AN 1208 may terminate air- interface protocols for the UE 1202 by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and LI protocols. In this manner, the AN 1208 may enable data/voice connectivity between CN 1220 and the UE 1202. In some embodiments, the AN 1208 may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN 1208 be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN 1208 may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

In embodiments in which the RAN 1204 includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN 1204 is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN 1204 is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc.

The ANs of the RAN 1204 may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE 1202 with an air interface for network access. The UE 1202 may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN 1204. For example, the UE 1202 and RAN 1204 may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE 1202 to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc.

The RAN 1204 may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

In V2X scenarios the UE 1202 or AN 1208 may be or act as a RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network.

In some embodiments, the RAN 1204 may be an LTE RAN 1210 with eNBs, for example, eNB 1212. The LTE RAN 1210 may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSLRS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands.

In some embodiments, the RAN 1204 may be an NG-RAN 1214 with gNBs, for example, gNB 1216, or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB 1218. The gNB 1216 may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB 1216 may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB 1218 may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB 1216 and the ng-eNB 1218 may connect with each other over an Xn interface.

In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN 1214 and a UPF 1248 (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN1214 and an AMF 1244 (e.g., N2 interface).

The NG-RAN 1214 may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSLRS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH.

In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE 1202 can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE 1202, the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE 1202 with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE 1202 and in some cases at the gNB 1216. A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load.

The RAN 1204 is communicatively coupled to CN 1220 that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE 1202). The components of the CN 1220 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN 1220 onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN 1220 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 1220 may be referred to as a network sub-slice.

In some embodiments, the CN 1220 may be an LTE CN 1222, which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN 1222 may include MME 1224, SGW 1226, SGSN 1228, HSS 1230, PGW 1232, and PCRF 1234 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN 1222 may be briefly introduced as follows.

The MME 1224 may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE 1202 to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc.

The SGW 1226 may terminate an SI interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN 1222. The SGW 1226 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement.

The SGSN 1228 may track a location of the UE 1202 and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN 1228 may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME 1224; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME 1224 and the SGSN 1228 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle/active states.

The HSS 1230 may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions. The HSS 1230 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 1230 and the MME 1224 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN 1220.

The PGW 1232 may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN) 1236 that may include an application/content server 1238. The PGW 1232 may route data packets between the LTE CN 1222 and the data network 1236. The PGW 1232 may be coupled with the SGW 1226 by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW 1232 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW 1232 and the data network 12 36 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW 1232 may be coupled with a PCRF 1234 via a Gx reference point.

The PCRF 1234 is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN 1222. The PCRF 1234 may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server 1238 to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF 1232 may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI.

In some embodiments, the CN 1220 may be a 5GC 1240. The 5GC 1240 may include an AUSF 1242, AMF 1244, SMF 1246, UPF 1248, NSSF 1250, NEF 1252, NRF 1254, PCF 1256, UDM 1258, and AF 1260 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC 1240 may be briefly introduced as follows.

The AUSF 1242 may store data for authentication of UE 1202 and handle authentication- related functionality. The AUSF 1242 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC 1240 over reference points as shown, the AUSF 1242 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 1244 may allow other functions of the 5GC 1240 to communicate with the UE 1202 and the RAN 1204 and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE 1202. The AMF 1244 may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE 1202), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 1244 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 1202 and the SMF 1246, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 1244 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 1202 and an SMSF. AMF 1244 may interact with the AUSF 1242 and the UE 1202 to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF 1244 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN 1204 and the AMF 1244; and the AMF 1244 may be a termination point of NAS (Nl) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF 1244 may also support NAS signaling with the UE 1202 over an N3 IWF interface.

The SMF 1246 may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF 1248 and AN 1208); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF 1248 to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to FI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF 1244 over N2 to AN 1208; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE 1202 and the data network 1236.

The UPF 1248 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network 1236, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 1248 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UE/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF- to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 1248 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network.

The NSSF 1250 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 1202. The NSSF 1250 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 1250 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 1202, or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 1254. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 1202 may be triggered by the AMF 1244 with which the UE 1202 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 1250, which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF 1250 may interact with the AMF 1244 via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF 1250 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

The NEF 1252 may securely expose services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF 1260), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 1252 may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF 1252 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 1260 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 1252 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 1252 may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF 1252 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 1252 to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 1252 may exhibit an Nnef servicebased interface.

The NRF 1254 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 1254 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 1254 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 1256 may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 1256 may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 1258. In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF 1256 exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 1258 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 1202. For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM 1258 and the AMF 1244. The UDM 1258 may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 1258 and the PCF 1256, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 1202) for the NEF 1252. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 1258, PCF 1256, and NEF 1252 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM- FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM 1258 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 1260 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control.

In some embodiments, the 5GC 1240 may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3 ^rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE 1202 is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC 1240 may select a UPF 1248 close to the UE 1202 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 1248 to data network 1236 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 1260. In this way, the AF 1260 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 1260 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 1260 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 1260 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

The data network 1236 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server 1238.

Figure 13 schematically illustrates a wireless network 1300 in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network 1300 may include a UE 1302 in wireless communication with an AN 1304. The UE 1302 and AN 1304 may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein.

The UE 1302 may be communicatively coupled with the AN 1304 via connection 1306. The connection 1306 is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an ETE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6GHz frequencies.

The UE 1302 may include a host platform 1308 coupled with a modem platform 1310.

The host platform 1308 may include application processing circuitry 1312, which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry 1314 of the modem platform 1310. The application processing circuitry 1312 may run various applications for the UE 1302 that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry 1312 may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations

The protocol processing circuitry 1314 may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection 1306. The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry 1314 may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations.

The modem platform 1310 may further include digital baseband circuitry 1316 that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry 1314 in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions.

The modem platform 1310 may further include transmit circuitry 1318, receive circuitry 1320, RF circuitry 1322, and RF front end (RFFE) 1324, which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels 1326. Briefly, the transmit circuitry 1318 may include a digital-to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry 1320 may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry 1322 may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE 1324 may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry 1318, receive circuitry 1320, RF circuitry 1322, RFFE 1324, and antenna panels 1326 (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc.

In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry 1314 may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components.

A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels 1326, RFFE 1324, RF circuitry 1322, receive circuitry 1320, digital baseband circuitry 1316, and protocol processing circuitry 1314. In some embodiments, the antenna panels 1326 may receive a transmission from the AN 1304 by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels 1326. A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry 1314, digital baseband circuitry 1316, transmit circuitry 1318, RF circuitry 1322, RFFE 1324, and antenna panels 1326. In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE 1304 may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels 1326.

Similar to the UE 1302, the AN 1304 may include a host platform 1328 coupled with a modem platform 1330. The host platform 1328 may include application processing circuitry 1332 coupled with protocol processing circuitry 1334 of the modem platform 1330. The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry 1336, transmit circuitry 1338, receive circuitry 1340, RF circuitry 1342, RFFE circuitry 1344, and antenna panels 1346. The components of the AN 1304 may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like- named components of the UE 1302. In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN 1308 may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling.

Figure 14 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, Figure 14 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 1400 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 1410, one or more memory/storage devices 1420, and one or more communication resources 1430, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1440 or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1402 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub- slices to utilize the hardware resources 1400.

The processors 1410 may include, for example, a processor 1412 and a processor 1414. The processors 1410 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radiofrequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

The memory/storage devices 1420 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 1420 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 1430 may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 1404 or one or more databases 1406 or other network elements via a network 1408. For example, the communication resources 1430 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components.

Instructions 1450 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 1410 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 1450 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 1410 (e.g., within the processor’s cache memory), the memory/storage devices 1420, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 1450 may be transferred to the hardware resources 1400 from any combination of the peripheral devices 1404 or the databases 1406. Accordingly, the memory of processors 1410, the memory/storage devices 1420, the peripheral devices 1404, and the databases 1406 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

Figure 15 illustrates a network 1500 in accordance with various embodiments. The network 1500 may operate in a matter consistent with 3GPP technical specifications or technical reports for 6G systems. In some embodiments, the network 1500 may operate concurrently with network 1200. For example, in some embodiments, the network 1500 may share one or more frequency or bandwidth resources with network 1200. As one specific example, a UE (e.g., UE 1502) may be configured to operate in both network 1500 and network 1200. Such configuration may be based on a UE including circuitry configured for communication with frequency and bandwidth resources of both networks 1200 and 1500. In general, several elements of network 1500 may share one or more characteristics with elements of network 1200. For the sake of brevity and clarity, such elements may not be repeated in the description of network 1500.

The network 1500 may include a UE 1502, which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 1508 via an over-the-air connection. The UE 1502 may be similar to, for example, UE 1202. The UE 1502 may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in- vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, loT device, etc.

Although not specifically shown in Figure 15, in some embodiments the network 1500 may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. Similarly, although not specifically shown in Figure 15, the UE 1502 may be communicatively coupled with an AP such as AP 1206 as described with respect to Figure 12. Additionally, although not specifically shown in Figure 15, in some embodiments the RAN 1508 may include one or more ANss such as AN 1208 as described with respect to Figure 12. The RAN 1508 and/or the AN of the RAN 1508 may be referred to as a base station (BS), a RAN node, or using some other term or name.

The UE 1502 and the RAN 1508 may be configured to communicate via an air interface that may be referred to as a sixth generation (6G) air interface. The 6G air interface may include one or more features such as communication in a terahertz (THz) or sub-THz bandwidth, or joint communication and sensing. As used herein, the term “joint communication and sensing” may refer to a system that allows for wireless communication as well as radar-based sensing via various types of multiplexing. As used herein, THz or sub-THz bandwidths may refer to communication in the 80 GHz and above frequency ranges. Such frequency ranges may additionally or alternatively be referred to as “millimeter wave” or “mmWave” frequency ranges.

The RAN 1508 may allow for communication between the UE 1502 and a 6G core network (CN) 1510. Specifically, the RAN 1508 may facilitate the transmission and reception of data between the UE 1502 and the 6G CN 1510. The 6G CN 1510 may include various functions such as NSSF 1250, NEF 1252, NRF 1254, PCF 1256, UDM 1258, AF 1260, SMF 1246, and AUSF 1242. The 6G CN 1510 may additional include UPF 1248 and DN 1236 as shown in Figure 15.

Additionally, the RAN 1508 may include various additional functions that are in addition to, or alternative to, functions of a legacy cellular network such as a 4G or 5G network. Two such functions may include a Compute Control Function (Comp CF) 1524 and a Compute Service Function (Comp SF) 1536. The Comp CF 1524 and the Comp SF 1536 may be parts or functions of the Computing Service Plane. Comp CF 1524 may be a control plane function that provides functionalities such as management of the Comp SF 1536, computing task context generation and management (e.g., create, read, modify, delete), interaction with the underlaying computing infrastructure for computing resource management, etc.. Comp SF 1536 may be a user plane function that serves as the gateway to interface computing service users (such as UE 1502) and computing nodes behind a Comp SF instance. Some functionalities of the Comp SF 1536 may include: parse computing service data received from users to compute tasks executable by computing nodes; hold service mesh ingress gateway or service API gateway; service and charging policies enforcement; performance monitoring and telemetry collection, etc. In some embodiments, a Comp SF 1536 instance may serve as the user plane gateway for a cluster of computing nodes. A Comp CF 1524 instance may control one or more Comp SF 1536 instances.

Two other such functions may include a Communication Control Function (Comm CF) 1528 and a Communication Service Function (Comm SF) 1538, which may be parts of the Communication Service Plane. The Comm CF 1528 may be the control plane function for managing the Comm SF 1538, communication sessions creation/configuration/releasing, and managing communication session context. The Comm SF 1538 may be a user plane function for data transport. Comm CF 1528 and Comm SF 1538 may be considered as upgrades of SMF 1246 and UPF 1248, which were described with respect to a 5G system in Figure 12. The upgrades provided by the Comm CF 1528 and the Comm SF 1538 may enable service-aware transport. For legacy (e.g., 4G or 5G) data transport, SMF 1246 and UPF 1248 may still be used.

Two other such functions may include a Data Control Function (Data CF) 1522 and Data Service Function (Data SF) 1532 may be parts of the Data Service Plane. Data CF 1522 may be a control plane function and provides functionalities such as Data SF 1532 management, Data service creation/configuration/releasing, Data service context management, etc. Data SF 1532 may be a user plane function and serve as the gateway between data service users (such as UE 1502 and the various functions of the 6G CN 1510) and data service endpoints behind the gateway. Specific functionalities may include include: parse data service user data and forward to corresponding data service endpoints, generate charging data, report data service status.

Another such function may be the Service Orchestration and Chaining Function (SOCF) 1520, which may discover, orchestrate and chain up communication/computing/data services provided by functions in the network. Upon receiving service requests from users, SOCF 1520 may interact with one or more of Comp CF 1524, Comm CF 1528, and Data CF 1522 to identify Comp SF 1536, Comm SF 1538, and Data SF 1532 instances, configure service resources, and generate the service chain, which could contain multiple Comp SF 1536, Comm SF 1538, and Data SF 1532 instances and their associated computing endpoints. Workload processing and data movement may then be conducted within the generated service chain. The SOCF 1520 may also responsible for maintaining, updating, and releasing a created service chain.

Another such function may be the service registration function (SRF) 1514, which may act as a registry for system services provided in the user plane such as services provided by service endpoints behind Comp SF 1536 and Data SF 1532 gateways and services provided by the UE 1502. The SRF 1514 may be considered a counterpart of NRF 1254, which may act as the registry for network functions. Other such functions may include an evolved service communication proxy (eSCP) and service infrastructure control function (SICF) 1526, which may provide service communication infrastructure for control plane services and user plane services. The eSCP may be related to the service communication proxy (SCP) of 5G with user plane service communication proxy capabilities being added. The eSCP is therefore expressed in two parts: eCSP-C 1512 and eSCP- U 1534, for control plane service communication proxy and user plane service communication proxy, respectively. The SICF 1526 may control and configure eCSP instances in terms of service traffic routing policies, access rules, load balancing configurations, performance monitoring, etc.

Another such function is the AMF 1544. The AMF 1544 may be similar to 1244, but with additional functionality. Specifically, the AMF 1544 may include potential functional repartition, such as move the message forwarding functionality from the AMF 1544 to the RAN 1508.

Another such function is the service orchestration exposure function (SOEF) 1518. The SOEF may be configured to expose service orchestration and chaining services to external users such as applications.

The UE 1502 may include an additional function that is referred to as a computing client service function (comp CSF) 1504. The comp CSF 1504 may have both the control plane functionalities and user plane functionalities, and may interact with corresponding network side functions such as SOCF 1520, Comp CF 1524, Comp SF 1536, Data CF 1522, and/or Data SF 1532 for service discovery, request/response, compute task workload exchange, etc. The Comp CSF 1504 may also work with network side functions to decide on whether a computing task should be run on the UE 1502, the RAN 1508, and/or an element of the 6G CN 1510.

The UE 1502 and/or the Comp CSF 1504 may include a service mesh proxy 1506. The service mesh proxy 1506 may act as a proxy for service-to- service communication in the user plane. Capabilities of the service mesh proxy 1506 may include one or more of addressing, security, load balancing, etc.

EXAMPLE PROCEDURES

In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of Figures 12-15, or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in Figure 16. The process may relate to a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE), one or more elements of a UE, and/or an electronic device that includes or implements one or more elements of a UE. The process may include identifying, at 1601, that a first sidelink (SL) message related to a long term evolution (LTE) network is to be transmitted on a carrier frequency; identifying, at 1602, that a second SL message related to a new radio (NR) network is to be transmitted on the carrier frequency; identifying, at 1603, first one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the first SL message and second one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the second SL message; and transmitting, at 1604, the first SL message on the first one or more resources and the second SL message on the second one or more resources.

Another such process is depicted in Figure 17. The process may relate to a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE), one or more elements of a UE, and/or an electronic device that includes or implements one or more elements of a UE. The process may include identifying, at 1701, that a first sidelink (SL) message related to a long term evolution (LTE) network is to be transmitted on a carrier frequency; identifying, at 1702, that a second SL message related to a new radio (NR) network is to be transmitted on the carrier frequency; identifying, at 1703, first one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the first SL message and second one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the second SL message; and identifying, at 1704, the first SL message received on the first one or more resources and the second SL message received on the second one or more resources.

Another such process is depicted in Figure 18. The process of Figure 18 may relate to or include a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE). The process may include identifying, at 1801 by a long term evolution (LTE) sidelink (SL) module that is to facilitate communication via a first SL channel of a first cellular network, a resource that is to be used for communication in the first SL channel by another UE; providing, at 1802 by the LTE SL module, information related to use of the resource to a new radio (NR) SL module that is to facilitate communication via a second SL channel of a second cellular network; and excluding, at 1803 by the NR SL module based on the information related to use of the resource, the resource for communication via the second SL channel.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 may include the system and methods of wireless communication to allow co- existence between LTE and NR SL systems operating in the same carrier frequency.

Example 2 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein a semi-static resource partitioning method is introduced.

Example 3 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein methods allowing dynamic resource partitioning are introduced.

Example 4 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein a resource selection method based on NR+LTE sensing and reserved resources and related details are introduced.

Example 5 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein resource exclusion rules of LTE reserved resources and related details are introduced.

Example 6 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein resource exclusion rules of LTE reserved resources based on the priority of the resources and related details are introduced.

Example 7 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein a resource selection method based on LTE reserved resources and related details are introduced.

Example 8 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein a dynamic TDD method between LTE and NR over a super-frame and related details are introduced.

Example 9 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein a detect and avoid mechanism and related details are introduced.

Example 10 may include the method of example 2 or some other example herein, wherein an inter-UE coordination mechanism with exchange of information related to LTE reserved resources and related details are introduced.

Example 11 includes a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE), one or more elements of a UE, and/or an electronic device that includes or implements one or more elements of a UE, wherein the method comprises: identifying that a first sidelink (SL) message related to a long term evolution (LTE) network is to be transmitted on a carrier frequency; identifying that a second SL message related to a new radio (NR) network is to be transmitted on the carrier frequency; identifying first one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the first SL message and second one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the second SL message; and transmitting the first SL message on the first one or more resources and the second SL message on the second one or more resources.

Example 12 includes the method of example 11 and/or some other example herein, wherein the second SL message is to be transmitted on a physical SL feedback channel (PSFCH). Example 13 includes the method of any of examples 11-12, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first or second one or more resources are identified based on semi-static resource partitioning or dynamic resource partitioning.

Example 14 includes the method of any of examples 11-13, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first or second one or more resources are identified based on NR+LTE sensing.

Example 15 includes the method of any of examples 11-14, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first one or more resources are orthogonal to the second one or more resources.

Example 16 includes a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE), one or more elements of a UE, and/or an electronic device that includes or implements one or more elements of a UE, wherein the method comprises: identifying that a first sidelink (SL) message related to a long term evolution (LTE) network is to be transmitted on a carrier frequency; identifying that a second SL message related to a new radio (NR) network is to be transmitted on the carrier frequency; identifying first one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the first SL message and second one or more resources on the carrier frequency for the second SL message; and identifying the first SL message received on the first one or more resources and the second SL message received on the second one or more resources.

Example 17 includes the method of example 16 and/or some other example herein, wherein the second SL message is to be transmitted on a physical SL feedback channel (PSFCH).

Example 18 includes the method of any of examples 16-17, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first or second one or more resources are identified based on semi-static resource partitioning or dynamic resource partitioning.

Example 19 includes the method of any of examples 16-18, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first or second one or more resources are identified based on NR+LTE sensing.

Example 20 includes the method of any of examples 16-19, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first one or more resources are orthogonal to the second one or more resources.

Example 21 includes the method of any of examples 11-20, wherein the first SL message and the second SL transmission are related to one or more of: shared time/frequency locations of reserved LTE transmissions; shared resource reservation periods; SL RSRP and/or SL RSSI measurement reports; and half-duplex subframes.

Example 22 includes a method to be performed by a user equipment (UE), wherein the method comprises: identifying, by a long term evolution (LTE) sidelink (SL) module that is to facilitate communication via a first SL channel of a first cellular network, a resource that is to be used for communication in the first SL channel by another UE; providing, by the LTE SL module, information related to use of the resource to a new radio (NR) SL module that is to facilitate communication via a second SL channel of a second cellular network; and excluding, by the NR SL module based on the information related to use of the resource, the resource for communication via the second SL channel.

Example 23 includes the method of example 22, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first cellular network is a LTE network and the second cellular network is a NR network.

Example 24 includes the method of any of examples 22-23, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a time or frequency location of the resource.

Example 25 includes the method of any of examples 22-24, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a resource reservation period of the resource.

Example 26 includes the method of any of examples 22-25, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a quality measurement of the first SL channel.

Example 27 includes the method of example 26, and/or some other example herein, wherein the quality measurement is a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement or a received signal strength indicator (RS SI) measurement.

Example 28 includes the method of example 26, and/or some other example herein, wherein the method further comprises excluding, by the NR module, the resource if a value related to the quality measurement is greater than a pre-identified value related to the quality measurement.

Example 29 includes the method of any of examples 22-28, and/or some other example herein, further comprising identifying, by the LTE SL module, the resource based on SL control information (SCI) received from the other UE.

Example 30 includes the method of any of examples 22-29, and/or some other example herein, wherein the communication via the second SL channel is a received physical SL feedback channel (PSFCH) transmission, and wherein the method further comprises excluding, by the NR module the resource by not transmitting a physical SL shared channel (PSSCH) transmission that would result in transmission of a PSFCH transmission that uses the resource.

Example 31 may include a user equipment (UE) comprising: a long term evolution (LTE) sidelink (SL) module to facilitate communication via a first SL channel of a first cellular network; and a new radio (NR) SL module to facilitate communication via a second SL channel of a second cellular network; wherein the LTE SL module is configured to: identify a resource that is to be used for communication in the first SL channel by another UE; and provide information related to use of the resource to the NR module; wherein the NR module is configured to exclude, based on the information related to use of the resource, the resource for communication via the second SL channel.

Example 32 may include the UE of example 31, and/or some other example herein, wherein the first cellular network is an LTE network and the second cellular network is a NR network.

Example 33 may include the method of any of examples 31-32, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a time or frequency location of the resource.

Example 34 may include the method of any of examples 31-33, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a resource reservation period of the resource.

Example 35 may include the UE of any of examples 31-34, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a quality measurement of the first SL channel.

Example 36 may include the UE of example 35, and/or some other example herein, wherein the quality measurement is a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement or a received signal strength indicator (RS SI) measurement.

Example 37 may include the UE of example 35, and/or some other example herein, wherein the NR module is to exclude the resource if a value related to the quality measurement is greater than a pre-identified value related to the quality measurement.

Example 38 may include the method of any of examples 31-37, and/or some other example herein, wherein the LTE SL module is configured to identify the resource based on SL control information (SCI) received from the other UE.

Example 39 may include the method of any of examples 31-38, and/or some other example herein, wherein the communication via the second SL channel is a received physical SL feedback channel (PSFCH) transmission, and wherein the NR module is to exclude the resource by not transmitting a physical SL shared channel (PSSCH) transmission that would result in transmission of a PSFCH transmission that uses the resource.

Example 40 may include a long term evolution (LTE) sidelink (SL) module for use in a user equipment (UE), wherein the LTE SL module is configured to: identify, based on SL control information (SCI) received from another UE, a resource that is to be used for communication in a first SL channel of an LTE network by the other UE; and provide information related to use of the resource to a new radio (NR) module of the UE, wherein the NR module is configured to exclude, based on the information related to use of the resource, the resource for communication via a second SL channel of a NR network.

Example 41 may include the LTE SL module of example 40, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a time or frequency location of the resource.

Example 42 may include the LTE SL module of any of examples 40-41, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a resource reservation period of the resource.

Example 43 may include the LTE SL module of any of examples 40-42, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a quality measurement of the first SL channel.

Example 44 may include the LTE SL module of example 43, and/or some other example herein, wherein the quality measurement is a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement or a received signal strength indicator (RS SI) measurement.

Example 45 may include the LTE SL module of example 43, and/or some other example herein, wherein the NR module is to exclude the resource if a value related to the quality measurement is greater than a pre-identified value related to the quality measurement.

Example 46 may include a new radio (NR) sidelink (SL) module for use in a user equipment (UE), wherein the NR SL module is configured to: identify, from a long term evolution (LTE) SL module of the UE based on SL control information (SCI) received from another UE, a resource that is to be used for communication in a first SL channel of an LTE network by the other UE; and exclude, based on the information related to use of the resource, the resource for communication via a second SL channel of a NR network.

Example 47 may include the NR SL module of example 46 LTE SL module, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a time or frequency location of the resource.

Example 48 may include the NR SL module of any of examples 46-47, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a resource reservation period of the resource.

Example 49 may include the NR SL module of any of examples 46-48, and/or some other example herein, wherein the information related to use of the resource includes information related to a quality measurement of the first SL channel. Example 50 may include the NR SL module of example 49, and/or some other example herein, wherein the NR module is to exclude the resource if a value related to the quality measurement is greater than a pre-identified value related to the quality measurement.

Example Z01 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z02 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z03 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z04 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions or parts thereof.

Example Z05 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions thereof.

Example Z06 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions or parts thereof.

Example Z07 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z08 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z09 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z10 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions thereof.

Example Z11 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-50, or portions thereof.

Example Z12 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example Z13 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example Z14 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Example Z15 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Abbreviations

Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 vl6.0.0 (2019-06). For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.

3 GPP Third Generation Protocol, Antenna BSS Business

Partnership Port, Access Point Support System

Project API Application BS Base Station

4G Fourth Programming Interface BSR Buffer Status

Generation 40 APN Access Point 75 Report

5G Fifth Generation Name BW Bandwidth

5GC 5G Core ARP Allocation and BWP Bandwidth Part network Retention Priority C-RNTI Cell

AC ARQ Automatic Radio Network

Application 45 Repeat Request 80 Temporary

Client AS Access Stratum Identity

ACR Application ASP CA Carrier

Context Relocation Application Service Aggregation,

ACK Provider Certification

Acknowledgeme 50 85 Authority nt ASN.l Abstract Syntax CAPEX CAPital

ACID Notation One Expenditure

Application AUSF Authentication CBD Candidate Beam

Client Identification Server Function Detection

AF Application 55 AWGN Additive 90 CBRA Contention

Function White Gaussian Based Random

AM Acknowledged Noise Access

Mode BAP Backhaul CC Component

AMB R Aggregate Adaptation Protocol Carrier, Country

Maximum Bit Rate 60 BCH Broadcast 95 Code, Cryptographic

AMF Access and Channel Checksum

Mobility BER Bit Error Ratio CCA Clear Channel

Management BFD Beam Assessment

Function Failure Detection CCE Control Channel

AN Access Network 65 BLER Block Error Rate 100 Element

ANR Automatic BPSK Binary Phase CCCH Common

Neighbour Relation Shift Keying Control Channel

AOA Angle of BRAS Broadband CE Coverage

Arrival Remote Access Enhancement

AP Application 70 Server 105 CDM Content Delivery Network Multi-Point Indicator

CDMA Code- CORESET Control C-RNTI Cell Division Multiple Resource Set RNTI

Access COTS Commercial Off- CS Circuit Switched

CDR Charging Data 40 The-Shelf 75 CSCF call Request CP Control Plane, session control function

CDR Charging Data Cyclic Prefix, CSAR Cloud Service Response Connection Archive

CFRA Contention Free Point CSI Channel-State Random Access 45 CPD Connection 80 Information CG Cell Group Point Descriptor CSI-IM CSI CGF Charging CPE Customer Interference

Gateway Function Premise Measurement CHF Charging Equipment CSI-RS CSI

Function 50 CPICHCommon Pilot 85 Reference Signal

CI Cell Identity Channel CSI-RSRP CSI CID Cell-ID (e.g., CQI Channel Quality reference signal positioning method) Indicator received power CIM Common CPU CSI processing CSI-RSRQ CSI Information Model 55 unit, Central 90 reference signal CIR Carrier to Processing Unit received quality Interference Ratio C/R CSI-SINR CSI CK Cipher Key Command/Resp signal-to-noise and CM Connection onse field bit interference ratio Management, 60 CRAN Cloud Radio 95 CSMA Carrier Sense

Conditional Access Network, Multiple Access Mandatory Cloud RAN CSMA/CA CSMA CMAS Commercial CRB Common with collision Mobile Alert Service Resource Block avoidance CMD Command 65 CRC Cyclic 100 CSS Common Search CMS Cloud Redundancy Check Space, Cell- specific Management System CRI Channel- State Search Space CO Conditional Information Resource CTF Charging Optional Indicator, CSI-RS Trigger Function CoMP Coordinated 70 Resource 105 CTS Clear-to-Send CW Codeword Language. Digital Provider

CWS Contention Subscriber Line EDN Edge

Window Size DSLAM DSL Data Network

D2D Device-to- Access Multiplexer EEC Edge

Device 40 DwPTS 75 Enabler Client

DC Dual Downlink Pilot EECID Edge

Connectivity, Direct Time Slot Enabler Client

Current E-LAN Ethernet Identification

DCI Downlink Local Area Network EES Edge

Control 45 E2E End-to-End 80 Enabler Server

Information EAS Edge EESID Edge

DF Deployment Application Server Enabler Server

Flavour ECCA extended clear Identification

DL Downlink channel EHE Edge

DMTF Distributed 50 assessment, 85 Hosting Environment

Management Task extended CCA EGMF Exposure

Force ECCE Enhanced Governance

DPDK Data Plane Control Channel Management

Development Kit Element, Function

DM-RS, DMRS 55 Enhanced CCE 90 EGPRS

Demodulation ED Energy Enhanced GPRS

Reference Signal Detection EIR Equipment

DN Data network EDGE Enhanced Identity Register

DNN Data Network Datarates for GSM eLAA enhanced

Name 60 Evolution (GSM 95 Licensed Assisted

DNAI Data Network Evolution) Access,

Access Identifier EAS Edge enhanced LAA

Application Server EM Element

DRB Data Radio EASID Edge Manager

Bearer 65 Application Server 100 eMBB Enhanced

DRS Discovery Identification Mobile

Reference Signal ECS Edge Broadband

DRX Discontinuous Configuration Server EMS Element

Reception ECSP Edge Management System

DSL Domain Specific 70 Computing Service 105 eNB evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B F1AP Fl Application FDMA Frequency EN-DC E- Protocol Division Multiple UTRA-NR Dual Fl-C Fl Control plane Access

Connectivity interface FE Front End EPC Evolved Packet 40 Fl-U Fl User plane 75 FEC Forward Error Core interface Correction

EPDCCH enhanced FACCH Fast FFS For Further

PDCCH, enhanced Associated Control Study

Physical CHannel FFT Fast Fourier

Downlink Control 45 FACCH/F Fast 80 Transformation

Cannel Associated Control feLAA further enhanced

EPRE Energy per Channel/Full Licensed Assisted resource element rate Access, further EPS Evolved Packet FACCH/H Fast enhanced LAA System 50 Associated Control 85 FN Frame Number

EREG enhanced REG, Channel/Half FPGA Field- enhanced resource rate Programmable Gate element groups FACH Forward Access Array

ETSI European Channel FR Frequency

Telecommunicat 55 FAUSCH Fast 90 Range ions Standards Uplink Signalling FQDN Fully Qualified

Institute Channel Domain Name

ETWS Earthquake and FB Functional Block G-RNTI GERAN

Tsunami Warning FBI Feedback Radio Network

System 60 Information 95 Temporary eUICC embedded FCC Federal Identity UICC, embedded Communications GERAN

Universal Commission GSM EDGE

Integrated Circuit FCCH Frequency RAN, GSM EDGE Card 65 Correction CHannel 100 Radio Access

E-UTRA Evolved FDD Frequency Network

UTRA Division Duplex GGSN Gateway GPRS

E-UTRAN Evolved FDM Frequency Support Node

UTRAN Division GLONASS

EV2X Enhanced V2X 70 Multiplex 105 GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnay GTS Go To Sleep HTTP Hyper Text a Sputnikovaya Signal (related to Transfer Protocol Sistema (Engl.: WUS) HTTPS Hyper Global Navigation GUMMEI Globally Text Transfer Protocol

Satellite System) 40 Unique MME Identifier 75 Secure (https is gNB Next Generation GUTI Globally Unique http/ 1.1 over NodeB Temporary UE SSL, i.e. port 443) gNB-CU gNB- Identity I-Block centralized unit, Next HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Information

Generation 45 Hybrid 80 Block

NodeB Automatic ICCID Integrated centralized unit Repeat Request Circuit Card gNB-DU gNB- HANDO Handover Identification distributed unit, Next HFN HyperFrame IAB Integrated

Generation 50 Number 85 Access and Backhaul

NodeB HHO Hard Handover ICIC Inter-Cell distributed unit HLR Home Location Interference GNSS Global Register Coordination Navigation Satellite HN Home Network ID Identity,

System 55 HO Handover 90 identifier GPRS General Packet HPLMN Home IDFT Inverse Discrete Radio Service Public Land Mobile Fourier GPS I Generic Network Transform Public Subscription HSDPA High IE Information

Identifier 60 Speed Downlink 95 element

GSM Global System Packet Access IBE In-Band for Mobile HSN Hopping Emission

Communications Sequence Number IEEE Institute of , Groupe Special HSPA High Speed Electrical and Mobile 65 Packet Access 100 Electronics GTP GPRS Tunneling HSS Home Engineers

Protocol Subscriber Server IEI Information

GTP-UGPRS HSUPA High Element Identifier Tunnelling Protocol Speed Uplink Packet IEIDL Information for User Plane 70 Access 105 Element Identifier Data Length Connectivity Access Ki Individual

IETF Internet Network subscriber

Engineering Task IP-M IP Multicast authentication

Force IPv4 Internet Protocol key

IF Infrastructure 40 Version 4 75 KPI Key

IIOT Industrial IPv6 Internet Protocol Performance Indicator

Internet of Things Version 6 KQI Key Quality

IM Interference IR Infrared Indicator

Measurement, IS In Sync KSI Key Set

Intermodulation, 45 IRP Integration 80 Identifier

IP Multimedia Reference Point ksps kilo-symbols per

IMC IMS Credentials ISDN Integrated second

IMEI International Services Digital KVM Kernel Virtual

Mobile Network Machine

Equipment 50 ISIM IM Services 85 LI Layer 1

Identity Identity Module (physical layer)

IMGI International ISO International Ll-RSRP Layer 1 mobile group identity Organisation for reference signal IMPI IP Multimedia Standardisation received power

Private Identity 55 ISP Internet Service 90 L2 Layer 2 (data

IMPU IP Multimedia Provider link layer)

PUblic identity IWF Interworking- L3 Layer 3

IMS IP Multimedia Function (network layer)

Subsystem I-WLAN LAA Licensed

IMS I International 60 Interworking 95 Assisted Access

Mobile WLAN LAN Local Area

Subscriber Constraint length Network

Identity of the convolutional LADN Local loT Internet of code, USIM Area Data Network

Things 65 Individual key 100 LBT Listen Before

IP Internet Protocol kB Kilobyte (1000 Talk

Ipsec IP Security, bytes) LCM LifeCycle

Internet Protocol kbps kilo-bits per Management

Security second LCR Low Chip Rate

IP-CAN IP- 70 Kc Ciphering key 105 LCS Location Services context) Function

LCID Logical MAC-A MAC MDAS Management

Channel ID used for Data Analytics

LI Layer Indicator authentication Service LLC Logical Link 40 and key 75 MDT Minimization of Control, Low Layer agreement (TSG Drive Tests Compatibility T WG3 context) ME Mobile

LMF Location MAC-IMAC used for Equipment

Management Function data integrity of MeNB master eNB

LOS Line of 45 signalling messages 80 MER Message Error

Sight (TSG T WG3 context) Ratio

LPLMN Local MANO MGL Measurement

PLMN Management and Gap Length

LPP LTE Positioning Orchestration MGRP Measurement Protocol 50 MBMS 85 Gap Repetition

LSB Least Significant Multimedia Period Bit Broadcast and Multicast MIB Master

LTE Long Term Service Information Block, Evolution MBSFN Management

LWA LTE-WLAN 55 Multimedia 90 Information Base aggregation Broadcast multicast MIMO Multiple Input

LWIP LTE/WLAN service Single Multiple Output

Radio Level Frequency MLC Mobile Location

Integration with Network Centre

IPsec Tunnel 60 MCC Mobile Country 95 MM Mobility

LTE Long Term Code Management Evolution MCG Master Cell MME Mobility

M2M Machine-to- Group Management Entity

Machine MCOT Maximum MN Master Node

MAC Medium Access 65 Channel 100 MNO Mobile

Control (protocol Occupancy Time Network Operator layering context) MCS Modulation and MO Measurement MAC Message coding scheme Object, Mobile authentication code MD AF Management Originated (security/encryption 70 Data Analytics 105 MPBCH MTC Physical Broadcast Terminated, Mobile NFPD Network CHannel Termination Forwarding Path MPDCCH MTC MTC Machine-Type Descriptor

Physical Downlink Communications NFV Network

Control CHannel 40 mMTCmassive MTC, 75 Functions

MPDSCH MTC massive Machine- Virtualization

Physical Downlink Type Communications NFVI NFV

Shared CHannel MU-MIMO Multi Infrastructure

MPRACH MTC User MIMO NFVO NFV Physical Random 45 MWUS MTC 80 Orchestrator

Access CHannel wake-up signal, MTC NG Next Generation,

MPUSCH MTC WUS Next Gen Physical Uplink Shared NACK Negative NGEN-DC NG-RAN

Channel Acknowledgement E-UTRA-NR Dual

MPLS MultiProtocol 50 NAI Network Access 85 Connectivity

Label Switching Identifier NM Network

MS Mobile Station NAS Non-Access Manager MSB Most Significant Stratum, Non- Access NMS Network Bit Stratum layer Management System

MSC Mobile 55 NCT Network 90 N-PoP Network Point

Switching Centre Connectivity Topology of Presence

MSI Minimum NC-JT NonNMIB, N-MIB

System coherent Joint Narrowband MIB

Information, Transmission NPBCH MCH Scheduling 60 NEC Network 95 Narrowband Information Capability Exposure Physical

MS ID Mobile Station NE-DC NR-E- Broadcast

Identifier UTRA Dual CHannel

MS IN Mobile Station Connectivity NPDCCH

Identification 65 NEF Network 100 Narrowband

Number Exposure Function Physical

MSISDN Mobile NF Network Downlink

Subscriber ISDN Function Control CHannel

Number NFP Network NPDSCH

MT Mobile 70 Forwarding Path 105 Narrowband Physical Information Broadcast Channel

Downlink S-NNSAI Single- PC Power Control,

Shared CHannel NSSAI Personal

NPRACH NSSF Network Slice Computer

Narrowband 40 Selection Function 75 PCC Primary

Physical Random NW Network Component Carrier,

Access CHannel NWU S N arrowband Primary CC

NPUSCH wake-up signal, P-CSCF Proxy

Narrowband Narrowband WUS CSCF

Physical Uplink 45 NZP Non-Zero Power 80 PCell Primary Cell Shared CHannel O&M Operation and PCI Physical Cell ID,

NPSS Narrowband Maintenance Physical Cell

Primary ODU2 Optical channel Identity

Synchronization Data Unit - type 2 PCEF Policy and Signal 50 OFDM Orthogonal 85 Charging

NSSS Narrowband Frequency Division Enforcement Secondary Multiplexing Function

Synchronization OFDMA PCF Policy Control Signal Orthogonal Function

NR New Radio, 55 Frequency Division 90 PCRF Policy Control Neighbour Relation Multiple Access and Charging Rules NRF NF Repository OOB Out-of-band Function Function OOS Out of Sync PDCP Packet Data

NRS Narrowband OPEX OPerating Convergence Protocol,

Reference Signal 60 EXpense 95 Packet Data NS Network Service OSI Other System Convergence

NSA Non-Standalone Information Protocol layer operation mode OSS Operations PDCCH Physical NSD Network Service Support System Downlink Control

Descriptor 65 OTA over-the-air 100 Channel

NSR Network Service PAPR Peak-to-Average PDCP Packet Data Record Power Ratio Convergence Protocol

NS SAI Network Slice PAR Peak to Average PDN Packet Data Selection Ratio Network, Public

Assistance 70 PBCH Physical 105 Data Network PDSCH Physical PPP Point-to-Point Synchronization

Downlink Shared Protocol Signal

Channel PRACH Physical PSTN Public Switched

PDU Protocol Data RACH Telephone Network

Unit 40 PRB Physical 75 PT-RS Phase-tracking

PEI Permanent resource block reference signal

Equipment PRG Physical PTT Push-to-Talk

Identifiers resource block PUCCH Physical

PFD Packet Flow group Uplink Control

Description 45 ProSe Proximity 80 Channel

P-GW PDN Gateway Services, PUSCH Physical

PHICH Physical Proximity-Based Uplink Shared hybrid-ARQ indicator Service Channel channel PRS Positioning QAM Quadrature

PHY Physical layer 50 Reference Signal 85 Amplitude

PLMN Public Land PRR Packet Modulation

Mobile Network Reception Radio QCI QoS class of

PIN Personal PS Packet Services identifier

Identification Number PSBCH Physical QCL Quasi co-

PM Performance 55 Sidelink Broadcast 90 location

Measurement Channel QFI QoS Flow ID,

PMI Precoding PSDCH Physical QoS Flow Identifier

Matrix Indicator Sidelink Downlink QoS Quality of

PNF Physical Channel Service

Network Function 60 PSCCH Physical 95 QPSK Quadrature

PNFD Physical Sidelink Control (Quaternary) Phase

Network Function Channel Shift Keying

Descriptor PSSCH Physical QZSS Quasi-Zenith

PNFR Physical Sidelink Shared Satellite System

Network Function 65 Channel 100 RA-RNTI Random

Record PSFCH physical Access RNTI

POC PTT over sidelink feedback RAB Radio Access

Cellular channel Bearer, Random

PP, PTP Point-to- PSCell Primary SCell Access Burst

Point 70 PSS Primary 105 RACH Random Access Channel Unacknowledged Mode RSRQ Reference Signal

RADIUS Remote RLF Radio Link Received Quality

Authentication Dial In Failure RSSI Received Signal

User Service RLM Radio Link Strength Indicator

RAN Radio Access 40 Monitoring 75 RSU Road Side Unit

Network RLM-RS RSTD Reference Signal

RAND RANDom Reference Signal Time difference number (used for for RLM RTP Real Time authentication) RM Registration Protocol

RAR Random Access 45 Management 80 RTS Ready-To-Send

Response RMC Reference RTT Round Trip

RAT Radio Access Measurement Channel Time

Technology RMSI Remaining MSI, Rx Reception,

RAU Routing Area Remaining Receiving, Receiver

Update 50 Minimum 85 S1AP SI Application

RB Resource block, System Protocol

Radio Bearer Information SI -MME SI for

RBG Resource block RN Relay Node the control plane group RNC Radio Network S 1-U SI for the user

REG Resource 55 Controller 90 plane

Element Group RNL Radio Network S-CSCF serving

Rel Release Layer CSCF

REQ REQuest RNTI Radio Network S-GW Serving Gateway

RF Radio Frequency Temporary Identifier S-RNTI SRNC

RI Rank Indicator 60 ROHC RObust Header 95 Radio Network

RIV Resource Compression Temporary indicator value RRC Radio Resource Identity

RL Radio Link Control, Radio S-TMSI SAE

RLC Radio Link Resource Control Temporary Mobile

Control, Radio 65 layer 100 Station Identifier

Link Control RRM Radio Resource SA Standalone layer Management operation mode

RLC AM RLC RS Reference Signal SAE System

Acknowledged Mode RSRP Reference Signal Architecture

RLC UM RLC 70 Received Power 105 Evolution SAP Service Access Function SIP Session Initiated

Point SDP Session Protocol

SAPD Service Access Description Protocol SiP System in

Point Descriptor SDSF Structured Data Package

SAPI Service Access 40 Storage Function 75 SE Sidelink

Point Identifier SDT Small Data SLA Service Level

SCC Secondary Transmission Agreement

Component Carrier, SDU Service Data SM Session

Secondary CC Unit Management

SCell Secondary Cell 45 SEAF Security Anchor 80 SMF Session

SCEF Service Function Management Function

Capability Exposure SeNB secondary eNB SMS Short Message

Function SEPP Security Edge Service

SC-FDMA Single Protection Proxy SMSF SMS Function

Carrier Frequency 50 SFI Slot format 85 SMTC SSB-based

Division indication Measurement Timing

Multiple Access SFTD Space- Configuration

SCG Secondary Cell Frequency Time SN Secondary Node,

Group Diversity, SFN Sequence Number

SCM Security Context 55 and frame timing 90 SoC System on Chip

Management difference SON Self- Organizing

SCS Subcarrier SFN System Frame Network

Spacing Number SpCell Special Cell

SCTP Stream Control SgNB Secondary gNB SP-CSLRNTISemi-

Transmission 60 SGSN Serving GPRS 95 Persistent CSI RNTI

Protocol Support Node SPS Semi-Persistent

SDAP Service Data S-GW Serving Gateway Scheduling

Adaptation Protocol, SI System SQN Sequence

Service Data Information number

Adaptation 65 SLRNTI System 100 SR Scheduling

Protocol layer Information RNTI Request

SDE Supplementary SIB System SRB Signalling Radio

Downlink Information Block Bearer

SDNF Structured Data SIM Subscriber SRS Sounding

Storage Network 70 Identity Module 105 Reference Signal SS Synchronization SSSIF Search Space Set Equipment

Signal Indicator TEID Tunnel End

SSB Synchronization SST Slice/Service Point Identifier

Signal Block Types TFT Traffic Flow

SSID Service Set 40 SU-MIMO Single 75 Template

Identifier User MIMO TMSI Temporary

SS/PBCH Block SUL Supplementary Mobile

SSBRI SS/PBCH Block Uplink Subscriber

Resource Indicator, TA Timing Identity

Synchronization 45 Advance, Tracking 80 TNL Transport

Signal Block Area Network Layer Resource Indicator TAC Tracking Area TPC Transmit Power

SSC Session and Code Control

Service TAG Timing Advance TPMI Transmitted

Continuity 50 Group 85 Precoding Matrix

SS-RSRP TAI Tracking Indicator

Synchronization Area Identity TR Technical Report

Signal based TAU Tracking Area TRP, TRxP

Reference Signal Update Transmission

Received Power 55 TB Transport Block 90 Reception Point

SS-RSRQ TBS Transport Block TRS Tracking

Synchronization Size Reference Signal

Signal based TBD To Be Defined TRx Transceiver

Reference Signal TCI Transmission TS Technical

Received Quality 60 Configuration Indicator 95 Specifications,

SS-SINR TCP Transmission Technical

Synchronization Communication Standard Signal based Signal to Protocol TTI Transmission Noise and Interference TDD Time Division Time Interval

Ratio 65 Duplex 100 Tx Transmission,

SSS Secondary TDM Time Division Transmitting,

Synchronization Multiplexing Transmitter

Signal TDMATime Division U-RNTI UTRAN

SSSG Search Space Set Multiple Access Radio Network Group 70 TE Terminal 105 Temporary Identity URLLC UltraVNFFG VNF

UART Universal Reliable and Low Forwarding Graph Asynchronous Latency VNFFGD VNF

Receiver and USB Universal Serial Forwarding Graph

Transmitter 40 Bus 75 Descriptor

UCI Uplink Control US IM Universal VNFM VNF Manager Information Subscriber Identity VoIP Voice-over- IP,

UE User Equipment Module Voice-over- Internet UDM Unified Data USS UE- specific Protocol Management 45 search space 80 VPLMN Visited

UDP User Datagram UTRA UMTS Public Land Mobile Protocol Terrestrial Radio Network

UDSF Unstructured Access VPN Virtual Private

Data Storage Network UTRAN Universal Network Function 50 Terrestrial Radio 85 VRB Virtual Resource

UICC Universal Access Network Block

Integrated Circuit UwPTS Uplink WiMAX

Card Pilot Time Slot Worldwide

UL Uplink V2I Vehicle-to- Interoperability

UM 55 Infrastruction 90 for Microwave

Unacknowledge V2P Vehicle-to- Access d Mode Pedestrian WLANWireless Local

UML Unified V2V Vehicle-to- Area Network Modelling Language Vehicle WMAN Wireless UMTS Universal 60 V2X Vehicle-to- 95 Metropolitan Area Mobile everything Network

Telecommunicat VIM Virtualized WPANWireless ions System Infrastructure Manager Personal Area Network

UP User Plane VL Virtual Link, X2-C X2-Control

UPF User Plane 65 VLAN Virtual LAN, 100 plane

Function Virtual Local Area X2-U X2-User plane

URI Uniform Network XML extensible

Resource Identifier VM Virtual Machine Markup

URL Uniform VNF Virtualized Language Resource Locator 70 Network Function 105 XRES EXpected user RESponse

XOR exclusive OR

ZC Zadoff-Chu

ZP Zero Power

Terminology

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.

The term “application” may refer to a complete and deployable package, environment to achieve a certain function in an operational environment. The term “AI/ML application” or the like may be an application that contains some AI/ML models and application-level descriptions.

The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computerexecutable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.”

The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.

The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource.

The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.

The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like.

The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content.

The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration.

The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure.

The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation.

The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA.

The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC.

The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell.

The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/.

The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.

The term “machine learning” or “ML” refers to the use of computer systems implementing algorithms and/or statistical models to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions, but instead relying on patterns and inferences. ML algorithms build or estimate mathematical model(s) (referred to as “ML models” or the like) based on sample data (referred to as “training data,” “model training information,” or the like) in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform such tasks. Generally, an ML algorithm is a computer program that learns from experience with respect to some task and some performance measure, and an ML model may be any object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with one or more training datasets. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms as discussed herein may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure.

The term “machine learning model,” “ML model,” or the like may also refer to ML methods and concepts used by an ML-assisted solution. An “ML-assisted solution” is a solution that addresses a specific use case using ML algorithms during operation. ML models include supervised learning (e.g., linear regression, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), descision tree algorithms, support machine vectors, Bayesian algorithm, ensemble algorithms, etc.) unsupervised learning (e.g., K-means clustering, principle component analysis (PCA), etc.), reinforcement learning (e.g., Q-learning, multi-armed bandit learning, deep RL, etc.), neural networks, and the like. Depending on the implementation a specific ML model could have many sub-models as components and the ML model may train all sub-models together. Separately trained ML models can also be chained together in an ML pipeline during inference. An “ML pipeline” is a set of functionalities, functions, or functional entities specific for an ML-assisted solution; an ML pipeline may include one or several data sources in a data pipeline, a model training pipeline, a model evaluation pipeline, and an actor. The “actor” is an entity that hosts an ML assisted solution using the output of the ML model inference). The term “ML training host” refers to an entity, such as a network function, that hosts the training of the model. The term “ML inference host” refers to an entity, such as a network function, that hosts model during inference mode (which includes both the model execution as well as any online learning if applicable). The ML-host informs the actor about the output of the ML algorithm, and the actor takes a decision for an action (an “action” is performed by an actor as a result of the output of an ML assisted solution). The term “model inference information” refers to information used as an input to the ML model for determining inference(s); the data used to train an ML model and the data used to determine inferences may overlap, however, “training data” and “inference data” refer to different concepts.