BACKGROUND

[0001] Some head mounted display systems employ a waveguide combiner to combine light from a light engine for image display. These waveguide combiners should be thin to reduce weight and improve user experience. Meanwhile, miniaturization of light engines has been challenging, with exit pupils as wide as 4 mm being very common. Due to conservation of etendue, this leads to an intrinsic limit on the efficiency of the waveguide combiner, and by extension an augmented reality (AR) or mixed reality (MR) head mounted display system. Simply speaking, in many diffractive waveguide AR or MR displays, the light engine ray bundle does not fit in the waveguide and a large number of rays will fail to couple as a result.

[0002] Conservation of etendue, a fundamental law related to the second law of thermodynamics, states that the phase space volume of a ray bundle cannot decrease without loss of flux. While it is common to think of etendue conservation only in terms of area and solid angle, it is in fact a quantity with much higher dimensionality. More generally, the etendue of a system is conserved per color channel and per polarization. If dilution occurs in polarization or wavelength space, then, theoretically, the space-bandwidth product can be reduced.

[0003] One method of coupling light into the waveguide combiner is through the use of an in-coupler grating, such as a binary grating. To improve efficiency, the grating can be blazed or slanted, and perhaps even metalized. However, these approaches do not solve the fundamental issue of conservation of etendue. Regardless of how efficient the grating is, if the quality of an image is to be preserved, there is an upper bound on the coupling efficiency related to the ratio of waveguide thickness and exit pupil height.

[0004] To understand the problem at the level of a single ray path, a more efficient grating might at first appear to lead to a more efficient system, but this grating will also be much more efficient at diffracting a guided total internal reflection ray back towards to the light engine in a "multibounce" event. Traditional approaches that focus on the grating design therefore do not solve the etendue problem. As a result, the only known methods to improve the coupling efficiency once the in-coupler grating structure is optimized are to increase the thickness of the waveguide or reduce the exit pupil size of the light engine. However, these methods result in increased product weight and decreased light engine efficiency, respectively, which are both particularly undesirable in head mounted displays. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

[0006] FIG. 1 shows an example display system having a support structure that houses a laser projection system configured to project images toward the eye of a user, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0007] FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a laser projection system that projects laser light representing images onto the eye of a user via a display system, such as the display system of FIG. 1 , in accordance with some embodiments.

[0008] FIG. 3 shows an example of light propagation within a waveguide of a laser projection system, such as the laser projection system of FIG. 2, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0009] FIG. 4 shows an example of an incoupler configuration.

[0010] FIG. 5 shows an example of an incoupler configuration for etendue squeezing in accordance with some embodiments that substantially reduces inefficiencies in extracted flux compared to the incoupler configuration of FIG. 4.

[0011] FIG. 6 shows an example of a stacked incoupler configuration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 7 shows an example of an incoupler configuration using a birefringent waveplate in accordance with some embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 8 shows an example method for etendue squeezing in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] FIGS. 1-8 illustrate techniques for implementing etendue squeezing in optical systems that enable improvements in system efficiency and reductions in power constraints, and thus enable longer battery life and/or smaller battery size. Using aspects of the present disclosure, efficiency of optical systems such as head mounted display (HMD) devices can thus be increased to allow for lighter weight devices and/or devices that require fewer charges between uses.

[0015] To illustrate, in some embodiments, a first optical element in an incoupler configuration for a waveguide, used in HMD devices in some embodiments, converts a polarization state of light from a light source. After the light passes through the first optical element, a second optical element selectively reflects or transmits light transmitted by the first optical element based on a polarization state of the light transmitted by the first optical element. After the light passes through the second optical element, an incoupler directs light transmitted by the second optical element into a waveguide. Subsequently, as the light is guided through the waveguide in total internal reflection (TIR), passes through the first optical element, and then is reflected back through the first optical element, the first optical element converts a polarization state of the light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler such that the second optical element selectively reflects the light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler.

[0016] In this way, a “multibounce” effect can be minimized, where rays directed into incoupler configurations often interact with, e.g., an incoupler grating multiple times before being passed into the waveguide beyond the location of the incoupler and, as a consequence of interacting with the incoupler multiple times, experience an extraction event where the incoupler refracts light out of the waveguide, thus reducing the efficiency of the system. However, in some embodiments where a second ray interacts with the incoupler at a location spaced from a location where a first ray interacts with the incoupler, there will be mixed polarization states for the same field angle. As such, in some implementations, the polarization state of light transmitted through the waveguide substrate will be mixed. In this way, in some embodiments, polarization state purity is exchanged for reduced spacebandwidth product, thus effectively squeezing etendue and increasing efficiency.

[0017] Before describing the specific features of etendue squeezing in an optical system, the descriptions of FIGS. 1-4 hereinbelow provide example embodiments and contexts in which etendue squeezing is realizable. Subsequently, FIGS. 5-8 describe particular examples and embodiments of etendue squeezing that, in some embodiments, are applied in the embodiments and contexts introduced in FIGS. 1-4.

[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates an example display system 100 having a support structure 102 that includes an arm 104, which houses a laser projection system configured to project images toward the eye of a user, such that the user perceives the projected images as being displayed in a field of view (FOV) area 106 of a display at one or both of lens elements 108, 110. In the depicted embodiment, the display system 100 is a wearable HMD that includes a support structure 102 configured to be worn on the head of a user and has a general shape and appearance of an eyeglasses frame. The support structure 102 contains or otherwise includes various components to facilitate the projection of such images toward the eye of the user, such as a laser projector, an optical scanner, and a waveguide. In some embodiments, the support structure 102 further includes various sensors, such as one or more front-facing cameras, rear-facing cameras, other light sensors, motion sensors, accelerometers, and the like. The support structure 102 further can include one or more radio frequency (RF) interfaces or other wireless interfaces, such as a Bluetooth (TM) interface, a WiFi interface, and the like. Further, in some embodiments, the support structure 102 includes one or more batteries or other portable power sources for supplying power to the electrical components of the display system 100. In some embodiments, some or all of these components of the display system 100 are fully or partially contained within an inner volume of support structure 102, such as within the arm 104 in region 112 of the support structure 102. In other embodiments, region 112 is alternatively or additionally included in the nose bridge of support structure 102. It should be noted that while an example form factor is depicted, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments the display system 100 will have a different shape and appearance from the eyeglasses frame depicted in FIG. 1.

[0019] One or both of the lens elements 108, 110 are used by the display system 100 to provide an augmented reality (AR) or mixed reality (MR) display, in which rendered graphical content can be superimposed over or otherwise provided in conjunction with a real-world view as perceived by the user through the lens elements 108, 110. For example, laser light used to form a perceptible image or series of images are projected by a laser projector of the display system 100 onto the eye of the user via a series of optical elements, such as a waveguide formed at least partially in the corresponding lens element, one or more scan mirrors, and one or more optical relays. One or both of the lens elements 108, 110 thus include at least a portion of a waveguide that routes display light received by an incoupler, or multiple incouplers, of the waveguide to an outcoupler of the waveguide, which outputs the display light toward an eye of a user of the display system 100. The display light is modulated and projected onto the eye of the user such that the user perceives the display light as an image. In addition, each of the lens elements 108, 110 is sufficiently transparent to allow a user to see through the lens elements to provide a field of view of the user’s real- world environment such that the image appears superimposed over at least a portion of the real-world environment. [0020] In some embodiments, the projector is a matrix-based projector, a scanning laser projector, or any combination of a modulative light source such as a laser or one or more LEDs and a dynamic reflector mechanism such as one or more dynamic scanners or digital light processors. In some embodiments, the projector includes multiple laser diodes (e.g., a red laser diode, a green laser diode, and/or a blue laser diode) and at least one scan mirror (e.g., two one-dimensional scan mirrors, which is a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)- based or piezo-based), for example. The projector is communicatively coupled to the controller and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium or memory storing processor-executable instructions and other data that, when executed by the controller, cause the controller to control the operation of the projector. In some embodiments, the controller controls a scan area size and scan area location for the projector and is communicatively coupled to a processor (not shown) that generates content to be displayed at the display system 100. The projector scans light over a variable area, designated the FOV area 106, of the display system 100. The scan area size corresponds to the size of the FOV area 106, and the scan area location corresponds to a region of one of the lens elements 108, 110 at which the FOV area 106 is visible to the user. Generally, it is desirable for a display to have a wide FOV to accommodate the outcoupling of light across a wide range of angles. In some embodiments, the projector routes light via first and second scan mirrors, an optical relay disposed between the first and second scan mirrors, and a waveguide disposed at the output of the second scan mirror.

[0021] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a laser projection system 200 that projects laser light representing images onto the eye 216 of a user via a waveguide, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1. The laser projection system 200 includes an optical engine 202, an optical scanner 220, and a waveguide 212. In some embodiments, the laser projection system 200 is implemented in a wearable heads-up display or other display systems.

[0022] In some embodiments, the optical engine 202 includes one or more laser light sources configured to generate and output laser light (e.g., visible laser light such as red, blue, and green laser light and/or non-visible laser light such as infrared laser light). In some embodiments, the optical engine 202 includes a laser beam scanning light engine or a liquid crystal on silicon light engine. In some embodiments, the optical engine 202 is coupled to a controller or driver (not shown), which controls the timing of emission of laser light from the laser light sources of the optical engine 202 (e.g., in accordance with instructions received by the controller or driver from a computer processor coupled thereto) to modulate the laser light 218 to be perceived as images when output to the retina of the eye 216 of the user. [0023] The optical scanner 220 includes a first scan mirror 204, a second scan mirror 206, and an optical relay 208. One or both of the scan mirrors 204 and 206 are MEMS mirrors, in some embodiments. For example, the scan mirror 204 and the scan mirror 206 are MEMS mirrors that are driven by respective actuation voltages to oscillate during active operation of the laser projection system 200, causing the scan mirrors 204 and 206 to scan the laser light 218. Oscillation of the scan mirror 204 causes laser light 218 output by the optical engine 202 to be scanned through the optical relay 208 and across a surface of the second scan mirror 206. The second scan mirror 206 scans the laser light 218 received from the scan mirror 204 toward an incoupler 210 of the waveguide 212. In some embodiments, the scan mirror 204 oscillates along a first scanning axis, such that the laser light 218 is scanned in only one dimension (i.e., in a line) across the surface of the second scan mirror 206. In some embodiments, the scan mirror 206 oscillates along a second scan axis that is perpendicular to the first scan axis.

[0024] The waveguide 212 of the laser projection system 200 includes the incoupler 210 and the outcoupler 214. The term “waveguide,” as used herein, will be understood to mean a combiner using TIR, or via a combination of TIR, specialized filters, and/or reflective surfaces, to transfer light from an incoupler to an outcoupler. For display applications, the light is a collimated image, for example, and the waveguide transfers and replicates the collimated image to the eye. In general, the terms “incoupler” and “outcoupler” will be understood to refer to any type of optical grating structure, including, but not limited to, diffraction gratings, slanted gratings, blazed gratings, holograms, holographic optical elements (e.g., optical elements using one or more holograms), volume diffraction gratings, volume holograms, surface relief diffraction gratings, and/or surface relief holograms. In some embodiments, the incoupler includes one or more facets or reflective surfaces. In some embodiments, a given incoupler or outcoupler is configured as a transmissive diffraction grating that causes the incoupler or outcoupler to transmit light and to apply designed optical function(s) to the light during the transmission. In some embodiments, a given incoupler or outcoupler is a reflective diffraction grating that causes the incoupler or outcoupler to reflect light and to apply designed optical function(s) to the light during the reflection. In the present example, the laser light 218 received at the incoupler 210 is relayed to the outcoupler 214 via the waveguide 212 using TIR. The laser light 218 is then output to the eye 216 of a user via the outcoupler 214. In some embodiments, the waveguide 212 is formed by a plurality of layers, e.g., a first substrate layer, a partition element layer, and a second substrate layer. [0025] In some embodiments, the incoupler 210 is a substantially rectangular feature configured to receive the laser light 218 and direct the laser light 218 into the waveguide 212. In some embodiments, the incoupler 210 is defined by a small dimension (i.e., width) and a long dimension (i.e., length). In an embodiment, the optical relay 208 is a line-scan optical relay that receives the laser light 218 scanned in a first dimension by the first scan mirror (e.g., the first dimension corresponding to the small dimension of the incoupler 210), routes the laser light 218 to the second scan mirror 206, and introduces a convergence to the laser light 218 in the first dimension. The second scan mirror 206 receives the converging laser light 218 and scans the laser light 218 in a second dimension, the second dimension corresponding to the long dimension of the incoupler 210 of the waveguide 212. The second scan mirror causes the laser light 218 to converge to a focal line along the second dimension. In some embodiments, the incoupler 210 is positioned at or near the focal line downstream from the second scan mirror 206 such that the second scan mirror 206 scans the laser light 218 as a line over the incoupler 210.

[0026] FIG. 3 shows an example of light propagation within the waveguide 212 of the laser projection system 200 of FIG. 2. As shown, light is received via the incoupler 210, scanned along the axis 302, directed into an exit pupil expander (EPE) 304, and then routed to the outcoupler 214 to be output from the waveguide 212 (e.g., toward the eye of the user). In some embodiments, EPE 304 expands one or more dimensions of the eyebox of an HMD that includes the laser projection system 200 (e.g., with respect to what the dimensions of the eyebox of the HMD would be without the EPE 304). In some embodiments, the incoupler 210 and the EPE 304 each include respective one-dimensional diffraction gratings (i.e., diffraction gratings that extend along one dimension). It should be understood that FIG. 3 shows a substantially ideal case in which the incoupler 210 directs light straight down (with respect to the presently illustrated view) in a first direction that is perpendicular to the scanning axis 302, and the EPE 304 directs light to the right (with respect to the presently illustrated view) in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. While not shown in the present example, it should be understood that, in some embodiments, the first direction in which the incoupler 210 directs light is slightly or substantially diagonal, rather than exactly perpendicular, with respect to the scanning axis 302.

[0027] Also shown in FIG. 3 is a cross-section 306 of the incoupler 210 illustrating features of the grating that can be configured to tune the efficiency of the incoupler 210. The period p of the grating is shown having two regions, with transmittances f1=1 and f2=0 and widths c/1 and c/2, respectively. The grating period is constant p=c/1+c/2, but the relative widths c/1 , d2 of the two regions may vary. A fill factor parameter x can be defined such that c/1=xp and c/2=(1-x)p. In addition, while the profile shape of the grating features in cross-section 306 is generally shown as being square or rectangular with a height h, the shape can be modified based on the wavelength of light that the incoupler 210 is intended to receive. For example, in some embodiments, the shape of the grating features is triangular, rather than square, to create a more “saw-toothed” profile. In some embodiments, the incoupler 210 is configured as a grating with a constant period but different fill factors, heights, and slant angles based on the desired efficiency of the respective incoupler 210 or the desired efficiency of a region of the respective incoupler 210.

[0028] In some embodiments, the EPE 304 and the outcoupler 214 are separated into or onto separate sections of a waveguide. For example, the incoupler 210 and the EPE 304 are located in or on a first section and the outcoupler 214 is located in or on a second section, where a planar direction of the first section is substantially parallel to a planar direction of the second section. In some embodiments, the incoupler 210 and the EPE 304 are located in or on a first substrate and the outcoupler 214 is located in or on a second substrate, where the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged adjacent to one another in the manners described herein.

[0029] In some embodiments, the waveguide 212 includes multiple substrates with the EPE 304 located in or on a first substrate and the outcoupler 214 located in or on a second substrate that is separate from and adjacent to the first substrate. In some embodiments, a partition element is placed in between the first substrate and the second substrate. For example, the partition element is an airgap (or other gas-filled gap), a low-index refractive material layer, a polarizing beam splitter layer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the partition element includes additional elements or an opening to direct light from the first substrate to the second substrate.

[0030] FIG. 4 shows an example of an incoupler configuration including a waveguide 402 and incoupler grating 404 that illustrates inefficiencies in extracted flux. As shown in FIG. 4, when light 406 is transmitted into the waveguide 402 and is refracted by the incoupler grating 404, a "multibounce" effect often results in lost power for thin waveguides (e.g., waveguides with a large ratio of image width to waveguide thickness). The “multibounce” effect diffracts the -1 order 408 of the light 406 at the incoupler grating (i.e., the “multibounce” effect causes an extraction event) when the light 406 is refracted by the incoupler grating 404 a second time, which results in undesirable loss of coupled power into the waveguide 402.

[0031] FIG. 5 shows an example of an incoupler configuration in accordance with some embodiments that substantially reduces inefficiencies in extracted flux that may otherwise occur using an incoupler configuration like that shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 5, in some embodiments, two circularly polarized incident rays 502-1 and 502-2 are converted to linearly polarized rays 504 after passing through a quarter-wave plate 506 on a top surface of a waveguide substrate 508. However, in other embodiments, different polarizations are used. For example, in some embodiments, rather than converting circularly polarized incident rays to linearly polarized rays, linearly polarized incident rays are converted to circularly polarized rays. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand after reviewing the present application in its entirety that a number of pure or mixed polarization states are possible for the incident and subsequent rays. Notably, in this example, vertical in-coupling is used (as opposed to edge- or butt-coupling). In this example, this linear polarization state is aligned with the transmission axis of a polarization selective reflector 510 (e.g., an advanced polarizer conversion film or dual brightness enhancement film) on the bottom surface of the waveguide substrate 508. After transmitting through the reflector 510, the rays 504 encounter an incoupler grating 512 and are diffracted into the +1 guided mode.

[0032] Unlike the incoupler configuration shown in FIG. 4, in the example of FIG. 5, the linearly polarized rays 504 are converted to orthogonal linearly polarized rays 514 by passing through the quarter-wave plate 506 twice, and therefore are reflected at the reflector 510. Using the example embodiment shown in FIG. 5, total system efficiency in terms of total extracted flux by the incoupler configuration is approximately doubled compared to the incoupler configuration of FIG. 4. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure enable improvements in system efficiency and reductions in power constraints, and thus enable longer battery life and/or smaller battery size. However, in some embodiments where a second ray, such as ray 502-2, is refracted by the incoupler grating 512 at a location spaced from a location where a first ray, such as 502-1 , is refracted by the incoupler grating 512, there will be mixed polarization states for the same field angle, as shown at the right-hand side of FIG. 5 where a linearly polarized ray 504 and an orthogonal linearly polarized ray 514 are transmitted through the waveguide substrate 508 at the same location along the waveguide substrate 508. As such, in some implementations, the polarization state of light transmitted through the waveguide substrate 508 will be mixed.

[0033] Accordingly, using aspects of the example incoupler configuration of FIG. 5, a HMD device that substantially reduces inefficiencies in extracted flux that may otherwise occur using an incoupler configuration like that shown in FIG. 4 is realizable. In some embodiments, such a HMD device includes a light source, such as the optical engine 202 of FIG. 2, and an upper optical element, such as the quarter-wave plate 506, designed and configured to convert a polarization state of light from the light source. In some embodiments, the waveplate retardance and rotation angle is configured for specific implementations depending on its field of view and global orientation. In some embodiments, the performance of the waveplate is tuned to increase the coupling efficiency of specific modes or wavelengths that are low yield in the waveguide combiner. For example, in some embodiments, the waveplate efficiency is configured for increased efficiency for red light (for which incouplers are often the least efficient) and/or for high kz mode light that interacts with the incoupler grating 512 multiple times. In some embodiments, the upper optical element (e.g., the quarter-wave plate 506) is a birefringent crystal, a subwavelength grating, another nanostructure, or any other material or surface operable to rotate the polarization state of incoming rays. In some embodiments, the upper optical element is configured for a particular target white point and field of view of the display. In some embodiments, a polarizer is disposed between the light source and the upper optical element to optimize the polarization state of the incoming rays.

[0034] In some embodiments, such a HMD device further includes a lower optical element, such as the polarization selective reflector 510, designed and configured to selectively reflect or transmit light transmitted by the upper optical element, such as the quarter-wave plate 506, based on a polarization state of the light transmitted by the upper optical element. In some embodiments, the reflector 510 is a reflective polarizer, a reflective wire grid polarizer, or a diffractive layer optimized for polarization selectivity. As shown in FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the reflector 510 is positioned between the waveguide substrate 508 and the incoupler grating 512.

[0035] In some embodiments, such a HMD device further includes a first incoupler, such as the incoupler grating 512, designed and configured to direct light transmitted by the lower optical element, such as the reflector 510, into a waveguide, such as the waveguide substrate 508. In some embodiments, the first incoupler is an incoupler grating nanoimprinted on the reflector 510, such as a binary grating. In some embodiments, the grating is blazed, slanted, or metalized. In some embodiments, the grating is imprinted on the lower optical element, such as the reflector 510. In some embodiments, the first incoupler comprises an array of reflective microprisms or another geometric incoupler.

[0036] In order to minimize the "multibounce" effect described above, the upper optical element, such as the quarter-wave plate 506, is further designed and configured to convert a polarization state of light directed into the waveguide by the first incoupler, such as the incoupler grating 512, such that the light directed into the waveguide, such as the waveguide substrate 508, by the first incoupler is selectively reflected by the lower optical element, as shown in FIG. 5. [0037] In some embodiments, the waveguide comprises an optical substrate, such as the waveguide substrate 508, positioned between the upper optical element, such as the quarterwave plate 506, and the lower optical element, such as the reflector 510. In some embodiments, the upper optical element, such as the quarter-wave plate 506, is laminated, imprinted, grown, or etched onto the optical substrate, such as the waveguide substrate 508. In some embodiments, such as embodiments utilizing a non-metallized incoupler grating 512, an additional reflective polarizer (not shown) is added, e.g., in air, below the incoupler grating 512, allowing the transmitted Oth order to be redirected into the incoupler grating 512 to have a second chance at incoupling.

[0038] FIG. 6 shows an example of a stacked incoupler configuration in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, a reflector such as reflector 510 of FIG. 5 is designed to be wavelength selective in a R+G+B or R+GB multi-waveguide system. In contrast, in a single waveguide system, in some embodiments, the reflector 510 is a broadband polarization reflector. Accordingly, a HMD device in some embodiments includes a lower optical element, such as reflector 510, that is wavelength selective to enable a multiwaveguide system where each waveguide is tuned to selectively transmit red, green, blue, or some combination of red, green, and blue light. In some embodiments, the waveguides are additionally or alternatively tuned to transmit other wavelengths of light, such as infrared.

[0039] Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 6, a HMD device in some embodiments includes a second upper optical element 606, a second waveguide substrate 608, a second lower optical element 610, and a second incoupler 612 located below the first incoupler, such as incoupler grating 512, in addition to the components of FIG. 5, tuned to transmit a second wavelength or band of light 604 (e.g., blue) distinct from the rays 504 (e.g., red) transmitted through the upper waveguide, such as waveguide substrate 508. Further, as also shown in FIG. 6, a HMD device in some embodiments includes a third upper optical element 616, a third waveguide substrate 618, a third lower optical element 620, and a third incoupler 622 located below the second incoupler 612 tuned to transmit a third wavelength or band of light 614 (e.g., green) distinct from the rays 504 (e.g., red) transmitted through the upper waveguide, such as waveguide substrate 508, and the wavelength or band of light 604 (e.g., blue) transmitted through the middle, second waveguide substrate 608.

[0040] FIG. 7 shows an example of an incoupler configuration using a birefringent waveplate 700 in accordance with some embodiments. In this example configuration, rather than using a quarter-wave plate 506 and waveguide substrate 508 like that of FIG. 5, a birefringent waveplate 700, such as a birefringent crystal, acts as the waveguide substrate and also functions equivalently to a quarter-wave plate due to its birefringent properties. [0041] FIG. 8 shows an example method 800 for etendue squeezing in accordance with some embodiments, which can be performed using one or more of the incoupler configurations of FIGS. 5-7. At block 802, a first optical element converts a polarization state of light from a light source. In some embodiments, the first optical element rotates the polarization state of the light from the light source. At block 804, a second optical element selectively reflects or transmits light transmitted by the first optical element based on a polarization state of the light transmitted by the first optical element. At block 806, an incoupler directs light transmitted by the second optical element into a waveguide. At block 808, the first optical element converts a polarization state of light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler such that the second optical element selectively reflects the light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler. In some embodiments, converting a polarization state of light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler using the first optical element includes converting the light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler to an orthogonal linearly polarized state using the first optical element.

[0042] In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a head mounted display (HMD) device comprising: a light source; a first optical element configured to convert a polarization state of light from the light source; a second optical element configured to selectively reflect or transmit light transmitted by the first optical element based on a polarization state of the light transmitted by the first optical element; and a first incoupler configured to direct light transmitted by the second optical element into a waveguide, wherein the first optical element is further configured to convert a polarization state of light directed into the waveguide by the first incoupler such that the light directed into the waveguide by the first incoupler is selectively reflected by the second optical element. In some embodiments, the first optical element is a quarter-wave plate. In some embodiments, the first optical element is a birefringent crystal. In some embodiments, the first optical element is a subwavelength grating. In some embodiments, the second optical element is a reflective polarizer. In some embodiments, the second optical element is a reflective wire grid polarizer. In some embodiments, the second optical element is a diffractive layer configured for polarization selectivity. In some embodiments, the second optical element is wavelength selective. In some embodiments, the HMD device comprises a third optical element, a fourth optical element, and a second incoupler located below the first incoupler. In some embodiments, the first incoupler comprises a grating. In some embodiments, the grating is imprinted on the second optical element. In some embodiments, the first incoupler comprises an array of reflective microprisms. In some embodiments, the light source comprises a laser beam scanning light engine. In some embodiments, the light source comprises a liquid crystal on silicon light engine. In some embodiments, the waveguide comprises an optical substrate positioned between the first optical element and the second optical element. In some embodiments, the first optical element is laminated onto the optical substrate. In some embodiments, the first optical element is imprinted, grown, or etched on the optical substrate.

[0043] In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method, comprising: converting a polarization state of light from a light source using a first optical element; selectively reflecting or transmitting light transmitted by the first optical element based on a polarization state of the light transmitted by the first optical element using a second optical element; directing light transmitted by the second optical element into a waveguide using an incoupler; and converting a polarization state of light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler using the first optical element such that the light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler is selectively reflected by the second optical element. In some embodiments, the method includes rotating the polarization state of the light from the light source using the first optical element. In some embodiments, the method includes converting a polarization state of light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler using the first optical element comprises converting the light directed into the waveguide by the incoupler to an orthogonal linearly polarized state using the first optical element.

[0044] In some embodiments, certain aspects of the techniques described above may be implemented by one or more processors of a processing system executing software. The software comprises one or more sets of executable instructions stored or otherwise tangibly embodied on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The software can include the instructions and certain data that, when executed by the one or more processors, manipulate the one or more processors to perform one or more aspects of the techniques described above. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can include, for example, a magnetic or optical disk storage device, solid state storage devices such as Flash memory, a cache, random access memory (RAM) or other non-volatile memory device or devices, and the like. The executable instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable storage medium may be in source code, assembly language code, object code, or other instruction format that is interpreted or otherwise executable by one or more processors.

[0045] A computer readable storage medium may include any storage medium, or combination of storage media, accessible by a computer system during use to provide instructions and/or data to the computer system. Such storage media can include, but is not limited to, optical media (e.g., compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-Ray disc), magnetic media (e.g., floppy disk, magnetic tape, or magnetic hard drive), volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or cache), non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) or Flash memory), or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based storage media. The computer readable storage medium may be embedded in the computing system (e.g., system RAM or ROM), fixedly attached to the computing system (e.g., a magnetic hard drive), removably attached to the computing system (e.g., an optical disc or Universal Serial Bus (USB)-based Flash memory) or coupled to the computer system via a wired or wireless network (e.g., network accessible storage (NAS)).

[0046] Note that not all of the activities or elements described above in the general description are required, that a portion of a specific activity or device may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed, or elements included, in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed are not necessarily the order in which they are performed. Also, the concepts have been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0047] Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims. Moreover, the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the disclosed subject matter may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. No limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope of the disclosed subject matter. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.