BACKGROUND

[0001] Human excreta (e.g., urine and/or feces) can be analyzed for multitudes of valuable health and wellness data for individuals and populations of people. For example, visual, chemical, immunological, and/or molecular analysis can be performed on excreta to help diagnose and treat acute/chronic gastrointestinal conditions, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome, cancer, and Crohn’s Disease, as well as individual information for gut microbiota. Furthermore, other valuable information can be gleaned from excreta, including community level data on alcohol consumption, pharmaceuticals, illicit drug use, and pollutants exposure. Excreta can also be used to detect outbreaks of infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, noro virus and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

[0002] However, excreta collection for analysis is typically underutilized because it requires invasive capture/collection methods. Indeed, the common dislike of handling excreta (e.g., the “ick factor”), patient reluctance to report on bowel movements, and burden of constant tracking of bowel movements have prevented the widespread use of excreta samples for health and wellness analysis.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0003] Excreta sampling toilet and inline specimen analysis systems and methods are provided. An excreta sample capture device as described herein provides a way to get the valuable health and wellness information for individuals and populations of people without requiring any handling of the excreta by the user. Advantageously, users may simply flush the toilet (as they normally would when using the restroom) and their excreta is automatically captured and available for analysis. The resulting analysis can provide individualized and/or community data on users’ health and well-being. Indeed, the automated capture of excreta samples can provide individuals and the public with all of the benefits of using excreta samples for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment regimens, as well as the benefit of information that is not normally obtained from excreta samples such as information gleaned from uniform optical imaging and/or gas detection.

[0004] An excreta sample capture device includes a primary influent pipe that receives influent from one or more toilets; a first valve positioned at a downstream end of the primary influent pipe; and a second valve positioned underneath and between an upstream end of the primary influent pipe and the downstream end of the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a spray jet positioned above the second valve. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a sample extraction vessel located downstream from the second valve. In some cases, the spray jet is configured to provide a jet of liquid to the second valve. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a second spray jet configured to provide a jet of cleaning fluid to the primary influent pipe.

[0005] In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a third valve positioned upstream of the first valve; and a secondary influent pipe positioned underneath the third valve that reconnects to piping downstream of the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the third valve is radially adjacent to the second valve and the secondary influent pipe is sized to permit liquid, but not solids, to pass through. In some cases, third valve is positioned at the upstream end of the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a fourth valve positioned at the upstream end of the primary influent pipe; and a tertiary influent pipe positioned underneath the fourth valve.

[0006] In some cases, the sample extraction vessel includes heating or freezing elements. In some cases, the sample extraction vessel includes a substrate-based processing system. In some cases, the sample extraction vessel includes a liquid-based processing system.

[0007] In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes at least one of an optical sensor, a gas sensor, an acoustic sensor, or a thermal sensor in the primary influent pipe and/or sample extraction vessel. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes at least one of a storage device or transceiver coupled to one or more of the sensors in the primary influent pipe and/or sample extraction vessel or coupled to a processing system.

[0008] In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a controller. In some cases, the controller is configured to direct operation of the at least one of the optical sensor, the gas sensor, the acoustic sensor, or the thermal sensor. In some cases, the controller is configured to receive data from the at least one of the optical sensor, the gas sensor, the acoustic sensor, or the thermal sensor. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes one or more storage media having instructions stored thereon that when executed by the controller, direct the controller to at least: initiate closing of the first valve; open the second valve; and capture a sample of the excreta contained within influent. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes an optical imaging sensor or a camera, and the instructions that direct the controller to capture the sample of the excreta contained within the influent includes capturing, via the optical imaging sensor or the camera, an image of the excreta contained within the influent.

[0009] In some cases, the instructions that direct the controller further include receiving an indication that the influent is being received in the upstream end of the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device further includes a sensor located upstream of the second valve, and the instructions that direct the controller to receive the indication that the influent is being received in the upstream end of the primary influent pipe includes receiving, via the sensor, an indication that the influent containing the excreta is being received in the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the instructions that direct the controller further include determining, from the indication received via the sensor, a consistency of the excreta. In some cases, the sensor is a turbidity sensor. In some cases, the instructions that direct the controller further include providing, via the spray jet, a jet of liquid across any excreta remaining from the influent to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta. In some cases, the instructions that direct the controller to capture the sample of the excreta contained within the influent includes collecting, via the sample extraction vessel, the sample of the excreta that is liquified by the jet of liquid.

[0010] A method of using an excreta sample capture device includes receiving influent in a primary influent pipe; initiating a closing of a first valve positioned at a downstream end of a primary influent pipe; opening a second valve positioned underneath and between an upstream end of the primary influent pipe and the downstream end of the primary influent pipe; and capturing a sample of the excreta contained within the influent.

[0011] In some cases, the capturing of the sample of the excreta contained within the influent includes capturing, via an optical imaging sensor or camera, an image of the excreta contained within the influent. In some cases, the method further includes providing, via a spray jet positioned above the second valve, a jet of liquid across any excreta remaining from the influent to cause liquification of at least some of the excreta. In some cases, the capturing the sample of the excreta contained within the influent includes collecting, via a sample extraction vessel located downstream from the second valve, the sample of the excreta that is liquified by the jet of liquid.

[0012] In some cases, initiating the closing of the first valve includes partially closing the first valve. In some cases, initiating the closing of the first valve includes fully closing the first valve. In some cases, the method further includes opening a third valve positioned upstream of the first valve until liquid from the influent has been drained from the primary influent pipe; and closing the third valve. In some cases, the third valve is radially adjacent to the second valve. In some cases, the third valve is positioned at the upstream end of the primary influent pipe. In some cases, opening the third valve until the liquid from the influent has been drained from the primary influent pipe further includes simultaneously opening a fourth valve positioned at the upstream end of the primary influent pipe, and wherein closing the third valve further includes closing the fourth valve. In some cases, the method further includes closing the second valve; opening the first valve; and providing a sufficient amount of water to flush any remaining excreta downstream of the first valve.

[0013] In some cases, the method further includes capturing an image of the influent in response to receiving influent in the upstream end of the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the method further includes determining, from the captured image of the influent, a Bristol scale value of the excreta within the influent; and adjusting, based on the determined Bristol scale value of the excreta within the influent, a pressure of the jet of liquid provided via the spray jet positioned above the second valve. In some cases when the determined Bristol scale value of the excreta within the influent is seven, the pressure of the jet of liquid provided via the spray jet is adjusted to zero.

[0014] In some cases, the method further includes receiving, via a sensor located upstream of the second valve, an indication that the influent is being received in the primary influent pipe. In some cases, the method further includes determining, from the indication that the influent is being received in the primary influent pipe, a consistency of the excreta contained within the influent. In some cases, the opening of the second valve is performed in response to liquid from the influent being drained from the primary influent pipe.

[0015] One or more storage media having instructions stored thereon that when executed by a controller, direct the controller to at least initiate a closing of a first valve positioned at a downstream end of a primary influent pipe; open a second valve positioned underneath and between an upstream end of the primary influent pipe and the downstream end of the primary influent pipe; provide, via a spray jet positioned above the second valve, a jet of liquid across any excreta remaining from the influent to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta; and collect, via a sample extraction vessel located downstream from the second valve, a sample of the excreta that is liquified by the jet of liquid.

[0016] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1A illustrates an angled view of an excreta sample capture device attached to a toilet.

[0018] Figure IB illustrates a close-up of the angled view of the excreta sample capture device of Figure 1A. [0019] Figures 2A-2D illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured.

[0020] Figures 3A and 3B illustrate flowcharts of example operations performed by an excreta sample capture device such as illustrated in Figures 2A-2D.

[0021] Figures 4A-4D illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured.

[0022] Figures 5A and 5B illustrate flowcharts of example operations performed by an excreta sample capture device such as illustrated in Figures 4A-4D.

[0023] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate a side view and an angled view, respectively, of a primary influent pipe of an excreta sample capture device.

[0024] Figure 7 illustrates an example of various sensors that may be incorporated into an excreta sample capture device.

[0025] Figures 8A and 8B illustrate example operational environments for analysis of excreta specimens and capture of resulting data.

[0026] Figures 9A and 9B illustrate types of inline diagnostics systems that may be incorporated into an excreta sample capture device.

[0027] Figures 10A-10C illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured.

[0028] Figures 11A-11F illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured.

[0029] Figure 12 illustrates an example system architecture for an excreta sample capture device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] Excreta sampling toilet and inline specimen analysis systems and methods are provided. An excreta sample capture device as described herein provides a way to get the valuable health and wellness information for individuals and populations of people without requiring any handling of the excreta by the user. Advantageously, users may simply flush the toilet (as they normally would when using the restroom) and their excreta is automatically captured and available for analysis. The resulting analysis can provide individualized and/or community data on users’ health and well-being. Indeed, the automated capture of excreta samples can provide individuals and the public with all of the benefits of using excreta samples for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment regimens, as well as the benefit of information that is not normally obtained from excreta samples such as information gleaned from uniform optical imaging and/or gas detection. [0031] As used herein, capturing a sample of excreta includes capture of data via sensors, cameras, tests, and/or other known diagnostic tools, as well as collection of a physical sample of that excreta for further testing/analysis.

[0032] Figure 1A illustrates an angled view of an excreta sample capture device attached to a toilet. Figure IB illustrates a close-up of the angled view of the excreta sample capture device of Figure 1A. Referring to Figures 1A and IB, an excreta sample capture device 100 includes a primary influent pipe 102 that receives influent from a toilet(s) 120 and includes an upstream end 104 and a downstream end 106. The excreta sample capture device 100 also includes a first valve 108 positioned at the downstream end 106 of the primary influent pipe 102, a second valve 110 positioned between the upstream end 104 and the downstream end 106 of the primary influent pipe 102, a spray jet 112 positioned above the second valve 110 and a sample extraction vessel 114 located downstream of the second valve 110.

[0033] In some cases, the excreta sample capture device 100 includes a third valve (not shown in these figures) positioned between the upstream end 104 of the primary influent pipe 102 and the downstream end 106 of the primary influent pipe 102 and a secondary influent pipe (not shown in these figures) positioned underneath the third valve. In some cases, the secondary influent pipe is sized to permit liquid, but not solids, to pass through. In some cases, the third valve is radially adjacent to the second valve 110. In some cases, the secondary influent pipe may bifurcate from the plumbing system from the primary influent pipe 102 and then rejoin/reconnect to the plumbing system downstream of the first valve 108.

[0034] In some cases, the excreta sample capture device includes a fourth valve 116 positioned at the upstream end 104 of the primary influent pipe 102. In some cases, a tertiary influent pipe 118 is positioned underneath the fourth valve 116. In some cases, the tertiary influent pipe 118 is sized to permit liquids and solids to pass through. In some cases, the tertiary influent pipe 118 bypasses the primary influent pipe 102. In other words, the tertiary influent pipe 118 may bifurcate from the plumbing system/piping upstream of the primary influent pipe 102 and then rejoin/reconnect to the plumbing system/piping downstream of the first valve 108. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device 100 is placed downstream of the P-trap or S-trap that is placed on most toilets to prevent noxious gases from rising up through the toilet to the bathroom. Advantageously, smell/odor is not increased by the use of the excreta sample capture device 100.

[0035] Figures 2A-2D illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured. Figures 3A and 3B illustrate flowcharts of example operations performed by an excreta sample capture device such as illustrated in Figures 2A-2D. Referring to Figures 2A-2C and Figure 3A, a method 300 of using an excreta sample capture device 200 includes receiving (302) influent 208 in the primary influent pipe 206, initiating (304) a closing of a first valve 202 positioned at a downstream end 204 of a primary influent pipe 206, opening (306) a second valve 210 positioned underneath and between an upstream end 212 of the primary influent pipe 206 and the downstream end 204 of the primary influent pipe 206, and capturing (310) a sample 222 of the excreta 218 that is contained in the influent 208.

[0036] In some cases, the method 300 further includes providing (308), via a spray jet 214 positioned above the second valve 210, a jet of liquid 216 across any excreta 218 remaining from the influent 208 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta 218. In some cases, the capturing (310) of the sample 222 of the excreta 218 that is contained in the influent includes collecting, via a sample extraction vessel 220 located downstream from the second valve 210, the sample 222 of the excreta 218 that is liquified by the jet of liquid 216. In some cases, the capturing (310) of the sample 222 of the excreta 218 that is contained in the influent includes capturing, via an optical imaging sensor and/or camera, an image of the excreta 218 contained within the influent 208. It should be understood that, even though a spray jet 214 is illustrated in the embodiment shown in Figures 2A-2D, the spray jet 214 may be omitted and/or not used in certain implementations. For example, in some cases, the capture of the sample 222 of the excreta 218 includes capturing the image of the excreta 218 contained within the influent 208 (and/or other measurements taken via sensors) but does not include collection (and retainment) of a physical sample 222 of feces from the excreta 218. Accordingly, in certain implementations, the sample extraction vessel 220 can also be omitted.

[0037] In some cases, initiating (304) the closing of the first valve 202 includes partially closing the first valve 202, such that liquid, but not solid excreta 218, may pass through the first valve 202. In some cases, the opening (306) of the second valve 210 is performed in response to liquid 224 from the influent 208 being drained from the primary influent pipe 206, as described in further detail with respect to Figure 7. It should be understood that as used herein, excreta sample collection generally refers to feces sample collection. Indeed, existing urine collection toilets that collect urine before the urine is mixed with water/liquid in the toilet may be used in conjunction with the excreta sample capture device 200. However, as will become apparent below, both liquid and solid feces may be collected by an excreta sample capture device.

[0038] Referring to Figures 2D and 3B, a method 320 of clearing the primary influent pipe 206 includes closing (322) the second valve 210, opening (324) the first valve 202, and providing (326) a sufficient amount of water 226 to flush any remaining excreta 218 downstream of the first valve 202. In some cases, after providing (326) the sufficient amount of water 226 to flush any remaining excreta 218 downstream of the first valve 202, a second spray jet (not shown) may provide a cleaning solution to the primary influent pipe 206. In some cases, a sufficient amount of water to rinse the cleaning solution from the primary influent pipe 206 may be subsequently provided.

[0039] Figures 4A-4D illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured. Figures 5A and 5B illustrate flowcharts of example operations performed by an excreta sample capture device such as illustrated in Figures 4A-4D. Referring to Figures 4A-4C and Figure 5A, a method 500 of using an excreta sample capture device 400 includes receiving (502) influent 408 in the primary influent pipe 406, closing (504) of a first valve 402 positioned at a downstream end 404 of a primary influent pipe 406, opening (506) a third valve 410 positioned between an upstream end 412 of the primary influent pipe 406 and the downstream end 404 of the primary influent pipe 406 and a fourth valve 414 positioned at the upstream end 412 of the primary influent pipe 406 until liquid 416 from the influent 408 has been drained from the primary influent pipe 406, closing (508) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414, opening (510) a second valve 418 positioned underneath the primary influent pipe 406 and radially adjacent to the third valve 410, providing (512), via a spray jet 420 positioned above the second valve 418, a jet of liquid 422 across any excreta 424 remaining from the influent 408 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta 424, and collecting (514), via a sample extraction vessel 426 located downstream from the second valve 418, a sample 428 of the excreta 424 that is liquified by the jet of liquid 422.

[0040] In some cases, a username and/or biometric input may be received prior to a user using the excreta sample capture device 400. In some cases, the closing (504) of the first valve 402 positioned at the downstream end 404 of the primary influent pipe 406 is performed in response to an indication that excreta is (possibly) included with the influent 408. In some cases, this indication is from a flush of a toilet. In some cases, this indication is from a detection (e.g., via sensors located upstream of the primary influent pipe 406, as described in 7). In some cases, this indication is from input of a username or some biometric that is received prior to a user using the excreta sample capture device 400. In some cases, sensors may also detect what the consistency of the excreta is (e.g., whether excreta is liquid or solid). In cases where all liquid excreta is detected, certain steps in the method 500 may not be performed (e.g., opening (506) and closing (508) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414) so that the excreta 424 sample can still be collected.

[0041] In some cases, the opening (506) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414 until liquid 416 from the influent 408 has been drained from the primary influent pipe 406 includes opening the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414 for a predetermined period of time. For example, by knowing the configuration (e.g., size and position) and material (e.g., the resistance coefficient) of each valve 410, 414 and the pipes downstream of those valves, as well as the (approximate) amount of influent 408 being received in the primary influent pipe 406 the predetermined period of time can be determined. In some cases, the size of the third valve 410 (and downstream piping until it is rejoined/reconnected to the main sewer line) is one inch or less. In some cases, the piping used in the excreta sample capture device 400 is PVC. In some cases, the opening (506) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414 until liquid 416 from the influent 408 has been drained from the primary influent pipe 406 is performed in response to an indication (e.g., via one of the sensors described in Figure 7) that liquid 416 from the influent 408 remains in the primary influent pipe 406. In some cases, the closing (508) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414 is performed after the predetermined period of time. In some cases, the closing (508) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414 is performed in response to an indication (e.g., via one of the sensors described in Figure 7) that no liquid 416 (or just a small amount of the liquid 416) from the influent 408 remains in the primary influent pipe 406.

[0042] In some cases, opening (510) the second valve 418 is performed in response to closing (508) the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414. In some cases, the opening (510) of the second valve 418 is performed in response to liquid 416 from the influent 408 being drained from the primary influent pipe 406; and the draining of the liquid 416 may be detected from one of the described with respect to Figure 7. In some cases, providing (512), via the spray jet 420, the jet of liquid 422 across any excreta 424 remaining from the influent 408 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta 424 is performed in response to opening (510) the second valve 418. In some cases, providing (512), viathe spray jet 420, the jet of liquid 422 across any excreta 424 remaining from the influent 408 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta 424 is performed for a predetermined period of time. In some cases, providing (512), via the spray jet 420, the jet of liquid 422 across any excreta 424 remaining from the influent 408 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta 424 is performed until a large enough sample 428 of liquified excreta has been collected (516) for the needs of the testing being performed. Determining that a large enough sample 428 of liquified excreta has been collected (516) for the needs of the testing being performed may include using or more sensors (e.g., as described in Figure 7) in the primary influent pipe 406 or a sensor (e.g., a laser sensor or pressure sensor) positioned in/around the sample extraction vessel 426.

[0043] In some cases, the jet of liquid 422 may be a buffer solution that is used for mixing with an excreta sample. In some cases, only one of the third valve 410 and the fourth valve 414 may be implemented in an excreta sample capture device 400. In some cases, the aperture 432 may be filled with various sensors (e.g., a pressure sensor, a optical sensor/camera, a gas sensor, a turbidity sensor, or an acoustic transducer/receiver), which is explained in further detail with respect to Figure 7. In some cases, one of those sensors is an optical sensor/camera, which can be used to capture an image of the influent 408/excreta 424. This image can be taken in response to receiving (502) the influent 408 in the primary influent pipe 406. The image can then be used to determine a Bristol scale value of the excreta 424 within the influent 408 and adjust, based on the determined Bristol scale value of the excreta 424 within the influent 408, a pressure of the jet of liquid 422 provided via the spray jet 420. In some cases, when the determined Bristol scale value of the excreta 424 within the influent 408 is seven (e.g., loose/liquid), the pressure of the jet of liquid 422 provided via the spray jet 420 is adjusted to zero. In other words, the spray jet 420 may not be used in cases where the Bristol scale value of the excreta 424 within the influent 408 is seven.

[0044] Referring to Figures 4D and 5B, a method 520 of clearing the primary influent pipe 406 includes closing (522) the second valve 418, opening (524) the first valve 402, and providing (526) a sufficient amount of water 430 to flush any remaining excreta 424 downstream of the first valve 402. In some cases, after providing (526) the sufficient amount of water 430 to flush any remaining excreta 424 downstream of the first valve 402, a second spray jet (not shown) may provide a cleaning solution to the primary influent pipe 406. In some cases, a sufficient amount of water to rinse the cleaning solution from the primary influent pipe 406 may be subsequently provided.

[0045] It should be understood that the valves described herein may be any type of valve that permits the described functionality for that valve, including but not limited to, a gate valve, a globe valve, a check valve, a plug valve, a ball valve, a butterfly valve, a needle valve, a pinch valve, a pressure relief valve, a knife valve, a pinch valve, a solenoid valve, and/or an inflatable bladder.

[0046] Figures 6A and 6B illustrate a side view and an angled view, respectively, of a primary influent pipe of an excreta sample capture device. Referring to Figures 6A and 6B, a primary influent pipe 600 receives influent from a toilet(s) and includes an upstream end 602 and a downstream end 604. In other words, influent flows from the upstream end 602 of the primary influent pipe 600 to the downstream end 604 of the primary influent pipe 600. The primary influent pipe 600 also includes a sampling port 606 for receiving an excreta sample. In some cases, a valve (e.g., second valve 110 of Figures 1A and IB, second valve 210 of Figures 2A-2D, of second valve 418 of Figures 4A-4D) is included so that the excreta sample is received via the open valve at the correct time in the excreta sample capture process (e.g., steps 306, 308, and 310 of Figure 3 A or 510, 512, and 514 of Figure 5 A).

[0047] As illustrated in Figure 6A, in some cases, the primary influent pipe 600 may be longitudinally curved on a bottom surface 608 to provide gravitational assistance for capturing/collecting the excreta sample. The longitudinally curved bottom surface 608 of the primary influent pipe 600 can also encourage immobilization of the excreta (e.g., via gravity), in what is referred to as an immobilization area 610, prior to excreta sample capture. In other words, the lowest point of the longitudinally curved bottom surface 608 of the primary influent pipe 600 can be at the sampling port 606.

[0048] The primary influent pipe 600 further includes an imaging port 612 for placement of an optical sensor/camera, which can be used to capture an image of the influent/excreta. In some cases, the imaging port 612 is placed vertically above the sampling port 606. In some cases, the imaging port 612 may also include space for placement of other sensors, including, but not limited to a gas sensor, a turbidity sensor, a pressure sensor, and/or an acoustic transducer/receiver (described in more detail with respect to Figure 7). In some cases, these sensors may be added in and/or around the immobilization area 610/sampling port 606 instead of directly within the imaging port 612. The primary influent pipe 600 further includes a spray jet aperture 614 for placement of a spray jet (e.g., spray jet 112 of Figures 1A and IB, spray jet 214 of Figures 2A- 2D, and/or spray jet 420 of Figures 4A-4D. In some cases, the spray jet aperture 614 may provide space for two spray jets (e.g., a spray jet for providing a buffer solution to cause liquifi cation of the excreta and a spray jet for providing a cleaning solution to disinfect the primary influent pipe 600).

[0049] Figure 7 illustrates an example of various sensors that may be incorporated into an excreta sample capture device. Referring to Figure 7, an excreta sample capture device 700 can include an optical imaging/camera sensor 702, a gas sensor 704, a turbidity sensor 706, a pressure sensor 708, and/or an acoustic transducer/receiver 710. In some cases, an excreta sample capture device 700 can include at least one of a storage device or transceiver coupled to one of the sensors 702, 704, 706, 708, 710 (e.g., for storing and/or sending measurements taken by the sensors). The optical imaging/camera sensor 702 may be used to take images of the influent/excreta 712. Furthermore, due to the consistent light conditions (e.g., the inside of a primary influent pipe is dark save for any light emitted from the optical imaging/camera sensor 702), images can be used to consistently determine color, shape, and size of the excreta 712. The gas sensor 704 can be used to detect the presence of certain gases (e.g., methane) that often accompany excreta 712. The gas sensor 704 can also be used to detect the percentage of certain gases, which can also be relevant to an individual’s gastrointestinal health. The turbidity sensor 706 can be used to determine the consistency (e.g., loose/liquid versus normal/solid) of the excreta 712, as well as the presence of other materials in the influent (e.g., urine and/or toilet paper). It should be understood that, for example, toilet paper generally does not interfere with most excreta testing due to the relatively inert nature of toilet paper. A pressure sensor 708 can be used to determine the weight and/or mass of the excreta 712 in the influent. For instance, by knowing how much water is normally captured in an empty flush, the pressure created by that water can be subtracted/discounted, leaving the weight of excreta 712. For instance, the weight of toilet paper may be subtracted/discounted through detection of its presence via other sensors (e.g., optical imaging/camera sensor 702 or turbidity sensor 706); urine may be physically subtracted/discounted from the influent (e.g., via integration of a urine collection toilet), or may also be subtracted/discounted through detection of its presence via other sensors (e.g., optical imaging/camera sensor 702 or turbidity sensor 706). An acoustic sensor 710 may be used to detect the consistency and/or mass of the excreta 712 which can then be used to alter the method of excreta sample capture, as described with respect to method 500. In some cases, the acoustic sensor 710 is an acoustic transducer/receiver. In some cases, the acoustic transducer/receiver 710 is an ultrasound transducer/receiver 710.

[0050] In some cases, a turbidity sensor 714 and/or a laser transmission sensor 716 may be implemented upstream of the sample capture area of the excreta sample capture device 700. For example, the turbidity sensor 714 may be used in addition to or in lieu of turbidity sensor 706. In some cases, the turbidity sensor 714 may be used to determine whether the excreta sample capture device 700 is initiated (e.g., in cases where only urine and/or no excreta 712 is flushed, the excreta sample capture device 700 may not initiate capture of an excreta 712 sample). However, when excreta 712 is detected the excreta sample capture device 700 may initiate capture of an excreta sample (e.g., via method 300 or method 500). Indeed, the turbidity sensor 714 may send an indication to the controller that influent containing excreta is being (or is about to be) received in the primary influent pipe. The turbidity sensor 714 can also be used to determine consistency of excreta, which can then be used to alter the method of excreta sample capture, as discussed with respect to method 500. In some cases, the consistency of the excreta may be correlated to a Bristol scale value, the value of which may be used as described with respect to Figures 4A-4C and 5A. In some cases, other sensors (e.g., optical, and/or acoustic) may be placed implemented upstream of the sample capture area of the excreta sample capture device 700. Indeed, any sensor that is able to detect the presence of solids in liquid may be used. The laser transmission sensor 716 may also be used to detect the presence of excreta 712 to initiate capture of an excreta sample. [0051] Figures 8A and 8B illustrate example operational environments for analysis of excreta specimens and capture of resulting data. Referring to Figures 8A and 8B, an excreta sample capture device 800 receives influent 802 from a toilet 804. The operations performed by the excreta sample capture device 800 is controlled by an excreta sample capture device controller 806, and those operations may be initiated by, for example, flushing 808 of the toilet 804 (or in some cases, an indication that the toilet 804 has been flushed). In addition to the control of the operations performed by the excreta sample capture device 800, the excreta sample capture device 800 may send information that is captured by sensors to the excreta sample capture device controller 806. That information can then be sent to a remote data repository 810. In some cases, the excreta sample capture device controller 806 includes the ability to control/direct operation and functionality of the sensors. In other words, the excreta sample capture device controller 806 includes the ability to send instructions to a operate a sensor(s) and/or receive data from a sensor(s).

[0052] Upon completion of the operations performed by the excreta sample capture device 800, packaged samples 812 may be collected. In some cases, as shown in Figure 8A, the samples 812 may be used for onsite analysis 814. In some cases, as shown in Figure 8B, the samples 812 may be shipped to a central laboratory 816 for analysis. In some cases, some onsite analysis 814 may be performed, while a portion of the samples 812 may be shipped to the central laboratory 816 for analysis. For example, an initial screening may be performed via onsite analysis 814, and, in cases where an abnormal result from the screening is found, the remaining sample 812 may be shipped to the central laboratory 816 for more detailed analysis. In any case, information from analysis (e.g., onsite analysis 814 and/or analysis performed by a central laboratory 816) may also be sent to the remote data repository 810.

[0053] Figures 9A and 9B illustrate types of inline diagnostics systems that may be incorporated into an excreta sample capture device. Referring to Figure 9A, an excreta sample 902 is collected (920) by the excreta sample capture device 900 and then delivered/applied (922) to a card substrate 904 in a paper-based diagnostics system 906. Next, the paper-based diagnostics system 906 processes/analyzes (924) the sample 902. The processing/analysis (924) can include any type of analysis that may be carried out on an excreta sample 902. Once the processing/analysis (924) is completed, the results may be presented via an optical read-out and/or sent (926) to a remote repository (e.g., 810 of Figures 8 A and 8B).

[0054] Referring to Figure 9B, an excreta sample 908 is collected (930) by the excreta sample capture device 900 and then delivered/applied (932) to a vial 910 in a vial-based diagnostics system 912. Next, the vial-based diagnostics system 912 processes/analyzes (934) the sample 908. The processing/analysis (934) can include any type of analysis that may be carried out on an excreta sample 908. Once the processing/analysis (934) is completed, the results may be presented via an optical read-out and/or sent (936) to a remote repository (e.g., 810 of Figures 8A and 8B).

[0055] Referring to Figures 9A and 9B, in some cases, the card substrate 904/vial 910 includes a dried reagent and/or buffer suitable for excreta sample 902, 908 analysis. In some cases, the processing/analysis 924, 934 includes an amplification step and a low-cost molecular sensing approach as enabled by synthetic biology for sensitive and specific detection. In some cases, an optical read-out 926, 936 is fluorescent for convenience of optical detection inside the paper-based diagnostics system 906/vial-based diagnostics system 912. It should be understood that either system 906, 912 can be configured to accept a wide variety of conventional and/or new substrates/vials. Furthermore, due to the automation of the sample capture and analysis, the system 906, 912 allows for a large volume of samples 902, 908 to be analyzed. In some cases, the system 906, 912 include a cartridge loading door and/or automated feed system for adding the substrates/vials, as well as a receptacle or holding region for storing used samples 902, 908. In some cases, a thermal processing capability (e.g., heating and/or freezing elements) are included in the system 906, 912.

[0056] Figures 10A-10C illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured. Referring to Figures 10A-10C, an excreta sample capture device 1000 includes a primary influent pipe 1002 having an upstream end 1004 and a downstream end 1006. The excreta sample capture device 1000 further includes a first bladder 1008 positioned at the downstream end 1006 of the primary influent pipe 1002, a sample capture area 1010 positioned between the upstream end 1004 of the primary influent pipe 1002 and the downstream end 1006 of the primary influent pipe 1002, a sample port 1012 positioned adjacent to the sample capture area 1010, a second bladder 1014 positioned within the sample capture area 1010, and a spray jet 1016 positioned above the second bladder 1014/sample capture area 1010. In some cases, the sample capture area 1010 is a pipe that is vertically below the primary influent pipe 1002. In some cases, the second bladder 1014 can be inflated to prevent a sample (e.g., liquified mix of excreta and buffer solution) from reaching the sample port 1012.

[0057] Referring to Figure 10A, influent 1018 may flow into the upstream end of the primary influent pipe 1002 and be stopped by the (inflated) first bladder 1008, allowing any excreta within the influent 1018 to settle within the sample capture area 1010. In some cases, the first bladder 1008, when inflated, only partially closes/seals the primary influent pipe 1002, preventing excreta within the influent 1018 from passing through the primary influent pipe 1002 while allowing the rest of the influent 1018 to pass through the primary influent pipe 1002. The second bladder is also inflated to prevent influent from entering the sample port 1012.

[0058] Referring to Figure 10B, once the excreta from the influent 1018 has settled into the sample capture area 1010, the second bladder 1014 deflates and the spray jet provides a jet of liquid (e.g., excreta buffer solution) across the excreta remaining from the influent 1018 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta. The now liquified excreta is collected (e.g., via gravity) through the sample port 1012.

[0059] Referring to Figure IOC, the second bladder 1014 is inflated, the first bladder 1008 is deflated, and a sufficient amount of water to flush any remaining excreta through the primary influent pipe 1002 is provided.

[0060] Figures 11A-11F illustrate cross-sectional views of an excreta sample capture device as an excreta sample is captured. Referring to Figures 1 lA-1 IF, an excreta sample capture device 1100 includes a primary influent pipe 1102 having an upstream end 1104 and a downstream end 1106. The excreta sample capture device 1100 further includes a bladder 1108 positioned at the downstream end 1106 of the primary influent pipe 1102, a valve 1110 positioned between the upstream end 1104 of the primary influent pipe 1102 and the downstream end 1106 of the primary influent pipe 1102, and a spray jet 1112 positioned above the valve 1110.

[0061] Referring to Figure 11 A, the bladder 1108 is deflated and the valve 1110 is closed, allowing any influent 1114 to pass through the primary influent pipe 1102. Referring to Figure 1 IB, the bladder 1108 is partially inflated, allowing liquid in the influent 1114 to pass through the primary influent pipe 1102 while preventing excreta 1116 within the influent 1114 from passing through the primary influent pipe 1102. Referring to Figure 11C, the bladder 1108 is fully inflated and the spray jet 1112 provides ajet of liquid 1118 (e.g., excreta buffer solution) across the excreta 1116 remaining from the influent 1114 to cause liquification of at least some of that excreta 1116. Furthermore, because the bladder 1108 is fully inflated, the now liquified excreta 1116 is prevented from passing through the primary influent pipe 1102.

[0062] Referring to Figure 11D, the valve 1110 is opened, allowing the now liquified excreta 1116 to flow through the valve 1110 and into the sample port (not shown in these figures). Referring to Figure 1 IE, the valve 1110 is closed. Referring to Figure 1 IF, a sufficient amount of water to flush any remaining excreta through the primary influent pipe 1102 is provided.

[0063] Figure 12 illustrates an example system architecture for an excreta sample capture device. Referring to Figure 12, a controller 1200 may include storage 1202 having instructions 1204 that are used to carry out the methods described herein (e.g., with respect to processes 300, 320, 500, 520). The controller 1200 can include a variety of communications interfaces enabling the controller 1200 to communicate with a variety of components wired or wirelessly coupled to the controller 1200. The controller 1200 may be in communication with a sign-in station 1210 and/or a mobile device 1215. Both the sign-in station 1210 and/or the mobile device 1215 may be configured to receive a username and/or biometric information from a user so that the results from testing the excreta sample can be associated with that user. The controller 1200 may be in communication with a toilet 1220, pressure sensor 1225, gas sensor 1230, a camera 1235, a turbidity sensor 1240, a timer 1245, and/or an acoustic transducer/receiver 1250 to carry out the methods described herein. The controller may also be in communication with one or valves 1270 and the one or more spray jets 1280 that are described above to carry out the methods described herein. In some cases, the controller 1200 may also be in communication with other sensors that are used to carry out the methods described herein. The controller 1200 may be in communication with a remote storage system 1260 (e.g., on-site, off-site, or cloud-based) to securely send information captured by the excreta sample capture device. In some cases, the communications interfaces can include a network interface for coupling to the Internet or cellular service (e.g., for communicating with a service tied to a mobile application on a mobile device) and/or a short- range interface (near field, wide band, or other common communication protocols) that can be used to communicate wirelessly with nearby devices. In some cases, the communications interfaces can include direct interfaces for particular sensors or general interfaces such as USB or firewire (e.g., as described above with respect to Figure 7).

[0064] As used herein “storage media” do not consist of transitory, propagating waves. Instead, “storage media” refers to non-transitory media.

[0065] Prototype Example

[0066] A demonstration was performed using an excreta capture device connected to a commercial toilet such as illustrated in Figure 1A, where the primary influent was in the form as illustrated in Figures 6A and 6B. Experiments were conducted with soybean paste surrogate of feces and human feces obtained from healthy volunteer under IRB protocol. Wet solid mass content was measured by drying according to a conventional total solid method. The dry solid was converted in wet solid using average moisture content of feces 75% and feces simulant of 50%. Following operations such as illustrated in Figures 4A-4D, the stools were immobilized in the primary influent and investigated by multi-modal sensor modalities. In tests for stool immobilization and removal, prototype designs provided an average of 92% immobilization efficiency in a rear exit toilet type over 90 tests and 90% immobilization efficiency in a bottom exit toilet type over 40 tests. A 90% removal efficiency was found over 39 tests. The presence of toilet paper was included in 8 tests, where 7 were successfully immobilized. [0067] Tests were carried out to determine whether sufficient samples could be captured for use with various assays. Assays use a small amount of stool ( ~ tenths of mg) and are typically tolerant of a range of value values. The Wet Solid Content (WSC) in mg solid/ml is a measure of the dilution of the solid amount in buffer.

[0068] For protein assays, to determine stool amount needed for a protein assay, a measurement was taken of the amount of solid collected by a commercial occult blood test, which was in the range of 12 to 124 mg (n=12 ) on different consistency samples; resulting in average solid content of WSC = 10 or 25 mg/ml for the assay.

[0069] Microbiome molecular tests for the very abundant microbiome genome require a smaller sample amount. The study microbiome analysis was conducted with samples of estimated amount 1 mg of stool at a WSC=11 mg/ml solid content. In a pilot measurement on one stool, the liquefied specimen yield 64 ng/ul DNA, which is a quarter of the DNA (270ng/ul) yielded by a scoop from the same stool.

[0070] For the DNA/RNA assay, molecular tests for detection of pathogens in stool recommend a mass of 50-200 mg and the protocol is for stool to be diluted 1:10 solutions and then clarified by centrifugation. The prototype system easily collected 15 ml, which at WSC=10 mg/ml results in 150 mg of mass for analysis.

[0071] The amount of solid to be extracted by the excreta capture device for each specimen can be tuned by water pressure in the stool erosion. For example, using a small pump connected to a precision flat fan nozzle, it was possible to tune the extracted specimen WSC between 10 to 50 mg/ml using different erosion pressure and time.

[0072] To demonstrate the feasibility of measuring of a GI disease biomarker from stool specimens extracted from the excreta capture device, occult (hidden) blood measurements using the Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) were conducted on liquified stool specimens.

[0073] The Second Generation FIT by Pinnacle Biolabs was used, with nominal cutoff at 50ng/ml Hb in buffer (equivalent to 6 ug Hb /g feces, according to the manufacturer). Human hemoglobin spiked specimens were used in concentration of 3,6,10,15 ug Hg / g feces. First, the nominal sensitivity of the kit was verified by obtaining a positive read-out of a 6 ug Hb/g spiked fecal specimen and negative read-out on unspiked control specimen. Then, results were plotted of positive, negative and “maybe” read-out of the kit for a set of conditions varying the Hb concentration and the WSC in the specimen. Specimens spiked with 6 ug Hb/g and extracted in PBS results in positive assay, as expected, as long as WSC=> 10 mg/ml. If WSC is high at 25 mg/ml, the kit is positive for lower hemoglobin concentration 3 ng/g. However, if both WSC and Hb are low, the test is negative. The test data demonstrate that for this FIT assay, stool specimen liquefied according with the proposed methods achieve the same analytical detection concentration as the conventionally prepared specimen. In addition, it is possible to automate the assay testing to avoid operating error and increase result consistency. The excreta capture device can automate the FIT test at the point of deposit by excluding sampling when visible blood is present and using machine vision to read the FIT cassette, avoiding operating error and increasing result consistency.

[0074] Detection of loose stools were also studied. Bowel movement that results in loose stools are defined by Bristol scale 6 (fluffy piece with ragged edges, mushy stool) and scale 7 (watery, no solid pieces). Bristol stool scale 7 bowel movement are hard to define by imaging alone in the immobilization area, because, in practical implementation, they will result in toilet paper with some brown material that may or may not be visible (but that will be extracted). Thus, an additional sensing modality was sought to detect loose stools to robustly identify this bowel movement. This is a particularly relevant functionality for health assessment, since the clinical definition of diarrhea is 3 loose stools within a period of 24 hours and diarrhea is a worrisome indicator.

[0075] Tests were conducted on established water quality indicators pH, electrical conductivity, ORP and turbidity for their suitability in differentiating stool from urine alone in a flush toilet. In a beaker water and human urine and feces were mixed in concentration emulating from one use in a flush toilet (0.03g/ml feces, 0.08 ml/ml urine in water vol/vol ). It was found that pH and ORP are not significantly different between urine and feces diluted in water, and electrically conductivity is dominated by the urine component, however EC is not helpful when loose stool and urination occur simultaneously. It was found that nephelometric turbidity, a light- scattering based measurement of the suspended particle in solution, is a sensitive measure of the presence of watery loose stool in a water solution. In particular, stools added to water that gets sampled after 1 minute result in turbidity values ranging from 10 to 120, significantly different from water (T=0.7 nephelometric turbidity unitNTU) and urine added to water (T=l.l±0.3 NTU, n=5 different specimens). Stool dissolved in water, that is a completely watery stool, results in saturation of the instrument > 1000 NTU. It was found that it is possible to detect loose stools.

[0076] An analog turbidity probe with cables and board (SEN0189 by DF Robot) with nominal range 1200 NTUs, and its analog output connected to Arduino Uno board (DFRdruino UNO v3, DF Robot) was used for the prototype example. The Arduino was used to develop the sensors code and a laptop with the third-party software Teraterm to convert the data into a .CSV was used to log the turbidity sensor data. The SEN0189 signal was calibrated against the Hach 2100Q using solution obtained by dissolving a range of miso and it was found to be linear from T=0.7 NTU to T=905 NTU (R ² = 0.9788). This is adequate since the sensor is used to provide a qualitative measure of the presence of stool.

[0077] Since human waste in toilet effluent often is mixed with toilet paper. The effect of toilet paper on the turbidity reading was evaluated and found to be negligible. For the tests, a proportion of toilet paper of 0.5 square per 100 ml of waste solution was used. This in equivalent to 30 toilet-paper-squares per use in a 6L flush toilet. Static tests in a beaker with stool surrogates and toilet paper showed no effect of toilet paper on the measured values (two-tailed t-test P = 0.54 with and with toilet paper, n=16 datapoints).

[0078] With the turbidity sensor installed, data was collected at 250 ms intervals of Bristol 7 stools (surrogate) and urine flushed by toilet. While the turbulence created by flush results in short noise spikes during urine flush, the passage of a turbid solution creates a signature of a multi- second dips in the turbidity sensor read-out that can be used to develop automatically calculated metric associated with loose stool.

[0079] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as examples of implementing the claims and other equivalent features and acts are intended to be within the scope of the claims.