CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/663,408, filed June 22, 2012 which is hereby fully incorporated by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Field

[0002] This application relates to compositions for use in drinks and drink mixes. This application also relates to methods of reducing mental and physical fatigue and methods for increasing energy, strength, power, and endurance to improve athletic performance and training.

Description of Related Art

[0003] During exercise the body expends water, electrolytes, and carbohydrates to operate the musculoskeletal system and maintain homeostatic conditions. In addition to water and electrolytes, a multitude of other organic compounds are lost through perspiration. For instance, beside water and electrolytes, sweat also contains trimethylglycine (Craig, et. al. 2010), also known as betaine. Not only does the body lose the above mentioned essential nutrients during physical activity, but exercise also places increased demand on the body's carbohydrate stores, such as muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and plasma glucose. Further, during exercise, muscle fibers break down and must be repaired or replaced. The combination of the loss of water, loss of electrolytes, organic compounds, the depletion of endogenous carbohydrate stores and muscle breakdown, are primary causes of fatigue, loss of strength, and muscle cramping. These losses exhaust the body physically and mentally and impair its ability to perform exercise at a sustained and high level.

[0004] Today several pre-, during-, and post-exercise sports recovery drinks and drink powders exist. Often pre-, during-, and post-exercise drinks have different ingredients or different proportions of ingredients to achieve different exercise goals. For instance, most pre-exercise drinks contain water, carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and sometimes caffeine. These drinks are intended to supply the athlete with energy during workouts and to help athletes achieve a quick energy boosts. During-exercise formulations are often similar to pre-exercise drinks, however they often have some different additives and different proportions of ingredients than pre-exercise drinks. For instance, during-exercise drinks often have less carbohydrate, but higher electrolyte and water proportions. During-exercise drink formulations also often lack some of the vitamins contained in pre-workout formulations. The general strategy of during-exercise drink formulations is aimed at enhancing sports performance with focus on increasing hydration, increasing electrolytes, and optimizing carbohydrate availability as a way to reduce glycogen depletion. Post-exercise drinks often are formulated with protein. Like pre- and during exercise drinks, post exercise drinks often contain carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. However, in post-exercise drinks the vitamin and mineral content is often somewhat increased relative to pre- and during- exercise drinks. The addition of protein (with increased vitamins and minerals) is intended to increase muscle recovery and aid in muscle building.

SUMMARY

[0005] Some embodiments of the present invention provide an exercise drink composition to reduce physical and/or mental fatigue and/or to increase energy, recovery, power, endurance, and/or strength. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises carbohydrate, protein, fat, and trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, formulations that comprise an ideal proportion of hydroxypropyl distarch carbohydrate (HDPC) to trimethylglycine are provided. In some embodiments, formulations comprising an ideal proportion partially hydrolyzed protein, trimethylglycine, fats, and HDPC are provided to enhance exercise performance and recovery.

[0006] In some embodiments, the total weight of carbohydrate is in the range from about 35% to about 45% of the dry weight of the drink composition. In some embodiments, the drink composition comprises a complex carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the number average and/or weight average molecular weight of the complex carbohydrate in the drink composition is greater than about 100,000 g/mol. In some embodiments, the number average and/or weight average molecular weight of the complex carbohydrate in the drink composition is greater than about 250,000 g/mol. [0007] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the carbohydrate is a resistant starch. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the carbohydrate is an RS4 starch. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the carbohydrate is comprises one or more of an RSI, RS2, RS3, or RS4 starch. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the drink composition is HDPC. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate comprises approximately 25%-95% of the dry weight of the solids.

[0008] In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, the trimethylglycine content of the drink composition is in the range from about 0% to about 5% of the total dry weight of the composition. In some embodiments, trimethylglycine acts as an osmolyte. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises one or more additional osmolytes.

[0009] In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises a total weight of fat from about 0% to about 15% of the total dry weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises a total weight of the fat from about 0% to about 45% of the total dry weight of the composition.

[0010] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the fat comprises medium chain triacylglycerols. In some embodiments, the fat comprises approximately 0%-50% of the dry weight of the solids.

[0011] In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises a total weight of the protein in the range of about 35% to about 45 % of the total dry weight of the composition.

[0012] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the protein is a whey protein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the protein is hydrolyzed. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the protein comprises a branch chain amino acid. In some embodiments, the branch chain amino acid may be one or more of the following amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine, and/or salts, isomers, or derivatives of leucine, isoleucine, and/or valine. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the protein comprises whey protein that has an average molecular weight between 5,000-16000 g/mol. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises glutamine, or salts and biological precursors of glutamine. In some embodiments, the protein comprises approximately 25%-95% of the dry weight of the solids.

[0013] In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises one or more vitamins. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises one or more electrolytes. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises antioxidants. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises stimulants. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises creatine, or salts, isomers, or derivatives of creatine. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises flavoring agents. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises beta-alanine, or salts, isomers, or derivatives of beta-alanine. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises buffers (e.g. alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates, phosphate buffers, and the like).

[0014] In some embodiments, an aqueous solution or ready-to-drink product for reducing fatigue and/or increasing energy, recovery, power, endurance, and/or strength comprising: HDPC, hydrolyzed whey protein, medium chain fatty acids, and trimethylglycine is provided. In some embodiments, the drink composition comprises dry weight ratios of HDPC, hydrolyzed whey protein, medium chain fatty acids are 1 :4:4. In some embodiments, the caloric ratios of fat, protein, and carbohydrate per unit dose of the exercise drink composition are about 20:40:40.

[0015] In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises bicycloheptane, or salts, isomers, or derivatives of bicycloheptane.

[0016] In some embodiments, the exercise drink reduces physical and/or mental fatigue and increase energy, recovery, power, endurance, and/or strength, comprises: carbohydrate, wherein the total weight of carbohydrate is between about 35% to about 45% of the total dry weight of the composition; protein, wherein the total weight of the protein is between about 35% to about 45% of the total dry weight of the composition; fat, wherein the total weight of fat is between about 0% to about 10% of the total dry weight of the composition; and trimethylglycine, wherein the total weight of trimethylglycine is between about 0% to about 5% of the total dry weight of the composition. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the about 35% to about 45% carbohydrate comprises HDPC. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the about 35% to about 45% protein comprises hydrolyzed whey protein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the about 0% to about 10% fat comprises one or more medium chain fatty acids.

[0017] In some embodiments, a method is described for increasing the duration of exercise and/or increasing exercise performance by administering an exercise drink formulation comprising HDPC, trimethylglycine, fat and protein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] This disclosure is related to compositions comprising HDPC, trimethylglycine, protein, and fat for use in drinks and drink-powders. This application also relates to methods of reducing mental and physical fatigue and methods for increasing energy, strength, power, and endurance for athletic performance and training.

[0019] As used herein, the term "athlete" is given its ordinary definition and also broadly includes people performing exercise for training, maintaining health, general health improvement, and for rehabilitation. The term athlete includes people with beginner, intermediate, and expert levels exercise experience.

[0020] As used herein, the term "drink" refers to a solution or mixture for consumption by a mammal or human. This term includes drink-powders.

[0021] As used herein, the term "drink-powders" refers to concentrated mixtures or solutions, and dry powdered mixtures that can be constituted or reconstituted with water or other aqueous solutions to provide a solution or mixture for consumption by a mammal or human.

[0022] As used herein, "exercise" is given its ordinary definition and includes participation in sports, obstacle courses, endurance races, races, weightlifting, Olympic weightlifting, running, combinations thereof, and any other activity that requires muscular and cardiovascular effort.

[0023] As used herein, the term "exercise drink" refers to a drink or drink powder, that contains supplements for consumption by a human or mammal to improve exercise performance. It also refers to what are conventionally known as exercise supplements including body-building supplements. [0024] As used herein, the term "mixture" is given its ordinary and plain meaning and includes heterogeneous solids suspended in a liquids, slurries, or homogeneous solutions. Additionally, the term includes mixes of powdered or semi-solid ingredients.

[0025] As used herein, the term "solution" is given its ordinary definition as well as referring to a homogeneous solution containing one phase in either the liquid or solid state with one or more ingredients.

[0026] As used herein, the term "dry weight" means the weight of a solid, semisolid, or oil without water.

[0027] As used herein, the term "carbohydrate" is given its ordinary and plain meaning and includes sugars, simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, fiber, and/or hydroxypropyl distarch carbohydrate.

[0028] As used herein, the term "fat" is given its ordinary and plain meaning and includes medium chain triacylgylcerols.

[0029] As used herein, the term "protein" is given its ordinary and plain meaning and includes: peptides, amino acids, hydrolyzed proteins, branched chain amino acids, and digested or partially digested proteins.

[0030] Though using these current formulations can lead to increased exercise performance in the short term and muscle building in the long term, several key performance and strength boosting nutrients and compounds are missing from current exercise drinks. These missing ingredients, if added, would allow athletes to recover faster and train longer than what is possible with current exercise drinks. These missing ingredients would serve athletes especially well in particular sports, such as endurance exercise, where the body undergoes prolonged exertion and requires more than just carbohydrates to function as an energy source. Also, current exercise drinks do not take advantage of promoting muscle recovery during workouts. For instance, typically protein is taken after workouts and is thought to play little role in helping athletes during workouts. In some embodiments, the composition disclosed herein allows protein consumption and muscle recovery during exertion.

[0031] Adding to the dilemma caused by inadequate exercise supplementation through the use of exercise drinks is today's training regimens. Since today's athletes often train more than once a day, or compete on multiple consecutive days, it is also crucial to maximize the rate and efficacy of carbohydrate replenishment, protein processing, and ensure the. rapid migration towards using fatty acids for fuel. Exercise drinks are inadequate for these purposes because they do not provide athletes with the proper supplementation during exercise. Because the body may undergo certain physiologic changes that compromise its ability to process proteins and carbohydrates effectively during exertion, it is important to ensure that exercise supplements place little stress on the athlete's digestive system. By taking into account such considerations, strategies for exercise supplementation allow for the body's resources to be directed toward optimal athletic performance by preventing both muscle and mental fatigue while increasing the body's capacity to use nutrients to improve.

[0032] Because the use of current supplements alone does not optimize athletic performance, there exists a need for improved alternatives. Some embodiments of the composition offer improvements over current exercise drinks by providing easily digestible and absorbable nutrients that are able to elevate exercise performance and that can promote recovery even during exercise. Some embodiment of the composition reduce physical and mental fatigue and increase energy, recovery, power, endurance, and strength, where physical and mental fatigue are given their ordinary and plain meanings, where increased energy is given its ordinary and plain meaning, where recovery is given its ordinary and plain meaning, where power is given its ordinary and plain meaning which includes increased ability to move loads per unit time, where endurance is given its ordinary and plain meaning, and where strength is given its ordinary and plain meaning. Some embodiments of the composition can be utilized in powder, solution, or slurry form. In some embodiments, when the composition is formulated as an exercise powder, it can be constituted or reconstituted with water or other aqueous fluids to provide an exercise drink. In some embodiments, the exercise drink can be utilized before, during, and/or after exercise.

[0033] In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition comprises carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the total dry weight of carbohydrate within the composition is in the range from about 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 35% to about 45%, from about 45% to about 55%, from about 55% to about 65%, from about 65% to about 75%, from about 75% to about 85%, or from about 85% to about 95% of the total dry weight of the composition. In some embodiments the total dry weight of carbohydrate may be within the range from about 5% to about 95%, 25% to about 95%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 50%, or from about 40% to about 43% of the total dry weight of ingredients.

[0034] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the carbohydrate in the drink composition comprises hydroxypropyl distarch carbohydrate (HDPC). In some embodiments, the HDPC is in combination with trimethylglycine. HDPC is a so-called "resistant starch" that resists digestion in the small intestine. HDPC additives are particularly advantageous over carbohydrates in current exercise drinks for several reasons. For instance, HDPC can be consumed in high molecular weight (HMW) forms, i.e. molecular weights of over 100,000 g/mol. When the body is exposed to this HDPC in this high molecular weight form, it treats this carbohydrate as though it were fiber. Though known to have these fiberlike properties, HDPC has yet to be exploited for its unique energy release profile. The advantages of using HDPC in exercise drinks has been unappreciated until now. The body is able to break down HDPC into useable simple sugars, though at a rate that is much slower than typical complex carbohydrates. Because of this slow break down, there is a lower glycemic spike, Having this lower glycemic spike allows better during workout performance and decreases an athlete's reliance on multiple doses of simple carbohydrates. The lower glycemic spike also may allow the athlete's body to process proteins more effectively, which in turn, improves muscular recovery even during workout. Additionally, this slow breakdown leads to sustained energy release through the duration of exercise.

[0035] In addition to sustained energy, HDPC promotes an increase in resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation for fuel. HMW HDPC also provides for fast glycogen replenishment due to its high molecular weight and low osmolality. Low osmolality permits faster gastric emptying. Thus, faster intestinal absorption in comparison to low molecular weight carbohydrates, is achieved. HDPC may further promote hydration by reducing water absorption from the body for digestion, and beneficially increase the water supply into the blood stream. The hypotonic nature of HDPC, when compared to isotonic or hypertonic low molecular weight carbohydrates, may cause water to flow from the composition, rather than flow into the composition when being digested. HDPC may further promote an anabolic or anti-catabolic state by promoting glycogen replenishment, or minimizing physical fatigue. The high molecular weight and low osmolality of carbohydrates, including HDPC, may further prevent or minimize stomach discomfort by maximizing gastric emptying and intestinal absorption, when compared to low molecular weight sugars.

[0036] It will be appreciated that HDPC with an average molecular weight of the greater than about 100,000 g/mol can be used in some embodiments of the composition. It will also be appreciated that HDPC with an average molecular weight of greater than 250,000 g/mol can be used in some embodiments of the composition. It will also be appreciated that other carbohydrates with molecular weights of greater than 100,000 g/mol may be used in some embodiments of the composition. It will also be appreciated that HDPC with an average molecular weight of lower than 100,000 g/mol can be used in some embodiments of the composition. In some embodiments, the number average and/or weight average molecular weight of the carbohydrate in the drink composition is in the range from about 10,000 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol, from about 50,000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol, from about 100,000 g/mol to about 150,000 g/mol, from about 150,000 g/mol. to about 200,000 g/mol, or from about 200,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. In some embodiments, the drink composition further comprises simple carbohydrates such as sugars.

[0037] In some embodiments, the composition comprises HDPC. The HDPC may be prepared, processed, polymerized, treated, or pre-treated by any methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The amount of HDPC can vary. For example the dry weight percent of HDPC in relation to the other ingredients may range from 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 35% to about 45%, from about 45% to about 55%, from about 55% to about 65%, from about 65% to about 75%, from about 75% to about 85%, or from about 85% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the dry weight of HDPC is from about 40% to about 43% of the total dry weight of all of the ingredients. In some embodiments, the composition comprises other resistant starches such as those that are chemically modified to resist digestion, so-called RS4 starches. In some embodiments, ThermiCarb™ is an HDPC. [0038] In some embodiments, the carbohydrate in the drink composition comprises a combination of carbohydrates, which include, but are not limited to: HDPC, other resistant starches, RS4 starches, simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, high glycemic sugars, and low glycemic sugars. High glycemic sugars include, but are not limited to, aldohexoses, disaccharides and polysaccharides such sugars being glucose, glucose polymers, dextrose, maltose, maltodextrins, maltotriose, lactose, galactose, sucrose, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, honey, maple syrup, molasses, beet sugar, cane sugar, and sucanat. Low glycemic sugars include, but are not limited to, ketohexoses such sugars being arabinose, ribose, xylose, fructose, levulose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose and sorbitol.

[0039] In some embodiments, the drink composition further comprises trimethyl glycine. Trimethylglycine (otherwise called betaine) is another ingredient selected for its unique properties. In some embodiments, trimethylglycine acts as an osmolyte that aids in the maintenance of osmotic gradients. Osmotic gradients affect the regulation of hydration level in the body, blood pH, and are critical for nerve and muscle tissue. Aside from its activity as an osmolyte trimethylglycine also acts as a methyl donor (transmethylation). Methyl donation is used in physiological processes such as neurotransmitter synthesis. Trimethylglycine also protects cells, proteins, and en2ymes from environmental stress (eg, low water, high salinity, or extreme temperature), and participates in the methionine cycle (Craig, 2004). Further, methylation by methionine is indicated in the synthesis of phosphocreatine, a phosphate donor that helps produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is the source of energy that fuels muscle movement during exercise. As such, a reduction in the trimethylglycine levels of the body may contribute to a performance reducing effect during exercise. In some embodiments, the composition comprises trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, additional or substitute osmolytes may be added in lieu of or in addition to trimethylglycine.

[0040] In some embodiments, the composition comprises trimethylglycine. In some embodiments, the trimethylglycine content of the drink composition is in the range from about from about 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 20% to about 30%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 40% to about 50%, from about 50% to about 60%, from about 60% to about 70%, from about 70% to about 80%, from about 80% to about 90%, and/or any combination thereof of the total dry weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the trimethylglycine content of the drink composition is in the range from about 0% to about 2%, from about 2% to about 4%, from about 4% to about 6%, from about 6% to about 8%, or from about 8% to about 10% of the total dry weight of the composition.

[0041] Other additives can be included to tailor specific performance needs for individual athletes as well. Some embodiments of the composition comprise combinations of complex carbohydrates, simple carbohydrates, fats, fatty acids, proteins, peptides, or amino acids, in addition to HDPC and trimethylglycine, wherein the composition has improved absorption through the gut, homeostasis, hydration, recovery, strength building, endurance, and recovery. Several embodiments disclosed herein relate to a safe and effective sports drink, concentrated sports drink, or powdered mixture that maximizes the absorption of carbohydrates with a lower glycemic spike, allows fat to be burned for energy, and provides protein for recovery. Several embodiments also include ingredients that promote an increased rate of gastric emptying that allows for more efficient use of key product ingredients prior, during, and after exercise. Several embodiments maximize muscle recovery, prevent physical and mental fatigue, and enhance athletic performance as needed. In some embodiments, the composition can be taken before, during, or after exercise as a method for improving exercise capacity.

[0042] Another component that is largely unutilized in current sports drinks is essential fats. It is known that endurance training causes enhanced oxidation of fat during exercise and at rest. (Scharhag-Rosenberger et al., 2010; Jeukendrup, 2003). In endurance- trained athletes the amount of fat oxidized at rest and during activity has been shown to be higher than for other athletes. (Romijn et al., 1993; Sidossis et al., 1998; Coyle et al., 2001; van Loon et al., 2001). Further compounding the depletion of fat during physical exertion for endurance-trained athletes, studies may indicate that endurance exercise involves adaptation to more rapid and preferential migration towards burning fat for fuel. Thus, it would be beneficial to athletes, especially endurance athletes and those involved in endurance activities to have a ready source of essential fats available during exertion. Compounding issues with decreased essential fats, simply following a high-fat diet does not produce performance enhancement in advanced athletes (Goedecke, et al. 1999). Thus, it is important for advanced athletes to consume fats that will improve their performance during actual physical exertion.

[0043] In some embodiments, the drink composition further comprises fat. In some embodiments, the fat content of the drink composition is in the range from about 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 35% to about 45%, from about 45% to about 55%), from about 55%> to about 65%>, from about 65% to about 75%, from about 75% to about 85%o, or from about 85% to about 95%> of the total dry weight of the drink composition. In some embodiments, the dry weight of fat is within the range from about 10% to about 70%), about 20% to about 50%, or from about 9% to 1 1% of the total dry weight of all of the ingredients.

[0044] Medium chain triacylgylcerols ("MCTs") are fats, or lipids, whose fatty acid chains are 6-12 carbons in length. These lipids are adsorbed quickly and have a metabolic profile that mimics carbohydrates. Because MCTs have better water solubility and absorption in the small intestine, they may not inhibit gastric emptying as common fat does. Inhibited gastric feedback results in decreased duodenal-gastric feedback. Statistical analysis has shown that MCT containing beverages show a greater rate of gastric emptying than 100% carbohydrate drinks (Beckers et. al. 1992). Thus, increasing the amount of digestible fats and fatty acids available for oxidation may enhance endurance exercise performance.

[0045] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the fat in the drink composition comprises MCT. In some embodiments, the MCT content of the drink composition is in the range from about 0%> to about 1%>, from about 1% to about 5%>, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15%> to about 25%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 35% to about 45%, from about 45%> to about 55%, from about 55%> to about 65%, from about 65%> to about 75%, from about 75%> to about 85%», or from about 85% to about 95%> of the total dry weight of the solids. In one embodiment, the dry weight of MCT is 9% to 1 1 ) of the total dry weight of all of the ingredients. In some embodiments, the composition contains other fats in addition to MCT.

[0046] Although protein intake improves athletic performance, current sports drinks focus on dosing the athlete with protein only after exercise completion. This post- workout dosing strategy is due in part to the stomach's inability to quickly digest and absorb protein during vigorous exercise. Without quick digestion the athlete could be susceptible to vomiting during exercise. Further, studies have indicated that protein taken during exercise provides less benefit to athletes than if protein was taken directly after exercise. In some embodiments, the composition described herein allows protein adsorption and muscle recovery during exercise, not just after exercise.

[0047] In some embodiments, the drink composition further comprises protein. Considering that the body is constantly undergoing protein breakdown and protein building, known as the anabolic and catabolic states, it is essential to establish an anabolic and anti- catabolic state for prime performance and recovery. Because exercise quickly generates protein breakdown in the muscles, it is recommended that amino acids or protein are taken to ensure a net positive gain in muscle mass. In addition, recent research has found that certain amino acids can also dramatically increase protein synthesis and delay fatigue. Utilizing these strategies in combination with a surplus of calories leads to an increase in lean body mass. In some embodiments, the composition takes advantage of these amino acids. In some cases, where muscle mass is not desired, such as in marathon runners, protein intake still benefits an athlete due to the accompanying large insulin increase from the combination of carbohydrate and protein intake, as compared to carbohydrates alone. In some embodiments, the composition described herein allows better utilization of protein during exercise.

[0048] In some embodiments, the protein content of the drink composition is in the range from about 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 35% to about 45%, from about 45% to about 55%, from about 55% to about 65%, from about 65% to about 75%, from about 75% to about 85%, or from about 85% to about 95% of the total dry weight of the drink composition. In some embodiments, the protein content of the drink composition is in the range from about 25% to about 95% of the total dry weight of the drink composition.

[0049] In some embodiments protein sources include, but are not limited to: calcium caseinate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, soy protein, casein hydrolyzate, meat protein concentrate, egg protein, rice protein, yeast concentrate, and protein blends. Low molecular weight protein or amino acids may facilitate rapid absorption in the digestive system and easier digestion. Because hydrolyzed protein may be predigested, the body may be able to absorb the protein rapidly and easily during digestion. Moreover, the hydrolyzed protein may further promote an anabolic/anti-catabolic state by increasing both insulin and blood plasma amino acid levels.

[0050] Several embodiments involve a composition that includes a hydrolyzed or predigested protein. In some embodiments, the hydrolyzed protein may be pretreated with enzymes, or broken down into smaller peptides by the addition of enzymes such as proteases. While the term "hydrolyzed" can be understood as having its conventional definition, it further includes proteins that are, for example, prepared, processed, polymerized, treated, pretreated, or lysed into smaller peptides or amino acids, by any methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments hydrolyzed protein comprises, for example, from about 10% to about 45% of the dry weight of the solids in the composition. In some embodiments, the hydrolyzed whey protein employed in the composition has an weight average and/or number average molecular weight between 5,000-16000 g/mol. Additionally, the average molecular weight the hydrolyzed protein may be less than about 10,000, or any other percentage or molecular weight. In some embodiments, the weight average and/or number average molecular weight of the hydrolyzed whey protein is in the range from about 1,000 g/mol to about 5,000 g/mol, from about 5,000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 g/mol to about 15,000 g/mol, from about 15,000 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, or above about 20,000 g/mol. I some embodiments, the weight average and/or number average molecular weight of the hydrolyzed whey protein is in the range from about 1 ,000 g/mol to about 30,000 g/mol, from about 5,000 g/mol to about 25,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, or from about 15,000 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol. The low molecular weight of the protein may facilitate rapid absorption in the digestive system. The hydrolyzed protein may further stimulate greater insulin release in combination with the HDP carbohydrate for faster absorption of nutrients.

[0051] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). In some embodiments, the composition comprises BCAAs such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, and/or salts, isomers, or derivatives of these amino acids. For example, the composition may include all three BCAAs in a ratio of about 2:1 :1 to about 4:1 :1 of leucine, isoleucine, to valine. In some embodiments, the composition also comprises any other naturally occurring amino acid or combination thereof. The BCAAs may stimulate insulin release in combination with the HMW carbohydrate and the hydrolyzed protein. The BCAAs may further stimulate protein synthesis, muscle recovery, and may prevent fatigue. In particular, leucine increases protein synthesis by increasing the activity of mTOR & the phosphorylation of akt. leucine may have a far greater stimulatory effect on protein synthesis than any other amino acid (needs verification). In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an essential amino acid.

[0052] In addition to a hydrolyzed protein, amino acids, such as glutamine may also be included in the composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises glutamine and/or salts, isomers, and derivatives of glutamine. Glutamine may cause a significant increase in muscle glycogen storage, which increases the body's capacity to access energy. Glutamine may also be an anti-catabolic agent, which prevents the breakdown of muscle tissue. In some embodiments, the composition comprises glutamine in the range from about 1% to about 20% of the total dry ewight of the solids.

[0053] In some embodiments, the composition comprises whey protein, hydrolyzed protein, peptides, amino acids, branched chain amino acids and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiment the percent of the total dry weight of whey protein, hydrolyzed protein, peptides, amino acids, branched chain amino acids and/or combinations thereof can be from about 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 25% to about 35%, from about 35% to about 45%, from about 45% to about 55%, from about 55% to about 65%, from about 65% to about 75%, from about 75% to about 85%, or from about 85% to about 95% of the total dry weight of the drink composition. In one embodiment, the percent of the total dry weight of whey protein, hydrolyzed protein, peptides, amino acids, branched chain amino acids and/or combinations thereof may be within the range from about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 50%, or from about 40% to about 43% of the total dry weight of ingredients.

[0054] In some embodiments, the composition also comprises at least one electrolyte. Electrolytes, for example sodium, potassium, magnesium, and/or chloride compounds, are used within the exercise drink for replenishing the electrolytes lost during exercise, for facilitating intestinal reabsorption of fluids, and for facilitating energy dependent processes. Sodium compounds include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, acidic sodium citrate, acidic sodium phosphate, sodium amino salicylate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bromide, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, sodium phosphate, sodium salicylate, anhydrous sodium sulphate, sodium sulphate, sodium tartrate, sodium benzoate, sodium selenite and sodium molybdate. Potassium compounds include, but are not limited to, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium bromide, potassium citrate, potassium-D-gluconate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium tartrate, potassium sorbate and potassium iodide. Magnesium compounds include, but are not limited to, magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium aspartate and magnesium silicate. Electrolytes, for example, potassium, magnesium, chloride, or sodium may comprise from about 0% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 0% to about 10%, from about 0% to about 20%, from about 0% to about 30%, from about 0% to about 40%, or from about 0% to about 50% of the total dry weight of the solids. Electrolytes enable the composition to empty quickly from the stomach and promote absorption from the small intestine. Potassium may be included for optimal muscle contractions and electrolyte replenishment. Magnesium may be included for avoidance of cramping and electrolyte replenishment. Chloride may be included for electrolyte replenishment. Sodium, in combination with natural sweeteners, may be included for electrolyte replenishment or to trigger the body's thirst mechanism, which may prevent dehydration.

[0055] In some embodiments, the composition also contains dehydrated coconut milk. In addition to the above components, sweeteners, such as flavoring agents may be included in the composition to increase the palatability of the composition. Other components, such as minerals or vitamins such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin E^ or Vitamin D may also be included to provide beneficial nutrients in addition to the components that prevent physical and mental fatigue. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one vitamin. In some embodiments, the composition comprises additional vitamins. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises creatine and/or salts, isomers, and/or derivatives of creatine. Creatine may also be included in the composition, and may have an increased absorption in combination with the HMW carbohydrate and hydrolyzed protein. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises beta-alanine and/or salts, isomers and/or derivatives thereof. Beta-alanine may increase carnosine levels in the muscle, which may allow the muscles to work longer without fatigue. In some embodiments, the exercise drink composition further comprises bicycloheptane, and/or salts, isomers, and/or derivatives of bicycloheptane. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least on antioxidant. Antioxidants may be included in the composition in varying concentrations to improve the overall efficacy of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises additional antioxidants. The HMW and low osmolality of the carbohydrate combined with other nutrients may result in nutrient absorption that coincides with a corresponding insulin spike, resulting in optimal nutrient delivery. In contrast, the combination of nutrients with conventional carbohydrates results in an insulin response, but with a delay in nutrient absorption, resulting in suboptimal delivery.

[0056] Other component constituents of the exercise drink in dry and liquid form include flavor components and/or colorant components. The flavor component for the nutritional composition is defined to impart a particular and characteristic taste and sometimes an aroma to the nutritional composition. The use of a flavor component in the nutritional composition also provides an enhanced aesthetic quality to the nutritional - composition which will increase the user's appeal in using the product. The flavor component is selected from the group consisting of water soluble natural or artificial extracts that include apple, banana, cherry, cinnamon, cranberry, grape, honeydew, honey, kiwi, lemon, lime, orange, peach, peppermint, pineapple, raspberry, tangerine, watermelon, wild cherry, and equivalents and combinations thereof, being in the overall range of 0% to 2%, about 0% to about 5%, and about 0% to about 10% weight percent of the total dry weight of ingredients.

[0057] The colorant component for the nutritional composition is defined to impart a characteristic color in conjunction with a particular flavor to the nutritional composition. For example, a yellow color is used for a banana flavor, or a red color for a cherry flavor. The colorant component is selected from the group consisting of water soluble natural or artificial dyes that include FD&C dyes (food, drug and cosmetic use dyes) of blue, green, orange, red, yellow and violet; iron oxide dyes; ultramarine pigments of blue, pink, red and violet; and equivalents thereof; being in the overall range of about 0% to about 2%, or about 0% to about 5% by weight of the dry exercise drink. The dyes discussed above are well known, and are commercially available materials.

[0058] Some embodiments of the present invention involve a composition and methods for reducing fatigue and increasing energy. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate carbohydrate with a high molecular weight and a hydrolyzed whey protein with a low molecular weight, with trimethylglycine or any osmolyte, and medium chain triglycerides. In another embodiment, the composition is an aqueous solution having a carbohydrate with an average molecular weight greater than about 250,000. In some embodiments of the aqueous solution a hydrolyzed protein is also included, the protein having an average molecular weight less than about 1,000. In another embodiment, the method includes providing an orally administerable aqueous composition having a carbohydrate with an average molecular weight greater than about 10,000. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a hydrolyzed protein having an average molecular weight less than about 1,000. In some embodiments, the osmolality of the composition in solution is less than the osmolality of human blood.

[0059] In some embodiments, a serving of the dry powder comprises 48 total g wherein the weight comprises about 5 g of fat, about 20 g of carbohydrate, and about 20 g of protein. In some embodiments, the 5 g of fat comprises about 5 g of saturated fat. In some embodiments, the 20 g of carbohydrate comprises about 1 g of dietary fiber and about 0 g of sugar. In some embodiments, a serving of the dry powder further comprises about 195 calories. In some embodiments, a serving of the exercise powder comprises whey protein hydrolysate (grass-fed), ThermiCarb™ (a RS4 hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate), coconut milk, anhydrous betaine, natural vanilla flavor, and stevia. In some embodiments, the exercise drink powder can be reconstituted with water, milk, juice, coconut water or other aqueous fluids.

[0060] One embodiment, known as 3FUEL, comprises whey protein hydrolysate (grass-fed), ThermiCarb™ (a RS4 hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate), coconut milk powder, betaine anhydrous and flavorings (e.g. vanilla, stevia, vanilla ice cream, citrisweet, monk fruit, and/or soy lecithin). In some embodiments, a 48 g serving of 3FUEL comprises 5 g of fat (5 g saturated fat, 0 g trans fat), 20 g of carbohydrate (1 g dietary fiber, 0 g sugar), 20 g protein, and 3 g of betaine. The whey protein hydrolysate comprises about 90% hydrolyzed protein and about 10% milk fat. In this embodiment, the ratio of whey protein hydrolysate to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 50.7%. The ratio of the ThermiCarb to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 33.3%. The ratio of the coconut milk powder to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 9.6%. The ratio of the betaine to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 6.3%.

[0061] In another embodiment, the composition comprises whey protein hydrolysate (grass-fed), ThermiCarb™ (a RS4 hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate), coconut milk powder, betaine anhydrous and flavorings (e.g. vanilla, stevia, vanilla ice cream, citrisweet, monk fruit, and/or soy lecithin). In some embodiments, a 52 g serving of this composition comprises 5 g of fat (3.3 g saturated fat, 0 g trans fat), 20 g of carbohydrate (0.4 g dietary fiber, 1 g sugar), 20 g protein, and 3 g of betaine. The whey protein hydrolysate comprises about 90% hydrolyzed protein and about 10% milk fat. In this embodiment, the ratio of whey protein hydrolysate to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 50.7%. The ratio of the ThermiCarb to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 33.3%. The ratio of the coconut milk powder to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 9.6%. The ratio of the betaine to whey protein hydrolysate, ThermiCarb, coconut milk powder, and betaine is 6.3%.

[0062] Any of the above compositions may be administered orally in a liquid mixture form, for example, as a sports drink or aqueous solution. Alternatively, the above components may be administered in pill, capsule, tablet, powder, gel tabs, or other solid forms. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that other forms of administration that may be provided. It is further contemplated that the composition may include the isomers, salts, or derivatives of any of the components described herein. EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0063] A 25 year old healthy male drinks a formulation comprising protein hydrolysate (grass-fed), RS4 hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate (ThermiCarb™), coconut- derived fat, betaine anhydrous, natural vanilla flavor, and Stevia, reconstituted in water, 3-6 days per week, within about 1 hour before engaging in a balanced exercise program. After 1- 2 weeks, he reports increased aerobic exercise performance, faster and more complete muscle recovery and improved muscle strength compared to engaging in the same exercise program without drinking the formulation before exercising.

Example 2

[0064] A 30 year old male drinks the same formulation described in Example 1 within about 1 hour after engaging in a daily balanced aerobic and resistance exercise program. He reports that aside from enhanced muscle performance, he is able to concentrate at work better than when he drinks a conventional exercise formulation with comparable levels of carbohydrate, fat and protein, but without the hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate and betaine. He also finds that he develops relatively less mental fatigue when combining exercise with the formulation of Example 1.

Example 3

[0065] A 44 year old female drinks the same formulation described in Example 1 during her daily balanced exercise program. She experiences less physical and mental fatigue during exercise and reports greater energy, endurance, and strength compared to drinking an exercise supplement that does not contain hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate and betaine. Example 4

[0066] A 29 year old athlete is competing at the Crossfit Games, a multiday competition, and consumes a formulation comprising protein hydrolysate (grass-fed), RS4, hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate, coconut-derived fat, betaine anhydrous, as recommended between events. She experiences less exhaustion and mental fatigue during the events and is therefore able to maintain proper technique during the events, leading to increased efficiency, less wasted energy, and a higher work output, leading to a better placing. Example 5

[0067] A 50 year old man runs five miles each day before work. He consumes a formulation as in Example 1 before and after running. He finds that he is less hungry throughout the day and feels recovered by midday. Previously he had been consuming a solid-food meal before and after running, which had left him sluggish, due to the relative energy demands of digesting whole foods versus liquids.

Example 6

[0068] A 25 year old Brazillian Jiu Jitsu player switches from a traditional energy drink to the composition described in example one, drinking it prior to training each night. He finds that he experiences more endurance in training, without crashing from too much sugar or experiencing insomnia from the caffeine found in most energy drinks.

Example 7

[0069] A 18 year old collegiate rugby player consumes the drink as in example one at weekend tournaments, instead of snacking on fruits and sports drinks, as is typical at those events. He finds that his energy is more stable throughout the day, and he is satiated without being full. Because these events can have unpredictable and dynamic schedules, the consumption of the beverage throughout the day allows him to be ready to play, without having to wait as long as he would have, had he consumed fruit, and feeling more satiated than had he consumed a traditional sports drink.

Example 8

[0070] A 26 year old endurance runner consumes a drink containing the same caloric profile as the formulation in Example 1, except that this composition has varied coconut fat content relative to the other ingredients. The endurance runner notes that a higher coconut fat content formulation improves his performance the most. He consumes the drink before and during 20 mile endurance runs. After 6 months of training using the higher fat formulation, he reports increased aerobic exercise and speed performance compared to engaging in the same exercise program without drinking the formulation before exercising. [0071] Table 1.

Example 9

[0072] A 28 year old male body builder consumes a drink containing the same caloric profile as the formulation in Example 1, except that this composition has varied whey protein content relative to the other ingredients. He consumes the drink before one hour prior to engaging in bodybuilding exercise. After 2 months of training using each of the protein formulations, he reports that the highest whey protein formulation increased muscle recovery rate and the degree of muscle recovery and improved muscle strength and size compared to engaging in the same exercise program without drinking the formulation before exercising.

[0073] Table 2.

Example 10 [

[0074] A 21 year old female collegiate track and field runner consumes a drink containing the same caloric profile as the formulation in Example 1, except that this composition has varied carbohydrate content relative to the other ingredients. She consumes the drink before training and before and during track meets. After 1-2 weeks of training and competing she notes that using the higher carbohydrate formulations, she experienced the greatest increases in aerobic exercise and speed performance, compared to engaging in the same exercise program without drinking the formulation before exercising. [0075] Table 3.

[0076] The following Examples are actual results obtained using one embodiment of the present invention.

Example 11

[0077] After 28 days of using 3 FUEL, a male subject ("subject 1") who had been training for over 20 years experienced gains in four benchmark strength movements: the overhead press, the front squat, the deadlift, and the power clean. After using the formulation, the subject's overhead press three repetition max, or "three rep max," (or "3RM", where a three rep max is the highest amount of weight the subject can successfully lift three times without failure in a single set for a given movement, e.g. the overhead press) improved from 135 lb to 160 lb. The subject's front squat three rep max improved from 185 lb to 2351b. The subject's deadlift three rep max improved from 345 lb to 370 lb. The subject's single rep max ("one rep max" or "1RM") improved from 205 lb to 225 lb.

[0078] In another benchmark workout, consisting of the as many rounds as possible ("AMRAP") of 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups, and 15 squats within a 20 minute period (a workout known as CINDY in CROSSFIT), the subject also saw major improvements in his metabolic conditioning. The subject's performance improved from 24 full rounds in the allotted time to 28 full rounds in the allotted time.

[0079] Subject l 's performance in "for time" exercise routines (where the subject finishes a given number of exercise repetitions in a minimum time) also improved. For example, the time taken for the subject to complete 30 burpees (an exercise where one starts in the standing position and drops to the floor, does a pushup, returns to a standing position, and then jumps while clapping their hands overheard) followed by 30 muscle-ups (a pull-up that transitions into a dip done on gymnastic rings) was measured. The time taken to complete this routine before using the drink formulation was 9:45 (minutes/seconds) and his time improved to 6:10 after use of the formulation. In another "for time" exercise regimen (100 pull-ups, 100 push-ups, 100 sit-ups, and 100 squats as fast as possible; known in CROSSFIT as ANGIE) the subject saw an improvement from 14:30 before using the formulation to 11 :34 after using the formulation.

[0080] This subject has shown improvement in traditional power movements (the power clean), strength movements (deadlift, front squat, and overhead press), as well as workouts that stress metabolic conditioning and overall fitness. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 4.

[0081] Table 4.

Example 12

[0082] After nine months of using 3FUEL, a highly experienced female athlete ("subject 2") who had been training for over 20 years experienced the following improvements: her overhead press three rep max improved from 115 lb to 125 lb, her three rep max strict shoulder press improved from 115 lb to 125 lb, her one rep max snatch (an Olympic lifting movement) improved from 158 lb to 173 lb, her clean and jerk (an Olympic lifting movement) improved from 193 lb to 203 lb, her 400 m sprint time improved from 1 :23 to 1 :19, and her one mile time improved from 7:36 to 6:39.

[0083] In a "for time" workout consisting of 21 thrusters (where each thruster consists of a front squat that immediately transitions into a push press with a barbell loaded to 65 pounds; known in CROSSFIT as FRAN), followed by 21 pull-ups, followed by 15 thrusters, followed by 15 pull-ups, followed by 9 thrusters, and ending with 9 pull-ups, her time also improved. The subject's time improved his time from 3:34 to 2:54. This is especially noteworthy because a time under 3 minutes is considered elite. This subject also improved her power and stamina simultaneously, as evidenced by his improvements in the Clean and Jerk and Snatch, plus her 1 mile and 400m run times. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3 FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 5.

[0084] Table 5.

Example 13

[0085] After four months of using 3FUEL, a 38 year old male subject ("subject 3") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in his strength, power, speed, and endurance. After using the formulation, the subject's deadlift improved from 315 lb to 360 lb. His squat improved from 225 lb to 240 lb. His overhead press improved from 140 lb to 150 lb. His mile time improved from 7:00 to 5:58 and his 5K run time improved from 21 :42 to 20:42. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 6. [0086] Table 6.

Example 14

[0087] After four months of using 3FUEL, a 42 year old female subject ("subject 4) who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in her strength and power. After using the formulation, the subject's deadlift improved from 190 lb to 205 lb. Her squat improved from 115 lb to 140 lb. Her overhead press improved from 80 lb to 95 lb. Her power clean improved from 80 lb to 100 lb. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 7.

[0088] Table 7.

Example 15

[0089] After four months of using 3FUEL, a 40 year old female subject ("subject 5") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in her strength. After using the formulation, the subject's deadlift improved from 150 lb to 175 lb. Her squat improved from 95 lb to 115 lb. Her overhead press improved from 50 lb to 60 lb. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3 FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 8. [0090] Table 8.

Example 16

[0091] After four months of using 3FUEL, a 37 year old female subject ("subject 6") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in her speed and stamina. After using the formulation, the subject's 1 mile run time improved from 9:58 to 8:37. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3 FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 9.

Example 17

[0093] After four months of using 3FUEL, a 45 year old female subject ("subject 7") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in her strength, speed, and endurance. After using the formulation, the subject's deadlift improved from 135 lb to 145 lb. The amount of pull-ups she could perform in a row improved from 6 to 13. Her 1 mile run time improved from 5:45 to 5:38. Her 5K run time improved from 19:03 to 18:08. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 10. [0094] Table 10.

Weightlifting Movement,

Exercise Routine, or Race Before 3FUEL After 3FUEL distance

Deadlift (1RM) 135 1b 145 lb

Pull-ups Unbroken 6 13

Subject 7

One Mile Run 5:45 5:38

5 km Run 19:03 18:08

Example 18

[0095] After four months of using 3 FUEL, a 42 year old female subject ("subject 8") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in her strength, power, speed, and endurance. After using the formulation, her deadlift improved from 245 lb to 260 lb. Her squat went from 240 lb to 260 lb. Her overhead press improved from 90 lb to 105 lb. Her clean and jerk improved from 120 lb to 135 lb. Her snatch improved from 85 lb to 105 lb. Her 1 mile run time improved from 6:23 to 6:14. Her 800 m run time improved from 3:05 to 2:50. Her 400 m run time improved from 1 :24 to 1 :18. Her 200 m run time improved from 0:38 to 0:33. Her 100 m run time improved from 0:15 to 0:13. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3 FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 11.

[0096] Table 1 1.

Weightlifting Movement,

Exercise Routine, or Race Before 3FUEL After 3FUEL distance

Deadlift (1RM) 245 lb 260 lb

Squat (1RM) 240 1b 260 lb

Overhead Press (1RM) 90 lb 105 lb

Clean and Jerk (1RM) 120 1b 135 1b

Snatch (lRM) 85 lb 105 lb

Subject 8

One Mile Run 6:23 6: 14

800 m Run 3:05 2:50

400 m Run 1 :24 1 :18

200 m Run 0:38 0:33

100 m Run 0:15 0:13 Example 19

[0097] After four months of using 3FUEL, a 39 year old male subject ("subject 9") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in his strength, speed, muscular endurance, and power. After using the formulation his deadlift improved from 365 lb to 405 lb. His power clean improved from 205 lb to 225 lb. His front squat improved from 185 lb to 265 lb. In a "for time" workout consisting of 21 thrusters (with a barbell loaded to 95 pounds), followed by 21 pull-ups, followed by 15 thrusters, followed by 15 pull-ups, followed by 9 thrusters, and ending with 9 pull-ups, his time improved from 3:45 to 3 :03. The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 12.

[0098] Table 12.

Example 20

[0099] After eleven months of using 3FUEL, a highly experienced, CrossFit Games competitor, male subject ("subject 10") who had been training for over 20 years experienced better performance in his strength, speed, muscular endurance, and power. After using the formulation, his front squat two rep max ("2RM") improved from 330 lb to 343 lb. His hang squat clean improved from 275 lb to 330 lb. His hang power clean improved from 255 lb to 310 lb. His snatch improved from 235 lb to 250 lb. His hang squat snatch improved from 205 lb to 245 lb. His power snatch improved from improved from 205 lb to 225 lb. His sumo deadlift three rep max improved from 405 lb to 455 lb. His split jerk improved from 305 lb to 315 lb.

[0100] In a "for time" workout consisting of a 1,000 meter row followed by 50 thrusters (using a 45 lb barbell; in CROSSFIT this workout is known as JACKIE) and 30 pull-ups, the subject's time improved from over 6 minutes to 5:20 (the world record is 5:04). The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3 FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 13.

[0101] Table 13.

Example 21

[0102] After using 3FUEL, an athlete ("subject 11") who had been training for over 20 years and who participated in the CrossFit Games experienced better performance in his strength, speed, muscular endurance, and power. After taking the formulation, his squat improved from 425 lb to 440 lb. His press improved from 195 lb to 210 lb. His deadlift improved from 515 lb to 525 lb. His clean and jerk improved from 301 lb to 315 lb. His clean improved from 308 lb to 325 lb. His jerk improved from 315 lb to 325 lb.

[0103] In a "for time" workout consisting of a 1,000 meter row followed by 50 thrusters (using a 45 lb barbell) and 30 pull-ups, the subject's time improved from 6:04 to 5:22 (the world record is 5.04). The subject took a minimum of one serving of 3FUEL per day before working out. The results from this subject are summarized in Table 14.

[0104] Table 14.

[0105] Users will also recognize that the exercise drink described herein will offer advantages over naturally occurring juices and extracts because some embodiments of the composition allow for tailoring for specific properties, improved shelf-life, and batch-to- batch control. Further, the use of hydroxypropyl-distarch phosphate and betaine, in combination with partially hydrolyzed proteins and essential fats may lead to improved results over the use of conventional exercise drinks. Athletes using this composition will have reduced mental and/or physical fatigue. Athletes will note that using the unique blend of these materials results in increased energy, strength, power, and endurance before, during, and after exercise. Athletes will note that the use of HDPC and betaine together lead to a lower glycemic spikes and increased uptake of water, nutrients, and other ingredients in the composition, lending to improvements in exercise and athletic capacity.

Example 22

[0106] A 39 year old woman ("subject 12") finished the Badwater Ultramarathon, a 135 mile race through Death Valley, in 41 :26:42 (hours :min: sec), while using traditional fueling methods (commercial sports drinks and gels, high in carbohydrates). The following year, after using 3Fuel for two weeks prior to the race (to gauge tolerance), she relied on it as her primary fuel source throughout the race, consuming slightly less than one serving per hour, and improved her time by over 4 hours to 36:49:35. 07] Table 15.

Weightlifting Movement,

Exercise Routine, or Race Before 3FUEL After 3FUEL distance

Subject 12 Badwater Ultramarathon 41 :26:42 36:49:35