Description

This invention relates to a fastener assembly, and, more particularly, to a fastener assembly which significantly reduces the installation expenditure especially when used in aerospace applications, and which is of enduring strength and reliability. According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the fastener assembly may comprise a bolt member. The bolt member of the fastener assembly may have an elongated shank adapted to be located in a hole through at least one workpiece or to be received in a blind hole, in particular a threaded blind hole. In addition thereto or as an alternative, the fastener assembly may comprise a nut member having a nut head portion and a hollow shank portion utilized for threaded engagement with a/the bolt member of the fastener assembly.

In general, complex man-made structures, whether stationary such as buildings and bridges, or mobile such as moving vehicles operating on land, sea, air, or space, are normally made from many components attached together forming a complex structure. The design of attachment points, commonly known as joints, requires special knowledge and skill for engineering design and analysis. A major part of this task is the selection of proper components, such as fasteners, for example for joining and fastening the structure together.

One purpose and objective in joint design is to facilitate the load transfer from one component of the structure to another component. The joined structure should be able to sustain the external and internal loads that may be experienced during its intended function. Loading may be in sustained static form or in a variable dynamic form. The functioning environment may be corrosive in nature affecting material properties and integrity of the fasteners and structural material. The operating environment may also undergo temperature changes affecting the load carrying characteristics of the joint and fasteners. All these factors should be considered in joint design and fastener selection.

Depending on the particular application, however, the join design may facilitate other tasks different from a load transfer from one component of the structure to another component. These other tasks may include, for example, sealing tasks performed by a fastener received within a pin hole.

Since man's original venture into building structures and moving vehicles, many types of fasteners have been conceived, developed, and used successfully.

However, with an ever advancing civilization the need for continuous

improvement is always evident. One common feature in most joint designs is to create holes, or apertures, in the joint components, typically referred to as workpieces, to insert and attach the components to each other by placing a suitable fastener in the matching holes. These fasteners, referred to by many different names and terms, are major contributors for constructing buildings, tools, vehicles, and other important structures comprising the present form of civilization and physical life.

Especially in the aerospace industry, various techniques have been used to ensure that threaded fasteners are secured with the requisite torque and that they stay secured during use. An example are blind fasteners which are commonly used to secure two or more workpieces together when it is otherwise impossible to access the underside (blind side) surface of one of the workpieces. Such fasteners have wide application in aircraft and space vehicle assembly. Due to the vibrations and sonic fatigue encountered in these environments, it is necessary to create a fastener of enduring strength and reliability.

The present disclosure, however, is not limited to fastener assemblies comprising blind fasteners. Rather, the present disclosure applies generally to fastener assemblies comprising at least one of a bolt member and a nut member. In case the fastener assembly comprises a bolt member, the bolt member may have an elongated shank adapted to be located in a hole through at least one workpiece or to be received in a blind hole, in particular, a threaded blind hole.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the shank of the bolt member may include a threaded portion having a plurality of external bolt threads, the bolt threads of the bolt being defined by a plurality of crests and a plurality of roots. The threaded portion of the bolt member may be configured to receive a nut member, in particular a nut member of the fastener assembly. The nut member has a plurality of internal nut threads, the nut threads being sized and shaped to threadedly engage the bolt threads.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the threaded portion of the bolt member may be configured to be received by a threaded blind hole having a plurality of internal threads, the internal threads being sized and shaped to threadedly engage the bolt threads.

Generally, the bolt member has an externally threaded surface that allows the nut member or the threaded blind hole, which are each internally threaded, to be placed onto the threaded portion of the bolt member. The bolt member may have the shape of a long threaded bolt, also referred to as screw or pin member, with an enlarged head at one end of the bolt member.

The fastener assembly further comprises a nut member, the nut member may have a nut head portion and a hollow shank portion utilized for threaded engagement with the bolt member of the fastener assembly.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the fastener assembly further comprises first and second drive elements, for example a drive nuts, each adapted for engagement by an installation/driving tool.

The first drive element comprises a drive body that is joined to the bolt member of the fastener assembly by means of a first interposed interlayer structure. The second drive element also comprises a drive body that is joined to the nut member of the fastener assembly by means of a second interposed interlayer structure. Each of the first and second interlayer structures provide a frangible portion at a prescribed position between the drive element and the member of the fastener assembly to which the drive element is joined; i.e., either the bolt member or the nut member of the fastener assembly. For this purpose, the respective interlayer structure is configured and designed to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a relative rotational and/or tensile force applied to the corresponding drive element with the installation/driving tool.

The purpose of this frangible portion is to prevent over torquing and/or excessive upsetting of the bolt member or nut member of the fastener assembly during installation by serving as a kind of "breakneck". When a certain installation load is achieved, the frangible portion prevents overloading by failing primarily in torsional shear and then breaking away from the assembly.

The first and/or second driving element may be formed as a traditional drive nut, for example in the form of a traditional hexagon nut. On one end of the drive element may be a chamfered angle.

According to some embodiments disclosed herein, the assembly process of the fastener assembly may consist of the bolt member being placed into the hole through the at least one workpiece or into the threaded pin hole either until the threaded portion of the bolt member abuts the internal nut threads of a nut member or until the threaded portion of the bolt member abuts the internal threads of the threaded pin hole, followed by the nut member being threaded onto the threaded portion of the bolt member or followed by the threaded portion of the bolt member being threaded into the internal threads of the threaded pin hole. The installation process of the blind fastener is accomplished by use of a first installation tool adapted to engage the drive element of the bolt member and by use of a second installation tool adapted to engage the drive element of the nut member.

At a certain pre-definable first torsional and compressive load the bolt member stops rotating and the frangible portion between the bolt member and the drive element fails, causing the drive element and bolt member to separate. At a certain pre-definable second torsional and compressive load the nut member stops rotating and the frangible portion between the nut member and the drive element fails, causing the drive element and nut member to separate. The first and second pre-definable torsional and compressive loads may approximately be of the same value or a similar value. According to some embodiments, however, the first second interposed interlayer structures are chosen such that the resulting first and second pre-definable torsional and compressive loads are different from each other.

According to other embodiments disclosed herein, the assembly process of the fastener assembly may consist of the hollow shank portion of the nut member being placed into the hole through the at least one workpiece until the internal nut threads of the nut member abuts the threaded portion of a bolt member, followed by the nut member being threaded onto the threaded portion of the bolt member. In these embodiments, the installation process of the blind fastener is accomplished by use of a first installation tool adapted to engage the drive element of the nut member and by use of a second installation tool adapted to engage the drive element of the bolt member. At a certain first torsional and compressive load the nut member stops rotating and the frangible portion between the nut member and the drive element fails, causing the drive element and nut member to separate. On the other hand, at a certain second torsional and compressive load the bolt member stops rotating and the frangible portion between the bolt member and the drive element fails, causing the drive element and bolt member to separate. The first second interposed interlayer structures may be chosen such that the resulting first and second torsional and compressive loads are the same or are different from each other.

With the present invention, optimum installation performance and reliability are achieved from the fastener assembly because the drive elements utilized in the present invention are not anymore configured as a deformable drive nut as it is the case in the prior art, thereby avoiding undesired "jam nut effects". These undesired "jam nut effects" often take place in case a deformable drive nut rotates upon the head of the nut as the annular ridge of the drive nut deforms into the recess of the nut head. This deformation process causes rotation of the nut and smearing or scraping of the nut head. This result is not only visually apparent, but can also deteriorate the nut's corrosion resisting properties and damage the plating under the head and grip area of the nut. Finally, the "jam nut effect" of the deformable drive nut causes large variations in the required installation loads. This can result in premature screw break off and inconsistencies in the amount of sleeve material that deforms into an expanded diameter, thus compromising the integrity of the blind fastener.

According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the present invention relates to a fastener assembly with at least one and preferably at least two drive elements and a fastener, wherein the drive element(s) and the fastener are joined together by means of an interlayer structure adapted to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a relative rotational and/or tensile force applied to the drive element with the installation/driving tool.

The fastener of the fastener assembly may include a bolt member having an elongated shank adapted to be located in a hole through at least one workpiece or to be received in a blind hole, in particular a threaded blind hole. The elongated shank has a first end and an opposite second end. The first end of the elongated shank of the bolt member and a body of the drive element are joined together by means of the first interlayer structure interposed between the bolt member and the drive element. The improved (first) interlayer structure is at least partly made of a material different from the material of the elongated shank of the bolt member and/or different from the material of the body of the drive element.

According to some embodiments disclosed herein, the fastener assembly may include a nut member having a nut head portion and a hollow shank portion with internal nut threads utilized for threaded engagement with a bolt member. The nut head portion of the nut member and a body of the drive element are joined together by means of the second interlayer structure interposed between the nut member and the drive element. The improved (second) interlayer structure is at least partly made of a material different from the material of the nut head portion of the nut member and/or different from the material of the body of the drive element. The improvements of the present invention relate to a new structure for the shearable connection between the drive element and the fastener and to a new assembly process for the fastener. The new structure for the shearable

connection between the drive element and the fastener significantly improves the reliability of the fastener by eliminating the inconsistencies associated with forcibly deforming the drive element and/or the head of the fastener during fracture of the shearable connection in torsional shear in response to a relative rotational force applied to the drive element with the installation/driving tool.

Consequently, the present invention addresses the need for fastener assemblies with non-deformable drive nut(s) for insuring that the pin member of the fastener assembly is initially applied at the requisite torque, whereby at the same time all of the problems associated with "jam nut effect" are eliminated.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the material of the first and/or second interlayer structure may be selected such that the first and/or second interlayer structure provides a shearable connection between the drive element and the member (i.e., bolt member or nut member) of the fastener assembly to which the drive element is joined. For example, the first and/or second interlayer structure may be made of aluminium or an aluminium alloy whereas the drive element and the fastener are preferably made of a composition having a higher shear modulus than the material of the interlayer structure. The material of the drive element and/or the fastener may, for example, be a Titanium alloy, such as Ti-6AI-4V, Ti-3AI-2.5V, or CpTi.

In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein, the material of the first and/or second drive element and/or the fastener may, for example, be a aluminum alloy, such as 2024-T4, 6061-T6, or 7075-T6, or a carbon steel, for example AISI 1000-1025, AISI 1030-1050 and similar, or a steel alloy, such as 4130, 4340, 8740 or similar, or stainless steel, such as 18-8, SS300/400 series, A- 286, PH 13-8, PH 15-5, or PH 17-4, or nickel alloys, such as Inconel 718, Monel, Waspalloy or Hastelloy, or cooper alloys, such as CuAI, CuBe or CuNi.

Preferably, the first and/or second interlayer structure is at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than the shear modulus of the material of the member (i.e., bolt member or nut member) of the fastener assembly to which the drive element is joined, and less than the material of the body of the drive element.

In some embodiments, the first and/or second interlayer structure is at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than 125 GPa at room temperature, preferably less than 85 GPa at room temperature, and more preferable less than 50 GPa at room temperature. In some embodiments, the first and/or second interlayer structure is at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than 35 GPa at room temperature, and preferably less than 30 GPa at room temperature.

In some embodiments, the first and/or second interlayer structure has a thickness of between about 0.2 pm and about 1.0 mm, preferably of between about 0.25 pm and about 5.0 mm, and more preferably of between about 0.2 pm and about 500.0 pm.

In accordance with some embodiments of the inventive fastener assembly disclosed herein, the material of the first and/or second interlayer structure and/or the thickness of the first and/or second interlayer structure and/or an effective joint face between the first and/or second interlayer structure and the member (i.e., bolt member or nut member) of the fastener assembly to which the drive element is joined and/or an effective joint face between the first and/or second interlayer structure and the body of the drive element are/is selected such as to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a

predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force applied to the drive element with the installation/driving tool.

In accordance with some embodiments of the inventive fastener assembly disclosed herein, the first and/or second interlayer structure has a first surface facing an end of the member (i.e., bolt member or nut member) of the fastener assembly to which the drive element is joined, and a second surface facing an end of the body of the drive element, wherein the first surface of the interlayer structure is at least partly joined to the member (i.e., bolt member or nut member) of the fastener assembly to which the drive element is joined by means of a material-locking joint, and/or wherein the second surface of the interlayer structure is at least partly joined to the end of the body of the drive element by means of a material-locking joint.

The material-locking joint may be formed by brazing or soldering. In this case, the interlayer structure is preferably made of a material comprising : magnesium, aluminum, silicon, cooper, tin, zinc, silver, nickel and/or chromium. As an alternative, the material-locking joint may be an adhesive bond. In this case, the interlayer structure is preferably made of a material comprising: methyl methacrylate, epoxy resins and/or polyester resin.

In accordance with some embodiments of the inventive fastener assembly disclosed herein, the first and/or second drive element comprises at least one engaging/driving surface for engaging the installation/driving tool and/or for rotating the bolt member and/or the nut member of the fastener assembly during installation.

In accordance with some embodiments of the inventive fastener assembly disclosed herein, the shank of the bolt member terminates at one end in an enlarged head, wherein the interlayer structure is provided between the enlarged head and the body of the drive element.

The shank of the bolt member may include a threaded portion having a plurality of external bolt threads, wherein the bolt threads of the bolt are defined by a plurality of crests and a plurality of roots. The threaded portion of the bolt member may be configured to receive a nut having a plurality of internal nut threads, wherein the nut threads are sized and shaped to threadedly engage the bolt threads.

In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein, the shank of the bolt member may include a threaded portion having a plurality of external bolt threads, wherein the bolt threads of the bolt are defined by a plurality of crests and a plurality of roots. In this case, the threaded portion of the bolt member may be configured to be received by a threaded blind hole having a plurality of internal threads, wherein the internal threads are sized and shaped to threadedly engage the bolt threads. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the fastener assembly is configured for securing two or more workpieces together, wherein the two or more workpieces have an accessible side workpiece and a blind side workpiece. In this case, the fastener of the fastener assembly may be a blind fastener comprising a generally tubular sleeve body received within openings in the workpieces. The sleeve body may have a rearward tapered end projecting rearwardly beyond the blind side workpiece. The sleeve body may further comprise an enlarged body head for engagement with an outer surface of the accessible side workpiece. The elongated shank of the bolt member may have a straight smooth portion received within the sleeve body and a threaded portion at one end of the bolt member projecting rearwardly beyond the blind side workpiece.

With these embodiments of the present invention, the enlarged pin head of the bolt member and the body of the drive element may be joined together by means of a first interlayer structure, wherein the first interlayer structure has an axial strength at least equal to the maximum axial load required to push said bolt member fully into the aligned holes.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the bolt member of the fastener has an enlarged pin head, a first cylindrical shank portion having an outer diameter, and a tapered transition portion merging the first cylindrical shank portion with a second cylindrical shank portion.

The fastener assembly may further comprise a sleeve adapted to fit over the first cylindrical shank portion. The sleeve may have a length greater than or equal to a depth of the aligned holes. Moreover, the sleeve may have an enlarged head at one end, and a tubular portion having an inner diameter less than the outer diameter of the first cylindrical shank portion of the bolt member and an outer diameter less than the diameter of the aligned holes.

According to these embodiments of the present invention, the first cylindrical shank portion may expand radially the sleeve into an interference fit with the workpieces upon insertion of the first cylindrical shank portion of the bolt member into the aligned holes. With these embodiments of the present invention, the second cylindrical shank portion of the bolt member and the body of the drive element are joined together by means of the first interlayer structure, and wherein the first interlayer structure has an axial strength at least equal to the maximum axial load required to pull said bolt member fully into the aligned holes.

The assembly process of the fastener assembly comprising the new interlayer structures for joining the drive element and the fastener together also differs from that previously utilized. Unlike the previously available drive element having a deformable annular ridge or a local weakening between the drive element and the fastener, the interlayer structures interposed between the drive elements and the fastener has no "jam nut effect". The interlayer structures eliminate the unpredictability of installation loads placed on the fastener by not forcibly deforming against the nut head. This in turn greatly reduces the risk of premature fastener break off and increases consistency in the amount of material that will be deformed.

The fastener and, particularly the bolt member of the fastener, and the drive element are preferably of a material which is capable of considerable angular deformation without shearing. This is in contrast to the shearable parts of the fastener which will generally be formed integrally in a material (most commonly metal) which yields without substantial angular deformation. In other applications (e.g. where electrical conductivity is not required), relatively brittle plastics material may be used for the shearable interlayer structure. Suitable materials for the interlayer structure may include suitable plastics, as well as metals such as mild steel and annealed aluminium.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is thus provided a shearable fastener assembly comprising a fastener capable of securing two or more workpieces together and shearable drive elements adapted to shear from the fastener upon the application of a predetermined torque, the fastener and the shearable drive elements being formed separately and connected to each other by means of the improved interlayer structures so as to shear with relatively low angular deformation. The extent of angular deformation between the fastener and the shearable drive elements of the fastener assembly prior to shearing may be very low, e.g. less than 10°.

According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the present invention relates to a fastener assembly comprising : a bolt member having first and second ends and comprising a bolt head at the first end and a shank, at least a part of which is screw threaded; a nut member for screw threaded engagement with the shank of the bolt member; and a first drive element allocated to the bolt member and a second drive element allocated to the nut member, said first and second drive elements each comprising a body and being adapted for engagement by a corresponding installation/driving tool. The body of the first drive element may be joined to the bolt member by means of a first interposed interlayer structure and the body of the second drive element may be joined to the nut member by means of a second interposed interlayer structure. The first interlayer structure is adapted to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a first relative rotational and/or tensile force applied to the first drive element. T second interlayer structure is adapted to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a second relative rotational and/or tensile force applied to the second drive element.

In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein the first and/or second interlayer structure is made - at least partly - of a material different from the material of the member of the fastener assembly to which the corresponding drive element is joined, and/or different from the material of the body of the corresponding drive element.

The material of the first and/or second interlayer structure may correspond - at least partly - to the material of the member of the fastener assembly to which the corresponding drive element is joined. The first and/or second interlayer structure may be formed by joining the corresponding drive element to the respective member of the fastener assembly by means of a friction stir or alternative welding, brazing, soldering, glueing or alternative joining process.

In addition or as an alternative, the material of the first and/or second interlayer structure may correspond - at least partly - to the material of the corresponding drive element. The first and/or second interlayer structure may be formed by joining the corresponding drive element to the respective member of the fastener assembly by means of a friction stir or alternative welding, brazing, soldering, glueing or alternative joining process.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the material of the first and/or second interlayer structure is selected such that the interlayer structure provides a shearable connection between the corresponding drive element and the member of the fastener assembly to which the corresponding drive element is joined.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the first and/or second interlayer structure has a thickness of between about 0.2 pm and about 5.0 mm, preferably of between about 0.25 pm and about 1.0 mm, and more preferably of between about 0.2 pm and about 500.0 pm.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the first and/or interlayer structure are/is at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than the shear modulus of the material of the member of the fastener assembly to which the corresponding drive element is joined, and less than the material of the body of the corresponding drive element.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the first and/or second interlayer structure are/is made of a material having a shear modulus less than 125 GPa at room temperature, more preferably less than 85 GPa at room temperature, and even more preferable less than 50 GPa at room temperature.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the material of the first interlayer structure and/or the thickness of the first interlayer structure and/or an effective joint face between the first interlayer structure and the bolt member of the fastener assembly and/or an effective joint face between the first interlayer structure and the body of the first drive element are/is selected such as to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a first

predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force applied to the first drive element. In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the material of the second interlayer structure and/or the thickness of the second interlayer structure and/or an effective joint face between the second interlayer structure and the nut member of the fastener assembly and/or an effective joint face between the second interlayer structure and the body of the second drive element are/is selected such as to fracture in torsional shear and/or tensile stress in response to a second predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force applied to the second drive element. The first predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force may correspond to the second predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force. Alternatively, the first predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force may differ from the second predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force. According to some embodiments disclosed herein, the first predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force is higher than the second predetermined rotational force and/or tensile force.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the first interlayer structure has a first surface facing an end of the bolt member of the fastener assembly and a second surface facing an end of the body of the first drive element, wherein the first surface of the first interlayer structure is at least partly joined to the end of the bolt member of the fastener assembly by means of a material-locking joint, and/or wherein the second surface of the first interlayer structure is at least partly joined to the end of the body of the first drive element by means of a material-locking joint.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the second interlayer structure has a first surface facing an end of the nut member of the fastener assembly and a second surface facing an end of the body of the second drive element, wherein the first surface of the second interlayer structure is at least partly joined to the end of the nut member of the fastener assembly by means of a material-locking joint, and/or wherein the second surface of the second interlayer structure is at least partly joined to the end of the body of the second drive element by means of a material-locking joint.

The material-locking joint may be formed by brazing, soldering or welding, in particular, friction stir welding, and wherein the interlayer structure is more preferably made of a material comprising : magnesium, aluminum, silicon, cooper, tin, zinc, silver, nickel, titanium, gold and/or chromium. Alternatively, the material-locking joint may be an adhesive bond.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the first and/or second interlayer structure is made of an inorganic or organic compound or silicone comprising especially: methyl methacrylate, epoxy resins and/or polyester resin.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the first and/or second drive element comprises at least one engaging/driving surface for engaging an installation/driving tool and/or for rotating the member of the fastener assembly to which the corresponding drive element is joined during installation.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the shank of the bolt member is an elongated shank adapted to be located in a hole through at least one workpiece or to be received in a blind hole, in particular a threaded blind hole, wherein the first interlayer structure is provided between the bolt head and the body of the corresponding drive element. The shank of the bolt member may include a threaded portion and may have a plurality of external bolt threads. The bolt threads of the bolt may be defined by a plurality of crests and a plurality of roots, wherein the threaded portion of the bolt member may be configured to receive a nut having a plurality of internal nut threads, wherein the nut threads may be sized and shaped to threadedly engage the bolt threads.

On the other hand, the shank of the bolt member may include a threaded portion and may have a plurality of external bolt threads. The bolt threads of the bolt being may be defined by a plurality of crests and a plurality of roots. The threaded portion of the bolt member may be configured to be received by a threaded blind hole having a plurality of internal threads, wherein the internal threads may be sized and shaped to threadedly engage the bolt threads.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the nut member has a nut head portion and a hollow shank portion utilized for threaded engagement with the bolt member of the fastener assembly, wherein the second interlayer structure is provided between the nut head portion of the nut member and the body of the second drive element. In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the fastener assembly is configured for securing two or more workpieces together, wherein the two or more workpieces have an accessible side workpiece and a blind side workpiece, and wherein the fastener assembly is a blind fastener assembly comprising a generally tubular sleeve body received within openings in the workpieces, the sleeve body having a rearward tapered end projecting rearwardly beyond the blind side workpiece, and an enlarged body head for engagement with an outer surface of the accessible side workpiece, wherein the elongated shank of the bolt member has a straight smooth portion received within the sleeve body and a threaded portion at one end of the bolt member projecting rearwardly beyond the blind side workpiece, wherein the enlarged pin head of the bolt member and the body of the corresponding drive element are joined together by means of the interlayer structure, and wherein the interlayer structure has an axial strength at least equal to the maximum axial load required to push said bolt member fully into the aligned holes.

In accordance with some aspects disclosed herein, the fastener assembly is configured for securing two or more workpieces together, and wherein the bolt member has an enlarged pin head, a first cylindrical shank portion having an outer diameter, and a tapered transition portion merging the first cylindrical shank portion with a second cylindrical shank portion, wherein the fastener assembly further comprises a sleeve adapted to fit over the first cylindrical shank portion, the sleeve having a length greater than or equal to a depth of the aligned holes, the sleeve having an enlarged head at one end, and a tubular portion having an inner diameter less than the outer diameter of the first cylindrical shank portion of the bolt member and an outer diameter less than the diameter of the aligned holes, and wherein the first cylindrical shank portion expands radially the sleeve into an interference fit with the workpieces upon insertion of the first cylindrical shank portion of the bolt member into the aligned holes, wherein the second cylindrical shank portion of the bolt member and the body of the first drive element are joined together by means of the first interlayer structure, and wherein the first interlayer structure has an axial strength at least equal to the maximum axial load required to pull said bolt member fully into the aligned holes. With the improved interlayer structure, the fastener retains its integrity during and after the interlayer structures fracture in torsional shear in response to a relative rotational force applied to the corresponding drive element with the installation/driving tool. In any case, shearing of the drive elements takes place in a more controlled and smoother way, as compared with the prior art, reducing the risk of material distortion at the interface between the fastener and the drive element. In this regard, high shearing accuracy is achieved without causing jagged edges or burrs, thereby resulting in a smooth surface in the area where the fastener is installed.

Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1 is a partial side view of the bolt member of an exemplary

embodiment according to the invention; and

FIG. 2 is a partial side view of the nut member of the exemplary

embodiment.

A fastener 10 for securing together a plurality of workpieces and adapted to be located in aligned holes in such workpieces is disclosed. In exemplary

embodiments, the fastener 10 includes a bolt member 15.

In some embodiments disclosed herein, the fastener 10 may further include a sleeve member (not illustrated in the drawings) and a collar (also not illustrated in the drawings). In other embodiments, the fastener 10 may include a nut instead of a collar.

In exemplary embodiments, the workpieces can be formed with a plurality of materials, the materials including composite, metallic, or composite/metallic structures, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, the

workpieces may be constructed from steel, titanium, aluminum, graphite composites, or any combination thereof. In exemplary embodiments, the fastener 10 may be provided with a first drive element 20.1 adapted for engagement by an installation/driving tool. The first drive element 20.1 and the bolt member 15 of the fastener 10 are joined together by means of a first interposed interlayer structure 5.1. The first interlayer structure 5.1 forms a frangible portion adapted to fracture in torsional shear in response to a relative rotational force applied to the first drive element 20.1 with the installation/driving tool.

An embodiment of the bolt member 15 and first drive element 20.1 is shown in FIG. 1. The bolt member 15 includes an elongated shank portion 16 which terminates at one end 30 with an enlarged flush head 17. Alternatively, the elongated shank portion 16 may also terminate at the one end 30 with a protruding head.

The shank portion 16 of the bolt member 15 may include a substantially smooth cylindrical portion 18, and a threaded portion 19. The smooth cylindrical shank portion 18 extends from the head 17 and may be adapted to be received by an expansion sleeve. Following the substantially smooth cylindrical shank portion 18 is a threaded portion 19. The threaded portion 19 is generally uniformly threaded throughout its length. A tapered transition portion 14 smoothly merges the threaded portion 19 with the smooth cylindrical shank portion 18.

In exemplary embodiments, the transition portion 14 may be tapered and have an angle of less than or equal to 20° from the pin shank as the diameter decreases radially from the smooth shank portion to the thread portion. In the embodiment of the bolt member 15 illustrated in FIG. 1, the diameter of the transition portion 14 is tapered and decreases in a uniform fashion. However, the transition portion can be any shape as long as the radius of the pin shank decreases. For example, the transition portion could be a gentle radius decrease shaped as a convex curve, a concave curve or an s-shaped curve, or be in configuration that would allow a reduction in the radius between the smooth shank portion and the threaded portion of the pin.

The expansion sleeve member of the fastener assembly may have a generally uniform tubular portion that terminates in an enlarged flanged shaped head to receive the flush head 17 (or alternatively protruding head) of the bolt member 15. The sleeve has an internal diameter that is greater than the threaded portion 19 of the bolt member 15, but less than the diameter of the smooth cylindrical shank portion 18.

In accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein, the fastener 10 comprises a bolt member 15 and a first drive element 20.1. The bolt member 15 has an elongated shank adapted to be located in a hole through at least one workpiece. The elongated shank of the bolt member 15 may also be adapted to be received in a blind hole, in particular a threaded blind hole. The first drive element 20.1 of the fastener 10 is adapted for engagement by an

installation/driving tool. The first drive element 20.1 and the bolt member 15 of the fastener 10 are joined together by means of a first interposed interlayer structure 5.1.

In some embodiments disclosed herein, the elongated shank of the bolt member 15 has a shape different from a cylindrical shape. The elongated shank or the bolt member 15 may, for example, be tapered.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the bolt member 15 of the fastener 10 may be provided with a first drive element 20.1 adapted for engagement by an installation/driving tool. The first drive element 20.1 and the fastener 10 are joined together by means of a first interlayer structure 5.1 forming a frangible portion adapted to fracture in torsional shear in response to a relative rotational force applied to the first drive element 20.1 with the installation/driving tool. As a result, the first drive element 20.1 is a shearable part adapted to shear from the fastener 10 upon the application of a predetermined torque.

The shearable (first) drive element 20.1 comprises a body 21.1 configured for engagement with a suitable installation/driving tool. The body 21.1 of the first drive element 20.1 may have any suitable form, a square or hexagonal external shape being most preferred, though any non-circular form may be utilised for engagement of an installation/driving tool with the exterior of the body 21.1.

Alternatively, the body 21.1 of the first drive element 20.1 may be provided with an axial bore of non-circular (e.g. square or hexagonal) cross-section such that installation/driving tool such as an Allen key may be inserted into the bore to apply the necessary torque to the first drive element 20.1.

In exemplary embodiments, the first drive element 20.1 and the fastener 10 are joined together by means of a first interlayer structure 5.1 that forms a shearable part of the fastener assembly 100. The first interlayer structure 5.1 may have a thickness of between about 0.2 pm and about 5.0 mm, preferably of between about 0.25 pm and about 1.0 mm, and more preferably of between about 0.2 pm and about 500.0 pm, thereby defining a predetermined shear plane between the first drive element 20.1 and the fastener 10.

In more detail, the shear plane defined by the first interlayer structure 5.1 results from the fact that the material of the first interlayer structure 5.1 is selected such as to have a shear modulus less than the shear modulus of the material of the bolt member 15 of the fastener 10 and less than the material of the body 21.1 of the first drive element 20.1. Especially in aerospace applications where high- strength fastener are commonly used, the interlayer structure is preferably at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than 35 GPa at room temperature, and more preferably less than 30 GPa at room temperature.

In some embodiments disclosed herein, the first interlayer structure 5.1 is at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than 125 GPa at room temperature, preferably less than 85 GPa at room temperature, and more preferable less than 50 GPa at room temperature.

In the exemplary embodiment of the bolt member 15 illustrated in FIG. 1, the first interlayer structure 5.1 has a first surface 6.1 facing the first end of the bolt member 15, and a second surface 7.1 facing an end 22 of the body 21.1 of the first drive element 20.1. The first surface 6.1 of the first interlayer structure 5.1 may be at least partly joined to the first end of the bolt member 15 by means of a material-locking joint. In addition or alternatively, the second surface 7.1 of the first interlayer structure 5.1 may be at least partly joined to the body 21.1 of the first drive element 20.1 by means of a material-locking joint. In some embodiments, the material-locking joint between the respective surface(s) of the interlayer structure 5.1 and the bolt member 15 and/or drive element 20.1 may be formed by brazing or soldering.

For example, the first interlayer structure 5.1 may be formed by a multi-layered brazing composed of a core material, in particular core alloy, with a cladding layer on both sides preferably of a different aluminium alloy with a different melting point.

Alternatively, the first interlayer structure 5.1 may be formed by a solder layer composed of a material, in particular aluminium alloy sheet, with a melting point less than the melting point of the material of the bolt member 15 and less than the melting point of the material of the body 21.1 of the first drive element 20.1.

In some embodiments, the material-locking joint between the respective surface(s) of the first interlayer structure 5.1 and the bolt member 15 and/or drive element 20.1 may be an adhesive bond.

Referring to FIG. 2, an embodiment of the nut member 40 of the exemplary embodiment of the shearable fastener assembly 100 according to the invention is shown. Accordingly, the fastener assembly 100 further comprises a fastener 10 in the form of a capped nut member 40 having a nut head portion 41 and a hollow shank portion 42 utilized for threaded engagement with the bolt member 15 of the fastener assembly 100. The nut head portion 41 of the capped nut member 40 is connected to a second drive element 20.2 by a second interlayer structure 5.2.

The second drive element 20.2 on the nut head portion 41 can either be an internal hex, an external hex 21, as seen in FIG. 2, or any of a number of other standard drive configurations or anti-theft drive configurations as those skilled in the art will readily realize are suitable for such driver means.

Furthermore, metals thought to be suitable for the capped nut member 40 include steel, titanium, aluminum, graphite composites, or any combination thereof and other alloys as may occur to those skilled in the art. The capped nut member 40, in addition to having a nut head portion 41, has a hollow shank comprising a first shank portion nearest the head portion 41 and an opposite second shank portion for engagement with the bolt member 15. The second shank portion is utilized for threaded engagement with the bolt member 15 to provide a clamp force necessary for the fastening.

The nut head may be formed of a number of convenient and aesthetically pleasing forms, as a button type face as seen in FIG. 2 of the drawings.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the nut head portion 41 of the nut member 40 is provided with a second drive element 20.2 adapted for engagement by an

installation/driving tool. The second drive element 20.2 and the nut head portion 41 are joined together by means of a second interlayer structure 5.2 forming a frangible portion adapted to fracture in torsional shear in response to a relative rotational force applied to the second drive element 20.2 with the

installation/driving tool. As a result, the second drive element 20.2 is a shearable part adapted to shear from the nut head portion 41 upon the application of a predetermined torque.

The shearable second drive element 20.2 comprises a body 21.2 configured for engagement with a suitable installation/driving tool. The body 21.2 of the second drive element 20.2 may have any suitable form, a square or hexagonal external shape being most preferred, though any non-circular form may be utilised for engagement of an installation/driving tool with the exterior of the body 21.2.

Alternatively, the body 21.2 of the second drive element 20.2 may be provided with an axial bore of non-circular (e.g. square or hexagonal) cross-section such that installation/driving tool such as an Allen key may be inserted into the bore to apply the necessary torque to the drive element 20.2.

In exemplary embodiments, the second drive element 20.2 and the nut head portion 41 are joined together by means of a second interlayer structure 5.2 that forms a further shearable part of the fastener assembly 100. The second interlayer structure 5.2 may have a thickness of between about 0.2 pm and about 5.0 mm, preferably of between about 0.25 pm and about 1.0 mm, and more preferably of between about 0.2 pm and about 500.0 pm, thereby defining a predetermined shear plane between the second drive element 20.2 and the nut head portion 41.

The shear plane defined by the second interlayer structure 5.2 results from the fact that the material of the second interlayer structure 5.2 is selected such as to have a shear modulus less than the shear modulus of the material of the nut head portion 41 of the fastener 10 and less than the material of the body 21.2 of the second drive element 20.2. The second interlayer structure 5.2 is preferably at least partly made of a material having a shear modulus less than 35 GPa at room temperature, and more preferably less than 30 GPa at room temperature.

In the exemplary embodiment of the nut member 40 of the exemplary

embodiment of the shearable fastener assembly 100 illustrated in FIG. 2, the second interlayer structure 5.2 has a first surface 6.2 facing the nut head portion 41 of the nut member 40, and a second surface 7.2 facing an end 22 of the body 21.2 of the second drive element 20.2. The first surface 6.2 of the second interlayer structure 5.2 may be at least partly joined to the nut head portion 41 by means of a material-locking joint. In addition or alternatively, the second surface 7.2 of the second interlayer structure 5.2 may be at least partly joined to the body 21.2 of the second drive element 20.2 by means of a material-locking joint.

In some embodiments, the material-locking joint between the respective surface(s) of the second interlayer structure 5.2 and the nut head portion 41 and/or second drive element 20.2 may be formed by brazing or soldering.

Alternatively, the second interlayer structure 5.2 may be formed by a solder layer composed of a material, in particular aluminium alloy sheet, with a melting point less than the melting point of the material of the nut head portion 41 and less than the melting point of the material of the body 21.2 of the drive element 20.2.

In some embodiments, the material-locking joint between the respective surface(s) of the second interlayer structure 5.2 and the nut head portion 41 and/or second drive element 20.2 may be an adhesive bond. The assembly process of the inventive fastener assembly 100 may consist of the hollow shank portion 42 of the nut member 40 being placed into the hole through the at least one workpiece until the internal nut threads of the of the hollow shank portion 42 abut a threaded portion of a bolt member, followed by the nut member being threaded onto the threaded portion of the bolt member. The installation process of the fastener 10 is accomplished by use of an installation tool adapted to engage the second drive element 20.2 of the nut member 40.

Continued rotation of the fastener 10 (e.g. by means of a suitable socket wrench or other tool applied to the hexagonal body 21.2 of the drive element 20) increases the clamping force until a predetermined torque is reached. At that point, connection between the second drive element 20.2 and the fastener 10 shears at the second interlayer structure 5.2, releasing the second drive element 20.2 from the fastener 10. In more detail, at a certain torsional and compressive load the nut member 40 stops rotating and the frangible portion between the nut member 40 and the second drive element 20.2 fails, causing the second drive element 20.2 and nut member 40 to separate.

Thus, a unique fastener assembly 100 is disclosed having a new structure for the shearable connection between the drive element and the fastener. The new structure for the shearable connection between the drive element and the fastener significantly improves the reliability of the fastener by eliminating the inconsistencies associated with forcibly deforming the drive element and/or the head of the fastener during fracture of the shearable connection in torsional shear in response to a relative rotational force applied to the drive element with the installation/driving tool.

While the above description contains many particulars, these should not be considered limitations on the scope of the disclosure, but rather a demonstration of embodiments thereof. The fastener and uses disclosed herein include any combination of the different species or embodiments disclosed.