FILTERING FACE-PIECE RESPIRATOR HAVING A FRAME FOR SUPPORTING THE EXHALATION VALVE

[0001] The present invention pertains to a filtering face-piece respirator that employs a frame on the mask body for facilitating exhalation valve securement.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Respirators are commonly worn over the breathing passages of a person for at least one of two common purposes: (1) to prevent impurities or contaminants from entering the wearer's breathing track; and (2) to protect other persons or things from being exposed to pathogens and other contaminants exhaled by the wearer. In the first situation, the respirator is worn in an environment where the air contains particles that are harmful to the wearer, for example, in an auto body shop. In the second situation, the respirator is worn in an environment where there is risk of contamination to other persons or things, for example, in an operating room or clean room. [0003] Some respirators are categorized as being "filtering face-pieces" because the mask body itself functions as the filtering mechanism. Unlike respirators that use rubber or elastomeric mask bodies in conjunction with attachable filter cartridges (see, e.g., U.S. Patent RE39,493 to Yuschak et al.) or insert-molded filter elements (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,790,306 to Braun), filtering face-piece respirators have the filter media comprise much of the whole mask body so that there is no need for installing or replacing a filter cartridge. As such, filtering face-piece respirators are relatively light in weight and easy to use. Examples of patents that disclose filtering face-piece respirators include U.S. Patents 7,131,442 to Kronzer et al, 6,923,182 and 6,041,782 to Angadjivand et al. 6,568,392 and 6,484,722 to Bostock et al., 6,394,090 to Chen, 4,873,972 to Magidson et al., 4,850,347 to Skov, 4,807,619 to Dyrud et al., 4,536,440 to Berg, and Des. 285,374 to

Huber et al.

[0004] To provide a filtering face-piece respirator that has a permanent cup-shaped configuration, the mask body is typically provided with a molded shaping layer. Molded shaping layers have been made from thermally bonded fibers or open-work filamentary meshes, which are molded into the cup-shaped configuration. The shaping layers

regularly support a filtering structure, which can include an electrically-charged nonwoven web of micro fibers.

[0005] To improve wearer comfort, filtering face-piece respirators sometimes have an exhalation valve mounted to the mask body. Investigators have developed exhalation valves to rapidly purge the wearer's exhaled air from the mask interior; see U.S. Patents

7,028,689, 7,188,622, and 7,013,895 to Martin et al. and U.S. Patents 7,117,868,

6,854,463, and 6,843,248 to Japuntich et al., and U.S. Reissue Patent RE37,974 to

Bowers.

[0006] Exhalation valves have been mounted to respirator mask bodies using a variety of techniques. In some respirators, the valve is welded directly to the various layers that comprise the mask body. In other constructions, the valve seat is clamped to the mask body; see U.S. Patents 7,069,931, 7,007,695, 6,959,709, and 6,604,524 to Curran et al.

Additionally, a printed patch of adhesive has been used to secure the exhalation valve to the mask body; see U.S. Patent 6,125,849 to Williams et al. In each of these various techniques, the valve is attached to the fibrous media and/or open-work filamentary mesh that comprises the mask body.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention provides a new construction for securing an exhalation valve to the mask body of a filtering face-piece respirator. In so doing, the present invention provides a filtering face-piece respirator that comprises: (a) a harness; (b) a mask body that comprises: (i) filtering structure; and (ii) a support structure that includes a frame; and (c) an exhalation valve that is joined to the mask body at the frame. The frame enables the exhalation valve to be securely mounted to the mask body support structure. As indicated above, conventional filtering face-piece respirators have secured the exhalation valve directly to the fibrous and open-work plastic structures of the mask body.

These known mask body support structures have had a porous construction and have lacked rigidity and accordingly have made an airtight seal more difficult to achieve. The present invention uses a frame that provides a solid rigid structure onto which the valve seat can be securely and properly mounted with little difficulty. Alternatively, the frame may form part of the valve seat base.

[0008] Because mask bodies for conventional filtering face-piece respirators have regularly used shaping layers that comprised molded nonwoven webs of thermally-bonded fibers or an open-work filamentary meshes to provide structural integrity to the mask body, the ability to provide a frame for securing the exhalation valve to the mask body was lacking. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a support structure that has transversely-extending members which allow the frame to be firmly supported on the mask body. The frame can be integrally attached to the transversely-extending members to provide a new and improved structure for supporting both the exhalation valve and the filtering material.

Glossary

[0009] The terms set forth below will have the meanings as defined:

[0010] "bisect(s)" means to divide into two generally equal parts;

[0011] "centrally spaced" means separated significantly from one another along a line or plane that bisects the mask body vertically; [0012] "comprises (or comprising)" means its definition as is standard in patent terminology, being an open-ended term that is generally synonymous with "includes", "having", or "containing". Although "comprises", "includes", "having", and "containing" and variations thereof are commonly-used, open-ended terms, this invention also may be suitably described using narrower terms such as "consists essentially of, which is semi open-ended term in that it excludes only those things or elements that would have a deleterious effect on the performance of the inventive respirator in serving its intended function;

[0013] "clean air" means a volume of atmospheric ambient air that has been filtered to remove contaminants; [0014] "contaminants" means particles (including dusts, mists, and fumes) and/or other substances that generally may not be considered to be particles (e.g., organic vapors, et cetera) but which may be suspended in air, including air in an exhale flow stream; [0015] "crosswise dimension" is the dimension that extends laterally across the respirator from side -to-side when the respirator is viewed from the front; [0016] "exhalation valve" means a valve that opens to allow a fluid to exit a filtering face mask's interior gas space;

[0017] "exterior gas space" means the ambient atmospheric gas space into which exhaled gas enters after passing through and beyond the mask body and/or exhalation valve;

[0018] "filtering face-piece" means that the mask body itself is designed to filter air that passes through it; there are no separately identifiable filter cartridges or inserted- molded filter elements attached to or molded into the mask body to achieve this purpose;

[0019] "filter" or "filtration layer" means one or more layers of air-permeable material, which layer(s) is adapted for the primary purpose of removing contaminants (such as particles) from an air stream that passes through it; [0020] "filtering structure" means a construction that is designed primarily for filtering air;

[0021] "first side" means an area of the mask body that is laterally distanced from a plane that bisects the mask vertically and that would reside in the region of a wearer's cheek and/or jaw when the respirator is being donned; [0022] "frame" means a solid, non- fibrous, non- filamentary, structure that is designed to surround an opening in a mask body and to provide a foundation upon which an exhalation valve can be secured;

[0023] "harness" means a structure or combination of parts that assists in supporting the mask body on a wearer's face; [0024] "hinder movement" means to or deprive of significant movement when exposed to forces that exist under normal use conditions;

[0025] "integral" means being manufactured together at the same time — that is being made together as one part and not two separately manufactured parts that are subsequently joined together; [0026] "interior gas space" means the space between a mask body and a person's face;

[0027] "line of demarcation" means a fold, seam, weld line, bond line, stitch line, hinge line, and/or any combination thereof;

[0028] "living hinge" means a mechanism that allows members that extend therefrom to generally pivot thereabout in a rotational-type manner with such ease that damage is not caused to the members or to the hinge joint under normal use;

[0029] "longitudinally-movable" means capable of being moved in the longitudinal direction in response to mere finger pressure;

[0030] "mask body" means an air-permeable structure that is designed to fit over the nose and mouth of a person and that helps define an interior gas space separated from an exterior gas space;

[0031] "member", in relation to the support structure, means an individually and readily identifiable solid part that is sized to contribute significantly to the overall construction and configuration of the support structure;

[0032] "perimeter" means the outer edge of the mask body, which outer edge would be disposed generally proximate to a wearer's face when the respirator is being donned by a person; [0033] "pleat" means a portion that is designed to be folded back upon itself;

[0034] "pleated" means being folded back upon itself;

[0035] "polymeric" and "plastic" each mean a material that mainly includes one or more polymers and may contain other ingredients as well;

[0036] "plurality" means two or more; [0037] "respirator" means an air filtration device that is worn by a person to provide the wearer with clean air to breathe;

[0038] "rigid" means the part does not readily deform substantially and easily in response to mere pressure from a person's finger.

[0039] "second side" means an area of the mask body that is distanced from a plane line that bisects the mask vertically (the second side being opposite the first side) and that would reside in the region of a wearer's cheek and/or jaw when the respirator is being donned;

[0040] "support structure" means a construction that is designed to have sufficient structural integrity to retain its desired shape, and to help retain the intended shape of the filtering structure that is supported by it, under normal handling;

[0041] "spaced" means physically separated or having measurable distance therebetween; and

[0042] "transversely extending" means extending generally in the crosswise dimension.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA WINGS

[0043] FIG. 1 shows a front view of a filtering face-piece respirator 10 in accordance with the present invention;

[0044] FIG. 2 shows a front perspective view of a filtering face-piece respirator 10, in accordance with the present invention, being worn on a person's face;

[0045] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exhalation valve 38 mounted to a frame

32 in accordance with the present invention;

[0046] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an exhalation valve 38 mounted to a frame

32 in accordance with the present invention; [0047] FIG. 5 is a front view of a mask body 12 that has a valve seat 52 secured to a frame 32 in accordance with the present invention;

[0048] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 6-6 of FIG. 4 through the filtering structure 18, which may be used in a mask body of the present invention;

[0049] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a filtering structure 18 that may be used in a mask body 12 of the present invention; and

[0050] FIG. 8 is a plan view of a blank that is used to form a multi-layered filtering structure 18 (FIG. 4).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0051] In practicing the present invention, a filtering face-piece respirator is provided that has a frame on the support structure of the mask body. Rather than using a shaping layer that comprises thermally-bonded fibers or an open-work plastic mesh to support an exhalation valve, the present invention comprises a frame for this purpose. The frame is particularly beneficial in that it provides a solid surface onto which an exhalation valve can be mounted. The use of a frame may further provide a solid foundation for securing the exhalation valve to the mask body so that there is little or no opportunity for leakage in the area where the exhalation valve is mounted to the mask body. The exhalation valve also may be supported by a solid frame work that includes a plurality of transversely- extending members, which can assist in defining the mask body shape and in supporting the filter media. [0052] FIG. 1 shows an example of a shaped filtering face-piece respirator 10 that may be used in accordance with the present invention. As illustrated, the filtering face-piece

respirator 10 includes a mask body 12 and a harness 14. The mask body 12 has a support structure 16 and a filtering structure 18. The support structure 16 includes a perimeter 20, a first side 22, and an opposing second side 24. The perimeter 20 of the support structure 16 may, but not necessarily, contact the wearer's face when the respirator 10 is being donned. The perimeter 20 may comprise a member, or combination of members, that extend 360° continuously about, and adjacent to, the periphery of the mask body 12. Typically, the wearer's face will contact only the inner surface or periphery of the filtering structure 18 — or an additional face seal material — so that a comfortable fit is achieved. Thus, the peripheral edge of the filtering structure 18 may extend slightly radially beyond the perimeter 20 of the support structure 16. The mask body 12 also includes transversely-extending members 25 and 27. These transversely-extending members 25, 27 are joined together by longitudinally-extending members 28 and 30 to define a frame 32. As illustrated, the frame 32 is continuous about an opening 34. The frame 32 may take on a variety of configurations, including being circular, elliptical, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and combinations thereof. The opening 34 within the frame 32 may similarly take on a variety of configurations, although the inner opening 34 does not necessarily need to correspond to the outer profile 33 of the frame 32. The front (or outer) surface 36 of the frame 32 preferably is substantially smooth so that an exhalation valve can be tightly and hermetically secured thereto. The transversely-extending members 25 and 27 are illustrated extending from a first side 22 of the respirator to a second side 24. The invention, however, contemplates embodiments where the transversely-extending members do not need to extend fully across the mask body 12. The use of transversely- extending members that extend from a first side 22 to a second side 24 may provide a support structure 16 that has very good structural stability and therefore may be preferred in conjunction with the present invention but may not be necessary for providing a frame onto which an exhalation valve may be mounted. The frame also could be provided in conjunction with other support structures such as the conventional fibrous and plastic mesh shaping layers described above. To readily fashion the frame at the same time as, or "integral" with, the support structure, however, the support structure may comprise a plurality of transversely-extending members that help define the mask body shape, while

at the same time support and/or help define the frame 32 and support the filtering structure 18.

[0053] FIG. 2 shows the filtering face-piece respirator 10 being worn on a person and including an exhalation valve 38 mounted to the frame 32. The support structure 16 also may include a longitudinally-movable, transversely-extending member 40. This longitudinally-movable, transversely-extending member 40 can extend from a first side 22 of the mask body 12 to a second side 24, preferably without being joined together between sides 22 and 24 by any longitudinally-extending member(s) that could hinder movement of the transversely-extending members 40 in a longitudinal direction. That is, there preferably is no structural member that joins member 40 to member 27 so as to restrict member 40 from moving away from member 27 when the wearer expands their jaw or opens their mouth. The longitudinal movement of member 40 is particularly pronounced along the center line 41. When viewing the respirator as projected onto a plane from the front, the transverse direction is the direction that extends across the respirator in the general "x" direction, and the longitudinal direction is the dimension that extends between the bottom and top of the respirator 10 in the general "y" direction. When viewed through such a planar projection, the transversely-extending member 40 can move towards and away from member 27 in the general "y" direction. The use of a longitudinally-movable member 40 may allow the mask body 12 to expand to better accommodate wearer jaw movement and various sized faces — see U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/974,025 (attorney docket number 63165US002) entitled Filtering Face-Piece Respirator That Has Expandable Mask Body, filed on the same day as this patent application. The respirator 10 is supported on the face of the wearer by a harness 14 that includes first and second straps 21a and 21b. These straps 21a, 21b may be adjusted in length by one or more buckles 46. The buckles 46 may be secured to the mask body 12 at the first and second sides 22, 24 at harness-securement flange members 48a, 48b using a variety of methods, including stapling, adhesive bonding, welding, and the like. The buckles 46 also may be integrally molded into the support structure 16; see, U.S. Patent Application U.S. Serial No. 60/974,031 (attorney docket number 63355US002) entitled Filtering Face-Piece Respirator Having Buckles Integral To The Mask Body, filed on the same day as this patent application.

[0054] FIG. 3 shows the exhalation valve 38 secured to the frame 32 at valve base 50. The valve base 50 is the portion of the valve seat 52 that makes contact with the frame 32 when the exhalation valve 38 is secured thereto. The exhalation valve 38 also has a valve cover 54 that resides over the valve seat 52 to define an air chamber through which exhaled air passes before exiting the valve at valve cover opening(s) 56. The exhalation valve 38 has a flexible flap 57 that lifts from a seal surface 58 in response to exhalation pressure generated by a respirator wearer during an exhalation. In this embodiment, the valve seat 52 can be secured to the frame 32 at valve base 50 through, for example, welding, adhesive securement, frictional engagement, or combinations thereof. The contour of the frame 32, when viewed from the side, typically is fashioned to match the mating contour of the valve seat. Thus, if the frame is planar, the base 50 of the valve seat 52 also would likewise be planar. If the outer surface 36 of the frame 32 is curved, it will preferably match a curved surface of the valve seat base 50. [0055] FIG. 4 illustrates another manner in which the exhalation valve 38 may be secured to the frame 32. In this embodiment, the valve seat 52 is mechanically secured to the frame 32. The valve seat 52 has a cylindrical member 60 that passes through an opening 62 in the mask body 12. The cylindrical member 60 is then folded back upon itself so that the valve seat 52 can be mechanically clamped to the frame 32. Thus, the frame 32 (or portions thereof) becomes disposed between opposing portions of the valve base 50. The cylindrical member 60 may be folded back upon itself so that it engages only the frame member 32 or so that it captures part of the filtering structure 18. The cylindrical member 60 also may be snap-fit, welded, or adhesively bonded to the frame 32 or to the frame 32 and the filtering structure 18 in conjunction with the noted mechanical engagement. In either instance, the valve seat is considered to be secured to the frame in accordance with the present invention. Further description of this kind of valve securement can be found in U.S. Patents 7,069,931, 7,007,695, 6,959,709, and 6,604,524 to Curran et al and EPl,030,721 to Williams et al.

[0056] FIG. 5 shows a front view of a mask body 12 where only the valve seat 52 is mounted to the frame member 32. The valve cover (54, FIGs. 3 and 4) and the flexible flap (57, FIGs. 3 and 4) have been removed so that the valve seat 52 is more visible. As shown, the valve seat 52 includes a seal surface 58 and an aperture 64. Although the

aperture 64 is illustrated as being circular, it may take on a variety of other configurations including rectangular, elliptical, etc. The aperture 64 allows exhaled air to pass from the interior gas space through the valve to ultimately enter the exterior gas space. When viewed from the front as shown in FIG. 5, the seal surface 58 surrounds the aperture 64. One or more cross members 65 may be employed within the aperture 64 to provide a plurality of openings 66 within the whole aperture 64. One or more posts 67 may be provided in the valve seat 52 to allow for the proper alignment of the flexible flap (57, FIGs. 3 and 4) when secured to the valve seat 52. [0057] Exhalation valves that may be attached to the support structure at the frame may have a construction similar to the unidirectional valves described in U.S. Patents

7,188,622, 7,028,689, and 7,013,895 to Martin et al.; 7,117,868, 6,854,463, 6,843,248, and 5,325,892 to Japuntich et al.; 6,883,518 to Mittelstadt et al.; and RE37,974 to Bowers. A valve cover also can be molded integral to the valve seat in a hinged manner such that it only needs to be rotated into engagement with the valve seat to be fully secured thereto by frictional and/or mechanical or adhesive fasteners. Examples of valve cover designs are shown in U.S. Patents Des. 347,298 to Japuntich et al. and DES. 347,299 to Bryant et al. Essentially any exhalation valve that provides a suitable pressure drop and that can be properly secured to the frame may be used in connection with the present invention. [0058] The frame typically is sized to encompass an area (measured from its outer dimensions), when viewed from the front, that is less than about 25 square centimeters (cm ² ). More typically, the frame is sized to encompass an area typically less than about 16 cm ² . When a flapper or cantilevered- style valve is used (see, for example, U.S. Patent 5,509,436 to Japuntich et al. and 6,047,698 to Magidson et al.), the frame may be longer in the longitudinal dimension than in the cross-wise dimension. Typically, the members that comprise the frame are less than 1 cm wide and are greater than 3 millimeter (mm) wide.

The thickness of the frame member(s) typically is greater than 1 mm and is less than 5 mm. More typically, the thickness of the frame member(s) is about 2 to 4 mm. The opening in the frame typically occupies an area of about 2 to 8 cm ² , more typically about 3 to 6.5 cm ² . The frame may be fashioned to have a plurality of holes in it to decrease its weight. The frame preferably extends continuously 360° about the opening in the mask body. The mask body opening, and hence the frame, preferably are located directly in front of where the wearer's mouth would be when the respirator is being donned.

[0059] The frame and/or support structure may be made by known techniques such as injection molding. Known plastics such as olefins including, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, and polymethyl(pentene); plastomers; thermoplastics; thermoplastic elastomers; and blends thereof may be used to make the frame and/or support structure. Additives such as pigments, UV stabilizers, anti-block agents, nucleating agents, fungicides, and bactericides also may be added to the composition that forms the frame and/or support structure. The plastic typically exhibits a stiffness in flexure of about 75 to 300 Mega Pascals (MPa), more typically about 100 to 250 MPa, and still typically about 175 to 225 MPa. A metal or ceramic material also may be used in lieu of plastic to construct the frame and/or support structure, although a plastic may be preferred for disposal/cost reasons.

[0060] A plastic used for the support structure can be selected to exhibit resilience, shape memory, and resistance to flexural fatigue so that the support structure can be deformed many times (i.e. greater than 100), particularly at any hinge points, and return to its original position. The plastic selected should be able to withstand an indefinite number of deformations so that the support structure exhibits a greater service life than the filter structure. The support structure is a part or assembly that is not integral to (or made together with) the filtering structure and comprises members that are sized to be larger than the fibers used in the filtering structure. The support structure members may be rectangular, circular, triangular, elliptical, trapezoidal, etc., when viewed in cross-section. [0061] FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of the filtering structure 18. As illustrated, the filtering structure 18 may include one or more cover webs 70a and 70b and a filtration layer 72. The cover webs 70a and 70b may be located on opposing sides of the filtration layer 72 to capture any fibers that could come loose therefrom. Typically, the cover webs 70a and 70b are made from a selection of fibers that provide a comfortable feel, particularly on the side of the filtering structure 18 that makes contact with the wearer's face. The construction of various filter layers and cover webs that may be used in conjunction with the support structure of the present invention are described below in more detail. [0062] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of one example of a filtering structure 18 that can be used in a respirator of the present invention. The filtering structure 18 may include a first and second transversely-extending lines of demarcation 74a and 74b. These lines

of demarcation 74a, 74b may be substantially spaced from one another in the central portion of the filtering structure 18 but may converge towards each other, moving laterally in the direction of the sides 76 and 78. The lines of demarcation 74a, 74b may comprise a fold, weld line, stitch line, bond line, hinge line, or combination thereof. Generally, the first and second lines of demarcation 74a and 74b correspond to the location of certain transversely-extending members on the support structure. When the first and second lines of demarcation 74a, 74b define a pleat 80 that may be formed therebetween, the first and second lines of demarcation 74a, 74b preferably are secured to transversely-extending members 27 and 40, respectively, thereby allowing the filtering structure to open and close in an accordion- like manner about the pleat 80 that is located therebetween. The filtering structure 18 also includes a generally vertical line of demarcation 82 that may be provided in the nose region of the filtering structure to eliminate excess material that would otherwise accumulate in the nose region during the manufacturing process. Although the filtering structure 18 has been illustrated with only a single pleat 80, the filtering structure 18 may include two or more of such pleats in the cross-wise dimension. Under such circumstances, it is preferable to provide a support structure that has multiple living hinges where the moveable transversely-extending members meet. To improve fit and wearer comfort, an elastomeric face seal can be secured to the perimeter 86 of the filtering structure 18. Such a face seal may extend radially inward to contact the wearer's face when the respirator is being donned. The face seal may be made from a thermoplastic elastomer. Examples of face seals are described in U.S. Patents 6,568,392 to Bostock et al, 5,617,849 to Springett et al, 4,600,002 to Maryyanek et al, and in Canadian Patent 1,296,487 to Yard. [0063] The filtering structure may take on a variety of different shapes and configurations. The filtering structure typically is adapted so that it properly fits against or within the support structure. Generally the shape and configuration of the filtering structure corresponds to the general shape of the support structure. The filtering structure may be disposed radially inward from the support structure, it may be disposed radially outward from the support structure, or it may be disposed between various members that comprise the support structure. Although a filtering structure has been illustrated with multiple layers that include a filtration layer and two cover webs, the filtering structure may simply comprise a filtration layer or a combination of filtration layers. For example,

a pre-filter may be disposed upstream to a more refined and selective downstream filtration layer. Additionally, sorptive materials such as activated carbon may be disposed between the fibers and/or various layers that comprise the filtering structure. Further, separate particulate filtration layers may be used in conjunction with sorptive layers to provide filtration for both particulates and vapors. The filtering structure may include one or more stiffening layers that allow such a cup-shaped configuration to be maintained. Alternatively, the filtering structure could have one or more horizontal and/or vertical lines of demarcation that contribute to its structural integrity to help maintain the cup- shaped configuration. [0064] The filtering structure that is used in a mask body of the invention can be of a particle capture or gas and vapor type filter. The filtering structure also may be a barrier layer that prevents the transfer of liquid from one side of the filter layer to another to prevent, for instance, liquid aerosols or liquid splashes from penetrating the filter layer. Multiple layers of similar or dissimilar filter media may be used to construct the filtering structure of the invention as the application requires. Filters that may be beneficially employed in a layered mask body of the invention are generally low in pressure drop (for example, less than about 195 to 295 Pascals at a face velocity of 13.8 centimeters per second) to minimize the breathing work of the mask wearer. Filtration layers additionally are flexible and have sufficient shear strength so that they generally retain their structure under expected use conditions. Examples of particle capture filters include one or more webs of fine inorganic fibers (such as fiberglass) or polymeric synthetic fibers. Synthetic fiber webs may include electret charged polymeric microfibers that are produced from processes such as me ltb lowing. Polyolefin microfibers formed from polypropylene that has been electrically charged provide particular utility for particulate capture applications. An alternate filter layer may comprise a sorbent component for removing hazardous or odorous gases from the breathing air. Sorbents may include powders or granules that are bound in a filter layer by adhesives, binders, or fibrous structures — see U.S. Patent 3,971,373 to Braun. A sorbent layer can be formed by coating a substrate, such as fibrous or reticulated foam, to form a thin coherent layer. Sorbent materials may include activated carbons that are chemically treated or not, porous alumna-silica catalyst substrates, and alumna particles. An example of a sorptive filtration structure that may be conformed into various configurations is described in U.S. Patent 6,391,429 to Senkus et al.

[0065] The filtration layer is typically chosen to achieve a desired filtering effect and, generally, removes a high percentage of particles and/or or other contaminants from the gaseous stream that passes through it. For fibrous filter layers, the fibers selected depend upon the kind of substance to be filtered and, typically, are chosen so that they do not become bonded together during the molding operation. As indicated, the filtration layer may come in a variety of shapes and forms and typically has a thickness of about 0.2 millimeters (mm) to 1 centimeter (cm), more typically about 0.3 mm to 0.5 cm, and it could be a generally planar web or it could be corrugated to provide an expanded surface area — see, for example, U.S. Patents 5,804,295 and 5,656,368 to Braun et al. The filtration layer also may include multiple filtration layers joined together by an adhesive or any other means. Essentially any suitable material that is known (or later developed) for forming a filtering layer may be used for the filtering material. Webs of melt-blown fibers, such as those taught in Wente, Van A., Superfine Thermoplastic Fibers, 48 Indus. Engn. Chem., 1342 et seq. (1956), especially when in a persistent electrically charged (electret) form are especially useful (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,682 to Kubik et al.). These melt-blown fibers may be microfibers that have an effective fiber diameter less than about 20 micrometers (μm) (referred to as BMF for "blown microfiber"), typically about 1 to 12 μm. Effective fiber diameter may be determined according to Davies, C. N., The Separation Of Airborne Dust Particles, Institution Of Mechanical Engineers, London, Proceedings IB, 1952. Particularly preferred are BMF webs that contain fibers formed from polypropylene, poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), and combinations thereof. Electrically charged fibrillated-film fibers as taught in van Turnhout, U.S. Patent Re. 31,285, may also be suitable, as well as rosin-wool fibrous webs and webs of glass fibers or solution-blown, or electrostatically sprayed fibers, especially in microfilm form. Electric charge can be imparted to the fibers by contacting the fibers with water as disclosed in U.S. Patents

6,824,718 to Eitzman et al., 6,783,574 to Angadjivand et al., 6,743,464 to Insley et al., 6,454,986 and 6,406,657 to Eitzman et al., and 6,375,886 and 5,496,507 to Angadjivand et al. Electric charge also may be imparted to the fibers by corona charging as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,588,537 to Klasse et al. or by tribocharging as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,798,850 to Brown. Also, additives can be included in the fibers to enhance the filtration performance of webs produced through the hydro-charging process (see U.S. Patent

5,908,598 to Rousseau et al.). Fluorine atoms, in particular, can be disposed at the surface

of the fibers in the filter layer to improve filtration performance in an oily mist environment — see U.S. Patents 6,398,847 Bl, 6,397,458 Bl, and 6,409,806 Bl to Jones et al. Typical basis weights for electret BMF filtration layers are about 10 to 100 grams per square meter. When electrically charged according to techniques described in, for example, the '507 patent, and when including fluorine atoms as mentioned in the Jones et

2 2 al. patents, the basis weight may be about 20 to 40 g/m and about 10 to 30 g/m , respectively.

[0066] An inner cover web can be used to provide a smooth surface for contacting the wearer's face, and an outer cover web can be used to entrap loose fibers in the mask body or for aesthetic reasons. The cover web typically does not provide any substantial filtering benefits to the filtering structure, although it can act as a pre-fϊlter when disposed on the exterior (or upstream to) the filtration layer. To obtain a suitable degree of comfort, an inner cover web preferably has a comparatively low basis weight and is formed from comparatively fine fibers. More particularly, the cover web may be fashioned to have a

2 2 basis weight of about 5 to 50g/m (typically 10 to 30g/m ), and the fibers are less than 3.5 denier (typically less than 2 denier, and more typically less than 1 denier but greater than 0.1). Fibers used in the cover web often have an average fiber diameter of about 5 to 24 micrometers, typically of about 7 to 18 micrometers, and more typically of about 8 to 12 micrometers. The cover web material may have a degree of elasticity (typically, but not necessarily, 100 to 200% at break) and may be plastically deformable.

[0067] Suitable materials for the cover web are blown microfϊber (BMF) materials, particularly polyolefm BMF materials, for example polypropylene BMF materials (including polypropylene blends and also blends of polypropylene and polyethylene). A suitable process for producing BMF materials for a cover web is described in U.S. Patent 4,013,816 to Sabee et al. The web may be formed by collecting the fibers on a smooth surface, typically a smooth-surfaced drum. Spun-bond fibers also may be used. [0068] A typical cover web may be made from polypropylene or a polypropylene/polyolefm blend that contains 50 weight percent or more polypropylene. These materials have been found to offer high degrees of softness and comfort to the wearer and also, when the filter material is a polypropylene BMF material, to remain secured to the filter material without requiring an adhesive between the layers. Polyolefm

materials that are suitable for use in a cover web may include, for example, a single polypropylene, blends of two polypropylenes, and blends of polypropylene and polyethylene, blends of polypropylene and poly(4-methyl-l-pentene), and/or blends of polypropylene and polybutylene. One example of a fiber for the cover web is a polypropylene BMF made from the polypropylene resin "Escorene 3505 G" from Exxon

2

Corporation, providing a basis weight of about 25 g/ m and having a fiber denier in the range 0.2 to 3.1 (with an average, measured over 100 fibers of about 0.8). Another suitable fiber is a polypropylene/polyethylene BMF (produced from a mixture comprising 85 percent of the resin "Escorene 3505G" and 15 percent of the ethylene/alpha-olefm copolymer "Exact 4023" also from Exxon Corporation) providing a basis weight of about 25 g/m and having an average fiber denier of about 0.8. Suitable spunbond materials are available, under the trade designations "Corosoft Plus 20", "Corosoft Classic 20" and "Corovin PP-S-14", from Corovin GmbH of Peine, Germany, and a carded polypropylene/viscose material available, under the trade designation "370/15", from J. W. Suominen OY of Nakila, Finland.

[0069] Cover webs that are used in the invention preferably have very few fibers protruding from the web surface after processing and therefore have a smooth outer surface. Examples of cover webs that may be used in the present invention are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent 6,041,782 to Angadjivand, U.S. Patent 6,123,077 to Bostock et al, and WO 96/28216A to Bostock et al.

EXAMPLES Test Methods 1. Stiffness in Flexure Test (SFT)

[0070] The stiffness in flexure of material used to make the support structure was measured according to ASTM D 5342-97 section 12.1 to 12.7. In so doing, six test specimens were cut from a blank film into rectangular pieces that were about 25.4 mm wide by about 70 mm long. The specimens were prepared as described below. Taber V-5 Stiff ener tester Model 150-E (from Taber Corporation, 455 Bryant Street, North Tonawanda, New York, 14120) was used in 10 - 100 Taber stiffness unit configurations to measure the test specimens. The Taber Stiffness readings were recorded from the

equipment display at the end of the test, and the stiffness in flexure was calculated using the following equation: o • _/ ■ _/ ■ • _{T^r / π x} r, _{λ n} ~ Ncnι ^A ( Taber Stiffness

Stiffness in Flexure (Pa) = 7,492 — ^ ,

M ² {Width * thickness ³

Taber Stiffness = recorded material resistance to bending measured according to ASTM D5342-97 section 12.1 to 12.7.

Width = width of test film specimen in cm, which was 2.54 cm.

Thickness = average thickness of test specimen in cm measured using standard digital caliper at five equally-spaced locations along the length, of the material.

[0071] The stiffness in flexure from the six samples were averaged to give the Stiffness in Flexure.

Sample Preparation

1. Stiffness in Flexure Test Specimen

[0072] Test specimens for the Stiffness in Flexure Test were prepared from the same compounded polymer ingredients that were blended together to make the respirator support structure. See Table 2 for the polymeric composition of the support structure.

Forty (40) grams of the compound were used to make a circular film that was 114 mm in radius and 0.51 to 0.64 mm thick. The first 40 grams of the compounded material was poured into a twin screw roller blade Type Six BRABENDER mixer (from CW. Brabender instruments Inc., 50 East Wesley Street, P.O. Box 2127, South Hackensack, NJ, 07606). The mixer was operating at 75 revolutions per minute (RPM) and at a temperature of 185 ⁰ C. After blending the molten compound for about 10 minutes, the mixture was pressed under 44.5 kilonewtons (KN) of force to make the 0.51 to 0.64 mm thick flat circular film that was 114 mm in diameter. The compression was conducted using a hot platen set at 149 ⁰ C. The hot platen was a Genesis 30 ton Compression molding press from WABASH Equipments 1569 Morris Street, P.O. Box 298, Wabash, IN 46992. Before testing for stiffness in flexure, the films were cut to the required test specimen sizes of 25.4 mm wide by 70 mm long.

2. Respirator Support Structure Manufacture

[0073] Samples of the respirator support structure were made using a standard injection molding process. Single cavity male and female molds, matching the geometry of the frame shown in FIGs. 1-2 were manufactured at a tool manufacturer. At a relaxed state, or while the support structure was still on the mold, the support structure measured 115 mm, top to bottom, and 120 mm from side to side. The measurement was made along a direct line between the highest and lowest points on the perimeter and two living hinge points, respectively while the respirator was in an unstressed state. The targeted thickness of the members that comprised the support structure was 2.5 millimeters. The transversely-extending members were given a trapezoidal cross-section to allow the support structure to be more easily removed from the mold. The cross-sectional area of the transversely-extending members ranged from about 7.5 to 12 mm ² . [0074] A I lO Ton Toshiba VIS-6 molding press was used during the injection molding process to make the support structure under the conditions and set points shown in Table 1 :

Table 1 Respirator Support Structure Injection Molding Conditions

[0075] A compounding of polymers listed in Table 2 below at the specified weight percentages were mixed to obtain the desired physical properties of the support structure.

Table 2 Support Structure Composition

* Comprised less than 1 wt. % of the total composition.

3. Respirator Filtering Structure Manufacture

[0076] Respirator filtering structures were formed from two layers of nonwoven fibrous electret filter material that was 254 mm wide, laminated between one 50 grams per square meter (gsm) outer layer of white nonwoven fibrous spunbond material and one 22 gsm inner layer of white nonwoven fibrous spunbond material having the same width. Both layers of the nonwoven fibrous spunbond materials were made of polypropylene. The electret filter material was the standard filter material that is used in a 3M 8511 N95 respirator. The laminated web blank was cut into the 254 mm long pieces to form a square before being formed into a cup formation that had a three-dimension (3D) pleat extending transversely across the filtering structure. [0077] As shown in FIG. 8, where the dotted lines represent fold lines and the solid lines represent weld (or the lines of demarcation 74a and 74b in FIG. 7), the complex 3D pleat (80, FIG. 7) was formed by ultrasonically welding two curves 74a, 74b of same

radius of curvature (258.5 mm radius). The distance between the highest points on each curve was 40 mm, and the two ends of the curves met at left and right end points, which were about 202 mm apart. The first curve 74b was created by folding the laminated filter media along the first fold line 90 at least 76 mm away from one edge of laminated web. The second curve 74a was formed by welding along the secondary curve line by folding the laminated web at a secondary fold line 92, which is located 62 mm from the first fold line 90. Once the two curves that make the 3D pleat are formed, excess material outside of the curve lines was removed. The layered material was then folded along the vertical center line 94 and a line of demarcation 82 (FIG. 7) was welded, starting 51 mm away from the center of the second curve line as shown in FIG. 8. This step removes any excess material and forms a cup that properly fits in the respirator support structure. An ultrasonic welding process was used to make the welds. Branson 2000ae Ultrasonic welding equipment and power supply was used at a peak power mode, 100% amplitude and air pressure of 483 MPa.

4. Other Respirator Components

[0078] Face seal: Standard 3M 4000 Series respirator face seal.

[0079] Nose clip: Standard 3M 8210 Plus N 95 Respirator nose clip.

[0080] Headband: Standard 3M 8210 Plus N 95 Respirator headband material but white in color. The Yellow pigment for 3M 8210 Plus respirator headband was removed. [0081] Buckle: A buckle similar to a back-pack buckle with flexible hinge to allow comfortable adjustment of headband material was used. [0082] Exhalation Valve: 3M Cool Flow™ valve from 8511 Respirator.

5. Respirator Assembly [0083] The face seal material was cut to pieces that were about 140 mm by 180 mm. A die cut tool was then used to create an oval opening that was 125 mm by 70 mm and was located in the center of the face seal. The face seal with the central cut out opening was attached to respirator filtering structure made as described above. The same equipment that was used to ultrasonically weld the filtering element structure was used to secure the face seal to the filtering structure under similar process conditions. The welding anvil had an oval shape of about 168 mm wide and 114 mm long. After the face

seal was joined to the filtering structure, excess material outside of the weld line was removed. The nose clip was adhered to the outside of the assembled filtering structure crosswise over the nose area. Then the pre-assembled filtering element was inserted into the support structure in its desired orientation. The complex 3D pleat was strategically located between transversely extending members 27 and 40 shown in FIGs. 1 and 2. A handheld Branson E- 150 Ultrasonic welding equipment, at 100% output and 1.0 second weld time, was used to create attachment points between the support structure and the filtering structure at an interval of 20 to 25 mm along each transversely extending member. Four headband buckles were stapled to the harness flanges 48a, 48b using 12.7 mm Heavy Duty STANLEY staple wire on both sides of the support structure above and below the living hinge 96. A 450 mm long braided headband material was threaded through the buckles to complete the respirator assembly process. A standard 3M Cool Flow™ valve was attached to the mask body at the frame by being ultrasonically welded thereto.

Stiffness in Flexure Test Results

[0084] The compounded ingredients listed in Table 2 were selected to match desired structural and flexibility properties needed for the support structure. The calculated stiffness in flexure for the support structure material is listed in Table 3 below:

Table 3 Respirator Support Structure Material Stiffness in Flexure

[0085] The data set forth in Table 3 show that the Stiffness in Flexure of the support structure materials is about 200 MPa.

[0086] This invention may take on various modifications and alterations without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, this invention is not limited to the above-described but is to be controlled by the limitations set forth in the following claims and any equivalents thereof.

[0087] This invention also may be suitably practiced in the absence of any element not specifically disclosed herein.

[0088] All patents and patent applications cited above, including those in the Background section, are incorporated by reference into this document in total. To the extent that there is a conflict or discrepancy between the disclosure in the incorporated document and the above specification, the above specification will control.