Technical Field

This invention relates generally to tanks for flammable and combustible liquids, and more particularly concerns methods and means for making such tanks fire resistant in above-ground installation environments.

Tanks holding flammable or combustible liquids, such as new and used hydrocarbon products, if installed above ground, can be dangerous if not "fireproofed", i.e., made "fire resistant". For example, if the tanks leak flammable liquid, a fire danger will exist. Fire can weaken the lightweight tank walls and lead to tank collapse and spillage of tank contents.

In the past, such tanks were enclosed in concrete and transported to installation sites; however, the concrete is subject to cracking, which then can allow leakage to the exterior of flammable liquid leading from the tank itself. Also, the concrete-enclosed tank is extremely heavy and difficult to transport. There is need for method and means to make such tanks fireproof and leak proof in such a way that a relatively lightweight unit is provided, for ease of transportation and installation, and subsequent safety.

Disclosure of Invention

It is a major object of the invention to provide method and means meeting the above need. Basically, the method of providing a fire resistant tank apparatus, for flammable liquid, includes the steps: a) providing a metallic tank having upright

side wall means, a top wall and a bottom wall, b) providing first means on the top wall defining access porting to the tank interior, c) providing second means beneath the bottom wall to support the tank at an installation site, d) and applying fire resistant material onto the tank walls, and allowing the material to harden in situ to form a relatively lightweight shell enclosing the tank, the material applied closely adjacent the first and second means, e) the application step continued to provide shell thickness between about 1/4 inch (.635 cm) and 1 inch (2.54 cm) .

As will be seen, the material typically consists essentially of an aqueous admixture of Portland cement and vermiculite in as-applied state.

Alternatively, or in addition to the above, vermiculite amy be filled into space between outer and inner tank walls. As will be seen, the application step is typically carried out by spraying said material: i) to form a first thin layer of coating material extending adjacent the tank walls, the first layer allowed to harden, the first layer having an outer surface; ii) and subsequently to form a second coating layer extending into contact with the outer surface of the first layer, the second layer then allowed to harden.

Thus, multiple shells of coating material are formed, to permit flexing and installation impacts without cracking.

The sprayable and hardenable fire resistant material typically consists essentially of an aqueous admixture of about 80% cement and about 20% vermiculite, enough water being used to enable spraying of the mix.

A further safety feature is the construction of the tank walls themselves to have inner and outer sub-walls defining a gap therebetween, and the admixture may be sprayed onto one or both such walls, to form a shell or shells. Vermiculite may be filled into the space between the walls and shells.

In its apparatus aspects, the fire resistant tank apparatus (to hold and dispense flammable liquid ich as hydrocarbon fuel, or the like) comprises: a) a metallic tank having upright side wall means, a top wall and a bottom wall, b) first means on the top wall defining access porting to the tank interior, c) second means beneath the bottom wall to support the tank at an installation site, d) the wall means including inner and outer sub-walls defining a gap therebetween, e) and fire resistant material applied to the wall means and located in the gap to effectively define a shell enclosing the inner sub-wall, f) the shell having thickness between about 1/4 inch (.635 cm) and 1 inch (2.54 cm), g) the tank walls having thickness between acout 1/4 inch (.635 cm) and 1 inch (2.54 cm). As stated, the fire resistant material typically may consist essentially of aqueous mixture of vermiculite and Portland cement applied as a coating to the outer side or sides of the tank walls, and hardened in situ to define a relatively lightweight shell enclosing the tank. These and other objects and advantages of the

invention, as well as the details of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understood from the following specification and drawings, in which:

Brief Description of Drawings

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a metallic tank, prior to spraying of fire resistant material onto the tank walls; Fig. 2 is a fragmentary section showing spray-on of fireproof coating material;

Fig. 3 is a view like Fig. 2, but showing spray- . on of multiple layers of the fireproof coating material;

Fig. 4 is a view like Fig. 2, but showing a multi-wall tank construction;

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary section showing use of mesh embedded in the sprayed on fireproofing material;

Fig. 5a is a fragmentary section showing a filled gap between a double wall tank structure; Fig. 6 is a side elevation showing the fireproofed tank supported in a shallow receptacle at an installation site; and

Fig. 7 is an end view of a tank, showing support means being sprayed with fire-resistant material. Fig. 8 is a view, in section, of a modified triple-hull tank apparatus;

Fig. 9 is an end view of the Fig. 8 apparatus; and

Fig. 10 is an enlarged section.

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention and Industrial Applicability

In Fig. 1, a tank 10 to be made fire resistant, includes upright front and rear side walls 11 and 12,

upright end walls 13 and 14, and horizontal top and bottom walls 15 and 15a. Such walls may consist of steel and be less than one inch thick, for lightweight tank construction enhancing portability, for installation above ground at different sites, as desired. Typically, the steel walls about 10 gauge (1/8 to 1/4 inch (.3175 - .635 cm) thick). The tank length between walls 13 and 14 may typically be about 10-15 feet (3 - 4.6 meters). The walls are typically interconnected by welds at their junctions, as at 16-19, 20-23, and 24-27. Internal braces may be provided, as at 28-29, and vertical braces at 28a and 29a. The tank side walls may define a cylindrical tank, which may be considered to have side and end walls integrated into a cylindrical wall.

Located in the top wall or walls are bungs 30 and 31 which are removable from upright stub pipes 32 and 33, respectively, A pipe cover 34 is rearwardly attached to the top of the stub pipe 35; and a vent cover 36 is attached to stub pipe 37, The upright stub pipes (providing means to define access porting to the tank interior) are welded to the top wall and provide access to the tank interior via ports in the top wall. Dipsticks (as at 34a) may thus be inserted into the tank to measure the level of liquid hydrocarbon, i.e., flammable or combustible liquid (such as fuel) in the tank. Monitor means 39 may be installed in the tank via one of the access ports to sense liquid level and transmit corresponding electrical signals to external apparatus 40 that registers the liquid le* el for ready viewing.

Referring to Fig. 2, it shows a nozzle 42 spraying fire resistant synthetic resinous material at 43 onto the tank walls, to a thickness between about 1/4 inch (.635 cm) and 1 inch (2.54 cm). That material, which may

typically be epoxide resin based, is allowed to harden in situ, to form a relatively lightweight wall 50 enclosing and adhering to the metallic tank, on all sides, ends, and top and bottom. The material is sprayed closely adjacent, and typically onto and about the stub pipe, as at 51, i.e., adherent to pipe 32, at the top wall, and is also sprayed closely adjacent (i.e. onto and about the sides of) support means such as the supports 52 integral with the bottom wall. See shell layers 53 and 54 on the sides of supports 52, in Fig. 7. The material forming shell 50 may be otherwise applied to the tank wall or walls; however, spraying is preferred as it allows troweling of the material, for finishing.

If the shell thickness is greater than about 1 inch, the total unit weight becomes too great for ease of transport; and if the shell thickness is less than about 1/4 inch (.635 cm), the desired "fireproofing" is reduced to an unacceptable level—i.e., fireproofing effect becomes too small.

In order that the material 43 being sprayed on may cling to the upright metal walls without sagging out of position, and also to have optimum fireproofing effect, it has typically an epoxide resin base, and chars when exposed to flame. One example is the sprayable two component intumescent epoxy fireproofing system (CHARTER) (liquid resin and hardener, mixed with methylene chloride, or 1,1,1,-trichloroethane) supplied by Avco Specialty Materials, Lowell, Massachusetts.

Fig. 3 shows a nozzle 42 spraying fireproofing material at 43 onto the tank wall 11 to form a first layer

50a, which is allowed to harden or cure, in situ; and a second nozzle 42a (or the same nozzle 42) is then used to

spray fireproofing material 43a onto the layer 50a, to form a second layer 50b, which is allowed to harden, in situ. The combination of shells or layers 5..a and 50b form he composite shell 50 having thickness between 1/4 and 1 inch. Dual shells as defined, or even more shells in the composite, provide an even stronger, more leak resistant and fire resistant unit. An interface between the sub- shells 50a. and 50b appears at 56 and each applied coat is troweled before application of the next coat.

Prior to spraying the first layer 50a. into the tank walls, the latter are preferably sand blasted for cleaning purposes; and a primer coat is applied to the raw metal surface to resist rust formation. The primer coat may, for example, consist of polyamide epoxy resin, such as AMERON 71, SUBOX A8051, or VALCHEM 13-R-56, or ethyl silicate inorganic zinc (such as DIMETCOTE 6) .

Fig. 4 shows a tank consisting of outer tank walls 11-16 as referred to above, and inner metallic walls lla-16a, as shown. Walls lla-16a are spaced from the respective walls 11-16, as by local spacers 60, to provide a gap or space 61 between the walls. Any fluid leaking from the tank interior via the inner walls passes first to the gap 61, and may be detected as by a sensor 63 sensing volatile gases emitted by the flammable hydrocarbon. The sensor or detector is connected at 64 to an external monitoring device 65, as shown. Flow of air or flammable liquid in the gap may be induced, as by a blower 66.

Fig. 5 shows a strengthening mesh 67, for example made of wire, embedded in the shell 50 forward about the tank walls.

Fig. 5a. shows the tank wall means (side wall or

walls and/or top wall and/or bottom wall, as referred to) to include for example inner and outer sub-walls 111 and Ilia.. A gap between the sub-walls contains fire resistant material 150 (as for example of the type described above) to effectively define a shell including the inner sub-wall 111, the shell thickness between 1/4 inch (.635 cm) and 1 inch (2.54 cm). The shell may otherwise consist of an insulative sheet such as styrofoam or flowable fireproof material, such as VERMICULITE. Broken lines 115 and 116 show extensions of such structure to the top and bottom wall construction of the tank.

Properties of the "CHARTER" fireproofing system referred to above are as follows:

TABLE 1 CHARTER MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM

Property Reference Value Conditions

Tensile Strength D638 2750 psi Room Temp. 19.0 x 10 ⁶ PA Modulus 3.42 x 10 ⁵ psi Room Temp. 2.36 x 10 ⁹ PA

Compressive Strength D659 6342 psi Room Temp.

43 .7 x 10 ⁶ PA

Modulus 1. 89 x 10 ⁵ psi Room Temp. 1. 3 X 10 ⁹ PA

Impact Strength D256 0.42 ft lbs/in Room Temp. (unsupported, 0.22 J/cm notched unmeshed)

0.71 ft lbs/in Room Temp. 0.38 J/cm unnotched

Flexural Strength D790 4290 psi Room Temp.

29. 6 x 10 ⁶ PA

Modulus 3 . 32 x 10 ⁵ psi Room Temp. 2 . 3 x 10 ⁹ PA

Hardness Shore D 83 D Scale

Bond Strength D1002 1578 psi Primed,

10.9 * 10 ⁹ PA room temp.

TABLE II PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM

Property Reference Value Conditions

Density D792 79 lbs/ft ³ After 1.27 g/cc spraying

Thermal C177 2.10 BTUin/ft ² hr°F At 68°F Conductivity 0.302 W/m°C ⁶ At 20°C 1.96 BTUin/ft ² hr°F At 154°F 0.283 W/m° At 68°C

Thermal Expansion D696 20.5 x 10 ^_6 in/in°F With Mesh 36.9 x 10~ ⁶ cm/cm°C

Thermal Expansion 36.4 x 10 ^_6 in/in°F Without Mesh 65.5 x 10~ ⁶ cm/cm°C

Specific Heat Differential 0.33 BTU/lbm°F

Scanning 1.38 J/Kg°C

Calorimetry 0.23 BTU/lbm°F 0.96 J/Kg°C

Oxygen D2863 32 Index

Flash Point D92 Component I Over 200°F (93°C) Open cup Component II Over 200°F (93°C) Open cup

Viscosity Component I 285000 CPS At 100°F (37.8°C)

Component II 600000 CPS At 100°F (37.8°C)

Gas (Nitrogen) D1434 1. 6xlQ- ⁹ ill ³ (STP) in At 68 °F, Permeability sec. in ² Atm 1.51 Atm

1 ?6ylP~ ^10cιn3 f STP ⁾ cm At 20 °C, sec. cm ² . cmHg 1.53 Bar

TABLE II (Cont ' d)

ASTM

Property Reference Value Conditions

Water Vapor E96 1.013 x 10- ³ gr/hrft ² At 73°F

(22.8°C)

Transmittance Procedure 4.07 x lθ ^-1 g/hrm ² and 50%RH

B

Pot Life 55 minutes At 70°F (21°C)

Gel Time 8 hours At 60°F (16°C)

4 hours At 80°F (27°C)

Cure Time to 18 hours At 60°F Shore A of 85 (16°C)

8 hours At 80°F (27°C)

Color _* rey

Maximum Service 150°F Continuous Temperature ( 66 °C) Use

Fig. 6 shows a fireproof material coated tank, stub pipes, and supports, installed at a work site, in a basin 70 supported on the ground 71. The basin forms a collection zone 73 beneath the tank to collect any possible leakage of flammable liquid. A hood 76 may be provided over the tank and basin to prevent rainwater accumulation in the basin.

Figs. 8 and 9 show a multiple wall tank assembly 310 having steel wall means defining an inner tank 311, intermediate tank 314, and outer tank 316. Tanks 311 and 314 are cylindrical and horizontally elongated, having a common axis 320. They have concentric side walls 311a and 314a, parallel vertical end walls 311b and 314b at one end, and parallel vertical end walls 311c and 314c. at their opposite ends. The two tanks 311 and 314 ar spaced apart at 315a, 315b and 315c. Metal struts 321 in lower extent of space 315a. support the inner tank and its contents on the side wall 314a of the intermediate tank.

The outer tank 316 is rectangular, not cylindrical, but is horizontally elongated in the direction of axis 320. It has a bottom steel wall 316a, elongated upright side walls 316b and 316c, upright end walls 316d and 316e, and top wall 316f is tapered from level 316g. to level 316h. The double cylindrical walled tank structure 311 and 314, and the outer tank 316, serve the same purposes and functions, as referenced above, i.e., protection of hydrocarbon in space 312; however, the two cylindrical tanks 311 and 314 are assembled as a unit into outer tank 316, as by lowering onto a saddle 324 formed as by thermal barrier material 370 previously filled into the outer tank, cured, and forming a concave upper surface 370a to match the convex curvature of diameter D, of tank wall 314a. See Fig. 9. Subsequently, thermal barrier material is filled into space 317 between tanks 314 and 316 to fill that space at the sides and top of tank 314. Such added

thermal barrier material is indicated at 371 in Figs. 8 and 9. At the top of tank 314 the thermal barrier material is thickened due to top wall taper at 316f. Fire-resistant material may be added in one or more layers as at 350a and 350b, and may be added as a layer 350c on tank 314.

Equipment located at the top of the tank assembly is as shown, and includes primary tank work vent 380 and elongated duct 380a connecting to 383 - secondary tank work vent 381 with duct 381a tank gauge unit 382 accessing inner space 312, via duct 382a vapor recovery duct 383 accessing space 312, via duct 383a - fluid product fill duct 384 accessing 312 fluid product spill drain duct 385 fluid spill container 386 associated with 385 product dispenser 387, and associated suction line 388 and vapor return duct 389; see also 387a through tank walls, and pipe 377a monitor port 390 via which fluid leaking into opei (unfilled) space 315 may be monitored, i.e. detected, as by a sensor 363 a liquid product return line 381b.

Outer tank supports appear at 399.

Space 315 in Fig. 8 may contain, or be filled, with a non-oxidizable inert gas, such as N ₂ for enhanced protection in case of leakage of hydrocarbon into the space. also, the space 317 may contain a barrier layer, such as silica, adjacent side walls of outer tank 316, and which does not foam or bubble when heated to 1,200°F, for example. The assembly, as described, provides protection for the hydrocarbon contents such that up to 2,000°F flame

applied for a considerable period of time (1 to 2 hours) to the fire resistant outer shell 300 on the assembly will not result in heating of the hydrocarbon contents in space 312 (or space 212 in Fig. 1) above about 10% of ambient temperature.

Elongated duct 380a. is usable as an additional reservoir for heat expanded tank (in space 302) if needed.

The thermal barrier material in space 317 may for example consist of vermiculite; and the thermal barrier layers at 350a, 350b, and 350c may consist essentially of a mixture of vermiculite and Portland cement, initially applied in aqueous slurry form, and optionally sprayed on, the applied wet mix then curing in situ, on the tank wall or walls. It may be applied to one or both tanks 314 and 316 to completely cover same. Vermiculite is applied to fill the space between tanks 314 and 316 if neither tank 314 and 316 has fire resistant coating thereon, and may or may not be applied to fill the space between tanks 314 and 316 if the fire resistant coating is applied to one or both tanks. See also Fig. 10.

The fire resistant material to form coatings 350a, 350b and/or 350c is in the following proportions of vermiculite and Portland cement. about 80 weight percent cement - about 20 weight percent vermiculite.

The cement component provides a completely fire resistant shell or shells, and does not add unduly to overall weight since the shell (coating) thickness is between 1/4 and 1 inch, and the shell is only about 80% cement. The much greater thickness space between the two tanks 314 and 316 is typically filled with vermiculite, which is relatively lightweight and fire resistant.

The double-walled, cylindrical tank structure can also be fabricated as a single well tank, in which case the walls 314 and 311 become unitary, as for example wall 314'

in Fig. 10. The coating 350a may consist of an inner layer, intermediate wire mesh, and an outer layer, with total thickness of about one inch.