Gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions and nutritional systems comprising them.

Technical field: The invention relates to gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions, to nutritional systems comprising them and, to their use to provide optimised nutrition and/or one or more health benefit to an infant.

Background of the invention

Even though breastfeeding is optimal for infants, existence of certain conditions may not be in the best interests of the infant and it may contraindicate breastfeeding (AAP, 2012; Lawrence, 2013). I n such cases, where the sole source of nutrition is not available to the infant, alternative strategies to feed them have to be devised. Feeding infants with Synthetic nutritional compositions e.g. Infant formula is one such strategy.

The compositions of the aforementioned synthetic nutritional compositions aim to replicate those of human milk. However, replicating HM is not a simple task. HM not only contain numerous components, its composition is extremely dynamic and these dynamic changes remain largely unexplored and uncharacterized. Whilst it is known that components and/or their quantities may vary depending on a variety of factors including the stage of lactation, circadian rhythms and even gender, it is not known which of the numerous components vary or how they vary e.g. by stage of lactation and/or gender.

Surprisingly it has now been found that up to 1 month, more particularly up to 2 weeks, postpartum, there is a difference in the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration ranges found in HM produced by mother's to girls in comparison to mother's to boys. This finding stems from a cross-sectional study of HM wherein, HM samples from mothers to either boys or girls were collected at various stages postpartum and analysed. Further, it was also surprisingly found that up to 1 month, more particularly up to 2 weeks, postpartum, the mean lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration of HM produced by mothers to boys was higher than that produced for mothers to girls. Because these gender differences in the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM have never been previously identified, theyare not reflected in the compositions of synthetic nutritional compositions available today.

Lactoferrin and serum albumin are proteins and optimum protein intake helps to ensure optimum growth and development in infants. Further, optimized lactoferrin intake may be linked to the treatment and/or prevention of anemia, delayed cognitive development, delayed development of the nervous system including the enteric nervous system, delayed vision development, delayed neural migration, an impaired learning ability, an impaired mental performance, an impaired memory or a reduced attention span, a low digestive and/or absorptive capacity, gastrointestinal reflux, a slow intestinal transit, a weak intestinal barrier function, food intolerance, gut discomfort, and hard stools, neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive decline, memory loss, sleep disorders, mood disorders e.g. depression, sub- optimal stimulation of intestinal proliferation and differentiation, and combinations thereof.

Further still, optimum Serum albumin intake may be linked to the treatment or prevention of hypoalbumenia and hyperalbuminia.

Accordingly, there remains a need for gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions, and nutritional systems comprising them, having compositions within which the identified gender differences, respect to the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration, found in HM up to 1 month, more particularly up to 2 weeks, postpartum are more accurately reflected and thereby optimised.

Summary of the invention

The invention is set out in the claims. The inventors have found that the concentration range of lactoferrin and/or serum albumin in HM varies up to 1 month, more particularly up to 2 weeks, postpartum depending on the gender of the mother's infant. In light of this finding the inventors have developed gender specific nutritional compositions and nutritional systems comprising them, that reflect these identified gender differences. Prior to aforementioned findings the skilled person has not incentive to develop such gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions or to include them in nutritional systems.

The lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention, and nutritional systems comprising them, more accurately reflect the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM produced for infants of the same gender and age. In light of this and, because HM is considered optimal with respect to infant nutrition, they can provide an optimized amount of lactoferrin and/or serum albumin to an infant of up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 weeks of age. The gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions can be prepared from a gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition by measuring out an appropriate amount of said gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition and mixing it with an additive and/or diluent.

Since optimized lactoferrin and/or serum albumin intake helps to ensure optimum growth and development in infants, the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions, and nutritional systems of the invention, can also be used to treat, prevent or mitigate sub optimal growth and development e.g. obesity in an infant. The gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions may be selected from the group consisting of: infant formula, and a composition for infants that is intended to be added or diluted with HM e.g. HM fortifier .

In addition to that set out above, the inventors have also found that the mean lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM does not differ (higher or lower) by gender 1 month or later postpartum, more particularly after 2 weeks postpartum. In light of this in addition to comprising the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention, the nutritional systems disclosed herein may optionally also comprise synthetic nutritional compositions for infants more than 1 month of age, more particularly more than 2 weeks of age wherein, the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration does not differ by gender for infants of the same age. Accordingly, the nutritional systems of the invention may also provide optimized nutrition and/or one or more health benefits for an infant up to 12months old, up to 9 months old, up to 8months old, up to 6 month old.

Drawings

FIG.l is a graphical representation of the identified difference in the mean lactoferrin

concentration in HM by gender at up to 2 weeks (5-11 days), 2 weeks to 1 month (12-30 days), 1 to 2 months (31 to 60 days) , 2 to 4 months (61 to 120 days), and 4 to 8 months (121 to 240 days) postpartum.

FIG.2 is a graphical representation of the identified difference in the mean serum albumin concentration in HM by gender at up to 2 weeks (5-11 days), 2 weeks to 1 month (12-30 days), 1 to 2 months (31 to 60 days) , 2 to 4 months (61 to 120 days), and 4 to 8 months (121 to 240 days) postpartum.

Detailed Description

As stated herein, the inventors performed a cross sectional study evaluating the nutrient composition of HM collected from mothers at various stages of lactation (up to 2 weeks (5-11 days), 2 weeks to 1 month (12-30 days), 1 to 2 months (31 to 60 days), 2 to 4 months (61 to 120 days), and 4 to 8 months (121 to 240 days) postpartum). The study indicated min and max ranges for the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentrations by gender.Surprisingly, the results of this study indicated that that up to 1 month, more particularly up to 2 weeks, postpartum, there is a difference in the mean lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM depending on the gender of the mother's infant. Further details of the study, analysis techniques and results are given in example 1.

Based on the findings of the study, the inventors have designed gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions for infants up to 1 month, more particularly up to 2 weeks, of age wherein, the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration is adapted based on that found in HM produced for an infant of the same gender and age. The term "gender specific synthetic nutritional composition" as used herein refers to any synthetic nutritional composition, intended to be consumed by an infant that is specifically adapted to the nutritional needs of either a female or male enfant.

Appropriate types of gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions are dependent on age. Non limiting examples of gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions for infants from birth to 4 months include; infant formulae, and a composition for infants that is intended to be added or diluted with HM e.g. HM fortifier. Non limiting examples of gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions for infants from 4 months to 12 months include infant formulae, a composition for infants that is intended to be added or diluted with HM e.g. HM fortifier, or food stuffs intended for consumption by infants either alone or in combination with HM e.g. complementary foods.

The term "infant" as used herein refers to a human infant of 12 months of age or less.

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided a gender specific synthetic nutritional composition for an infant up to 1 month of age wherein, the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration is adapted based on that found in HM produced for an infant of the same gender and age.

The gender specific synthetic nutritional composition can be a male specific synthetic nutritional composition or a female specific synthetic nutritional composition for an infant up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 weeks of age. In an embodiment the gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is a male specific synthetic nutritional composition for an infant of up to 1 month of age and comprises a lactoferrin concentration of 705.3mg to 10726.8mg, 1995.55mg to 7614.82mg, 1995.55mg to 5741.73mg, 3622.76mg to 10726.8mg, or 3868.64mg per L.

The total protein content of the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention is expressed in g/lOOmL This may refer to the total protein content of a reconstituted gender specific synthetic nutritional composition. I n an embodiment the gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is a female specific synthetic nutritional composition for an infant of up to 1 month of age and comprises a lactoferrin concentration of 832.2mg to 9830.3mg, 1298.29mg to7534.06mg, 1298.29mg to 5455.47mg, 832.2mg to 3622mg, or 3376.88mg per L. I n an embodiment the gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is a male specific synthetic nutritional composition for an infant of up to 1 month of age and comprises a serum albumin concentration of 346.9mg to 6709.8mg, 346.9mg to 2461.7mg, 346.9mg to 1570.45mg, 612.425mg to 6709.8mg, or 679.2mg per L.

I n an embodiment the gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is a female specific synthetic nutritional composition for an infant of up to 1 month of age and comprises a serum albumin concentration of 341.3mg to 2160.9mg, 341.3mg to 1164.73mg, 341.3mg to 855.19mg, 341.3mg to 612.4mg, or 545.65mg per L.

Lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration can be measured by methods well known in the art. I n particular lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration can be measured using protein specific ELISA kits available from different suppliers, i.e. Genway Biotech Inc., ICL Inc. or ABCAM.

Any source of lactoferrin known to be employed in the types of synthetic nutritional

compositions disclosed herein may be comprised within in the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention. Non limiting examples include human lactoferrin, bovine lactoferrin, buffalo lactoferrin, and combinations thereof.

Any source of serum albumin known to be employed in the types of synthetic nutritional compositions disclosed herein may be comprised within in the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention. Non limiting examples include: bovine serum albumin, buffalo serum albumin, human serum albumin, and combinations thereof. The lactoferrin and/or serum albumin may be intact, hydrolysed, partially hydrolysed, or any combination thereof.

The gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention can also comprise any other ingredients or excipients known to be employed in synthetic nutritional compositions.

Non limiting examples of such ingredients include: other proteins, carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, lipids, prebiotics or probiotics, essential fatty acids, nucleotides, nucleosides, vitamins, minerals, and other micronutrients.

Non limiting examples of other proteins include casein, alpha-lactalbumin, whey, soy protein, rice protein, corn protein, oat protein, barley protein, wheat protein, rye protein, pea protein, egg protein, sunflower seed protein, potato protein, fish protein, meat protein, immunoglobins, and combinations thereof.

Non limiting examples of carbohydrates include lactose, saccharose, maltodexirin, starch, and mixtures thereof

Non limiting examples of lipids include: palm olein, high oleic sunflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, canola oil, fish oil, coconut oil, bovine milk fat, or any mixtures of the foregoing

Non limiting examples of essential fatty acids include: linoleic acid (LA), a-linolenic acid (ALA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The nutritional compositions of the invention may further contain gangliosides monosialoganglioside-3 (GM3) and disialogangliosides 3 (GD3), phospholipids such as sphingomyelin, phospholipids phosphatidylcholine,

phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and combinations of the foregoing. None limiting examples of prebiotics include: oligosaccharides optionally containing fructose, galactose, mannose; dietary fibers, in particular soluble fibers, soy fibers; inulin; or mixtures thereof. Preferred prebiotics are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO), xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), arabino-xylo oligosaccharides (AXOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), oligosaccharides of soy, glycosylsucrose (GS), lactosucrose (LS), lactulose (LA), palatinose-oligosaccharides (PAO), malto-oligosaccharides, gums and/or hydrolysates thereof, pectins and/or hydrolysates thereof, and combinations of the foregoing.

Further examples of oligosaccharide are described in Wrodnigg, T. M.; Stutz, A.E. (1999) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38:827-828 and in WO 2012/069416 which is incorporated herein by reference.

Non limiting examples of probiotics include: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Saccharoymces, Candida, in particular selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis,

Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii or mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 (ATCC BAA-999), Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705 (CNCM I- 2618), Bifidobacterium longum NCC490 (CNCM 1-2170), Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 (CNCM 1-3446), Bifidobacterium breve strain A, Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 (CNCM 1-2116), Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 (CNCM 1-1225), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103), Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 (CGMCC 1.3724), Enterococcus faecium SF 68 (NCC2768; NCIMB10415), and mixtures thereof.

Non limiting examples of Nucleotides include: cytidine monophosphate (CMP), uridine monophosphate (UMP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), or any mixtures thereof. Non limiting examples of vitamins and minerals include: vitamin A, vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin Bi2, vitamin E. vitamin K. vitamin C, vitamin D, folic acid, inositol, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, calcium, phosphorous, iodine, iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, chloride, potassium, sodium, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, taurine, and L- carnitine. Minerals are usually added in salt form.

Other suitable and desirable ingredients of synthetic nutritional compositions, that may be employed in the gender specific nutritional compositions of the invention, are described in guidelines issued by the Codex Alimentarius with respect to the type of synthetic nutritional composition in question e.g. Infant formula, HM fortifier, follow on formula, or food stuffs intended for consumption by infants e.g. complementary foods.

The gender specific compositions of the invention may be prepared by methods well known in the art for preparing that type of synthetic nutritional composition e.g. infant formulae, follow on formulae, a composition for infants that is intended to be added or diluted with HM e.g. HM fortifier, or food stuffs intended for consumption by infants either alone or in combination with HM e.g. complementary foods.

An exemplary method for preparing a gender specific powdered infant formula is as follows. A protein source(including lactoferrin and/or serum albumin), carbohydrate source, and fat source may be blended together in appropriate proportions. Emulsifiers maybe included in the blend. Vitamins and minerals may be added at this point but are usually added later to avoid thermal degradation. Any lipophilic vitamins, emulsifiers and the like may be dissolved into the fat source prior to blending. Water, preferably water which has been subjected to reverse osmosis, may then be mixed in to form a liquid mixture.

The liquid mixture may then be thermally treated to reduce bacterial loads. For example, the liquid mixture may be rapidly heated to a temperature in the range of about 80°C to about 1 10°C for about 5 seconds to about 5 minutes. This may be carried out by steam injection or by heat exchanger; for example a plate heat exchanger.

The liquid mixture may then be cooled to about 60°C to about 85°C; for example by flash cooling. The liquid mixture may then be homogenised; for example in two stages at about 7 MPa to about 40 MPa in the first stage and about 2 MPa to about 14 MPa in the second stage. The homogenised mixture may then be further cooled to add any heat sensitive components such as vitamins and minerals. The pH and solids concentration in the homogenised mixture is conveniently standardised at this point.

The homogenised mixture can be transferred to a suitable drying apparatus such as a spray drier or freeze drier and converted to powder. The powder should have a moisture

concentration in less than about 3% by weight.

If it is desired probiotic(s) can be added, they may be cultured according to any suitable method and prepared for addition to the infant formula by freeze-drying or spray-drying for example. Alternatively, bacterial preparations can be bought from specialist suppliers such as Christian Hansen and Morinaga already prepared in a suitable form for addition to food products such as infant formula. Such bacterial preparations may be added to the gender specific powdered infant formula by dry mixing.

The gender specific compositions of the invention may also be prepared from a gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition in a method comprising; measuring out an appropriate amount of said gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition and mixing it with an additive and/or diluent e.g. water so as to arrive at a gender specific nutritional composition in accordance with the invention.

The additive may be a gender specific additive comprising protein in a particular concentration so that when mixed with the gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition, and optionally a diluent, the resulting mixture is a gender specific synthetic nutritional composition of the invention. The gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition can be prepared by methods well known in the art. For example, as laid out above for infant formula.

One or more of the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention can be included in a nutritional system. The term "nutritional system" as used herein refers to a collection of more than one synthetic nutritional composition advertised or sold as part of the same product range e.g. a collection of infant formulas sold under the same brand and adapted to the nutritional needs of infants of differing genders and/or ages. The synthetic nutritional compositions making up the nutritional system may be packaged individually e.g. in capsules or boxes. Said packages can be sold individually, grouped together e.g. wrapped by plastic film or combined in a box, or in a combination of these two ways.

The nutritional system may comprise only gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions, or it may comprise a mix of gender specific and gender neutral synthetic nutritional compositions.

The term "gender neutral" as used herein is synonymous with unisex. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a nutritional system comprising at least one of the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions of the invention.

In an embodiment the nutritional system comprises a gender specific synthetic nutritional composition for a male infant of up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 weeks of age, and a gender specific synthetic nutritional composition for a male infant of up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 weeks of age.

In an embodiment the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in said male gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is higher than that of said female gender specific synthetic nutritional composition.

The lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in the male gender synthetic nutritional compositions may be higher by any amount. In an embodiment the ratio of the lactoferrin concentration between the female gender specific nutritional composition and male gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is 1:12.89 to 1:1.00021, 1:12.89 to 1:1.09; or 1:1.14 to 1:1.09.

In an embodiment the male gender specific synthetic nutritional composition contains O.OOlmg to 9894.6mg, 0.76mg to 9897.6mg, or 491.76mg mg, per L more lactoferrin than the female gender specific synthetic nutritional composition.

In an embodiment the ratio of the serum albumin concentration between the female gender specific nutritional composition and male gender specific synthetic nutritional composition is 1:19.7 to 1:10007, 1:19.7 to 1:1.01; or 1:3.1 to 1.24. In an embodiment the male gender specific synthetic nutritional composition contains O.OOlmg to 6368.5mg, 0.425mg to 6368.5mg, 5.6mg to 6368.5mg, or 133.55mg, per L more of serum albumin than the female gender specific synthetic nutritional composition.

In addition to that disclosed hereinabove, the referenced study further indicated that between 12 and 240 days postpartum there is no difference in the mean lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM depending on the gender of the mother's infant.

In another embodiment the nutritional system further comprises gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions for infants more than 1 month of age, in particular more than 2 weeks of age wherein, the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration does not differ by gender for infants of the same age. In another embodiment the nutritional system further comprises gender neutral specific synthetic nutritional compositions for infants more than 1 month of age, more particularly more than 2 weeks of age.

Non limiting examples of ages, or ranges thereof, more than 1 month, include: l-2mths, 2mth, 2-4mths, 3-6mths, 4-6mths, 4-8mths 6-12mths, 7-12mths. The nutritional system may further comprise nutritional compositions for children older than 12months. A gender specific synthetic nutritional composition and/or nutrition system according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in a method of preparing single servings of infant formula using capsules, each capsule of which contains a unit dose of a synthetic nutritional composition in concentrated form, and which is equipped with opening means contained within the capsule to permit draining of the reconstituted synthetic nutritional composition directly from the capsule into a receiving vessel such as a baby bottle. Such a method is described in WO2006/077259.

The different synthetic nutritional compositions, including gender specific and gender neutral synthetic nutritional compositions, which may be comprised within a nutrition system, may be packed into individual capsules and presented to the consumer in multipacks containing a sufficient number of capsules to meet the requirements of an infant of a particular age or range for one week for example. Suitable capsule constructions are disclosed in WO2003/059778.

The capsules can contain the synthetic nutritional compositions, (gender specific and gender neutral) in the form of powders or concentrated liquids in both cases for reconstitution by an appropriate amount of water. Both the composition and the quantity of infant formula in the capsules may vary according to the gender and/or age of the infant. If necessary, different sizes of capsules may be provided for the preparation of infant formulas for infants of different genders and/or ages.

The gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions, or nutritional systems comprising them, better reflect the differences in the lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM found by gender at one or more stages of lactation. As stated herein, optimum lactoferrin and/or serum albumin intake helps to ensure optimum growth and development in infants, and has been linked to a host of immediate and long term health benefits e.g. those listed hereinabove with respect to lacterferrin and/or serum albumin. In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a gender specific synthetic nutritional composition and/or nutritional system as disclosed herein for use to treat, prevent or mitigate sub optimal growth and development e.g. obesity, of an infant.

A gender specific synthetic nutritional composition may provide an optimum amount of lactoferrin and /or serum albumin to an infant up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 weeks of age.

The nutritional system may provide an optimum amount of lactoferrin and/or serum albumin and to an infant up to 12 months of age, up to 9 months of age, up to 8 months of age, up to 6 months of age, up to 1 month of age, up to 2 weeks of age. In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for providing an optimum amount of lactoferrin and/or serum albumin, to an infant of up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 weeks of age comprising: a) Optionally preparing a gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions according to the invention from a gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition; Feeding a gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions according to the invention to an infant up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2weeks of age.

As stated herein. The gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions may be prepared from gender neutral synthetic nutritional compositions. Accordingly, in another aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit for providing an optimized amount of lactoferrin and/or serum albuminto an infantof up to 1 month of age, more particularly up to 2 week of age, the kit comprising: a) A gender neutral synthetic nutritional composition

b) A label indicating dosage requirements for an infant so as to arrive at a gender specific nutritional composition in accordance with the invention. The dosage requirements may be with respect to the quantity of the gender neutral synthetic nutritional employed and/or consumption frequency e.g. 4 times per day. Subjects included in the survey referenced herein were recruited from 4 provinces across China. Accordingly, the gender specific synthetic nutritional compositions and/or nutritional systems disclosed herein can be particularly relevant for Chinese infants, and or infants born in populations having common genetic origins and/or ethnic origins and/or common dietary habits thereto e.g. Asian, Indian, and/or Mongoloid populations.

It should be appreciated that all features of the present invention disclosed herein can be freely combined and that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims. Furthermore, where known equivalents exist to specific features, such equivalents are incorporated as if specifically referred to in this specification.

There now follows a series of non-limiting examples that serve to illustrate the invention.

Examples

Example 1

The lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in HM samples collected from mothers to either male or females was analysed at various stages postpartum. The HM samples were collected as part of a cross sectional survey of HM. The study criteria is set out below:

Study population

• Number of subjects

Total 540 healthy subjects were enrolled, allowing a drop-out rate of 10 percent. They were comprised of: - 480 Lactating mothers in 3 cities (Beijing, Suzhou and Guangzhou)

- 30 mothers per city for each of the 5 time points (5 toll days, 12 to 30 days, 1 to 2 months, 2 to 4 months, and 4 to 8 months)

Inclusion/Exclusion criteria

• Inclusion: Healthy Chinese lactating mothers without history of acute and chronic diseases; exclusively breast feeding mothers during 4 months after delivery were enrolled.

• Exclusion: Chinese lactating mothers having history of psychopathic tendencies and having no dietary memory.

The lactoferrin and/or serum albumin concentration in the HM samples collected as part of the above detailed study were analysed using a LabChip GX II gel electrophoresis system from Perkin Elmer according to the manufacturer's protocols. It's a microfluidic chip-based gel electrophoresis system that separates and quantifies proteins similar to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with the advantage of automated high-throughput 96-well plate capacity. Purified human lactoferrin and human serum albumin was used to generate individual calibration curves for precise quantification of the human milk proteins. The results of the compositional analysis of the HM survey, with respect to lactoferrin concentration, are shown in table I.

Table I The results of the compositional analysis of the HM survey, with respect to serum albumin concentration, are shown in table II.

2 to 4 340.6 434.57 76.31 633.4 325.0 444.63 68.29 633.4 months

4 to 8 334.9 430.18 62.17 605.4 350.9 451.67 128.07 1190.1 months

Table II

The results of the compositional analysis were then subject to a statistical analysis employing the following statistical model: Concentration = sex + timeframe + timeframe + sex : timeframe - city + ε ε referring to the residual error and sex:timeframe referring to the interaction between these 2 variables.

Table III shows the estimates for gender differences per timeframe along with the corresponding Pvalues for lactoferrin Table IV shows the estimates for gender differences per timeframe along with the corresponding Pvalues for serum albumin

Table III Timeframe Variable Estimate lower Upper Pvalue

5 to 11 serum albumin -147.8087 --288.5631 -7.05435 0.0396174 days

12 to 30 serum albumin -10.4508 -153.8654 132.96389 0.8861738 days

1 to 2 serum albumin 47.6963 -93.6766 189.06915 0.5075986 months

2 to 4 serum albumin -10.0593 -150.8266 130.70794 0.8883623 months

4 to 8 serum albumin -22.1276 -163.8863 119.63097 0.7591355 months

Table IV

A P-value inferior to 0.1 for a particular timeframe suggests that there is a statistically significant difference in the lactoferrin or serum albumin concentration in HM produced for males and females infants at that specific timeframe. As can be seen from the results in table III, a statistically significant difference in the lactoferrin concentration between HM produced for male and female infants was identified at 5 to 11 days postpartum. No statistically significant difference was identified in the lactoferrin concentration between HM produced for male and female infants older than 2 weeks postpartum Viz. 12 to 30 days, 1 to 2 months, 2 to 4 months and 4 to 8 months. As can be seen from the results in table IV, a statistically significant difference in the serum albumin concentration between HM produced for male and female infants was identified at 5 to 11 days postpartum. No statistically significant difference was identified in the serum albumin concentration between HM produced for male and female infants older than 2 weeks postpartum Viz. 12 to 30 days, 1 to 2 months, 2 to 4 months and 4 to 8 months. Example 2

Examples of gender specific infant formulas are given in table III

Up to 1 month of age tamn

Table V

Example 3

An example of a nutritional system in accordance with the invention is given in table IV.