Cross-Reference to Related Application

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/681,632 filed on June 6, 2018. The entirety of this provisional application is incorporated herein by reference.

Background

[0002] In oil and gas exploration, explorers make use of analogues (e.g., well drilled in similar environments under similar conditions) to find new areas of exploration. At a high level, this means that the explorers may refer to databases of geological information about different areas, and compare the information to information gathered about a potential area for exploration. However, the datasets can be very large, and users typically may pick horizons within areas to look for geological features, which can make it difficult to capitalize on the large quantities of data that are already available.

Summary

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide computer-implemented method including receiving a geological feature search query identifying one or more geological features, executing, based on receiving the geological feature search query, a search of database storing a plurality of seismic data images. The seismic data images are labeled with geological features present in each of the plurality of seismic data images as part of a machine learning process. The method further includes determining, based on executing the search, search results, wherein the search results identify one more of the plurality of seismic data images having the one or more geological features identified in the geological feature search query, and outputting information regarding the search results.

[0004] Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a computing system having one or more processors, and a memory system comprising one or more non-transitory computer- readable media storing instructions thereon that, when executed, cause the computer system to perform operations. The operations include identifying one or more geological features included in each of a plurality of seismic data images by executing a machine learning process, storing, in a database, information identifying the one or more geological features included in each of the plurality of seismic data images, and receiving a geological feature search query identifying one or more geological features of interest. The operations further include executing, based on receiving the geological feature search query, a search of the database storing the information identifying the one or more geological features included in each of the plurality of seismic data images, determining, based on executing the search, search results identifying one more of the plurality of seismic data images having the one or more geological features of interest identified in the geological feature search query, and outputting information regarding the search results.

[0005] Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a non-transitory computer- readable medium storing instructions thereon that, when executed, cause a computer system to perform operations. The operations include receiving a plurality of training images that are each labeled with information identifying geological features present in each of the plurality of training images, identifying one or more geological features included in each of a plurality of operational seismic data images by executing a machine learning process using the plurality of training images, storing, in a database, information identifying the one or more geological features included in each of the plurality of operational seismic data images, and receiving a geological feature search query identifying one or more geological features of interest. The operations further include executing, based on receiving the geological feature search query, a search of the database storing the information identifying the one or more geological features included in each of the plurality of operational seismic data images, determining, based on executing the search, search results, wherein the search results identify one more of the plurality of operational seismic data images having the one or more geological features of interest identified in the geological feature search query, and outputting information regarding the search results.

[0006] Embodiments of the present disclosure may further provide a computing system configured to receive a geological feature search query identifying one or more geological features, execute, based on receiving the geological feature search query, a search of database storing a plurality of seismic data images, and determine, based on executing the search, search results. The search results identify one more of the plurality of seismic data images having the one or more geological features identified in the geological feature search query. The computer system is further configured to output information regarding the search results.

[0007] Thus, the computing systems and methods disclosed herein are more effective methods for processing collected data that may, for example, correspond to a surface and a subsurface region. These computing systems and methods increase data processing effectiveness, efficiency, and accuracy. Such methods and computing systems may complement or replace conventional methods for processing collected data. This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0008] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present teachings and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present teachings. In the figures:

[0009] Figures 1 A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2, 3 A, and 3B illustrate simplified, schematic views of an oilfield and its operation, according to an embodiment.

[0010] Figure 4 illustrates a diagram of a machine learning training process for identifying geological features in input seismic data images, labeling the input seismic data images with geological features, and storing the labeled input seismic data images.

[0011] Figure 5 shows an example flowchart of a process for identifying geological areas having features of interest using a machine learning-based search system.

[0012] Figure 6 illustrates a geological search interface for receiving search queries and presenting corresponding search results.

[0013] Figure 7 illustrates a schematic view of a computing system, according to an embodiment.

Description of Embodiments

[0014] Systems and/or methods, described herein, may train a machine learning system to identify geological features included in seismic data images. The systems and/or methods may implement a search system in which one or more geological features may be searched in the seismic data images as identified by the trained machine learning system. In this way, a“play,” representing a group of geological features, may be searched and identified in a group of seismic images. Examples of geological features that may be searched may include anticlines, toe-thrusts, horsts, terrain types, reservoirs, seals, source rocks, rock types, or the like. Data features that may be searched may include areas of noise in the data, (e.g. residual multiple, diffractions etc.), areas of poor imaging due to fault shadow, salt etc. and incorrect parameterization of seismic processing.

[0015] From play identification, geological areas having a group of geological features and attributes may be identified for further exploration. In other words, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a system to rapidly search and screen through large volumes of seismic data, finding features of interest, and/or finding geographical areas where multiple features coexist. Accordingly, exploration decisions may be focused on those geographical areas having the features of interest. Further, aspects of the present disclosure may be used to identify a group of features representing hazardous areas for which exploration may be avoided, thereby improving safety of workers and equipment.

[0016] In some embodiments, the systems and/or methods may implement a ranking and/or filtering system to provide more relevant search results to a search query. In some embodiments, a“search result” may include to a“play” and may include a seismic data image having geological features of interest as defined by the search query. In this regard, any suitable ranking system may be used to rank and/or filter multiple search results. For example, a value representing the degree to which the seismic data image matches a search query (e.g., the degree to which the seismic data image includes the geological features of interest defined in the search query) may be used to rank search results. Additionally, or alternatively, a user profile may be accessed to determine a user’s search preferences, job roles, and/or other information that may indicate the relevancy of search results to a target user. In some embodiments, collaborative filtering may be employed to filter and rank search results based on the search activity and search history of other similar user’s indicative of search results that may be relevant to a target user. Additionally, or alternatively, certain geological features may be weighted more heavily than others for the purposes of ranking and/or filtering search results.

[0017] Aspects of the present disclosure may transform a subjective process into a computer- based decision processes through the use of rules. For example, search parameters included in a search query may serve as rules for identifying areas with particular seismic features. Further, machine learning algorithms and rules may be used to consistently and accurately identify features in seismic images and geological areas. In this way, feature identification is made consistent and objective through computer-based decisions rather than through subjective human interpretation. Aspects of the present disclosure may access and search a substantially large volume of seismic data images and datasets (e.g., thousands of images or more), which could not be practically performed without the use of the systems described herein. Further, aspects of the present disclosure may accurately identify plays in a matter of moments, thereby reducing the level of human labor and time inputs in the identification of plays. In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure may allow explorers to identify hazardous areas to avoid, thus improving worker and/or equipment safety.

[0018] Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and figures. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.

[0019] It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first object could be termed a second object, and, similarly, a second object could be termed a first object, without departing from the scope of the invention. The first object and the second object are both objects, respectively, but they are not to be considered the same object.

[0020] The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms“a,”“an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term“and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms“includes,”“including,”“comprises” and/or“comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Further, as used herein, the term“if’ may be construed to mean“when” or“upon” or“in response to determining” or“in response to detecting,” depending on the context. [0021] Attention is now directed to processing procedures, methods, techniques and workflows that are in accordance with some embodiments. Some operations in the processing procedures, methods, techniques and workflows disclosed herein may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed.

[0022] Figures 1 A-1D illustrate simplified, schematic views of oilfield 100 having subterranean formation 102 containing reservoir 104 therein in accordance with implementations of various technologies and techniques described herein. Figure 1A illustrates a survey operation being performed by a survey tool, such as seismic truck 106.1, to measure properties of the subterranean formation. The survey operation is a seismic survey operation for producing sound vibrations. In Figure 1A, one such sound vibration, e.g., sound vibration 112 generated by source 110, reflects off horizons 114 in earth formation 1 16. A set of sound vibrations is received by sensors, such as geophone-receivers 1 18, situated on the earth's surface. The data received 120 is provided as input data to a computer 122.1 of a seismic truck 106.1, and responsive to the input data, computer 122.1 generates seismic data output 124. This seismic data output may be stored, transmitted or further processed as desired, for example, by data reduction.

[0023] Figure 1B illustrates a drilling operation being performed by drilling tools 106.2 suspended by rig 128 and advanced into subterranean formations 102 to form wellbore 136. Mud pit 130 is used to draw drilling mud into the drilling tools via flow line 132 for circulating drilling mud down through the drilling tools, then up wellbore 136 and back to the surface. The drilling mud is typically filtered and returned to the mud pit. A circulating system may be used for storing, controlling, or filtering the flowing drilling mud. The drilling tools are advanced into subterranean formations 102 to reach reservoir 104. Each well may target one or more reservoirs. The drilling tools are adapted for measuring downhole properties using logging while drilling tools. The logging while drilling tools may also be adapted for taking core sample 133 as shown.

[0024] Computer facilities may be positioned at various locations about the oilfield 100 (e.g., the surface unit 134) and/or at remote locations. Surface unit 134 may be used to communicate with the drilling tools and/or offsite operations, as well as with other surface or downhole sensors. Surface unit 134 is capable of communicating with the drilling tools to send commands to the drilling tools, and to receive data therefrom. Surface unit 134 may also collect data generated during the drilling operation and produce data output 135, which may then be stored or transmitted. [0025] Sensors (S), such as gauges, may be positioned about oilfield 100 to collect data relating to various oilfield operations as described previously. As shown, sensor (S) is positioned in one or more locations in the drilling tools and/or at rig 128 to measure drilling parameters, such as weight on bit, torque on bit, pressures, temperatures, flow rates, compositions, rotary speed, and/or other parameters of the field operation. Sensors (S) may also be positioned in one or more locations in the circulating system.

[0026] Drilling tools 106.2 may include a bottom hole assembly (BHA) (not shown), generally referenced, near the drill bit (e.g., within several drill collar lengths from the drill bit). The bottom hole assembly includes capabilities for measuring, processing, and storing information, as well as communicating with surface unit 134. The bottom hole assembly further includes drill collars for performing various other measurement functions.

[0027] The bottom hole assembly may include a communication subassembly that communicates with surface unit 134. The communication subassembly is adapted to send signals to and receive signals from the surface using a communications channel such as mud pulse telemetry, electro-magnetic telemetry, or wired drill pipe communications. The communication subassembly may include, for example, a transmitter that generates a signal, such as an acoustic or electromagnetic signal, which is representative of the measured drilling parameters. It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that a variety of telemetry systems may be employed, such as wired drill pipe, electromagnetic or other known telemetry systems.

[0028] Typically, the wellbore is drilled according to a drilling plan that is established prior to drilling. The drilling plan typically sets forth equipment, pressures, trajectories and/or other parameters that define the drilling process for the wellsite. The drilling operation may then be performed according to the drilling plan. However, as information is gathered, the drilling operation may need to deviate from the drilling plan. Additionally, as drilling or other operations are performed, the subsurface conditions may change. The earth model may also need adjustment as new information is collected

[0029] The data gathered by sensors (S) may be collected by surface unit 134 and/or other data collection sources for analysis or other processing. The data collected by sensors (S) may be used alone or in combination with other data. The data may be collected in one or more databases and/or transmitted on or offsite. The data may be historical data, real time data, or combinations thereof. The real time data may be used in real time, or stored for later use. The data may also be combined with historical data or other inputs for further analysis. The data may be stored in separate databases, or combined into a single database.

[0030] Surface unit 134 may include transceiver 137 to allow communications between surface unit 134 and various portions of the oilfield 100 or other locations. Surface unit 134 may also be provided with or functionally connected to one or more controllers (not shown) for actuating mechanisms at oilfield 100. Surface unit 134 may then send command signals to oilfield 100 in response to data received. Surface unit 134 may receive commands via transceiver 137 or may itself execute commands to the controller. A processor may be provided to analyze the data (locally or remotely), make the decisions and/or actuate the controller. In this manner, oilfield 100 may be selectively adjusted based on the data collected. This technique may be used to optimize (or improve) portions of the field operation, such as controlling drilling, weight on bit, pump rates, or other parameters. These adjustments may be made automatically based on computer protocol, and/or manually by an operator. In some cases, well plans may be adjusted to select optimum (or improved) operating conditions, or to avoid problems.

[0031] Figure 1C illustrates a wireline operation being performed by wireline tool 106.3 suspended by rig 128 and into wellbore 136 of Figure 1B. Wireline tool 106.3 is adapted for deployment into wellbore 136 for generating well logs, performing downhole tests and/or collecting samples. Wireline tool 106.3 may be used to provide another method and apparatus for performing a seismic survey operation. Wireline tool 106.3 may, for example, have an explosive, radioactive, electrical, or acoustic energy source 144 that sends and/or receives electrical signals to surrounding subterranean formations 102 and fluids therein.

[0032] Wireline tool 106.3 may be operatively connected to, for example, geophones 1 18 and a computer 122.1 of a seismic truck 106.1 of Figure 1A. Wireline tool 106.3 may also provide data to surface unit 134. Surface unit 134 may collect data generated during the wireline operation and may produce data output 135 that may be stored or transmitted. Wireline tool 106.3 may be positioned at various depths in the wellbore 136 to provide a survey or other information relating to the subterranean formation 102.

[0033] Sensors (S), such as gauges, may be positioned about oilfield 100 to collect data relating to various field operations as described previously. As shown, sensor S is positioned in wireline tool 106.3 to measure downhole parameters which relate to, for example porosity, permeability, fluid composition and/or other parameters of the field operation. [0034] Figure 1D illustrates a production operation being performed by production tool 106.4 deployed from a production unit or Christmas tree 129 and into completed wellbore 136 for drawing fluid from the downhole reservoirs into surface facilities 142. The fluid flows from reservoir 104 through perforations in the casing (not shown) and into production tool 106.4 in wellbore 136 and to surface facilities 142 via gathering network 146.

[0035] Sensors (S), such as gauges, may be positioned about oilfield 100 to collect data relating to various field operations as described previously. As shown, the sensor (S) may be positioned in production tool 106.4 or associated equipment, such as Christmas tree 129, gathering network 146, surface facility 142, and/or the production facility, to measure fluid parameters, such as fluid composition, flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and/or other parameters of the production operation.

[0036] Production may also include injection wells for added recovery. One or more gathering facilities may be operatively connected to one or more of the wellsite’s for selectively collecting downhole fluids from the wellsite(s).

[0037] While Figures 1B-1D illustrate tools used to measure properties of an oilfield, it will be appreciated that the tools may be used in connection with non-oilfield operations, such as gas fields, mines, aquifers, storage or other subterranean facilities. Also, while certain data acquisition tools are depicted, it will be appreciated that various measurement tools capable of sensing parameters, such as seismic two-way travel time, density, resistivity, production rate, etc., of the subterranean formation and/or its geological formations may be used. Various sensors (S) may be located at various positions along the wellbore and/or the monitoring tools to collect and/or monitor the desired data. Other sources of data may also be provided from offsite locations.

[0038] The field configurations of Figures 1 A-1D are intended to provide a brief description of an example of a field usable with oilfield application frameworks. Part of, or the entirety, of oilfield 100 may be on land, water and/or sea. Also, while a single field measured at a single location is depicted, oilfield applications may be utilized with any combination of one or more oilfields, one or more processing facilities and one or more wellsites.

[0039] Figure 2 illustrates a schematic view, partially in cross section of oilfield 200 having data acquisition tools 202.1, 202.2, 202.3 and 202.4 positioned at various locations along oilfield 200 for collecting data of subterranean formation 204 in accordance with implementations of various technologies and techniques described herein. Data acquisition tools 202.1-202.4 may be the same as data acquisition tools 106.1-106.4 of Figures 1A-1D, respectively, or others not depicted. As shown, data acquisition tools 202.1-202.4 generate data plots or measurements 208.1-208.4, respectively. These data plots are depicted along oilfield 200 to demonstrate the data generated by the various operations.

[0040] Data plots 208.1-208.3 are examples of static data plots that may be generated by data acquisition tools 202.1-202.3, respectively; however, it should be understood that data plots 208.1- 208.3 may also be data plots that are updated in real time. These measurements may be analyzed to better define the properties of the formation(s) and/or determine the accuracy of the measurements and/or for checking for errors. The plots of each of the respective measurements may be aligned and scaled for comparison and verification of the properties.

[0041] Static data plot 208.1 is a seismic two-way response over a period of time. Static plot

208.2 is core sample data measured from a core sample of the formation 204. The core sample may be used to provide data, such as a graph of the density, porosity, permeability, or some other physical property of the core sample over the length of the core. Tests for density and viscosity may be performed on the fluids in the core at varying pressures and temperatures. Static data plot

208.3 is a logging trace that typically provides a resistivity or other measurement of the formation at various depths.

[0042] A production decline curve or graph 208.4 is a dynamic data plot of the fluid flow rate over time. The production decline curve typically provides the production rate as a function of time. As the fluid flows through the wellbore, measurements are taken of fluid properties, such as flow rates, pressures, composition, etc.

[0043] Other data may also be collected, such as historical data, user inputs, economic information, and/or other measurement data and other parameters of interest. As described below, the static and dynamic measurements may be analyzed and used to generate models of the subterranean formation to determine characteristics thereof. Similar measurements may also be used to measure changes in formation aspects over time.

[0044] The subterranean structure 204 has a plurality of geological formations 206.1-206.4. As shown, this structure has several formations or layers, including a shale layer 206.1, a carbonate layer 206.2, a shale layer 206.3 and a sand layer 206.4. A fault 207 extends through the shale layer 206.1 and the carbonate layer 206.2. The static data acquisition tools are adapted to take measurements and detect characteristics of the formations. [0045] While a specific subterranean formation with specific geological structures is depicted, it will be appreciated that oilfield 200 may contain a variety of geological structures and/or formations, sometimes having extreme complexity. In some locations, typically below the water line, fluid may occupy pore spaces of the formations. Each of the measurement devices may be used to measure properties of the formations and/or its geological features. While each acquisition tool is shown as being in specific locations in oilfield 200, it will be appreciated that one or more types of measurement may be taken at one or more locations across one or more fields or other locations for comparison and/or analysis.

[0046] The data collected from various sources, such as the data acquisition tools of Figure 2, may then be processed and/or evaluated. Typically, seismic data displayed in static data plot 208.1 from data acquisition tool 202.1 is used by a geophysicist to determine characteristics of the subterranean formations and features. The core data shown in static plot 208.2 and/or log data from well log 208.3 are typically used by a geologist to determine various characteristics of the subterranean formation. The production data from graph 208.4 is typically used by the reservoir engineer to determine fluid flow reservoir characteristics. The data analyzed by the geologist, geophysicist and the reservoir engineer may be analyzed using modeling techniques.

[0047] Figure 3A illustrates an oilfield 300 for performing production operations in accordance with implementations of various technologies and techniques described herein. As shown, the oilfield has a plurality of wellsites 302 operatively connected to central processing facility 354. The oilfield configuration of Figure 3 A is not intended to limit the scope of the oilfield application system. Part, or all, of the oilfield may be on land and/or sea. Also, while a single oilfield with a single processing facility and a plurality of wellsites is depicted, any combination of one or more oilfields, one or more processing facilities and one or more wellsites may be present.

[0048] Each wellsite 302 has equipment that forms wellbore 336 into the earth. The wellbores extend through subterranean formations 306 including reservoirs 304. These reservoirs 304 contain fluids, such as hydrocarbons. The wellsites draw fluid from the reservoirs and pass them to the processing facilities via surface networks 344. The surface networks 344 have tubing and control mechanisms for controlling the flow of fluids from the wellsite to processing facility 354.

[0049] Attention is now directed to Figure 3B, which illustrates a side view of a marine-based survey 360 of a subterranean subsurface 362 in accordance with one or more implementations of various techniques described herein. Subsurface 362 includes seafloor surface 364. Seismic sources 366 may include marine sources such as vibroseis or airguns, which may propagate seismic waves 368 (e.g., energy signals) into the Earth over an extended period of time or at a nearly instantaneous energy provided by impulsive sources. The seismic waves may be propagated by marine sources as a frequency sweep signal. For example, marine sources of the vibroseis type may initially emit a seismic wave at a low frequency (e.g., 5 Hz) and increase the seismic wave to a high frequency (e.g., 80-90Hz) over time.

[0050] The component s) of the seismic waves 368 may be reflected and converted by seafloor surface 364 (i.e., reflector), and seismic wave reflections 370 may be received by a plurality of seismic receivers 372. Seismic receivers 372 may be disposed on a plurality of streamers (i.e., streamer array 374). The seismic receivers 372 may generate electrical signals representative of the received seismic wave reflections 370. The electrical signals may be embedded with information regarding the subsurface 362 and captured as a record of seismic data.

[0051] In one implementation, each streamer may include streamer steering devices such as a bird, a deflector, a tail buoy and the like, which are not illustrated in this application. The streamer steering devices may be used to control the position of the streamers in accordance with the techniques described herein.

[0052] In one implementation, seismic wave reflections 370 may travel upward and reach the water/air interface at the water surface 376, a portion of reflections 370 may then reflect downward again (i.e., sea-surface ghost waves 378) and be received by the plurality of seismic receivers 372. The sea-surface ghost waves 378 may be referred to as surface multiples. The point on the water surface 376 at which the wave is reflected downward is generally referred to as the downward reflection point.

[0053] The electrical signals may be transmitted to a vessel 380 via transmission cables, wireless communication or the like. The vessel 380 may then transmit the electrical signals to a data processing center. Alternatively, the vessel 380 may include an onboard computer capable of processing the electrical signals (i.e., seismic data). Those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will appreciate that this illustration is highly idealized. For instance, surveys may be of formations deep beneath the surface. The formations may typically include multiple reflectors, some of which may include dipping events, and may generate multiple reflections (including wave conversion) for receipt by the seismic receivers 372. In one implementation, the seismic data may be processed to generate a seismic image of the subsurface 362. [0054] Marine seismic acquisition systems tow each streamer in streamer array 374 at the same depth (e.g., 5-lOm). However, marine based survey 360 may tow each streamer in streamer array 374 at different depths such that seismic data may be acquired and processed in a manner that avoids the effects of destructive interference due to sea-surface ghost waves. For instance, marine- based survey 360 of Figure 3B illustrates eight streamers towed by vessel 380 at eight different depths. The depth of each streamer may be controlled and maintained using the birds disposed on each streamer.

[0055] Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide systems and methods for accessing information contained in large seismic data sets and delivering concise results that enhance the user experience. The user will also be able to leverage and access geoscience information to continue their analysis and trigger further workflows.

[0056] In some embodiments, the present disclosure may provide a search engine to quickly screen through large amounts of seismic data. Using such a search engine, the user can quickly find geological features that are similar to a particular seismic feature, and can receive a visualization of the distribution of the features spatially.

[0057] Embodiments of the present disclosure may employ any number and combination of image recognition technologies to identify the geological features in many images of seismic data. With the help of deep-learning models, a database of geo-feature images can be built and displayed on a map or in a 3D visualization window.

[0058] However, some searches might provide an overwhelming number of results. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may curate the results. For example, the present disclosure may include ranking the results, by which the system predicts the user’s most desired result at the top. This can be done by employing any suitable combination of ranking algorithms. Additionally, recommendations from either item-based or user-based collaborative filtering can be provided. Further, a variety of above-ground factors can be used, such as client behavior analysis, news insight retrieval, government regulation, fiscal terms, license rounds, or others. Geoscience factors can also be used, and may include depth below mudline, size/scale of objects, proximity to discoveries, or other geoscience factors.

[0059] Further, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide limits on the results. For example, the user may choose to add limits/constraints to the attributes of the geological features e.g. size, depth below mudline, distance for other discoveries, distance from infrastructure etc. Embodiments of the disclosure may also combine results. For example, the user can then employ spatial searches to the sets of geological features, and can analyze their combined spatial distribution and to find potential play types.

[0060] In some embodiments, the present disclosure can rapidly find geological features and/or play elements such as reservoirs, seals, and source rock in relatively large data sets. Further, quick assessments of the value of seismic data, an area with 20 anticlines might have more potential than an area with five anticlines as input to pricing analytics tools may be provided. Finding rock types and their prevalence in large seismic processing may also be provided, e.g., to prioritize noise removal approaches. Finding geohazards/drilling hazards within in a seismic volume may further be provided. Embodiments of the disclosure may be used in combining data volumes/maps to find geological features, e.g., combining seismic and gravity, seismic and magnetics, seismic and pore pressure, seismic and any attribute volumes/basin models.

[0061] Embodiments may allow for leveraging different image recognition algorithms, and/or leveraging different ranking algorithms. Further, the present disclosure may facilitate finding features in shot gathers. Thus, embodiments of the present disclosure may enable rapid analysis of large volumes of data, and may be less sensitive to data quality than traditional automatic pickers, which often perform worse as data quality diminishes. This may accelerate and enhance accuracy in user’s decisions on where to focus exploration efforts going forward.

[0062] Figure 4 illustrates a diagram of a machine learning training process for identifying geological features in input seismic data images, labeling the input seismic data images with geological features, and storing the labeled input seismic data images. As shown in Figure 4, a geological feature search system 210 may train a neural network (or any other type of machine learning algorithm) having multiple layers using training images. Individual training images may be labeled with the type of geological features present, such as anticlines, toe-thrusts, horsts, terrain types, reservoirs, seals, source rocks, rock types, or the like. The training images may be used to train a multi-layer neural network implemented by the geological feature search system 210, and to identify the geological features present in seismic images of real-life seismic data.

[0063] In some embodiments, the geological feature search system 210 may receive an input or operational seismic image representing operational or real-life seismic data. The geological feature search system 210 may identify geological features in the seismic image using the multi- layer neural network (e.g., in which higher layers identify shape edges, and each subsequent layer identify more specific and complex structures and portions of image objects representing geological features). The seismic image with identified and labeled geological features may be stored in a database, such as the geological features information storage 212 and may be represented graphically in the form shown, or in a different form. In some embodiments, the geological features information may identify the types of geological features present in the seismic image (e.g., as determined using the multi-layer neural network). Additionally, the geological features information may include geological attributes associated with the features (e.g., geographical location of the features, distance between features, feature depth below mudline, size/scale, proximity to discoveries, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, the geological features information may be used to identify non-geological attributes associated with the features, such as client behavior analysis information, news insights, government regulation information, fiscal terms of exploration, license requirements, etc. Such attributes may be received from an external source and may be linked with the geological attributes. In this way, the geological features information storage 212 may include a database that may store, for a given seismic data image, information identifying geological features, and that attributes of those geological features.

[0064] In some embodiments, multiple input seismic data images, representing real-life seismic data, may be received and analyzed using the trained multi-layer neural network to identify the geological features and attributes included in each input seismic data image. In this way, the geological features information storage 212 may store multiple seismic data images that are tagged and/or labeled with information identifying geological features (and attributes of those geological features within the seismic data images).

[0065] In some embodiments, the geological feature search system 210 may receive multiple input seismic data images, and for each seismic data image, the geological feature search system 210 may identify the geological features present in the seismic data images (e.g., using the trained, multi-level neural network), identify the attributes of the geological features, and store information (e.g., in the geological features information storage 212) linking the seismic image data with geological features and attributes of the features. As described in greater detail herein, the geological feature search system 210 may implement a search function to receive a search query. In some embodiments, the search query may identify one or more features and may also identify one or more constraints (e.g., attributes associated with the features). The search query may correspond to a“play” having features of interests and/or features with attributes of interest. The geological feature search system 210 may identify search results, which may include seismic data images having the searched features and matching the constraints. As described herein, a“search result” may include a seismic data image and the degree to which the seismic data image matches the search query (e.g., the degree to which the seismic data image includes the geological features and the attributes/constraints defined in the search query).

[0066] In some embodiments, the geological feature search system 210 may be trained based on other input data, in addition to, or instead of, seismic data images. For example, the geological feature search system 210 may be trained based on other types of images and datasets, such as inversion and attribute volumes.

[0067] Figure 5 shows an example flowchart of a process 500 for identifying geological areas having features of interest using a machine learning-based search system. The steps of FIG. 5 may be implemented by the geological feature search system 210. The flowchart of Figure 5 illustrates the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0068] As shown in Figure 5, the process 500 may include receiving a geological feature search query (e.g., at block 510). For example, the geological feature search system 210 may receive a search query containing one or more geological features. In some embodiments, the geological feature search system 210 may receive the search query from a target user via a user interface associated with an application, a webpage, or the like. The search query may include text entered by the target user, a selection of features in a seismic image, an image file of an image containing features, or other type of input identifying one or more geological features of interest. As described herein, examples of geological features that may be searched may include anticlines, toe-thrusts, horsts, terrain types, reservoirs, seals, source rocks, rock types, or the like. Additionally, or alternatively, a combination of seismic and volumes/basin models may be searched, such as seismic and gravity, seismic and magnetics, seismic and pore pressure, and/or seismic and any other volumes/basin model. Additionally, or alternatively, features that may be searched may include areas of noise in the data, (e.g. residual multiple, diffractions etc.), areas of poor imaging due to fault shadow, salt etc. and incorrect parameterization of seismic processing. In some embodiments, the search query may further include information identifying one or more constraints, such as geological attributes associated with the image (e.g., size, depth below mudline, distance for other discoveries, distance from infrastructure etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, the constraints may include non-geological attributes, such as client behavior analysis information, news insights, government regulation information, fiscal terms of exploration, license requirements, etc.

[0069] The process 500 may also include executing a search based on the search query (e.g., at block 520). For example, the geological feature search system 210 may execute a search by accessing the tagged and labeled seismic data images stored by the geological features information storage 212 and finding seismic data images having geological features and attributes that match the geological features and attributes from the search query. As previously discussed, the information stored by the geological features information storage 212 may be generated through machine learning techniques. In some embodiments, the information stored by the geological features information storage 212 may include seismic data images that are tagged and/or labeled with information identifying geological features (and attributes of those geological features) within the seismic data images.

[0070] The process 500 may further include determining search results (e.g., at block 530). For example, the geological feature search system 210 may determine search results, which may include seismic data images having geological features matching the constraints from the search query. In some embodiments, a“search result” may include a seismic data image which matches the search query to a threshold degree.

[0071] The process 500 may also include ranking the search results (e.g., at block 540). For example, the geological feature search system 210 may rank the search results using any combination of suitable ranking and/or filtering techniques. In some embodiments, the geological feature search system 210 may rank the search results based on value representing the degree to which the seismic data image matches a search query (e.g., the degree to which the seismic data image includes the geological features of interest defined in the search query). Additionally, or alternatively, the geological feature search system 210 may rank the search results based on a user profile may indicating the target user’s search preferences, job roles, and/or other information that may indicate the relevancy of search results to the target user. In some embodiments, collaborative filtering may be employed to filter and rank search results based on the search activity and search history of other similar users indicative of search results that may be relevant to the target user. Additionally, or alternatively, certain geological features and/or attributes may be weighted more heavily than others for the purposes of ranking and/or filtering search results. In some embodiments, the geological feature search system 210 may determine a relevancy value or score based on one or more of the aforementioned ranking and/or filtering techniques, and may rank the search results based on the relevancy score.

[0072] The process 500 may further include outputting the search results (e.g., at block 550). For example, the geological feature search system 210 may output the search results in any combination of forms. In some embodiments, the search results may be presented as a list in which each search result identifies the seismic data image and related information (e.g., the geographic location associated with the seismic data image, the geological features and attributes present in the seismic data image, a relevancy value or score, etc.). In some embodiments, the search results may be presented graphically, such as on a geographic map in which the spatial distribution of the searched geographical features of interest are plotted and presented graphically with various colors and/or patterns. Additionally, or alternatively, the search results may be presented in other ways.

[0073] From the search results, locations having specific groups of geographic features of interest (e.g., corresponding to“plays”) may be quickly identified for further exploration. For example, certain plays may be more suitable for certain types of explorations. By using the machine-learning based search system, described herein, explorers may quickly and accurately identify areas to focus for exploration. In a similar regard, hazardous areas with a group of hazardous geographic features and/or drilling hazards may be identified and avoided.

[0074] In some embodiments, a computer-based instruction may be executed based on the search results and/or based on its content. For example, a computer-based instruction may be executed to generate and send a report that presents the search results. Additionally, or alternatively, a computer-based instruction may be executed to generate an alert based on the search results identifying a new area of exploration and/or a hazardous area. Additionally, or alternatively, a computer-based instruction may be executed to modify a workflow or modify an exploration planning system.

[0075] Figure 6 illustrates a geological search interface for receiving search queries and presenting corresponding search results. As shown in Figure 6, the geological search interface 600 may include a search query field 605, a search results list area 610, a search results map area 615, and related results area 620. In some embodiments, a user may enter a search query in the search query field 605 (e.g., the search query“anticline). The geological feature search system 210 may execute a search based on the search query to produce search results of seismic data images matching the search query (e.g., in a similar manner as described above with respect to the process 500 in Figure 5). In some embodiments, the search results may be presented as a list (e.g., in the search results list area 610). In some embodiments, the search results may be listed in a ranked order along with a rating of relevancy (e.g., in the form of a relevancy percentage, or a value on a scale of 1-5 or other scale, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, the search results may be presented in a map view in the search results map area 615 in which the search results are mapped to corresponding geographic locations. As further shown in the example of Figure 6, the relevancy of each search result may be presented with a particular color, pattern, and/or shading. For example, different colors, patterns, shadings, etc. may represent varying levels of relevancy. In some embodiments, additional related seismic data images (e.g., related to the search results) may be presented in the related results area 620. For example, the related search results may include seismic data images viewed by others who viewed a target or selected seismic data image within the search results. Using the geological search interface 600, a user may quickly and accurately identify“plays” and areas having geological features of interest (or identify hazardous areas to avoid).

[0076] In one or more embodiments, the functions described can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For a software implementation, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, subprograms, programs, routines, subroutines, modules, software packages, classes, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. A module can be coupled to another module or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, or the like can be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, and the like. The software codes can be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit can be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art.

[0077] In some embodiments, any of the methods of the present disclosure may be executed by a computing system. Figure 7 illustrates an example of such a computing system 700, in accordance with some embodiments. The computing system 700 may include a computer or computer system 701 A, which may be an individual computer system 701 A or an arrangement of distributed computer systems. The computer system 701A includes one or more analysis module(s) 702 configured to perform various tasks according to some embodiments, such as one or more methods disclosed herein. To perform these various tasks, the analysis module 702 executes independently, or in coordination with, one or more processors 704, which is (or are) connected to one or more storage media 706. The processor(s) 704 is (or are) also connected to a network interface 707 to allow the computer system 701A to communicate over a data network 709 with one or more additional computer systems and/or computing systems, such as 701B, 701C, and/or 701D (note that computer systems 701B, 701C and/or 701D may or may not share the same architecture as computer system 701A, and may be located in different physical locations, e.g., computer systems 701 A and 701B may be located in a processing facility, while in communication with one or more computer systems such as 701 C and/or 701D that are located in one or more data centers, and/or located in varying countries on different continents).

[0078] A processor can include a microprocessor, microcontroller, processor module or subsystem, programmable integrated circuit, programmable gate array, or another control or computing device.

[0079] The storage media 706 can be implemented as one or more computer-readable or machine-readable storage media. Note that while in the example embodiment of Figure 7 storage media 706 is depicted as within computer system 701 A, in some embodiments, storage media 706 may be distributed within and/or across multiple internal and/or external enclosures of computing system 701A and/or additional computing systems. Storage media 706 may include one or more different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories, magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks, other magnetic media including tape, optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs), BLEIRAY ^® disks, or other types of optical storage, or other types of storage devices. Note that the instructions discussed above can be provided on one computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, or alternatively, can be provided on multiple computer-readable or machine- readable storage media distributed in a large system having possibly plural nodes. Such computer- readable or machine-readable storage medium or media is (are) considered to be part of an article (or article of manufacture). An article or article of manufacture can refer to any manufactured single component or multiple components. The storage medium or media can be located either in the machine running the machine-readable instructions, or located at a remote site from which machine-readable instructions can be downloaded over a network for execution.

[0080] In some embodiments, computing system 700 contains one or more geological feature searching module(s) 708. In the example of computing system 700, computer system 701 A includes the geological feature searching module 708. In some embodiments, a single geological feature searching module may be used to perform some or all aspects of one or more embodiments of the methods. In alternate embodiments, a plurality of geological feature modules may be used to perform some or all aspects of methods.

[0081] It should be appreciated that computing system 700 is only one example of a computing system, and that computing system 700 may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine additional components not depicted in the example embodiment of Figure 7, and/or computing system 700 may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components depicted in Figure 7. The various components shown in Figure 7 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits.

[0082] Further, the steps in the processing methods described herein may be implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors or application specific chips, such as ASICs, FPGAs, PLDs, or other appropriate devices. These modules, combinations of these modules, and/or their combination with general hardware are all included within the scope of protection of the invention.

[0083] The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Moreover, the order in which the elements of the methods are illustrated and described may be re-arranged, and/or two or more elements may occur simultaneously. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principals of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.