The application of polypeptides, especially enzymes or cytokines, to the circula- tory system in order to obtain a particular physiological effect is a well-known tool in modern medicine.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone necessary for the maturation of erythroid progenitor cells into erythrocytes. In human adults, it is produced in the kidney. EPO is essential in regulating the level of red blood cells in the circula- tion. Conditions marked by low levels of tissue oxygen provoke an increased bio- synthesis of EPO, which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis. A loss of kidney func- tion as it is seen in chronic renal failure, for example, typically results in de- creased biosynthesis of EPO and a concomitant reduction in red blood cells.

Erythropoietin is an acid glycoprotein hormone of approximately 34,000 Da. Hu- man erythropoietin is a 166 amino acid polypeptide that exists naturally as a monomer (Lin et al. , 1985, PNAS 82,7580-7584, EP 148 605 B2, EP 411 678 B2). The identification, cloning and expression of genes encoding erythropoietin are described, e. g. , in U. S. Patent 4,703, 008. The purification of recombinant erythropoietin from cell culture medium that supported the growth of mammalian cells containing recombinant erythropoietin plasmids, for example, is described in U. S. Patent 4,667, 016.

It is generally believed in this technical field that the biological activity of EPO in vivo mainly depends on the degree of sialic acids bound to EPO (see e. g. EP 428 267 B1). Theoretically, 14 molecules of sialic acid can be bound to one molecule EPO at the terminal ends of the carbohydrate side chains linked to N-and O- glycosylation sites. Highly sophisticated purification steps are necessary to obtain highly sialylated EPO preparations.

For further detailed information on erythropoietin see Krantz, Erythropoietin, 1991, Blood, 77 (3): 419-34 (Review) and Cerami, Beyond erythropoiesis: novel applications for recombinant human erythropoietin, 2001, Semin Hematol. , (3 Suppl 7) : 33-9 (Review).

A well-known problem with the application of polypeptides and enzymes is that these proteins often exhibit an unsatisfactory stability. Especially, erythropoietin has a relatively short plasma half live (Spivak and Hogans, 1989, Blood 73, 90 ; McMahon et al. , 1990, Blood 76,1718). This means that therapeutic plasma lev- els are rapidly lost and repeated intravenous administrations must be carried out.

Furthermore, in certain circumstances an immune response against the peptides is observed.

It is generally accepted that the stability of polypeptides can be improved and the immune response against these polypeptides is reduced when the polypeptides are coupled to polymeric molecules. WO 94/28024 discloses that physiologically ac- tive polypeptides modified with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) exhibit reduced immu- nogenicity and antigenicity and circulate in the bloodstream considerably longer than unconjugated proteins, i. e. have a longer clearance rate.

However, PEG-drug conjugates exhibit several disadvantages, e. g. they do not exhibit a natural structure which can be recognized by elements of in vivo degra- dation pathways. Therefore, apart from PEG-conjugates, other conjugates and protein polymerates have been produced. A plurality of methods for the cross-

linking of different proteins and macromolecules such as polymerase have been described in the literature (see e. g. Wong, Chemistry of protein conjugation and cross-linking, 1993, CRCS, Inc.).

Hydroxyethylstarch (HES) is a derivative of naturally occurring amylopektine and is degraded by a-Amylase in the body. The preparation of HES-protein- conjugates is described in the state of the art (see, e. g. , HES-hemoglobin- conjugates in DE 26 16 086 or DE 26 46 854).

DE 26 46 854 discloses methods for the conjugation of hemoglobin to HES. In these methods, HES is reacted with sodiumperiodate, which results in the produc- tion of dialdehydes which are linked to hemoglobin. In contrast to this, DE 26 16 086 discloses the conjugation of hemoglobin to HES according to a procedure wherein first a cross-linking agent (e. g. bromocyane) is bound to HES and subse- quently hemoglobin is linked to the intermediate product.

HES is a substituted derivative of the carbohydrate polymer amylopektine, which is present in corn starch at a concentration of up to 95 % per weight. HES exhibits advantageous biological properties and is used as a blood volume replacement agent and in hemodilution therapy in the clinics (Sommermeyer et al. , 1987, Krankenhauspharmazie, 8 (8), 271-278; and Weidler et al., 1991, Arzneim.- Forschung/Drug Res. , 41,494-498).

Amylopektine consists of glucose moieties, wherein in the main chain a-1,4- glycosidic bonds are present and at the branching sites a-1, 6-glycosidic bonds are found. The physical-chemical properties of this molecule are mainly determined by the type of glycosidic bonds. Due to the nicked a-1,4-glycosidic bond, helical structures with about six glucose-monomers per turn are produced.

The physical-chemical as well as the biochemical properties of the polymer can be modified via substitution. The introduction of a hydroxyethyl group can be

achieved via alkaline hydroxyethylation. By adapting the reaction conditions it is possible to exploit the different reactivity of the respective hydroxy group in the unsubstituted glucose monomer with respect to a hydroxyethylation. Owing to this fact, the skilled person is able to influence the substitution pattern to a limited extent.

Consequently, HES is mainly characterized by the molecular weight distribution and the degree of substitution. There are two possibilities of describing the substi- tution degree: 1. The substitution degree can be described relative to the portion of substi- tuted glucose monomers with respect to all glucose moieties (DS).

2. The substitution degree can be described as the"molar substitution" (MS), wherein the number of hydroxyethyl groups per glucose moiety are de- scribed.

HES solutions are present as polydisperse compositions, wherein each molecule differs from the other with respect to the polymerisation degree, the number and pattern of branching sites and the substitution pattern. HES is therefore a mixture of compounds with different molecular weight. Consequently, a particular HES solution is determined by average molecular weight with the help of statistical means. In this context, Mn is calculated as the arithmetic mean depending on the number of molecules. Alternatively, Mw, the weight mean, represents a unit which depends on the mass of the HES.

The HES-drug conjugates disclosed in the art suffer from the disadvantage that HES is not conjugated site-specifically to the drug. Consequently, the conjugation results in a very heterogenous product having many components that may be inac- tive due to the destruction of the 3-dimensional structure during the conjugation step.

In summary, there is still a need for further improved polypeptides with improved stability and/or bioactivity. This applies especially to erythropoietin where iso- forms with a high degree of sialic acids and therefore high actvity have to be puri- fied from isoforms with a low degree of sialic acids (see EP 428 267 B1). There- fore, it would be highly advantageous if production methods were available which provide highly active polypeptides without requiring extensive purification. Un- fortunately, the production of polypeptides in bacteria or insect cells is often diffi- cult, because the polypeptides are often not produced in a properly folded, native confirmation and lack proper glycosylation.

Consequently, it is an object of the present invention to provide polypeptide de- rivatives, especially erythropoietin derivatives, having a high biological activity in vivo which can be easily produced and at reduced costs. Furthermore, it is a fur- ther object of the present invention to provide a method for the production of polypeptide derivatives which is easy to perform and yields in products with high biological activity. It is a further object of the invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising polypeptide derivatives with high biological activity.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the problem is solved by a hy- droxyalkylstarch (HAS)-erythropoietin (EPO)-conjugate (HAS-EPO) comprising one or more HAS molecules, wherein each HAS is conjugated to the EPO via a) a carbohydrate moiety; or b) a thioether.

The HAS-EPO of the invention has the advantage that it exhibits an improved biological stability when compared to the erythropoietin before conjugation. Fur- thermore, it exhibits a higher biological activity than standard BRP EPO. This is mainly due to the fact that HAS-EPO is less or even not recognized by the re- moval systems of the liver and kidney and therefore persists in the circulatory

system for a longer period of time. Furthermore, since the HAS is attached site- specifically, the risk of destroying the in vivo biological activity of EPO by con- jugation of HAS to EPO is minimized.

The HAS-EPO of the invention has mainly two components, namely the erythro- poietin (EPO) -polypeptide and the hydroxyalkylstarch (HAS) linked thereto.

The EPO can be of any human (see e. g. Inoue, Wada, Takeuchi, 1994, An im- proved method for the purification of human erythropoietin with high in vivo ac- tivity from the urine of anemic patients, Biol Pharm Bull. 17 (2), 180-4; Miyake, Kung, Goldwasser, 1977, Purification of human erythropoietin. , J Biol Chem., 252 (15), 5558-64) or another mammalian source and can be obtained by purifica- tion from naturally occurring sources like human kidney, embryonic human liver or animal, preferably monkey kidney. Furthermore, the expression"erythropoi- etin"or"EPO"encompasses also an EPO variant wherein one or more amino ac- ids (e. g. 1 to 25, preferably 1 to 10, more preferred 1 to 5, most preferred 1 or 2) have been exchanged by another amino acid and which exhibits erythropoietic activity (see e. g. EP 640 619 B1). The measurement of erythropoietic activity is described in the art (for measurement of activity in vitro see e. g. Fibi et al., 1991, Blood, 77,1203 ff ; Kitamura et al, 1989, J. Cell Phys. , 140, 323-334 ; for meas- urement of EPO activity in vivo see Ph. Eur. 2001,911-917 ; Ph. Eur. 2000,1316 Erythropoietini solutio concentrata, 780-785; European Pharmacopoeia (1996/2000); European Pharmacopoeia, 1996, Erythropoietin concentrated solu- tion, Pharmaeuropa., 8,371-377 ; Fibi, Hermentin, Pauly, Lauffer, Zettlmeissl., 1995, N-and O-glycosylation muteins of recombinant human erythropoietin se- creted from BHK-21 cells, Blood, 85 (5), 1229-36; (EPO and modified EPO forms were injected into female NMRI mice (equal amounts of protein 50 ng/mouse) at day 1,2 and 3 blood samples were taken at day 4 and reticulocytes were deter- mined) ). Further publications where tests for the measurement of the activity of EPO are Barbone, Aparicio, Anderson, Natarajan, Ritchie, 1994, Reticulocytes measurements as a bioassay for erythropoietin, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 12 (4),

515-22 ; Bowen, Culligan, Beguin, Kendall, Villis, 1994, Estimation of effective and total erythropoiesis in myelodysplasia using serum transferrin receptor and erythropoietin concentrations, with automated reticulocyte parameters, Leukemi, 8 (1), 151-5; Delorme, Lorenzini, Giffin, Martin, Jacobsen, Boone, Elliott, 1992, Role of glycosylation on the secretion and biological activity of erythropoietin, Biochemistry, 31 (41), 9871-6; Higuchi, Oh-eda, Kuboniwa, Tomonoh, Shi- monaka, Ochi, 1992; Role of sugar chains in the expression of the biological activ- ity of human erythropoietin, J. Biol. Chem. , 267 (11), 7703-9; Yamaguchi, Akai, Kawanishi, Ueda, Masuda, Sasaki, 1991, Effects of site-directed removal of N- glycosylation sites in human erythropoietin on its production and biological prop- erties, J. Biol. Chem. , 266 (30), 20434-9; Takeuchi, Inoue, Strickland, Kubota, Wada, Shimizu, Hoshi, Kozutsumi, Takasaki, Kobata, 1989, Relationship be- tween sugar chain structure and biological activity of recombinant human erythropoietin produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.

USA, 85 (20), 7819-22; Kurtz, Eckardt, 1989, Assay methods for erythropoietin, Nephron. , 51 (1), 11-4 (German); Zucali, Sulkowski, 1985, Purification of human urinary erythropoietin on controlled-pore glass and silicic acid, Exp. Hematol., 13 (3), 833-7 ; Krystal, 1983, Physical and biological characterization of erythro- blast enhancing factor (EEF), a late acting erythropoetic stimulator in serum dis- tinct from erythropoietin, Exp. Hematol., 11 (1), 18-31.

Preferably, the EPO is recombinantly produced. This includes the production in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, preferably mammalian, insect, yeast, bacterial cells or in any other cell type which is convenient for the recombinant production of EPO. Furthermore, the EPO may be expressed in transgenic animals (e. g. in body fluids like milk, blood, etc. ), in eggs of transgenic birds, especially poultry, preferred chicken, or in transgenic plants.

The recombinant production of a polypeptide is known in the art. In general, this includes the transfection of host cells with an appropriate expression vector, the cultivation of the host cells under conditions which enable the production of the

polypeptide and the purification of the polypeptide from the host cells. For de- tailled information see e. g. Krystal, Pankratz, Farber, Smart, 1986, Purification of human erythropoietin to homogeneity by a rapid five-step procedure, Blood, 67 (1), 71-9 ; Quelle, Caslake, Burkert, Wojchowski, 1989, High-level expression and purification of a recombinant human erythropoietin produced using a bacu- lovirus vector, Blood, 74 (2), 652-7; EP 640 619 B1 and EP 668 351 B 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the EPO has the amino acid sequence of human EPO (see EP 148 605 B2).

The EPO may comprise one or more carbohydrate side chains (preferably 1-4, preferably 4) attached to the EPO via N-and/or O-linked glycosylation, i. e. the EPO is glycosylated. Usually, when EPO is produced in eukaryotic cells, the polypeptide is posttranslationally glycosylated. Consequently, the carbohydrate side chains may have been attached to the EPO during biosynthesis in mammal- ian, especially human, insect or yeast cells. The structure and properties of glyco- sylated EPO have been extensively studied in the art (see EP 428 267 B1 ; EP 640 619 B1 ; Rush, Derby, Smith, Merry, Rogers, Rohde, Katta, 1995, Microheteroge- neity of erythropoietin carbohydrate structure, Anal Chem. , 67 (8), 1442-52 ; Ta- keuchi, Kobata, 1991, Structures and functional roles of the sugar chains of hu- man erythropoietins, Glycobiology, 1 (4), 337-46 (Review).

The HAS may be directly conjugated to the EPO or, alternatively, via a linker molecule. The nature of the linker molecule depends on the way how the HAS is linked to the EPO. Possible functional groups of linkers are described in Table 1 and below. Several linkers are commercially available (e. g. from Pierce, available from Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany)). Some suitable linkers are described in Table 2. The nature of the linker and its purpose are described in detail below in the section concerning the method for the production of HES- EPO.

According to a preferred embodiment of the HAS-EPO conjugate of the inven- tion, the HAS is conjugated to the EPO via a carbohydrate moiety.

In the context of the present invention, the term"carbohydrate moiety"refers to hydroxyaldehydes or hydroxyketones as well as to chemical modifications thereof (see Römpp Chemielexikon, Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, Germany, 9th edition 1990, Volume 9, pages 2281-2285 and the literature cited therein). Furthermore, it also refers to derivatives of naturally occuring carbohydrate moieties like glucose, ga- lactose, mannose, sialic acid and the like. The term also includes chemically oxi- dized naturally occuring carbohydrate moieties wherein the ring structure has been opened.

The carbohydrate moiety may be linked directly to the EPO polypeptide back- bone. Preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is part of a carbohydrate side chain. In this case, further carbohydrate moieties may be present between the carbohydrate moiety to which HAS is linked and the EPO polypeptide backbone. More prefera- bly, the carbohydrate moiety is the terminal moiety of the carbohydrate side chain.

In a more preferred embodiment, the HAS is conjugated to a galactose residue of the carbohydrate side chains, preferably the terminal galactose residue of the car- bohydrate side chain. This galactose residue can be made available for conjuga- tion by removal of terminal sialic acids, followed by oxidation (see below).

In a further more preferred embodiment, the HAS is conjugated to a sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chains, preferably the terminal sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chain.

Furthermore, the HAS may be conjugated to the EPO via a thioether. As ex- plained in detail below, the S atom can be derived from any SH group attached to the EPO, both naturally or non naturally occurring.

In a preferred embodiment, the S atom may be derived from a SH group which has been introduced in an oxidized carbohydrate moiety of HES, preferably an oxidized carbohydrate moiety which is part of a carbohydrate side chain of EPO (see below).

Preferably, the S atom in the thioether is derived from a naturally-occurring cys- teine or from an added cysteine. More preferably, the EPO has the amino acid sequence of human EPO and the naturally occurring cysteines are cysteine 29 and/ or 33. In a more preferred embodiment, HAS is conjugated to cysteine 29 and cysteine 33 is replaced by another amino acid. Alternatively, HAS may be conju- gated to cysteine 33 and cysteine 29 is replaced by another amino acid.

In the context of the present invention, by the term"added cysteines"it is meant that the polypeptides, preferably EPO, comprise a cysteine residue which is not present in the wild-type polypeptide.

In the context of this aspect of the invention, the cysteine may be an additional amino acid added at the N-or C-terminal end of EPO.

Furthermore, the added cysteine may have been added by replacing a naturally occuring amino acid by a cysteine. Suitable methods are known in the art (see above). Preferably, in the context of this aspect of the invention, the EPO is hu- man EPO and the replaced amino acid residue is serine 126.

The second component of the HAS-EPO is hydroxyalkylstarch (HAS).

In the context of the present invention, the term"hydroxyalkylstarch"is used to indicate starch derivatives which have been substituted by hydroxyalkylgroups. In this context, the alkyl group may be substituted. Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl con- tains 2-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-4 carbon atoms."Hydroxyalkylstarch" therefore preferably comprises hydroxyethylstarch, hydroxypropylstarch and hy-

droxybutylstarch, wherein hydroxyethylstarch and hydroxypropylstarch are pre- ferred.

The hydroxyalkylgroup (s) of HAS contain at least one OH-group.

The expression"hydroxyalkylstarch"also includes derivatives wherein the alkyl group is mono-or polysubstituted. In this context, it is preferred that the alkyl group is substituted with an halogen, especially flourine, or with an aryl group, provided that the HAS remains water soluble. Furthermore, the terminal hydroxy group of hydroxyalkyl may be esterified or etherified. In addition, the alkyl group of the hydroxyalkylstarch may be linear or branched.

Furthermore, instead of alkyl, also linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkene groups may be used.

Hydroxyethylstarch (HES) is most preferred for all embodiments of the present invention.

In the context of the present invention, hydroxyethylstarch may have a mean mo- lecular weight (weight mean) of 1-300 kDa, wherein a mean molecular weight of 5-100 kDa is more preferred. Hydroxyethylstarch can further exhibit a molar de- gree of substitution of 0.1 to 0.8 and a ratio between C2: C6-substitution in the range of 2-20, with respect to the hydroxyethylgroups.

The HAS-EPO may comprise 1-12, preferably 1-9,1-6 or 1-3, most preferred 1-4 HAS molecules per EPO molecule. The number of HAS-molecules per EPO molecule can be determined by quanatitative carbohydrate compositional analysis using GC-MS after hydrolysis of the product and derivatisation of the resulting monosaccharides (see Chaplin and Kennedy (eds. ), 1986, Carbohydrate Analysis: a practical approach, IRL Press Practical approach series (ISBN 0-947946-44-3),

especially Chapter 1, Monosaccharides, page 1-36 ; Chapter 2, Oligosaccharides, page 37-53, Chapter 3, Neutral Polysaccharides, page 55-96).

The HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention may exhibit essentially the same in- vitro biological activity as recombinant native EPO, since the in-vitro biological activity only measures binding affinity to the EPO receptor. Methods for deter- mining the in-vitro biological activity are known in the art (see above).

Furthermore, the HAS-EPO exibits a greater in vivo activity than the EPO used as a starting material for conjugation (unconjugated EPO). Methods for determining the in vivo biological activity are known in the art (see above). Furthermore, as- says for the determination of in vivo and in vitro EPO activity are given in Exam- ples 9 and 10.

The HAS-EPO conjugate may exhibit an in vivo activity of 110 to 500 %, pref- erably 300 to 400 %, or 110 % to 300 %, preferably 110 % to 200 %, more pre- ferred 110 % to 180 % or 110 to 150 %, most preferred 110 % to 140 %, if the in vivo activity of the unconjugated EPO is set as 100 %.

Compared to the highly sialylated EPO of Amgen (see EP 428 267 B1), the HAS- EPO exibits preferably at least 50%, more preferred at least 70 %, even more pre- ferred at least 85 % or at least 95 %, at least 150 %, at least 200 % or at least 300 % of the in vivo activity of the highly sialylated EPO, if the in vivo activity of highly sialylated EPO is set as 100 %. Most preferred, it exhibits at least 95 % of the in vivo activity of the highly sialylated EPO.

The high in vivo biological activity of the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention mainly results from the fact that the HAS-EPO conjugate remains longer in the circulation than the unconjugated EPO, because it is less recognized by the re- moval systems of the liver and because renal clearance is reduced due to the higher molecular weight. Methods for the determination of the in vivo half life

time of EPO in the circulation are known in the art (Sytkowski, Lunn, Davis, Feldman, Siekman, 1998, Human erythropoietin dimers with markedly enhanced in vivo activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95 (3), 1184-8).

Consequently, it is a great advantage of the present invention that a HAS-EPO is provided that may be administered less frequently than the EPO preparations commercially available at present. While standard EPO preparations have to be administered at least all 3 days, the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention is pref- erable adminstered twice a week, more preferably once a week.

All embodiments disclosed below with respect of the method of the invention to produce a HAS-EPO concerning properties of EPO or HAS apply also to the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention.

Hydroxyalkylstarch is an ether derivative of starch. Besides of said ether deriva- tives, also other starch derivatives can be used in the context of the present inven- tion. For example, derivatives are useful which comprise esterified hydroxy groups. These derivatives may be e. g. derivatives of unsubstituted mono-or di- carboxylic acids with 2-12 carbon atoms or of substituted derivatives thereof. Es- pecially useful are derivatives of unsubstituted monocarboxylic acids with 2-6 carbon atoms, especially of acetic acid, In this context, acetylstarch, butylstarch or propylstarch are preferred.

Furthermore, derivatives of unsubstituted dicarboxylic acids with 2-6 carbon at- oms are preferred.

In the case of derivatives of dicarboxylic acids, it is useful that the second carboxy group of the dicarboxylic acid is also esterified. Furthermore, derivatives of monoalkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids are also suitable in the context of the pre- sent invention.

For the substituted mono-or dicarboxylic acids, the substitute groups may be preferably the same as mentioned above for substituted alkyl residues.

Techniques for the esterification of starch are known in the art (see e. g. Klemm D. et al, Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry Vol. 2,1998, Whiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, especially chapter 4.4, Esterification of Cellulose (ISBN 3-527-29489- 9).

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the production of a hydroxyalkylstarch (HAS)-erythropoietin (EPO) -conjugate (HAS-EPO), com- prising the steps of : a) providing EPO being capable of reacting with modified HAS, b) providing modified HAS being capable of reacting with the EPO of step a), and c) reacting the EPO of step a) with the HAS of step b), whereby an HAS- EPO is produced comprising one or more HAS molecules, wherein each HAS is conjugated to the EPO via i) a carbohydrate moiety; or ii) a thioether.

The method of the invention has the advantage that a HAS-EPO conjugate is pro- duced which exhibits a high biological activity. Furthermore, the method of the invention has the advantage that an effective EPO derivative can be produced at reduced costs since the method does not comprise extensive and time consuming purification steps resulting in low final yield, e. g. it is not necessary to purify away undersialylated EPO forms which are known to exhibit low or no in-vivo biological activity. Especially Example 20 demonstrates that a HES-EPO pro- duced with few modifications steps exhibits a 3-fold activity over standard BRP EPO.

Accordingly, in the first step of the method of the invention, an EPO is provided which is capable of reacting with modified HAS.

As used in the present invention, the term"providing"has to be interpreted in the way that after the respective step a molecule (in step a) EPO, in step b) HAS) with the desired properties is available.

In the case of step a), this includes the purification of EPO from natural sources as well as the recombinant production in host cells or organisms, and, if necessary, the modification of the EPO so obtained.

With respect to the EPO being the starting material of the present invention, the same applies as for the erythropoietin being part of the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention. In this context, the preferred embodiments disclosed above apply also for the method of the invention.

Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the EPO has the amino acid sequence of human EPO.

Preferably, the EPO is recombinantly produced. This includes the production in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, preferably mammalian, insect, yeast, bacterial cells or in any other cell type which is convenient for the recombinant production of EPO. Furthermore, the EPO may be expressed in transgenic animals (e. g. in body fluids like milk, blood, etc. ), in eggs of transgenic birds, especially poultry, preferred chicken, or in transgenic plants.

The recombinant production of a polypeptide is known in the art. In general, this includes the transfection of host cells with an appropriate expression vector, the cultivation of the host cells under conditions which enable the production of the polypeptide and the purification of the polypeptide from the host cells (Krystal, Pankratz, Farber, Smart, 1986, Purification of human erythropoietin to homogene-

ity by a rapid five-step procedure, Blood, 67 (1), 71-9; Quelle, Caslake, Burkert, Wojchowski, 1989, High-level expression and purification of a recombinant hu- man erythropoietin produced using a baculovirus vector, Blood, 74 (2), 652-7; EP 640619BlandEP668351Bl).

The EPO may comprise one or more carbohydrate side chains attached to the EPO via N-and/or 0-linked glycosylation, i. e. the EPO is glycosylated. Unsually, when EPO is produced in eukaryotic cells, the polypeptide is posttranslationally glycosylated. Consequently, the carbohydrate side chains may have been attached to the EPO during production in mammalian, especially human, insect or yeast cells, which may be cells of a transgenic animal (see above), either extracted from the animal or still in the animal.

These carbohydrate side chains may have been chemically or enzymatically modi- fied after the expression in the appropriate cells, e. g. by removing or adding one or more carbohydrate moieties (see e. g. Dittmar, Conradt, Hauser, Hofer, Lin- denmaier, 1989, Advances in Protein design; Bloecker, Collins, Schmidt, and Schomburg eds., GBF-Monographs, 12,231-246, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, New York, Cambridge) It is the object of the method of the invention to provide an HAS-EPO comprising one or more HAS molecules where the HAS is conjugated to the EPO via a car- bohydrate moiety (i) or via a thioether (ii). Consequently, the EPO provided in step a) should have the properties that a conjugation via a carbohydrate moiety and/or via a thioether is possible. Therefore the EPO after step a) may preferably contain either (1) at least one reactive group linked, either directly or via a linker molecule, to sulfide groups or carbohydrate moieties, which is capable to react with HES or modified HES,

(2) at least one carbohydrate moiety to which modified HAS can be conjugated, and/or (3) at least one free SH-group.

With respect to possibility (1) above, the EPO of step a) is preferably obtainable by conjugating an appropriate linker molecule to the SH-group (s) or carbohydrate moieties of EPO. An example for such a modified EPO is provided in Example 4, 2.1. It is important to ensure that the addition of the linker molecule does not damage the EPO. However, this is known to the person skilled in the art.

With respect to possibility (2) above, in a preferred embodiment, the modified HAS is conjugated to the EPO via a carbohydrate moiety.

The carbohydrate moiety may be linked directly to the EPO polypeptide back- bone. Preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is part of a carbohydrate side chain. In this case, further carbohydrate moieties may be present between the carbohydrate moiety to which HAS is linked and the EPO polypeptide backbone. More prefera- bly, the carbohydrate moiety is the terminal moiety of the carbohydrate side chain.

Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the modified HAS is attached (via a linker or not, see below) to carbohydrate chains linked to N-and/or O- glycosylation sites of EPO.

However, it is also included within the present invention that the EPO contains (a) further carbohydrate moiet (y) ies to which the modified HAS is conjugated. Tech- niques for attaching carbohydrate moieties to polypeptides, either enzymatically or by genetic engineering, followed by expression in appropriate cells, are known in the art (Berger, Greber, Mosbach, 1986, Galactosyltransferase-dependent sialy- lation of complex and endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-treated core N-glycans in vitro, FEBS Lett. , 203 (1), 64-8; Dittmar, Conradt, Hauser, Hofer, Lindenmaier, 1989, Advances in Protein design; Bloecker, Collins, Schmidt, and Schomburg

eds. , GBF-Monographs, 12,231-246, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, New York, Cambridge).

In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the carbohydrate moi- ety is oxidized in order to be able to react with the modified HAS. This oxidation can be performed either chemically or enzymatically.

Methods for the chemical oxidation of carbohydrate moieties of polypeptides are known in the art and include the treatment with perjodate (Chamow et al. , 1992, J.

Biol. Chem. , 267,15916-15922).

By chemically oxidizing, it is principally possible to oxidize any carbohydrate moiety, being terminally positioned or not. However, by choosing mild conditions (1 mM periodate, 0 °C in contrast to harsh conditions: 10 mM periodate Ih at room temperature), it is possible to preferably oxidize the terminal carbohydrate moiety, e. g. sialic acid or galactose, of a carbohydrate side chain.

Alternatively, the carbohydrate moiety may be oxidized enzymatically. Enzymes for the oxidation of the individual carbohydrate moieties are known in the art, e. g. in the case of galactose the enzyme is galactose oxidase.

If it is intended to oxidize terminal galactose moieties, it will be eventually neces- sary to remove terminal sialic acids (partially or completely) if the EPO has been produced in cells capable of attaching sialic acids to carbohydrate chains, e. g. in mammalian cells or in cells which have been genetically modified to be capable of attaching sialic acids to carbohydrate chains. Chemical or enzymatic methods for the removal of sialic acids are known in the art (Chaplin and Kennedy (eds.), 1996, Carbohydrate Analysis: a practical approach, especially Chapter 5 Mon- treuill, Glycoproteins, pages 175-177; IRL Press Practical approach series (ISBN 0-947946-44-3)).

However, it is also included within the present invention that the carbohydrate moiety to which the modified HAS is to be attached is attached to the EPO within step a). In the case it is desired to attach galactose, this can be achieved by the means of galactosyltransferase. The methods are known in the art (Berger, Greber, Mosbach, 1986, Galactosyltransferase-dependent sialylation of complex and endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-treated core N-glycans in vitro, FEBS Lett., 203 (1), 64-8).

In a most preferred embodiment, in step a) the EPO is modified by oxidizing at least one terminal saccharide unit, preferably galactose, of the one or more carbo- hydrate side chains of the EPO, preferably after partial or complete (enzymatic and/or chemical) removal of the terminal sialic acid, if necessary (see above).

Consequently, preferably the modified HAS is conjugated to the oxidized terminal saccharide unit of the carbohydrate chain, preferably galactose.

Furthermore, the modified HAS may be preferably conjugated to a terminal sialic acid, which is preferably oxidized in step a) of the method of the invention.

In a further preferred embodiment (see point (3) above), the EPO comprises at least one free SH-group.

According to a preferred embodiment, this SH group may be linked to a prefera- bly oxidized carbohydrate moiety, e. g. by using a hydroxylamine derivative, e. g.

2- (aminooxy) ethylmercaptan hydrochloride (Bauer L. et al. , 1965, J. Org. Chem., 30,949) or by using a hydrazide derivative, e. g. thioglycolic acid hydrazide (Whitesides et al. , 1977, J. Org. Chem. , 42,332.) The methods for conjugating these molecules to the oxidized carbohydrate moiety of EPO may be analogous to those described in Example Protocols 8 and 9.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the free SH-group is part of a natu- rally-occurring cysteine or of an added cysteine.

Mammalian EPO has several cysteines which normally form disulfide bonds. However, by replacing at least one of the cysteines by another amino acid (e. g. by recombinant means), it is possible to obtain an EPO where at least one of the natu- rally occurring cysteines comprises a free SH-group. Methods for the replacement of amino acids are known in the art (Elliott, Lorenzini, Chang, Barzilay, Delorme, 1997, Mapping of the active site of recombinant human erythropoietin, Blood, 89 (2), 493-502 ; Boissel, Lee, Presnell, Cohen, Bunn, 1993, Erythropoietin struc- ture-function relationships. Mutant proteins that test a model of tertiary structure, J Biol Chem. , 268 (21), 15983-93)).

Preferably, the EPO has the amino acid sequence of human EPO and the naturally occurring cysteines are cysteine 29 and/or 33.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, cysteine 33 is replaced by another amino acid and in step c) the modified HAS is conjugated to cysteine 29.

In a further preferred embodiment, cysteine 29 is replaced by another amino acid and in step c) the modified HAS is conjugated to cysteine 33.

In the context of the present invention, by the term"added cysteines"it is meant that the polypeptides, preferably EPO, comprise a cysteine residue which is not present in the wild type polypeptide. This can be achieved by adding (e. g. by re- combinant means) a cysteine residue either at the N-or at the C-terminus of the polypeptide or by replacing (e. g. by recombinant means) a naturally-occurring amino acid by cysteine. The respective methods are known to the person skilled in the art (see above).

Preferably, the added cysteine has been added by replacing a naturally occuring amino acid by a cysteine.

In a preferred embodiment, the EPO is human EPO and the replaced amino acid residue is serine 126.

Preferably, the modified HAS is conjugated in step c) to the added cysteine.

In step b) of the method of the invention, modified HAS is provided which is ca- pable of reacting with the EPO of step a).

In this context, the HAS may be preferably modified at its reducing end. This has the advantage that the chemical reaction can be controlled easily and that the skilled person can be sure which group of HAS is modified during the reaction. Since only one group is introduced into the HAS, crosslinking between different EPO molecules by multifunctional HAS molecules and other side reactions can be prevented.

Accordingly, the modified HAS may be capable of reacting either with (1) at least one group linked, either directly or via a linker molecule, to sulfide groups or carbohydrate moieties of EPO, (2) at least one carbohydrate moiety, which is preferably oxidized, and/or (3) at least one free SH-group.

With respect to point (1) above, the modification of HAS will depend on the group linked to EPO. The underlying mechanism are known in the art. An exam- ple is given in Example 4,2. 1.

With respect to points (2) and (3) above, several methods are known in the art to modify HAS. The basic principle underlying these methods is that either a reac-

tive group of HAS is modified in order to be capable of reacting with the carbo- hydrate moiety or SH-group or a linker molecule is conjugated to HAS which contains a reactive group being capable of reacting with the carbohydrate moiety or SH-group.

In case of point (2), the modified HAS may be capable of reacting with oxidized carbohydrate moieties, preferably a terminal saccharide residue, more preferably galactose, or a terminal sialic acid.

Several ways are known to modify HAS such that it is capable of reacting with an oxidized, preferably terminal saccharide residue. As mentioned above, this modi- fication may be introduced regioselectively at the reducing end of the HES-chain.

In this case, in a first step, the aldehyde group is oxidized to a lactone. The modi- fications include, but are not limited to the addition of hydrazide, amino (also hy- droxylamino), semicarbazide or thiol functions to HAS, either directly or via a linker. These techniques are explained in further detail in Examples 2-4. Further- more, the mechanisms per se are known in the art (see e. g. DE 196 28 705 Al ; Hpoe et al. , 1981, Carbohydrate Res. , 91,39 ; Fissekis et al. , 1960, Journal of Me- dicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2,47 ; Frie, 1998, diploma thesis, Fach- hochschule Hamburg, DE).

Within the present invention, the addition of a hydrazide or hydroxylamino func- tion is preferred. In this case, by preferably conducting the reaction of step c) of the method of the present invention at a pH of 5.5, it is ensured that the modified HAS reacts selectively with the oxidized carbohydrate moiety of EPO without inter-or intramolecular EPO cross-linking by imine formation of lysin side chains with the oxidized saccharide residue.

In the case of point (3), also several ways are known to modify HAS such that it is capable of reacting with a free SH-group. Preferentially, this modification is in- troduced regioselectively at the reducing end of the HES-chain. The methods in-

elude, but are not limited to the addition of maleimide, disulfide or halogen acetamide functions to HAS. These techniques are explained in further detail in Examples 2-4.

Further details about these techniques can be obtained from Chamov et al. , 1992, J. Biol. Chem., 267,15916 ; Thorpe et al. , 1984, Eur. J. Biochem. , 140,63 ; Greenfield et al. , 1990, Cancer Research, 50, 6600 as well as from the literature cited in Example 2,1. 3.

Further possible functions are listed in Table 1, providing a systematic overview over possible linker molecules. Furthermore, the mechanisms per se are known in the art.

Several linker molecules which are useful in the context of the present invention are known in the art or commercially available (e. g. from Pierce, available from Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany). Examples are given in Ta- ble 2.

In step c) of the method of the present invention, the EPO of step a) with the HAS of step b) is reacted, whereby an HAS-EPO is produced comprising one or more HAS molecules, wherein the HAS is conjugated to the EPO via a carbohydrate moiety or via a thioether.

In principle, the detailed methods how to react the EPO with the modified HAS depend on the individual modification of the EPO and/or the HAS and are known in the art (see e. g. Rose, 1994, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 116,30, O'Shannessay and Wichek, 1990, Analytical Biochemistry, 191, 1 ; Thorpe et al. , 1984, Eur. J. Bio- chem., 140,63 ; Chamov et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15916).

For the methods exemplified in the present invention, the details are given in Ex- amples 2-4, especially 4.

Step c) may be performed in a reaction medium comprising at least 10 % per weight H20.

The reaction medium in this preferred embodiment of the method of the invention comprises at least 10 % per weight water, preferred at least 50 %, more preferred at least 80 %, e. g. 90 % or up to 100 %. The degree of organic solvents is calcu- lated respectively. Consequently, the reaction takes place in an aqueous phase.

The preferred reaction medium is water.

One advantage of this embodiment of the method of the invention is, that it is not necessary to use toxicologically critical solvents and that therefore it is not neces- sary to remove these solvents after the production process, in order to avoid the contamination with the solvent. Furthermore, it is not necessary to perform addi- tional quality controls with respect to residual toxicologically critical solvents. It is preferred to use as organic solvents toxicologically not critical solvents like ethanol or propylenglycol.

Another advantage of the method of the invention is that irreversible or reversible structural changes are avoided which are induced by organic solvents. Conse- quently, polypeptides obtained according to the method of the invention are dif- ferent from those prepared in organic solvents such as DMSO.

Furthermore, it has been surprisingly observed that the conjugation of HAS to drugs in an aqueous solution minimizes or avoids side reactions. Consequently, this embodiment of the method of the invention leads to improved products with great purity.

In the context of the present invention, the term"hydroxyalkylstarch"is used to indicate starch derivatives which have been substituted by hydroxyalkylgroups. In this context, the alkyl group may be substituted. Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl con-

tains 2-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-4 carbon atoms."Hydroxyalkylstarch" therefore preferably comprises hydroxyethylstarch, hydroxypropylstarch and hy- droxybutylstarch, wherein hydroxyethylstarch and hydroxypropylstarch are pre- ferred.

The hydroxyalkylgroup (s) of HAS contain at least one OH-group.

Hydroxyethylstarch (HES) is most preferred for all embodiments of the present invention.

The expression"hydroxyalkylstarch"also includes derivatives wherein the alkyl group is mono-or polysubstituted. In this context, it is preferred that the alkyl group is substituted with a halogen, especially flourine, or with an aryl group, provided that the HAS remains water soluble. Furthermore, the terminal hydroxy group of hydroxyalkyl may be esterified or etherified. In addition, the alkyl group of the hydroxyalkylstarch may be linear or branched.

Furthermore, instead of alkyl, also linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkylen groups may be used.

In the context of the present invention, hydroxyethylstarch may have a mean mo- lecular weight (weight mean) of 1-300 kDa, wherein a mean molecular weight of 5-100 kDa is more preferred. Hydroxyethylstarch may further exhibit a molar degree of substitution of 0.1 to 0.8 and a ratio between C2: C6-substitution in the range of 2-20, with respect to the hydroxyethylgroups.

The HAS-EPO produced by the method of the invention can be purified and char- acterized as follows: Isolation of the HAS-EPO can be performed by using known procedures for the purification of natural and recombinant EPO (e. g. size exclusion chromatography,

ion-exchange chromatography, RP-HPLC, hydroxyapatite chromatography, hy- drophobic interaction chromatography, the procedure described in Example 20.8 or combinations thereof).

The covalent attachment of HAS to the EPO polypetide can be verified by carbo- hydrate compositional analysis after hydrolysis of the modified protein (ratio of hydroxyethylglucose and mannose present on the three N-glycosylation sites of EPO).

Demonstration of HAS modification at N-linked oligosaccharides of EPO can be accomplished by removal of the HAS modified N-glycans and observation of the predicted shift to higher mobility in SDS-PAGE +/-Western Blotting analysis.

HAS modification of EPO at cysteine residues can be demonstrated by the failure to detect the corresponding proteolytic Cys-peptide in RP-HPLC and MALDI/TOF-MS in the proteolytic fragments of the HAS-modified product (Zhou et al., 1998, Application of capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatogra- phy, electrospray-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laserdesorp- tion/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry to the characterization of re- combinant human erythropoietin. Electrophoresis, 19 (13), 2348-55). The isolation of the HAS-containing fraction after proteolytic digestion of the Cys-modified EPO enables the verification in this fraction of the corresponding peptide by con- ventional amino acid compositional analysis.

All embodiments disclosed above with respect of the HAS-EPO of the invention concerning properties of EPO or HAS apply also to the method of the invention for preparing a HAS-EPO.

The invention further relates to a HAS-EPO, obtainable by the method of the in- vention. Preferably, this HAS-EPO has the features as defined for the above HAS- EPO of the invention.

The invention further relates to a HAS-EPO according to the invention for use in a method for treatment of the human or animal body.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition com- prising the HAS-EPO of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the pharma- ceutical composition comprises further at least one pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant and/or carrier useful in erythropoietin therapy.

The pharmaceutical composition is preferably used for the treatment of anemic disorders or hematopoietic dysfunction disorders or diseases related thereto.

A"therapeutically effective amount"as used herein refers to that amount which provides therapeutic effect for a given condition and administration regimen. The administration of erythropoietin isoforms is preferably by parenteral routes. The specific route chosen will depend upon the condition being treated. The admini- stration of erythropoietin isoforms is preferably done as part of a formulation con- taining a suitable carrier, such as human serum albumin, a suitable diluent, such as a buffered saline solution, and/or a suitable adjuvant. The required dosage will be in amounts sufficient to raise the hematocrit of patients and will vary depending upon the severity of the condition being treated, the method of administration used and the like.

The object of the treatment with the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is preferably an increase of the hemoglobin value of more than 6.8 mmol/1 in the blood. For this, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a way that the hemoglobin value increases between 0.6 mmol/1 and 1.6 mmol/1 per week.

If the hemoglobin value exceeds 8.7 mmoUl, the therapy should be preferably interrupted until the hemoglobin value is below 8. 1 mmol/l.

The composition of the invention is preferably used in a formulation suitable for subcutaneous or intravenous or parenteral injection. For this, suitable excipients and carriers are e. g. sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chlorate, polysorbate 80, HSA and water for injection. The composition may be administered three times a week, preferably two times a week, more pref- erably once a week, and most preferably every two weeks.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is administered in an amount of 0.01- 10 pg/kg body weight of the patient, more preferably 0,1 to 5 pg/kg, 0,1 to 1 g/kg, or 0.2-0. 9 ug/kg, most preferably 0.3-0. 7 pg/kg, and most preferred 0.4-0. 6 Slg/kg body weight.

In general, preferably between 10 llg and 200 g, preferably between 15 ug and 100 pg are administered per dosis.

The invention further relates to the use of a HAS-EPO of the invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of anemic disorders or hematopoi- etic dysfunction disorders or diseases related hereto.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the problem is solved by a hydroxyalkylstarch (HAS) -polypeptide-conjugate (HAS-polypeptide) comprising one or more HAS molecules, wherein each HAS is conjugated to the polypeptide via a) a carbohydrate moiety; or b) a thioether.

The HAS-polypeptide of the invention has the advantage that it exhibits an im- proved biological stability when compared to the polypeptide before conjugation. This is mainly due to the fact that HAS-polypeptide is less or not recognized by the removal systems of the liver and kidney and therefore persists in the circula-

tory system for a longer period of time. Furthermore, since the HAS is attached site-specifically, the risk of destroying the in vivo biological activity of the poly- peptide by conjugation of HAS to the polypeptide is minimized.

The HAS-polypeptide of the invention has mainly two components, namely the polypeptide and the hydroxyalkylstarch (HAS) linked thereto.

The polypeptide can be of any human or animal source. In a preferred embodi- ment, the polypeptide is of human source.

The polypeptide may be a cytokine, especially erythropoietin, an antithrombin (AT) such as AT III, an interleukin, especially interleukin-2, IFN-beta, IFN-alpha, G-CSF, CSF, interleukin-6 and therapeutic antibodies.

According to a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is an antithrombin (AT), preferably AT III (Levy JH, Weisinger A, Ziomek CA, Echelard Y, Recombinant Antithrombin : Production and Role in Cardiovascular Disorder, Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 27,4 (2001) 405-416; Edmunds T, Van Patten SM, Pollock J, Hanson E, Bernasconi R, Higgins E, Manavalan P, Ziomek C, Meade H, McPherson J, Cole ES, Transgenically Produced Human Antithrombin: Struc- tural and Functional Comparison to Human Plasma-Derived Antithrombin, Blood 91,12 (1998) 4661-4671; Minnema MC, Chang ACK, Jansen PM, Lubbers YTP, Pratt BM, Whittaker BG, Taylor FB, Hack CE, Friedman B, Recombinant human antithrombin III improves survival and attenuates inflammatory responses in ba- boons lethally challenged with Escherichia coli, Blood 95,4 (2000) 1117-1123; Van Patten SM, Hanson EH, Bernasconi R, Zhang K, Manavaln P, Cole ES, McPherson JM, Edmunds T, Oxidation of Methionin Residues in Antithrombin, J. Biol. Chemistry 274, 15 (1999) 10268-10276).

According to another preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is human IFN-beta, in particular IFN-beta la (cf. Avonex@, REBIF@) and IFN-beta lb (cf.

BETASERON@).

A further preferred polypeptide is human G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor). See, e. g. , Nagata et al., The chromosomal gene structure and two mRNAs for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, EMBO J. 5 : 575-581, 1986; Souza et al :, Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: effects on normal and leukemic myeloid cells, Science 232 (1986) 61-65 ; and Herman et al., Characterization, formulation, and stability of Neupogeng (Filgrastim), a re- combinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, in: Formulalion, charac- terization, and stability of protein drugs, Rodney Pearlman and Y. John Wang, eds. , Plenum Press, New York, 1996,303-328.

With respect to erythropoietin, all embodiments disclosed above also apply here.

Preferably, the polypeptide is recombinantly produced. This includes the produc- tion in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, preferably mammalian, insect, yeast, bacte- rial cells or in any other cell type which is convenient for the recombinant produc- tion of the polypeptide. Furthermore, the polypeptide may be expressed in trans- genic animals (e. g. in body fluids like milk, blood, etc. ), in eggs of transgenic birds, especially poultry, preferred chicken, or in transgenic plants.

The recombinant production of a polypeptide is known in the art. In general, this includes the transfection of host cells with an appropriate expression vector, the cultivation of the host cells under conditions which enable the production of the polypeptide and the purification of the polypeptide from the host cells. For de- tailled information see e. g. Krystal, Pankratz, Farber, Smart, 1986, Purification of human erythropoietin to homogeneity by a rapid five-step procedure, Blood, 67 (1), 71-9; Quelle, Caslake, Burkert, Wojchowski, 1989, High-level expression

and purification of a recombinant human erythropoietin produced using a bacu- lovirus vector, Blood, 74 (2), 652-7; EP 640 619 B1 and EP 668 351 B1.

The polypeptide may comprise one or more carbohydrate side chains attached to the polyppetide via N-and/or O-linked glycosylation, i. e. the polypeptide is gly- cosylated. Usually, when a polypeptide is produced in eukaryotic cells, the poly- peptide is posttranslationally glycosylated. Consequently, the carbohydrate side chains may have been attached to the polypeptide during biosynthesis in mammal- ian, especially human, insect or yeast cells.

The HAS may be directly conjugated to the polypeptide or, alternatively, via a linker molecule. The nature of the linker molecule depends on the way how the HAS is linked to the polypeptide. Several linkers are commercially available (e. g. from Pierce, see above). The nature of the linker and its purpose are described in detail below in the section concerning the method for the production of HES- polypeptide is discussed.

According to a preferred embodiment of the HAS-polypeptide conjugate of the invention, the HAS is conjugated to the polypeptide via a carbohydrate moiety.

Preferably, this applies if the polypeptide is an antithrombin, preferably AT III.

In the context of the present invention, the term"carbohydrate moiety"refers to hydroxyaldehydes or hydroxyketones as well as to chemical modifications thereof (see Römpp Chemielexikon, 1990, Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, Germany, 9 edition, 9,2281-2285 and the literature cited therein). Furthermore, it also refers to deriva- tives of naturally occuring carbohydrate moieties like glucose, galactose, man- nose, sialic acid, and the like. The term also includes chemically oxidized natu- rally occuring carbohydrate moieties wherein the ring structure has been opened.

The carbohydrate moiety may be linked directly to the polypeptide backbone.

Preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is part of a carbohydrate side chain. In this

case, further carbohydrate moieties may be present between the carbohydrate moiety to which HAS is linked and the polypeptide backbone. More preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is the terminal moiety of the carbohydrate side chain.

In a more preferred embodiment, the HAS is conjugated to a galactose residue of the carbohydrate side chains, preferably the terminal galactose residue of the car- bohydrate side chain. This galactose residue can be made available for conjuga- tion by removal of terminal sialic acids, followed by oxidation (see below).

In a further more preferred embodiment, the HAS is conjugated to a sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chains, preferably the terminal sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chain.

Furthermore, the HAS may be conjugated to the polypeptide via a thioether. As explained in detail below, the S atom can be derived from any SH group attached to the polypeptide, both naturally or non naturally occurring.

In a preferred embodiment, the S atom may be derived from a SH group which has been introduced in an oxidized carbohydrate moiety of HES, preferably an oxidized carbohydrate moiety which is part of a carbohydrate side chain of the polypeptide (see below).

Preferably, the S atom in the thioether is derived from a naturally-occurring cys- teine or from an added cysteine.

In the context of the present invention, by the term"added cysteines"it is meant that the polypeptides comprise a cysteine residue which is not present in the wild- type polypeptide.

In the context of this aspect of the invention, the cysteine may be an additional amino acid added at the N-or C-terminal end of the polypeptide.

Furthermore, the added cysteine may have been added by replacing a naturally occuring amino acid by a cysteine.

The second component of the HAS-polypeptide is HAS.

In the context of the present invention, the term"hydroxyalkylstarch"is used to indicate starch derivatives which have been substituted by hydroxyalkylgroups. In this context, the alkyl group may be substituted. Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl con- tains 2-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-4 carbon atoms."Hydroxyalkylstarch" therefore preferably comprises hydroxyethylstarch, hydroxypropylstarch and hy- droxybutylstarch, wherein hydroxyethylstarch and hydroxypropylstarch are pre- ferred.

The hydroxyalkylgroup (s) of HAS contain at least one OH-group.

The expression"hydroxyalkylstarch"also includes derivatives wherein the alkyl group is mono-or polysubstituted. In this context, it is preferred that the alkyl group is substituted with an halogen, especially flourine, or with an aryl group, provided that the HAS remains water soluble. Furthermore, the terminal hydroxy group of hydroxyalkyl may be esterified or etherified. In addition, the alkyl group of the hydroxyalkylstarch may be linear or branched.

Furthermore, instead of alkyl, also linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkene groups may be used.

Hydroxyethylstarch (HES) is most preferred for all embodiments of the present invention.

In the context of the present invention, hydroxyethylstarch may have a mean mo- lecular weight (weight mean) of 1-300 kDa, wherein a mean molecular weight of

5-100 kDa is more preferred. Hydroxyethylstarch can further exhibit a molar de- gree of substitution of 0.1 to 0.8 and a ratio between C2 : C6-substitution in the range of 2-20, with respect to the hydroxyethylgroups.

The HAS-polypeptide may comprise 1-12, preferably 1-9,1-6 or 1-3, most pre- ferred 1-4 HAS molecules per polypeptide molecule. The number of HAS- molecules per polypeptide molecule can be determined by quantitative carbohy- drate compositional analysis using GC-MS after hydrolysis of the product and derivatisation of the resulting monosaccharides (Chaplin and Kennedy, 1986, Carbohydrate Analysis (eds. ) : a practical approach ed., Chapter 1. Monosaccha- rides page 1-36; Chapter 2. Oligosaccharides page 37-53 ; Chapter 3. Neutral Polysaccharides; 55-96; IRL Press Practical approach series (ISBN 0-947946-44- 3).

All embodiments disclosed below with respect of the method of the invention to produce a HAS-polypeptide concerning properties of the polypeptide or HAS ap- ply also to the HAS-polypeptide of the invention. Furthermore, all embodiments disclosed above with respect to HAS-EPO or the preparation thereof which relate to peptides in general or to HAS apply also to the HAS-polypeptide of the inven- tion.

Hydroxyalkylstarch is an ether derivative of starch. Besides of said ether deriva- tives, also other starch derivatives can be used in the context of the present inven- tion. For example, derivatives are useful which comprise esterified hydroxy groups. These derivatives may be e. g. derivatives of unsubstituted mono-or di- carboxylic acids with 2-12 carbon atoms or of substituted derivatives thereof. Es- pecially useful are derivatives of unsubstituted monocarboxylic acids with 2-6 carbon atoms, especially of acetic acid, In this context, acetylstarch, butylstarch or propylstarch are preferred.

Furthermore, derivatives of unsubstituted dicarboxylic acids with 2-6 carbon at- oms are preferred.

In the case of derivatives of dicarboxylic acids, it is useful that the second carboxy group of the dicarboxylic acid is also esterified. Furthermore, derivatives of monoalkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids are also suitable in the context of the pre- sent invention.

For the substituted mono-or dicarboxylic acids, the substitute groups may be preferably the same as mentioned above for substituted alkyl residues.

Techniques for the esterification of starch are known in the art (see e. g. Klemm D. et al, Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry Vol. 2,1998, Whiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, especially chapter 4.4, Esterification of Cellulose (ISBN 3-527-29489- 9).

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the production of a hydroxyalkylstarch (HAS)-polypeptide-conjugate (HAS-polypeptide), compris- ing the steps of : a) providing a polypeptide being capable of reacting with modified HAS, b) providing modified HAS being capable of reacting with the polypeptide of step a), and c) reacting the polypeptide of step a) with the HAS of step b), whereby an HAS-polypeptide is produced comprising one or more HAS molecules, wherein the HAS is conjugated to the polypeptide via i) a carbohydrate moiety; or ii) a thioether.

The method of the invention has the advantage that a HAS-polypeptide conjugate is produced which exhibits a high biological activity. Furthermore, the method of

the invention has the advantage that an effective polypetide derivative can be pro- duced at reduced cost since the method does not comprise extensive and time con- suming purification steps resulting in low final yield.

Accordingly, in the first step of the method of the invention, a polypeptide is pro- vided which is capable of reacting with modified HAS.

As used in the present invention, the term"providing"has to be interpreted in the way that after the respective step a molecule (in step a) a polypeptide, in step b) HAS) with the desired properties is available.

In the case of step a), this includes the purification of the polypeptide from natural sources as well as the recombinant production in host cells or organism, and, if necessary, the modification of the polypeptide so obtained.

With respect to the polypeptide being the starting material of the present inven- tion, the same applies as for the erythropoietin being part of the HAS-polypeptide conjugate of the invention. In this context, the preferred embodiments disclosed above apply also for the method of the invention.

Preferably, the polypeptide is recombinantly produced. This includes the produc- tion in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, preferably mammalian, insect, yeast, bacte- rial cells or in any other cell type which is convenient for the recombinant produc- tion of the polypeptide. Furthermore, the polypeptide may be expressed in trans- genic animals (e. g. in body fluids like milk, blood, etc. ), in eggs of transgenic birds, especially poultry, preferred chicken, or in transgenic plants.

The recombinant production of a polypeptide is known in the art. In general, this includes the transfection of host cells with an appropriate expression vector, the cultivation of the host cells under conditions which enable the production of the polypeptide and the purification of the polypeptide from the host cells (Krystal,

Pankratz, Farber, Smart, 1986, Purification of human erythropoietin to homogene- ity by a rapid five-step procedure, Blood, 67 (1), 71-9; Quelle, Caslake, Burkert, Wojchowski, 1989, High-level expression and purification of a recombinant hu- man erythropoietin produced using a baculovirus vector, Blood, 74 (2), 652-7; EP 640 619 B1 and EP 668 351 Bl).

The polypeptide may comprise one or more carbohydrate side chains attached to the polypeptide via N-and} or O-linked glycosylation, i. e. the polypeptide is gly- cosylated. Unsually, when the polypeptide is produced in eukaryotic cells, the polypeptide is posttranslationally glycosylated. Consequently, the carbohydrate side chains may have been attached to the polypeptide during production in mammalian, especially human, insect or yeast cells, wherein the cells may be those of a transgenic animal or plant (see above).

These carbohydrate side chains may have been chemically or enzymatically modi- fied after the expression in the appropriate cells, e. g. by removing or adding one or more carbohydrate moieties (see e. g. Dittmar, Conradt, Hauser, Hofer, Lin- denmaier, 1989, Advances in Protein design ; Bloecker, Collins, Schmidt, and Schomburg eds. , GBF-Monographs, 12,231-246, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, New York, Cambridge) It is the object of the method of the invention to provide an HAS-polypeptide comprising one or more HAS molecules wherein the HAS is conjugated to the polypeptide via a carbohydrate moiety (i) or via a thioether (ii). Consequently, the polypeptide provided in step a) should have the properties that a conjugation via a carbohydrate moiety and/or via a thioether is possible. Therefore the polypeptide after step a) may preferably contain either (1) at least one reactive group linked, either directly or via a linker molecule, to sulfide groups or carbohydrate moieties, which is capable to react with HES or modified HES,

(2) at least one carbohydrate moiety to which modified HAS can be conjugated, and/or (3) at least one free SH-group.

With respect to possibility (1) above, the polypeptide of step a) is preferably ob- tainable by conjugating an appropriate linker molecule to the SH-group (s) or car- bohydrate moieties of the polypeptide. An example for such a modified polypep- tide is provided in Example 4,2. 1. It is important to ensure that the addition of the linker molecule does not damage the polypeptide. However, this is known to the person skilled in the art.

With respect to possibility (2) above, in a preferred embodiment, the modified HAS is conjugated to the polypeptide via a carbohydrate moiety.

The carbohydrate moiety may be linked directly to the polypeptide backbone.

Preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is part of a carbohydrate side chain. In this case, further carbohydrate moieties may be present between the carbohydrate moiety to which HAS is linked and the polypeptide backbone. More preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is the terminal moiety of the carbohydrate side chain.

Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the modified HAS is attached (via a linker or not, see below) to carbohydrate chains linked to N-and/or O- glycosylation sites of the polypeptide.

However, it is also included within the present invention that the polypeptide con- tains (a) further carbohydrate moiet (y) ies to which the modified HAS is conju- gated. Techniques for attaching carbohydrate moieties to polypeptides, either en- zymatically or by genetic engineering, followed by expression in appropriate cells, are known in the art (Berger, Greber, Mosbach, 1986, Galactosyltransferase- dependent sialylation of complex and endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-treated core N-glycans in vitro, FEBS Lett. , 203 (1), 64-8; Dittmar, Conradt, Hauser,

Hofer, Lindenmaier, 1989, Advances in Protein design; Bloecker, Collins, Schmidt, and Schomburg eds. , GBF-Monographs, 12,231-246, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, New York, Cambridge).

In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the carbohydrate moi- ety is oxidized in order to be able to react with the modified HAS. This oxidation can be performed either chemically or enzymatically.

Methods for the chemical oxidation of carbohydrate moieties of polypeptides are known in the art and include the treatment with perjodate (Chamow et al. , 1992, J.

Biol. Chem. , 267,15916-15922).

By chemically oxidizing, it is principally possible to oxidize any carbohydrate moiety, being terminally positioned or not. However, by choosing mild conditions (1 mM periodate, 0 °C in contrast to harsh conditions: 10 mM periodate lh at room temperature), it is possible to preferably oxidize the terminal carbohydrate moiety, e. g. sialic acid or galactose, of a carbohydrate side chain.

Alternatively, the carbohydrate moiety may be oxidized enzymatically. Enzymes for the oxidation of the individual carbohydrate moieties are known in the art, e. g. in the case of galactose the enzyme is galactose oxidase.

If it is intended to oxidize terminal galactose moieties, it will be eventually neces- sary to remove terminal sialic acids (partially or completely) if the polypeptide has been produced in cells capable of attaching sialic acids to carbohydrate chains, e. g. in mammalian cells or in cells which have been genetically modified to be capable of attaching sialic acids to carbohydrate chains. Chemical or enzymatic methods for the removal of sialic acids are known in the art (Chaplin and Ken- nedy (eds. ), 1996, Carbohydrate Analysis: a practical approach, especially Chap- ter 5 Montreuill, Glycoproteins, pages 175-177; IRL Press Practical approach se- ries (ISBN 0-947946-44-3)).

However, it is also included within the present invention that the carbohydrate moiety to which the modified HAS is to be attached is attached to the polypeptide within step a). In the case it is desired to attach galactose, this can be achieved by the means of galactose transferase. The methods are known in the art (Berger, Greber, Mosbach, 1986, Galactosyltransferase-dependent sialylation of complex and endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-treated core N-glycans in vitro, FEBS Lett. , 203 (1), 64-8).

In a most preferred embodiment, in step a) the polypeptide is modified by oxidiz- ing at least one terminal saccharide unit, preferably galactose, of the one or more carbohydrate side chains of the polypeptide, preferably after partial or complete (enzymatic and/or chemical) removal of the terminal sialic acid, if necessary (see above).

Consequently, preferably the modified HAS is conjugated to the oxidized terminal saccharide unit of the carbohydrate chain, preferably galactose.

In a further preferred embodiment (see point (3) above), the polypeptide com- prises at least one free SH-group.

According to a preferred embodiment, the free SH-group is part of a naturally- occurring cysteine or of an added cysteine.

Methods for the replacement of amino acids are known in the art (Elliott, Lorenzini, Chang, Barzilay, Delorme, 1997, Mapping of the active site of recom- binant human erythropoietin, Blood, 89 (2), 493-502; Boissel, Lee, Presnell, Cohen, Bunn, 1993, Erythropoietin structure-function relationships. Mutant pro- teins that test a model of tertiary structure, J Biol Chem. , 268 (21), 15983-93)).

In the context of the present invention, by the term"added cysteines"it is meant that the polypeptides comprise a cysteine residue which is not present in the wild type polypeptide. This can be achieved by adding (e. g. by recombinant means) a cysteine residue either at the N-or at the C-terminus of the polypeptide or by re- placing (e. g. by recombinant means) a naturally-occurring amino acid by cysteine.

The respective methods are known to the person skilled in the art (see above).

Preferably, the added cysteine has been added by replacing a naturally occuring amino acid by a cysteine.

Preferably, the modified HAS is conjugated in step c) to the added cysteine.

In step b) of the method of the invention, modified HAS is provided which is ca- pable of reacting with the polypeptide of step a).

In this context, the HAS may be preferably modified at its reducing end. This has the advantage that the chemical reaction can be controlled easily and that the skilled person can be sure which group of HAS is modified during the reaction.

Since only one group is introduced into the HAS, crosslinking between different polypeptide molecules by multifunctional HAS molecules and other side reactions can be prevented.

Accordingly, the modified HAS may be capable of reacting either with (1) at least one group linked, either directly or via a linker molecule, to sulfide groups or carbohydrate moieties of the polypeptide, (2) at least one carbohydrate moiety, which is preferably oxidized, and/or (3) at least one free SH-group.

With respect to point (1) above, the modification of HAS will depend on the group linked to the polypeptide. The underlying mechanism are known in the art.

An example is given in Example 4,2. 1.

With respect to points (2) and (3) above, several methods are known in the art to modify HAS. The basic principle underlying these methods is that either a reac- tive group of HAS is modified in order to be capable of reacting with the carbo- hydrate moiety or SH-group or a linker molecule is conjugated to HAS which contains a reactive group being capable of reacting with the carbohydrate moiety or SH-group.

In case of point (2), the modified HAS may be capable of reacting with oxidized carbohydrate moieties, preferably a terminal saccharide residue, more preferably galactose, or with a terminal sialic acid.

Several ways are known to modify HAS such that it is capable of reacting with an oxidized, preferably terminal saccharide residue. As mentioned above, this modi- fication may be introduced regioselectively at the reducing end of the HES-chain.

In this case, in a first step, the aldehyde group is oxidized to a lactone. The modi- fications include, but are not limited to the addition of hydrazide, amino (also hy- droxylamino), semicarbazide or thiol functions to HAS, either directly or via a linker. These techniques are explained in further detail in Examples 2-4. Further- more, the mechanisms per se are known in the art (see e. g. DE 196 28 705 Al ; Hpoe et al., 1981, Carbohydrate Res. , 91, 39 ; Fissekis et al. , 1960, Journal of Me- dicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2,47 ; Frie, 1998, diploma thesis, Fach- hochschule Hamburg, DE).

Within the present invention, the addition of a hydrazide or hydroxylamino func- tion is preferred. In this case, by preferably conducting the reaction of step c) of the method of the present invention at a pH of 5.5, it is ensured that the modified HAS reacts selectively with the oxidized carbohydrate moiety of the polypeptide

without inter-or intramolecular polypeptide cross-linking by imine formation of lysine side chains with the oxidized saccharide residue.

In the case of point (3), also several ways are known to modify HAS such that it is capable of reacting with a free SH-group. Preferentially, this modification is in- troduced regioselectively at the reducing end of the HES-chain. The methods in- clude, but are not limited to the addition of maleimide, disulfide or halogen acetamide functions to HAS. These techniques are explained in further detail in Examples 2-4 Further details about these techniques can be obtained from Chamov et al. , 1992, J. Biol. Chem. , 267,15916 ; Thorpe et al. , 1984, Eur. J. Biochem. , 140,63 ; Greenfield et al. , 1990, Cancer Research, 50,6600 as well as from the literature cited in Example 2,1. 3.

Further possible functions are listed in Table 1, providing a systematic overview over possible linker molecules. Furthermore, the mechanisms per se are known in the art.

Several linker molecules which are useful in the context of the present invention are known in the art or commercially available (e. g. from Pierce, available from Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany).

In step c) of the method of the present invention, the polypeptide of step a) with the HAS of step b) is reacted, whereby an HAS-polypeptide is produced compris- ing one or more HAS molecules wherein the HAS is conjugated to the polypep- tide via a carbohydrate moiety or via a thioether.

In principle, the detailed methods how to react the polypeptide with the modified HAS depend on the individual modification of the polypeptide and/or the HAS and are known in the art (see e. g. Rose, 1994, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 116,30 ;

O'Shannessay and Wichek, 1990, Analytical Biochemistry, 191,1 ; Thorpe et al., 1984, Eur. J. Biochem., 140,63 ; Chamov et al. , 1992, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 15916).

For the methods exemplified in the present invention, the details are given in Ex- amples 2-4, especially 4.

Step c) may be performed in a reaction medium comprising at least 10 % per weight H20.

The reaction medium in this preferred embodiment of the method of the invention comprises at least 10 % per weight water, preferred at least 50 %, more preferred at least 80 %, e. g. 90 % or up to 100 %. The degree of organic solvents is calcu- lated respectively. Consequently, the reaction takes place in an aqueous phase.

The preferred reaction medium is water.

One advantage of this embodiment of the method of the invention is, that it is not necessary to use toxicologically critical solvents and that therefore it is not neces- sary to remove these solvents after the production process, in order to avoid the contamination with the solvent. Furthermore, it is not necessary to perform addi- tional quality controls with respect to residual toxicologically critical solvents. It is preferred to use as organic solvents toxicologically not critical solvents like ethanol or propylenglycol.

Another advantage of the method of the invention is that irreversible or reversible structural changes are avoided which are induced by organic solvents. Conse- quently, polypeptides obtained according to the method of the invention are dif- ferent from those prepared in organic solvents such as DMSO.

Furthermore, it has been surprisingly observed that the conjugation of HAS to drugs in an aqueous solution avoids side reactions. Consequently, this embodi- ment of the method of the invention leads to improved products with great purity.

In the context of the present invention, the term"hydroxyalkylstarch"is used to indicate starch derivatives which have been substituted by hydroxyalkylgroups. In this context, the alkyl group may be substituted. Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl con- tains 2-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-4 carbon atoms."Hydroxyalkylstarch" therefore preferably comprises hydroxyethylstarch, hydroxypropylstarch and hy- droxybutylstarch, wherein hydroxyethylstarch and hydroxypropylstarch are pre- ferred.

The hydroxyalkylgroup (s) of HAS contain at least one OH-group.

Hydroxyethylstarch (HES) is most preferred for all embodiments of the present invention.

The expression"hydroxyalkylstarch"also includes derivatives wherein the alkyl group is mono-or polysubstituted. In this context, it is preferred that the alkyl group is substituted with an halogen, especially flourine, or with an aryl group, provided that the HAS remains water soluble. Furthermore, the terminal hydroxy group of hydroxyalkyl may be esterified or etherified. In addition, the alkyl group of the hydroxyalkylstarch may be linear or branched.

Furthermore, instead of alkyl, also linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups may be used.

In the context of the present invention, hydroxyethylstarch may have a mean mo- lecular weight (weight mean) of 1-300 kDa, wherein a mean molecular weight of 5-100 kDa is more preferred. Hydroxyethylstarch may further exhibit a molar

degree of substitution of 0.1 to 0.8 and a ratio between C2 : C6-substitution in the range of 2-20, with respect to the hydroxyethylgroups.

The HAS-polypepetide produced by the method of the invention can be purified and characterized as follows: Isolation of the HAS-polypeptide can be performed by using known procedures for the purification of natural and recombinant polypeptides (e. g. size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, RP-HPLC, hydroxyapatite chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, the procedure de- scribed in Example 20.8 or combinations thereof).

The covalent attachment of HAS to the polypetide can be verified by carbohydrate compositional analysis after hydrolysis of the modified protein.

Demonstration of HAS modification at N-linked oligosaccharides of the polypep- tide can be accomplished by removal of the HAS modified N-glycans and obser- vation of the predicted shift to higher mobility in SDS-PAGE +/-Western Blot- ting analysis.

HAS modification of the polypeptide at cysteine residues can be demonstrated by the failure to detect the corresponding proteolytic Cys-peptide in RP-HPLC and MALDI/TOF-MS in the proteolytic fragments of the HAS-modified product (Zhou et al. , 1998, Application of capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatogra- phy, electrospray-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laserdesorp- tion/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry to the characterization of re- combinant human erythropoietin, Electrophoresis, 19 (13), 2348-55). The isolation of the HAS-containing fraction after proteolytic digestion of the Cys-modified polypeptide enables the verification in this fraction of the corresponding peptide by conventional amino acid compositional analysis.

All embodiments disclosed above with respect of the HAS-polypeptide of the in- vention concerning properties of the polypeptide or HAS apply also to the method of the invention for the production of a HAS-polypeptide conjugate. Furthermore, all embodiments disclosed above with respect to HAS-EPO or the preparation thereof which relate to peptides in general or to HAS apply also to the method of the invention for the production of a HAS-polypeptide conjugate.

The invention further relates to a HAS-polypeptide, obtainable by the method of the invention. Preferably, this HAS-polypeptide has the features as defined for the above HAS-polypeptide of the invention.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the HAS used has the following formula (I) wherein Rl, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hy- droxyalkyl group. The term"hydroxyalkyl starch"as used in the present invention is not limited to compounds where the terminal carbohydrate moiety comprises hydroxyalkyl groups R"R2, and/or R3 as depicted, for the sake of brevity, in for- mula (I), but also refers to compounds in which at least one hydroxy group pre- sent anywhere, either in the terminal carbohydrate moiety and/or in the remaining part of the starch molecule, HAS', is substituted by a hydroxyalkyl group Rj, R2, or R3. In this context, the alkyl group may be a linear or branched alkyl group which may be suitably substituted. Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably 2-4 carbon atoms."Hy- droxyalkyl starch"therefore preferably comprises hydroxyethyl starch, hy-

droxypropyl starch and hydroxybutyl starch, wherein hydroxyethyl starch and hydroxypropyl starch are particularly preferred, hydroxyethyl starch being espe- cially preferred.

HAS and preferably HES may be reacted with a crosslinking compound which reacts with HAS, preferably HES, and the polypeptide such as the polypeptides described above.

The reaction between HAS and the crosslinking compound may take place at the reducing end of HAS or at the oxidised reducing end of HAS. Therefore, HAS may be reacted having a structure according to formula (I) and/or, in case the reducing end is oxidised, according to formula (IIa) and/or according to formula (IIb)

If HAS according to formula (1) is reacted with a crosslinking compound, the re- action preferably takes place in an aqueous medium. If HAS according to formula (IIa) and/or (IIb) is reacted with a crosslinking compound, the reaction preferably takes place in a non-aqueous medium such as in a polar aprotic solvent or solvent mixture such as DMSO and/or in DMF.

If the HAS-polypeptide conjugate of the present invention is produced via reac- tion of a HAS derivative, comprising HAS and a crosslinking compound, with the oxidised carbohydrate moiety of the polypeptide, the crosslinking compound is preferably a compound

If the HAS-polypeptide conjugate of the present invention is produced via reac- tion of a HAS derivative, comprising HAS and at least one crosslinking com- pound, with the thio group of the polypeptide, it is preferred to react HAS at its optionally oxidized reducing end with a first crosslinking compound which is preferably a compound

and react the resulting HAS derivative with a second crosslinking compound which is capable of reacting with the HAS derivative and the thio group of the polypeptide. If, e. g. , the HAS derivative comprises, as functional group which is reacted with the second crosslinking compound, the structure-NH-, as described above in detail, the following types of second crosslinking compounds with func- tional groups FI and F2 are, among others, preferred: Type of compound (L) Fl F2 lodoalkyl N-succinimide ester D Bromoalkyl N-succinimide ester E Maleimido N-succinimide ester F Pydridyldithio N-succinimide ester G Vinylsulfone N-succinimide ester Especially preferred examples of the first crosslinking compound are the compounds being particularly preferred, and the following second crosslinking compounds are preferred, the compound

being especially preferred.

Depending on the respective reaction conditions, the solvent or solvent mixture used and/or the residues R'and/or R"of a compound R'-NH-R"the HAS is re- acted with in an aqueous medium, it is possible that the hydroxyalkyl starch deri- vate obtainable by the method or methods described above may have the follow- ing constitutions (IIIa) :

Therefore, the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above having a constitution according to formula (IIIa).

It is also possible that, e. g. in the case where R'is hydrogen that the hydroxyalkyl starch derivate obtainable by the method or methods described above may have the following constitutions (IIIa) or (IIIb) where (IIIa) and (IIIb) may be both pre- sent in the reaction mixture having a certain equilibrium distribution:

Therefore, the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above having a constitution according to formula (IIIb).

Moreover, the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above being present in a mixture of constitutions according to formulae (villa) and (IIIb).

Depending on the reaction conditions and/or the chemical nature of the compound R'-NH-R"used for the reaction, the compounds according to formula (IIIa) may be present with the N atom in equatorial or axial position where also a mixture of both forms may be present having a certain equilibrium distribution.

Depending on the reaction conditions and/or the chemical nature of compound R'- NH-R"used for the reaction, the compounds according to formula (IIIb) may be present with the C-N double bond in E or Z conformation where also a mixture of both forms may be present having a certain equilibrium distribution. In some cases it may be desirable to stabilize the compound according to formula (IIIa). This is especially the case where the compound according to formula (IIIa) is produced and/or used in an aqueous solution. As stabilizing method, acylation of the compound according to formula (IIIa) is particularly preferred, especially in the case where R'is hydrogen. As acylation reagent, all suitable reagents may be used which result in the desired hydroxyalkyl starch derivative according to for- mula (IVa) According to especially preferred embodiments of the present invention, the resi- due Ra being part of the acylation reagent is methyl. As acylation reagents, car- boxylic acid anhydrides, carboxylic acid halides and carboxylic acid activated esters are preferably used.

Therefore, the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivate ob- tainable by a method as described above wherein said derivative has a constitution according to formula (IVa).

The acylation is carried at a temperature in the range of from 0 to 30 °C, prefera- bly in the range of from 2 to 20 °C and especially preferably in the range of from 4 to 10 OC.

In other cases it may be desirable to stabilize the compound according to formula (IIIb). This is especially the case where the compound according to formula (IIIb) is produced and/or used in an aqueous solution. As stabilizing method, reduction of the compound according to formula (IIIb) is particularly preferred, especially in the case where R'is hydrogen. As reduction reagent, all suitable reagents may be used which result in the desired hydroxyalkyl starch derivative according to for- mula (nib) According to especially preferred embodiments of the present invention, as reduc- tion reagents boro hydrides such as NaCNBH3 or NaBH4 are used.

Therefore, the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivate ob- tainable by a method as described above wherein said derivative has a constitution according to formula (IVb).

The reduction is carried at a temperature in the range of from 4 to 100 °C, pref- erably in the range of from 10 to 90 °C and especially preferably in the range of from 25 to 80 °C.

The present invention further relates to mixtures of compounds (IlIa) and (IIIb), (IVa) and (IVb), (IIIa) and (IVa), (IIIa) and (IVb), (IIIb) and (IVa), (IIIb) and (IVb), (IIIa) and (IIIb) and (IVa), (IIIa) and (IIIb) and (IVb), (IVa) and (IVb) and (IlIa), and (IVa) and (IVb) and (IIIb) wherein (IIIa) and/or (IVa) may be inde- pendently present in a conformation where the N atom in equatorial or axial posi-

tion and/or wherein (IIIb) may be present with the C-N double bond in E or Z con- formation.

The invention further relates to a HAS-polypeptide according to the invention for use in a method for treatment of the human or animal body.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition com- prising the HAS-polypeptide of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises further at least one pharmaceutically ac- ceptable diluent, adjuvant and/or carrier useful in erythropoietin therapy.

The invention further relates to the use of a HAS-polypeptide of the invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of anemic disorders or hemato- poietic dysfunction disorders or diseases related hereto.

The invention is further illustrated by the following figures, tables and examples, which are in no way intended to restrict the scope of the present invention.

Short description of the Figures Figure 1 Figure 1 shows an SDS page analysis of two HES-EPO conjugates mw : marker Lane 1: HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 8: EPO is con- jugated to hydrazido-HES 12KD L Lane 2: HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 9 : EPO is con- jugated to hydroxylamino HES 12 KD K C: control (unconjugated EPO) ; the upper band represents EPO dimer Figure 2 Figure 2 demonstrates that the HES is conjugated to a carbohydrate moiety of a carbohydrate side chain by showing a digestion of HAS modified EPO forms with polyppetide N-glycosidase Lane 1: HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 8 after diges- tion with N-glycosidase Lane 2: HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 9 after diges- tion with N-glycosidase Lane 3 : BRP EPO standard Lane 4: BRP EPO standard after digestion with N-glycosidase mw: marker (Bio-Rad SDS-PAGE Standards Low range Catalog No 161-0305, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA)

Figure 3 Figure 3 shows an SDS page analysis of the HES-EPO conjugate, produced ac- cording to example 17. 1.

Lane A: Protein marker Rotit)-Mark PRESTAINED (Car} Roth GmbH+Co, Karlsruhe, D) ; molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245,123, 77,42, 30,25. 4, and 17.

Lane B: Crude product after conjugation according to example 17.1.

Lane C: EPO starting material.

Figure 4 Figure 4 shows an SDS page analysis of the HES-EPO conjugate, produced according to example 17.3.

Lane A: Crude product after conjugation according to example 17.3.

Lane B: EPO starting material.

Lane C : Protein marker Roti@-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Karlsruhe, D) ; molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245,123, 77,42, 30, 25. 4, and 17.

Figure 5 Figure 5 shows an SDS page analysis of the HES-EPO conjugate, produced according to example 17.4 and 17.5.

Lane A: Protein marker Roti@-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Karlsruhe, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245,123, 77,42, 30,25. 4, and 17.

Lane B: Crude product after conjugation according to example 17.4.

Lane C: Crude product after conjugation according to example 17.5.

Lane D: EPO starting material.

Figure 6 Figure 6 shows an SDS page analysis of HES-EPO conjugates, produced accord- ing to examples 19.1 and 19.4.

Lane A: Protein marker Roti@-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Karlsruhe, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245,123, 77, 42,30, 25.4, and 17.

Lane B: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.4.

Lane C: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.1.

Lane D: EPO starting material.

Figure 7 Figure 7 shows an SDS page analysis of HES-EPO conjugates, produced accord- ing to examples 19.2, 19.3, 19.5, and 19.6.

Lane A: Protein marker Roti (D-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Karlsruhe, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245,123, 77,42, 30,25. 4, and 17.

Lane B: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.6, based on example 13.3 b) Lane C: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.5, based on example 13.1 b).

Lane D: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.6, based on example 13.3 a).

Lane E: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.5, based on example 13.1 a).

Lane F: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.2.

Lane G: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.3.

Lane K: EPO starting material.

Figure 8 Figure 8 shows an SDS page analysis of HES-EPO conjugates, produced accord- ing to examples 19.7, 19.8, 19.9, 19.10, 19. 11, and 19.12.

Lane A: Protein marker RotiX)-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Karlsruhe, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245,123, 77,42, 30, 25.4, and 17.

Lane B: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19. 11.

Lane C: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19. 10.

Lane D: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.7.

Lane E: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.8.

Lane F: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.12.

Lane G: EPO starting material.

Lane K: Crude product after conjugation according to example 19.9.

Figure 9 SDS-PAGE analyses of EPO-GT-1 subjected to mild acid treatment for 5 min. = lane 2; 10 min. = lane 3; 60 min. = lane 4 and untreated EPO = lane 1; the mobil- ity shift of EPO after removal of N-glycans is shown (+PNGASE).

Figure 10 HPAEC-PAD pattern of oligosaccharides isolated from untreated EPO and from EPO incubated for 5 min. , 10 min. and 60 min. under mild acid hydrolysis condi- tions. Roman numbers I-V indicate the elution position of I = desialylated diantennary structure, II = trisialylated triantennary structures (two isomers), III =

tennary structure, II = trisialylated triantennary structures (two isomers), III = tetrasialylated tetraantennary structure + 2 N-acetyllactosamine repeats, IV = tet- rasialylated tetraantennary structure + 1 N-acetyllactosamine repeat ; V = tetrasia- lylated tetraantennary structure + without N-acetyllactosamine repeat. The elution area of oligosaccharides structures without, with 1-4 sialic acid is indicated by brackets.

Figure 11 HPAEC-PAD of N-linked oligosaccharides after desialylation; the elution posi- tion of N-acetylneuraminic acid is shown; numbers 1-9 indicate the elution posi- tion of standard oligosaccharides : 1 = diantennary; 2 = triantennary (2-4 isomer), 3 = triantennary (2-6 isomer); 4 = tetraantennary; 5 = triantennary plus 1 repeat; 6 = tetraantennary plus 1 repeat; 7 = triantennary plus 2 repeats; 8 = tetraantennary plus 2 repeats and 9 = tetraantennary plus 3 repeats.

Figure 12 SDS-PAGE analysis of mild treated and untreated EPO which were subjected to periodate oxidation of sialic acid residues. 1 = periodate oxidized without acid treatment; 2 = periodate oxidized 5 min. acid treatment; 3 = periodate oxidized and acid treatment 10 min.; 4 = periodate oxidized without acid treatment; 5 = BRP EPO standard without periodate and without acid treatment.

Figure 13 HPAEC-PAD pattern of native oligosaccharides isolated from untreated EPO and from EPO incubated for 5 min and 10 min under mild acid hydrolysis conditions and subsequent periodate treatment. The elution area of oligosaccharides struc- tures without and with 1-4 sialic acid is indicated by brackets 1-5.

Figure 14 SDS-PAGE analysis of the time course of HES-modification of EPO-GT-1-A : 20 , ug aliquots of EPO-GT-1-A were reacted with hydroxylamine-modified HES derivative X for 30 min, 2,4 and 17 hours. Lane 1 = 30 min reaction time; land 2 = 2 hour reaction time; land 3 = 4 hours reaction time; lane 4 = 17 hours reaction time; lane 5 = EPO-GT-1-A without HES-modification. Left figure shows the shift in mobility of EPO-GT-1-A with increasing incubation time in the presence of the with hydroxylamine-modified HES derivative (flow rate: 1 ml-min-1) X: Lane 1 = 30 min reaction time; lane 2 = 2 hours reaction time; lane 3 = 4 hours reaction time, land 4 = 17 hours reaction time; lane 5 = EPO-GT-1-A with HES modification. The figure on the right shows analysis of the same samples after their treatment with N-glycosidase.

Figure 15 SDS-PAGE analysis of Q-Sepharose fractions of HES-EPO conjugates. Each 1% of the flow-through and 1 % of the fraction eluting at high salt concentrations were concentrated in a Speed Vac concentrator and were loaded onto the gels in sample buffer. EPO protein was stained by Coomassie Blue. A = sample I ; B = sample II ; C = sample III ; K = control EPO-GT-1; Al, B1, Cl and Kl indicated the flow- through fraction; A2, B2, C2 and K2 indicates the fraction eluted with high salt concentration.

Figure 16a SDS-PAGE analysis of HES-modified EPO sample A2 (see Fig. 15), control EPO sample K2 and EPO-GT-1-A EPO preparation were digested in the presence of N-glycosidase in order to remove N-linked oligosaccharides. All EPO samples showed the mobility shift towards low molecular weight forms lacking or contain- ing O-glycan. A lower ratio of the O-glycosylated and nonglycosylated protein

band was observed for the HES-modified EPO sample A2 after de-N- glycosylation and a diffuse protein band was detected around 30 KDa, presumably representing HES-modification at the sialic acid of O-glycan residue (see arrow marked by an asterisk).

Figure 16b SDS-PAGE analysis after mild hydrolysis of HES-modified EPO sample A2 (see Fig. 15), control EPO sample K2 and EPO-GT-lA which were untreated or di- gested in the presence of N-glycosidase in order to remove N-linked oligosaccha- rides (see Figure 16a). Both high molecular weight form of A2 before and A after N. glycosidase treatment (see brackets with and without arrow) disappeared upon acid treatment of the samples. The BRP EPO standard which was run for com- parison was not subjected to mild acid treatment.

Figure 17 HPAEC-PAD analysis of N-linked oligosaccharide material liberated from HES- modified sample A, from EPO-GT-1-A and from a control EPO sample incubated with unmodified HES (K). Roman numbers I-V indicate the elution position of I = disialylated diantennary structure, II = trisialylated triantennary structures (two isomers), III = tetrasialylated tetraantennary structure + 2 N-acetyllactosamine repeats, IV = tetrasialylated tetraantennary structure + 1 N-acetyllactosamine re- peat, V = tetrasialylated tetraantennary structure + without N-acetyllactosamine repeat; brackets indicate the elution area of di-, tri-and tetrasialylated N-glycans as reported in the legends of Figs. 10 and 13.

Figure 18 HPAEC-PAD analysis of N-linked oligosaccharide material liberated from HES- modified sample A, from EPO-GT-lA and from a control EPO sample (K) incu-

bated with unmodified HES. The retention times of a mixture of standard oligo- saccharides is shown: numbers 1-9 indicate the elution position of standard oligo- saccharides: 1 = diantennary; 2 = triantennary (2-4 isomer); 3 = triantennary (2-6 isomer); 4 = tetraantennary ; 5 = triantennary plus 1 repeat; 6 = tetraantennary plus 1 repeat; 7 = triantennary plus 2 repeats; 8 = tetraantennary plus 2 repeats and 9 = tetraantennary plus 3 repeats.

Figures 19 to 25 Figures 19 to 25 represent MALDI/TOF mass spectra of the enzymatically liber- ated and chemically desialylated N-glycans isolated from HES-modified EPO and control EPO preparations. Major signals at m/z 1809.7, 2174.8, 2539.9, 2905.0 and 3270.1 ([M+Na] +) correspond to di-to tetraantennary complex-type N-glycan structures with no, one or two N-acetyllactosamine repeats accompanied by weak signals due to loss of fucose or galactose which are due to acid hydrolysis condi- tions employed for the desialylation of samples for MS analysis.

Figure 19 MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of HES-modified EPO A2.

Figure 20 MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO GT-1-A.

Figure 21 MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO K2.

Figure 22

MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1.

Figure 23 MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1 subjected to acid hydrolysis for 5 min.

Figure 24 MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1 subjected to acid hydrolysis for 10 min.

Figure 25 MALDI/TOF spectrum: desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1 subjected to acid hydrolysis for 60 min.

Examples Example 1 Production of recombinant EPO A) Production in mammalian cells Recombinant EPO was produced in CHO cells as follows A plasmid harbouring the human EPO cDNA was cloned into the eukaryotic ex- pression vector (pCR3 and named afterwards pCREPO). Site directed mutagene- sis was performed using standard procedures as described (Grabenhorst, Nimtz, Costa et al. , 1998, In vivo specificity of human alpha 1, 3/4-fucosyltransferases III-VII in the biosynthesis of Lewis (x) and sialyl Lewis (x) motifs on complex- type N-glycans-Coexpression studies from BHK-21 cells together with human beta-trace protein, J. Biol. Chem., 273 (47), 30985-30994).

CHO cells stably expressing human EPO or amino acid variants (e. g. Cys- 29-Ser/Ala, or Cys-33oSer/Ala, Ser-126-+Ala etc. ) thereof were generated with the calcium phosphate precipitation method and selected with G418-sulfate as described (Grabenhorst et al. ). Three days after transfection, the cells were sub- cultivated 1: 5 and selected in DMEM containing 10% FBS and 1.5 g/liter G418 sulfate.

Using this selection procedure, usually 100-500 clones survived and where propa- gated in selection medium for a further time period of 2-3 weeks. Cell culture su- pernatants of confluently growing monolayers were then analyzed for EPO ex- pression levels by Western blot analysis and by IEF/Western Blot analysis.

EPO was produced from stable subclones in spinner flasks or in 21 perfusion reac- tors. Different glycoforms of EPO with different amounts of NeuAc (e. g. 2-8,4- 10,8-12 NeuAc residues) were isolated according to published protocols using combinations various chromatographic procedures as described below.

Literature: Grabenhorst, Conradt, 1999, The cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and stem regions of glycosyltransferases specify their in vivo functional sublocalization and stabil- ity inthe Golgi., J Biol Chem. , 274 (51), 36107-16 ; Grabenhorst, Schlenke, Pohl, Nimtz, Conradt, 1999, Genetic engineering of recombinant glycoproteins and the glycosylation pathway in mammalian host cells, Glycoconj J., 16 (2), 81-97; Muel- ler, Schlenke, Nimtz, Conradt, Hauser, 1999, Recombinant glycoprotein product quality in proliferation-controlled BHK-21 cells, Biotechnology and bioengineer- ing, 65 (5), 529-536; Schlenke, Grabenhorst, Nimtz, Conradt, 1999, Construction and characterization of stably transfected BHK-21 cells with human-type sialyla- tion characteristic, Cytotechnology, 30 (1-3), 17-25.

B) Production in insect cells Recombinant human EPO was produced from insect cell lines SF9 and SF 21 af- ter infection of cells with recombinant baculovirus vector containing the human EPO cDNA under control of the polyhedrin promoter as described in the litera- ture.

Cells grown in serum-free culture medium were infected at cell density of 2x106 or XI 0 cells per mL and EPO titers were determined every day in the cell culture supernatants. EPO was purified by Blue sepharose chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose and finally RP-HPLC on C4-Phase.

Purity of the product was checked by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing.

Detailled carbohydrate structural analysis (N-and O-glycosylation) was per- formed according to published procedures.

Literature: Grabenhorst, Hofer, Nimtz, Jager, Conradt, 1993, Biosynthesis and secretion of human interleukin 2 glycoprotein variants from baculovirus-infected Sf21 cells.

Characterization ofpolypeptides and posttranslational modifications, Eur J Bio- chem., 215 (1), 189-97; Quelle, Caslake, Burkert, Wojchowski, 1989, High-level expression and purification of a recombinant human erythropoietin produced us- ing a baculovirus vector, Blood, 74 (2), 652-7 Example 2 Formation of reactive HES derivatives 1. SH-reactive HES 1. 1 Reaction of EMCH with Oxo-HES12KD to form SH-reactive HES12KD B

0.144 g (0.012 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD (Fresenius German Patent DE 196 28 705 Al) were dissolved in 0.3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 34 mg (0.15 mmol) EMCH (Perbio Science, Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) in 1.5 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 60°C the reaction mixture was added to 16 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 3 mL DMSO and again precipitated as de- scribed. The SH-reactiv-HES12KD B was obtained by centrifugation and dry- ing in vaccuo. The conjugation reaction with Thio-EPO is described in Exam- ple 3,2. 2.

Alternatives: In this reaction, all cross-linkers can be used, which exhibit a hydrazide-and a maleimide function, separated by a spacer. Further examples for molecules of that group, available from Perbio Science, Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Ger- many, are shown in table 2; marked with an"A". Furthermore, another group of cross-linkers exhibiting an activated disulfide function instead of a maleim- ide funcion could also be used.

1.2 Halogenacetamide-derivatives of HES glycosylamines a) Glycosylamine-formation I A 1 mg sample of HES12KD was dissolved in 3 mL of saturated ammo- nium bicarbonate. Additional solid ammonium bicarbonate was then added to maintain saturation of the solution during incubation for 120 h at 30°C.

The Amino-HES 12KD C was desalted by direct lyophilization of the reac- tion mixture.

Manger, Wong, Rademacher, Dwek, 1992, Biochemistry, 31, 10733-10740 ; Manger,

b) Acylation of the glycosylamine C with chloroacetic acid anhydride A 1 mg sample of Amino-HES 12KD C was dissolved in 1 mL of 1 M so- dium bicarbonate and cooled on ice. To this was added a crystal of solid chloroacetic acid anhydride (-5 mg), and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The pH was monitored and additional base was added if the pH dropped below 7.0. After two hours at room tempera- ture a second aliquot of base and anhydride was added. After six hours the product Chloroacetamide-HES D1 (X = Cl) was desalted by passage over a mixed bed Amberlite MB-3 (H) (OH) ion exchange resins. c) Acylation of the glycosylamine with bromoacetic anhydride2 Bromoacetic anhydride was prepared as described by Thomas. 3 A 1 mg sample of amino-HES12KD C was dissolved in 0.1 mL of dry DMF and cooled on ice and 5 mg bromoacetic anhydride was added. The reaction mixture was brought slowly to room temperature and the solution was stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was added to 1 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone with-20 °C. The precipitate was collected by cen- trifugation, redissolved in 0.1 mL DMF and again precipitated as de- scribed. The Bromoacetamide-HES D2 (X = Br) was obtained by centrifu- gation and drying in vaccuo. The conjugation reaction with Thio-EPO is described in Example 3,1. 2.

Rademacher, Dwek, 1992, Biochemistry, 31,10724-10732 2Black, Kiss, Tull, Withers, 1993, Carbohydr. Res., 250, 195 3Thomas, 1977, Methodes Enymol., 46, 362 d) The corresponding Iodo-derivative D3 (X = I) was synthesised as de- scribed for D2. Instead bromoacetic anhydride N-succinimidyl iodoacetate was used and all steps were performed in the dark.

Alternatives: For acylation of amino groups, other activated forms of halogen acidic acids can be used, e. g.

--bromides or-chlorides - esters, e. g. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, esters with substituted phenoles (p-nitrophenole, pentafluorophenole, trichlorophenole etc) Furthermore, all cross-linkers having an amino reactive group and a halogen acetyl function, separated by a spacer, could be used. An example thereof is SBAP. This molecule and others are available from Perbio Science Deutsch- land GmbH, Bonn, Germany. They are marked in table 2 with an"D". For the use as cross-linkers for the ligation of amino-HES with thio-EPO without iso- lation of the halogenacetamid-HES derivatives see remarks in example 3,1. 2.

1.3 Halogenacetamide-derivatives of Amino-HES E' a) Reaction of 1,4-diaminobutane with Oxo-HES12KD to amino-HES12KD E4 4S. Frie, Diplomarbeit, Fachhochschule Hamburg, 1998

1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD were dissolved in 3 mL dry di- methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 1.51 mL (15 mmol) 1, 4-diaminobutane in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitate Amino-HES12KD E was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water an dialysed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized. b) Chloroacetamide-HES 12KD Fl was prepared as described for Chloroacet- amide-HES12KD Dl in 1.3 above. c) Bromoacetamide-HES12KD F2 (X = Br) was prepared as described for Bromoacetamide-HES12KD D2 in 1.3 above. The conjugation reaction with Thio-EPO is described in Example 3,1. 2. d) The corresponding Iodo-derivative F3 (X = I) was not isolated before its reaction with Thio-EPO. The experiment is described in Example 3,1. 1.

Alternatives: See 1.2 above 2. CHO-Reactive HES 2.1 Hydrazide-HES a) Reaction of hydrazine with Oxo-HES12KD

1,44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD were dissolved in 3 mL absolute di- methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mix- ture of 0.47 mL (15 mmol) hydrazine in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitated product J was collected by centrifugation, redis- solved in 40 mL of water and dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5 % (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialy- sis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Ger- many) and lyophilized. The conjugation reaction with oxidised Glyco-EPO is described in Example 4,2. 2. b) Reaction of adipic dihydrazide with Oxo-HES 12KD

1.74 g (15 mmol) adepic dihydrazide were dissolved in 20 mL absolute di- methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 65°C and 1,44 g (0,12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD, dissolved in 3 mL absolute DMSO were added dropwise under nitrogen. After stirring for 68 h at 60°C the reaction mixture was added to 200 mL of water The solution containing L was dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5 % (v/v)

triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialy- sis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Ger- many) and lyophilized. The conjugation reaction with oxidised Glyco-EPO is described in Example 4,2. 2.

Alternatives: Furthermore, derivatives can be used, wherein 2 hydrazid groups are separated by any spacer.

3. Further Amino-HES12KD derivatives I and H I Ammonolysis of D or F was performed separately by dissolving a 1 mg sample of each halogeneacetamide in 0.1 mL of saturated ammonium carbonate. Additional solid ammonium carbonate was then added to maintain saturation of the solution during incubation of 120 h at 30°C. The reaction mixture was added to 1 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone with-20 °C The precipitate was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 0.05 mL water and again precipitated as described. The product aminoHES H or I was obtained by centrifugation and drying in vac- cuo. The conjugation reaction with oxidised Glyco-EPO is described in Example 4,4. 1.

4. Hydroxylamine-modified HES12KD K

0-[2-(2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine was synthesized as described by Boturyn et al in 2 steps from commercially available materials. 5 1, 44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD were dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 2.04 g (15 mmol) 0- [2- (2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 48 h at 65°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1: 1 mix- ture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitated product K was collected by centrifu- gation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialysed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized. The conjugation reaction with oxidised Glyco- EPO is described in Example 4,3. 1.

Alternatives : Furthermore, derivatives could be used, wherein the two hydroxylamine groups are separated by any spacer.

5. Thio-HES12KD 5.1 Addition to Oxo-HES12KD 5Boturyn, Boudali, Constant, Defrancq, Lhomme, 1997, Tetrahedron, 53, 5485

1,44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD were dissolved in 3 mL absolute di- methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added to a mixture of 1.16 g (15 mmol) cysteamine in 15 mL DMSO under nitrogen dropwise. After stirring for 24 h at 40°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitated product M was collected by centrifugation, re- dissolved in 40 mL of water and dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5 % (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialy- sis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Ger- many) and lyophilized. The conjugation reaction with oxidised Glyco-EPO is described in Example 4,2. 1.

Alternatives: Derivatives could be used, wherein the amino group and the thio-function are separated by any spacer. Furthermore, the amino group in the derivatives could be replaced by a hydrazine, a hydrazid or a hydroxylamine. The thio- function could be protected in the form of e. g. a disulfide or a trityl-derivative. However, in this case, a further deprotection step must be preformed before the conjugation, which would release a component being analogous to M.

5.2 Modifikation of Amino-HES12KD E, H or I a) Modification with SATA/SATP

1,44 g (0.12 mmol) of Amino-HES 12KD E, H or I were dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added to a mixture of 139 mg (0.6 mmol) SATA in 5 mL DMSO under nitrogen dropwise. After stir- ring for 24 h at room temperature the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitated product N was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dial- ysed for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.

The deprotection was performed in a 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 25 mM EDTA and 0. 5M hydroxylamine, pH7.5 for 2 hours at room temperature and the product O was purified by dialysis against a 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5, containing 1 mM EDTA. The deprotec- tion reaction was performed immediately before the conjugation reaction which is described in Example 4,2. 1. H OH HES-,,, 0OH Fion nu H OH O E NH E NH SATA/\ SPDP H OH H HES0 OH HES OH O O H H HES OH i KH O O\ HO \ H H rN H O H OH p NH S NH p/ 'y Deprotection S'-S Deprotection O ii 0'HOH HES H O H HES , r-N 0 H zu H O NHSH H Ohl p . \ q SH su

b) Modification with SPDP 1,44 g (0.12 mmol) of Amino-HES 12KD E, H or I were dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were dropwise added to a mix- ture of 187 mg (0.6 mmol) SPDP in 5 mL DMSO under nitrogen. After stirring for 24 h at room temperature the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitated product P was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dial- ysed for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.

The deprotection was performed in a solution of 12 mg dithiothreitol (DTT) per 0.5 mL 100 mM sodiumacetate buffer, containing 100 mM so- dium chloride at pH 4.5 for 30 min at room temperature and the product Q was purified by dialysis against a 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5, con- taining 1 mM EDTA. The deprotection reaction was performed immedi- ately before the conjugation reaction which is described in Example 4,2. 1.

Alternatives: For the conversion of amino-to thiol-groups, either in free form or pro- tected, several reagants are available. After the modification, the products could be isolated. Alternatively, as accepted for the use of cross-linkers, they could be directly used for the conjugation reaction, preferably after a purification step. For the isolation and storage of thio-HES derivatives, the synthesis of thio-HES derivatives in a protected form may be useful. For this, all derivatives being analogous to SATA could be used, which have an active ester-function and a thioester-function, separated by any spacer.

SATP, being a further member of this group, is found in table 2, marked with an"H". The derivatives being analogous to SPDP could have an acitve ester-function and a disulfide-function, separated by any spacer.

Further members of these groups are found in table 2, marked with an"F". Further analogous derivatives could have an active ester-function and a thiol-function, protected as a trityl derivative, separated by any spacer.

Example 3 Conjusation reactions with Thio-EPO 1. Reaction of Thio-EPO with a halogenacetamide-modified SH-reactive HES 1.1 Example Protocol 1 Conjugation of ThioEPO to Amino-HES 12KD (E, H or I) with a Cross-linker containing a NHS-active-ester and an iodoacetamide group, e. g. SIA. 6 Materials A. Borate buffer. Composition was 50 mM sodium borate, pH 8.3, 5 mM EDTA.

B. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.

C. AminoHES 12KD E, H or I. Prepared at 1 mg/mL in borate buffer.

D. Crosslinker stock solution: 14 mg SIA were dissolved in 1 mL DMSO E. D-Salt Dextran Desalting Columns, 2 x 5 mL bed volume (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) F. Coomassie@ Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) 6umber, Forrester, Foxwell, Ross, Thorpe, 1985, Methods Enrymol., 112, 207

G. ThioEPO solution: 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO 1 in borate buffer.

H. Microconcentrator: Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany) Method 100 uL SIA solution was added to 400 I1L of the aminoHES12KD E solution and was allowed to react with agitation for 0.5 hours at room temperature. The excess crosslinker was removed by centrifuging the sample at 14000 x g for 60 minutes using a microconcentrator. After centrifuging the sample was brought up to its original volume in borate buffer and this process was re- peated two more times. The residual solution was added to 1 mL of ThioEPO solution and the reaction mixture was incubated for 16 hour at room tempera- ture. Reactivity of the excess iodoacetamide was quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM. The reaction mixture was applied to a desalting column equilibrated with PBS buffer and the protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent. All fractions containing the protein conju- gate were pooled and the the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night.

Alternatives: In this reaction, all cross-linkers could be used, which have a succinimide-or a sulfosuccinimide function and a iodoacetamide function separated by a spacer. Further examples are found in table 2. They are marked with a"C"and are avialable from Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany.

1.2 Example Protocol 2

Conjugation of ThioEPO 1 to SH reactiveHES12KD bromoacetamide D2, F2 or iodoacetamide D3. 7 Materials A. Phosphate buffer. Composition was 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6. 1,5 mM EDTA.

B. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.

C. SH reactiveHES12KD bromoacetamide D2. Prepared at 10 mg/mL in phosphate buffer.

D. D-Salt Dextran Desalting Columns, 2 x 5 mL bed volume (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) E. Coomassie@ Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) F. ThioEPO solution: 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO 1 in phosphate buffer.

Method 1 mL SH reactiveHES12KD bromoacetamide D2 solution and 1 mL of Thio- EPO solution were combined and the reaction mixture was incubated for 48 hours at room temperature. Reactivity of the excess bromoacetamide was quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM. The reaction mixture was applied to a desalting column, equilibrated with PBS buffer. The protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent, all fractions contain- ing the protein conjugate were pooled and the the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night.

7de Valasco, Merkus, Anderton, Verheul, Lizzio, Van der Zee, van Eden, Hoffmann, Verhoef,

Alternatives: Instead of the isolation of the SH reactive HES 12KD-bromoacetamid D2, amino HES 12KD (E, H, I) could be linked with a cross-linker via a succinim- ide-and a bromoacetamid function (see 1.1 above). SBAP is a member of this group of cross-linkers and is found in table 2, marked with a"D".

2. Reaction of Thio-EPO with a maleimide-modified SH-reactive HES 2.1 Example Protocol 3 Conjugation of ThioEPO to HES12KD with a cross-linker containing a hy- drazide and a maleimide funktional group, e. g. M2C2H.

Materials A. M2C2H stock: 10 mg/mLM2C2H in DMSO, prepared fresh B. HES12KD: 10 mg/mL in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 C. ThioEPO solution: 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO in phosphate/NaCI-buffer D. Phosphate/NaCI: 0.1 M sodium phosphate, 50 mM NaCI, pH 7.0 E. Microconcentrator: Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany) F. Gel filtration column: for example, Sephadex@ G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) G. Coomassie@ Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) H. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCI, pH 7.4.

Method Snippe, 1995, Infect. Immun., 63, 961

M2C2H solution was added to 400 uL of the HES 12KD solution to a final con- centration of 1 mM and was allowed to react with agitation for 2 hours at room temperature. The excess cross-linker was removed by centrifuging the sample at 14000 x g for 60 minutes using a microconcentrator. After centrifuging the sample was brought up to its original volume in phosphate/NaCI buffer and this process was repeated two more times. To the M2C2H-modified HES 12KD 0.5 mL of ThioEPO solution was added and the reaction mixture was incu- bated for 2 hours at room temperature. Reactivity of the excess maleimides was quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM. The reaction mixture was applied to Sephadex G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS buffer and 1 mL frac- tions were collected. The protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent. All fractions containing the protein conju- gate were pooled and the the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night.

Procedural Notes The hydrazone adduct is slightly less stable at extremes of pH. For applica- tions that may involve treatment at low pH, we reduced the hydrazone by treatment with 30 mM sodium cyanoborohydride in PBS buffer to a hydrazine.

For most applications, this extra step is unnecessary.

2.2 Example Protocol 4 Conjugation of ThioEPO to Maleimido-HES 12KD B.

Materials A. Maleimido-HES12KD B: 10 mg/mL in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5. 5

B. ThioEPO solution: 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO in phosphate/NaCI-buffer C. Phosphate/NaCI : 0.1 M sodium phosphate, 50 mM NaCI, pH 7.0 D. Gel filtration column: for example, Sephadex'D G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) E. Coomassie@ Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) F. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCI, pH 7.4.

Method 1 mL SH-reactive-HES12KD B solution and 1 mL of ThioEPO 1 solution were combined and the reaction mixture was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. Reactivity of the excess maleimides was quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM. The reaction mixture was applied to Sephadex@ G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS buffer and 1 mL fractions were collected. The protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay re- agent. All fractions containing the protein conjugate were pooled and the the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night.

2.3 Example Protocol 12 Conjugation of ThioEPO to aminoHES12KD (E, H, 1) with a Cross-linker containing a NHS-active-ester and a maleimide group, e. g. SMCC Materials A: Microconcentrator: Microcon YM-10 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany).

B. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl,

pH 7. 4.

C. AminoHES 12KD E, H or I. Prepared at 10 mg/mL in PBS buffer.

D. SMCC solution: 1 mg SMCC were dissolved in 50 uL DMSO E. D-SaItTM Dextran Desalting Columns, 2 x 5 mL bed volume (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) F. Coomassie Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) G. ThioEPO 1 solution: 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO I in PBS buffer.

Method To 50 pL SMCC solution 400 VL of the aminoHES12KD E solution was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to react with agitation for 80 min at room temperature and for 10 min at 46°C. The excess crosslinker was re- moved by centrifugation of the reaction mixture through a microconcentrator at 14000 x g for 60 min. The volume was brought up to 450 uL with PBS buffer and the process was repeated two more times. After the last centrifuga- tion, the residual solution was brought up to 450 pL with PBS and was added to 1 mL of ThioEPO solution and the reaction mixture was incubated for 16 hours at room temperature. Reactivity of the excess maleimide was quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final con- centration of 10 mM. The reaction mixture was applied to a desalting column equilibrated with PBS buffer. The protein content of the fractions were moni- tored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent, all fractions containing the pro- tein conjugate were pooled and the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night.

Alternatives: In this reaction, all cross-linkers could be used which have a succinimide-or a sulfosuccinimide function and a maleimide-function, separated by a spacer.

Further examples for this group of molecules, available from Perbio Science

Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany, are found in table, 2, marked with an "E". There is a further group of cross-linkers, which have instead of a maleim- ide function an activated disulfide function. These cross-linkers could also be used for the conjugation. However, the disulfide bond of the conjugate is cleavable under reductive conditions. Members of this group are marked in ta- ble 2 with a"F". A third group of cross-linkers uses instead of a maleimide function a vinylsulfon function as a SH-reactive group. A member of this group"SVSB"is marked in table 2 with a"G".

Example 4 Conjugation reactions with oxidized EPO 1. Oxidation of Glyco-EPO 1.1 Oxidation of Glyco-EPO with sodium meta-periodate: Example Protocol 5 Materials A. Glyco-EPO solution: 10 mg/mL of Glyco-EPO in acetate buffer B. Sodium meta-periodate solution: 10 mM or 100 mM sodium periodate in acetate buffer, prepared fresh. Keep in dark. Using these solutions, the final concentration of sodium periodate in the oxidation mixture is 1 mM or 10 mM, respectively.

C. acetate buffer: 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 D. Glycerol E. Microconcentrator: Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany)

Method All steps were performed in the dark.

To 1 mL of cold Glyco-EPO solution 0.1 mL of cold sodium meta-periodate solution were added and the the oxidation reaction was allowed to proceed for 1 hour in the dark. If the Glyco-EPO to be oxidized contained sialic acid resi- dues, then the oxidation conditions were 1 mM sodium periodate, 0°C. Other- wise, 10 mM sodium periodate at room temperature was used. To stop the oxidation glycerol was added to a final concentration of 15 mM and incubated for 5 minutes at 0°C. The excess reagents and by-products were remove by centrifuging of the product at 14000 x g for 60 minutes using a microconcen- trator. After centrifuging, sample was brought up to its original volume in the buffer used in the next modification step, e. g. in the acetate buffer. This proc- ess was repeated two more times.

1.2 Enzymatic oxidation of Glyco-EPO: Example Protocol 6 The enzymatic oxidation of EPO is described elsewhere (Chamow et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem. , 267,15916-15922).

2. Conjugation with Hydrazine/Hydrazide-Derivatives 2.1 Example Protocol 7 Conjugation of oxidised Glyco-EPO to Thio-HES12KD M, O or Q with a Cross-linker containing a hydrazide and a maleimide functional group, e. g. M2C2H (Perbio Science, Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany).

Materials

A. M2C2H stock: 10 mg/mL M2C2H in DMSO, prepared fresh B. Oxidised Glyco-EPO solution from 6.1. 1: 5 mg/mL of Glyco-EPO in ace- tate buffer C. Thio-HES12KD M, O or Q: 10 mg/mL in phosphate/NaCl buffer D. Acetate buffer: 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 E. Phosphate/NaCI : 0.1 M sodium phosphate, 50 mM NaCI, pH 7.0 F. Microconcentrator : Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany) G. Gel filtration column: for example, Sephadex@ G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) H. Coomassie@ Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) I. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7. 4 Method M2C2H stock solution was added to 1 mL of oxidized Glyco-EPO to a final concentration of 1 mM and was allowed to react with agitation for 2 hours at room temperature. The excess crosslinker was removed by centrifuging the sample at 14000 x g for 60 minutes using a microconcentrator. After centrifug- ing the sample was brought up to its original volume in phosphate/NaCI buffer and this process was repeated two more times. To the M2C2H-modified Glyco- EPO 1 mL of Thio-HES12KD M, O or Q solution was added and the reaction mixture was incubated for 16 hours at room temperature. Reactivity of the ex- cess maleimides was quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addi- tion of cysteine. The reaction mixture was applied to Sephadex@ G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS and 1 mL fractions were collected. The protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay re- agent, all fractions containing the protein conjugate were pooled and the con- jugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night.

Procedural Notes The hydrazone adduct is slightly less stable at extremes of pH. For applica- tions that may involve treatment at low pH, we reduced the hydrazone by treatment with 30 mM sodium cyanoborohydride in PBS buffer to a hydrazine.

For most applications, this extra step was unnecessary.

2.2 Example Protocol 8 Direct conjugation of oxidised Glyco-EPO to Hydrazido-HES 12KD L or J.

Materials A. Oxidised Glyco-EPO solution from 6.1. 1: 5 mg/mL of Glyco-EPO in ace- tate buffer B. Hydrazido-HES12KD L or J: 10 mg/mL in acetate buffer C. Acetate buffer: 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 D. Gel filtration column: for example, Sephadex@ G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) E. Coomassie@ Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) F. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7. 4 Method 1 mL of Hydrazido-HES12KD L or J solution and 1 mL of oxidized Glyco- EPO solution were combined and the reaction mixture was allowed to react with agitation for 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was ap- plied to Sephadex G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS and 1 mL frac- tions were collected. The protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent, all fractions containing the protein conju-

gate were pooled and the the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialysis against water over night. The result of the conjugation is shown in Figure 24. The observed molecular shift demonstrates that the conjugation was successful. The smear results from the heterogenity of HES. Figure 25 demon- strates that HES is conjugated to a carbohydrate moiety of a carbohydrate side chain.

Procedural Notes The hydrazone adduct is slightly less stable at extremes of pH. For applica- tions that may involve treatment at low pH, we reduced the hydrazone by treatment with 30 mM sodium cyanoborohydride in PBS buffer to a hydrazine.

For most applications, this extra step was unnecessary.

3. Conjugation with Hydroxylamine-Derivatives 3.1 Example Protocol 9 Conjugation of oxidized Glyco-EPO to Hydroxylamino-HES12KD K Materials A. Oxidised Glyco-EPO solution from 6.1. 1: 5 mg/mL of Glyco-EPO in ace- tate buffer B. Hydroxylamino-HES12KD K: 10 mg/mL in acetate buffer C. Acetate buffer: 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 D. Gel filtration column: for example, Sephadex G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) E. Coomassie Protein Assay Reagent (Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) 8Rose, 1994, Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 30

F. PBS, phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7. 4 Method 1 mL of Hydroxylamino-HES12KD K solution and 1 mL of oxidized Glyco- EPO solution were combined and the reaction mixture was allowed to react with agitation for 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was ap- plied to Sephadex@ G-200 (1.5 x 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS and 1 mL frac- tions were collected. The protein content of the fractions were monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent, all fractions containing the protein conju- gate were pooled and the conjugate was obtained by lyophylisation after dialy- sis against water over night. The result of the conjugation is shown in Figure 24. The observed molecular shift in lane 2 demonstrates that the conjugation was successful. The smear results from the heterogenity of HES. Figure 25 demonstrates that HES is conjugated to a carbohydrate moiety of a carbohy- drate side chain.

Example 5 Characterisation of galactose oxidase treated EPO N-glycans Recombinant EPO or partially desialylated EPO forms (generated by limited mild acid hydroysis) were incubated with galactose oxidase in the presence of catalase at 37°C from 30 min-4 hours at 37°C in 0.05 M Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.0.

Progress of the reaction was monitored by removal of 50 pg aliquots of the EPO and subsequent treatment of the protein with polypeptide N-glycanase.

Liberated N-linked oligosaccharides (monitored by SDS-PAGE detection of the de-N-glycosylated polypeptide) were subjected to HPAEC-PAD mapping as de-

scribed (Grabenhorst et al., 1999, Nimtz et al. , 1993/1994; Schlenke et al. , 1999) before and after removal of sialic acids. Quantitation of oxidised galactose resi- dues in individual EPO oligosaccharides was performed by the typical shift ob- served in HPAEC-PAD and was also verified by MALDI/TOF MS of the oligo- saccharide mixtures.

Example 6 Characterisation of HAS modified EPO Separation of HAS modified EPO forms from nonreacted EPO and HAS- precursor molecules was achieved by gel filtration using e. g. Ultrogel AcA 44/54 or similar gel filtration media. Alternatively, nonreacted HAS was removed by immune affinity isolation of EPO on a 4 mL column containing a monoclonal antibody coupled to Affigel (BioRad) and subsequent separation of unmodified EPO by gel filtration (e. g. using a matrix enabling the separation of globular pro- teins of a relative molecular mass between 20 kDa and 200 kDa).

HAS modified EPOs were identified by SDS-PAGE analysis (using 12.5 or 10% acrylamide gels) through detection of their higher molecular weight compared to unmodified EPO upon staining of gels with Coomassie Brillant Blue. The higher molecular weight of HAS modified EPO polypeptides was also identified by Western Blot analysis of samples using a polyclonal antibody raised against re- combinant human EPO.

N-glycan modification of EPO forms was demonstrated by their successful re- moval from the EPO protein with polypeptide N-glycanase (recombinant N- glycosidase from Roche, Germany employing 25 units/mg EPO protein at 37°C for 16 hours); analysis by SDS-PAGE resulted in a typical shift of the EPO pro-

tein to a migration position of the N-glycosidase treated unmodified EPO of ap- proximately 20 KDa.

Modification of the single desialylated and glacatose oxidase treated EPO O- glycan at Ser 126 was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE migration of the de-N- glycosylated product by detection of its migration position compared to nonre- acted de-N-glycosylated EPO. If required, modified EPO was fractionated by RP- HPLC on a C8-phase before SDS-PAGE analysis. HAS O-glycan modification of EPO was also analysed by 6-elimination of the O-glycan and detection of the de- O-glycosylated form of EPO in Western blots using a polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant human EPO.

Example 7 Quantitation of EPO and modified EPO forms EPO forms where quantitated by UV measurements as described in Ph. Eur (2000, Erythropoietini solutio concentrata, 1316,780-785) and compared to the interna- tional BRP reference EPO standard. Alternatively, EPO concentrations were de- termined by a RP-HPLC assay using a RP-C4-column and absorption at 254 nm employing 20,40, 80 and 120 pg of the BRP standard EPO reference preparation for calibration.

Example 8 In-vitro biolozical actvitv of HES-modified recombinant human EPO: Purified HES-modified EPO was tested for activity using the erythropoietin bioac- tivity assay as described by Krystal [Krystal, 1984, Exp. Heamatol. , 11,649-660].

Anemia was induced in NMRI mice by treatment with phenylhydrazine hydro- chloride and spleen cells were collected and used as described in [Fibi et al., 1991, Blood, 77,1203 ff. ]. Dilutions of EPO were incubated with 3x105 cells/well in 96- well microtiter plates. After 24 hours at 37° C in a humified atmosphere (5% C02) cells were labelled for 4 hours with 1 uCi of 3H-thymidine per well. Incorporated radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The International reference EPO standard (BRP-standard) was used for comparison.

Alternatively, EPO bioactivity was measured by an in vitro assay using the EPO- sensitive cell line TF-1 (Kitamura et. al. , [J. cell Phys. , 140.323-334]. Exponen- tially growing cells were washed free of growth factors and were incubated in the presence of serial dilutions of the EPO for further 48 hours. Proliferation of the cells was assessed by using the MTT reduction assay as described by Mosmann [Mosman, 1983, J. Immunol. Methods, 65,55-63].

Example 9 In-vivo activity determination of EPO and HAS-modified EPO forms: In vivo activity determinations were performed in normocythemic mice by meas- uring the increase of reticulocytes after 4 days after animals received the foreseen dose of EPO or modified EPO forms. Assays were performed using the BRP EPO standard which was calibrated against the WHO EPO standard in the poly- cythemic mouse assay. EPO samples were diluted in phosphate buffered saline containing 1 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin (Sigma).

0.5 ml of the EPO test solution in Dulbecco's buffered saline (corresponding to an EPO protein equivalent of a 100,80, 40 or 20 IU/ml of the BRP standard EPO) were infected subcutaneously per animal. Blood samples were taken after 4 days

after injection and reticulocytes were stained with acridine orange; quantitation of reticulocytes was performed by flow-cytometry by counting a total of 30,000 blood cells within 5 hours after the blood sample was taken (see Ph. Eur, 2000, Erythropoietini solutio concentrata, 1316, pages 780-785) and European Pharma- copoeia (1996/2000, attachment 2002).

Example 10 In-vivo half-life Determinations Rabbits were injected intravenously with specified amounts of unmodified or HAS-modified EPO forms. Blood samples were obtained at specified times, and serum was prepared. Serum erythropoietin levels were determined by in vitro bio- assay or by an EPO-specific commercial ELISA.

Example 11 In vivo pharmakokinetics In mice: Each animal received 300 IU EPO/kg subcutaneously. Seven days after the post-treatment hematocrit of each animal was determined. A substantial in- crease in hematocrit was observed 9in all animals treated with modified EPO, an expected result in view o the relatively short half-life of untreated EPO. The mean change in hematocrit of the modified EPO-treated group was significantly differ- ent from that of the untreated EPO group and that of the control group.

In rabbits: Rabbits were treated with a single dose of unmodified or HAS- modified EPO corresponding to 200 or up to 800 ng/kg body weight. After 2,6, 16,24 and 48 hours blood samples were analyzed by using a commercial EPO-

specific ELISA for determination of plasma concentrations. Mean plasma EPO concentrations were determined and the average initial half-lives (a-phase) and the terminal half-lives (0-phase) were calculated from the ELISA values as de- scribed: (Zettlmissl et al. , 1989, J. Biol. Chem. , 264,21153-21159).

Literature: Sytkowski, Lunn, Risinger, and Davis, 1999, An Erythropoietin Fusion Protein Comprised of Identical Repeating Domains Exhibitis Enhanced Biological Prop- erites, J. Biol. Chem. , 274,24773-24778.

Example 12 Assessment of the in vitro biological activity of HES-modified recombinant human IL-2 Modified IL2 was recovered by gelfiltration on Ultrogel AcA 54. Aliquots of cor- responding fraction were sterile filtrated and IL2 bioactivity was determined by using the IL2 dependent murine CTLL-2 cell line [Gillis, Ferm, On, and Smith, 1978, J. Immunol. , 120,2027-2032]. Activity was related to the international ref- erence IL2 standard preparation.

Example 13: Formation of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives by reductive amination of the non-oxidised reducing end Example 13.1 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1, 3-diamino-2-hydroxy propane

a) To a solution of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch (HES18/0. 4 (MW = 18, 000 D, DS=0.4)) in 5 ml water, 0.83 mmol 1, 3-diamino-2-hydroxy propane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 were added. The resulting mixture was incubated at 80 °C for 17 h. The reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitate was col- lected by centrifugation and dialysed for 4 d against water (SnakeSkin di- alysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized. b) Incubation of the mixture resulting from adding 0.83 mmol 1, 3-diamino-2- hydroxy propane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 to the so- lution of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch was also possible and carried out at 25 °C for 3 d.

Example 13.2 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1, 2-dihydroxy-3-amino propane

a) To a solution of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch (HES 18/0.4 (MW = 18, 000 D, DS=0.4)) in 5 ml water, 0.83 mmol 1, 2-dihydroxy-3-amino propane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 were added. The resulting mixture

was incubated at 80 °C for 17 h. The reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1 : 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitate was col- lected by centrifugation and dialysed for 4 d against water (SnakeSkin di- alysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.

The reaction of 1, 2-dihydroxy-3-amino propane with HES was confirmed indirectly by quantification of formaldehyde, resulting from the oxidative cleavage of the 1,2-diole in the reaction product by periodate as described by G. Avigad, Anal. Biochem. 134 (1983) 449-504. b) Incubation of the mixture resulting from adding 0.83 mmol 1, 2-dihydroxy- 3-amino propane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 to the solution of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch was also possible and carried out at 25 °C for 3 d.

Example 13. 3 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1,4-diamino butane a) To a solution of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch (HES 18/0. 4 (MW = 18,000 D, DS=0.4)) in 5 ml water, 0.83 mmol 1,4-diamino butane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 were added. The resulting mixture was incu- bated at 80 °C for 17 h. The reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and dialysed for 4 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophi- lized. b) Incubation of the mixture resulting from adding 0.83 mmol 1,4-diamino butane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 to the solution of

200 mg hydroxyethyl starch was also possible and carried out at 25 °C for 3 d.

Example 13.4 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1-mereapto-2-amino ethane a) To a solution of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch (HES 18/0. 4 (MW = 18,000 D, DS=0.4)) in 5 ml water, 0.83 mmol 1-mercapto-2-amino ethane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 were added. The resulting mixture was incubated at 80 °C for 17 h. The reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitate was col- lected by centrifugation and dialysed for 4 d against water (SnakeSkin di- alysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized. b) Incubation of the mixture resulting from adding 0.83 mmol 1-mercapto-2- amino ethane and 50 mg sodium cyanoborohydrate NaCNBH3 to the solu- tion of 200 mg hydroxyethyl starch was also possible and carried out at 25 °C for 3 d.

Example 14: Formation of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives by conjuga- tion with the non-oxidised reducing end Example 14.1 : Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with carbohydrazide

0.96 g of HES18/0. 4 (MW = 18,000 D, DS=0.4) were dissolved in 8 ml aqueous 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2, and 8 mmol carbohydrazide (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) were added. After stirring for 18 h at 25 °C, the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The pre- cipitated product was collected by centrifugation, re-dissolved in 40 ml water, and dialysed for 3 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.

Example 14.2 : Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with adepic dihydrazide 0.96 g of HES18/0. 4 (MW = 18,000 D, DS=0. 4) were dissolved in 8 ml aqueous 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2, and 8 mmol adepic dihydrazide (Lancaster Synthesis, Frankfurt/Main, D) were added. After stirring for 18 h at 25 °C, the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, re-dissolved in 40 ml water, and dialysed for 3 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.

Example 14.3 : Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1, 4-phenylene-bis-3- thiosemicarbazide 0.96 g of HES18/0. 4 (MW = 18,000 D, DS=0.4) were dissolved in 8 ml aqueous 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2, and 8 mmol 1, 4-phenylene-bis-3-

thiosemicarbazide (Lancaster Synthesis, Frankfurt/Main, D) were added. After stirring for 18 h at 25 °C, 8 ml water was added to the reaction mixture, and the suspension was centrifugated for 15 min at 4,500 rpm. The clear supernatant was decanted and subsequently added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, re- dissolved in 40 ml water, and centrifugated for 15 min at 4,500 rpm. The clear supernatant was dialysed for 3 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.

Example 14.4 : Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 0- [2- (2-aminooxy- ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxyl amine H2N#O#O#O#NH2 0-[2-(2-arninooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxyl amine was synthesized as described in Boturyn et al. Tetrahedron 53 (1997) p. 5485-5492 in 2 steps from commercially available materials.

0.96 g of HES 18/0. 4 (MW = 18,000 D, DS=0.4) were dissolved in 8 ml aqueous 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2, and 8 mmol 0- [2- (2-aminooxy-ethoxy)- ethyl]-hydroxyl amine were added. After stirring for 18 h at 25 °C, the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v).

The precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, re-dissolved in 40 ml water, and dialysed for 3 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.

Example 15 Formation of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives by reaction with the oxidised reducing end Example 15.1 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with carbohydrazide

0.12 mmol Oxo-HES 10/0.4 (MW = 10,000 D, DS=0.4, prepared according to DE 196 28 705 A1) were dissolved in 3 ml absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 15 mmol of carbohydrazide (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in 15 ml DMSO. After stirring for 88 h at 65 °C, the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitate was collected by centrifugation and was dialysed for 4 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutsch- land GmbH, Bonn, D) and lyophilized.

Example 15.2 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1, 4-phenylene-bis-3- thiosemicarbazide 0.12 mmol Oxo-HES 10/0.4 (MW = 10,000 D, DS=0.4, prepared according to DE 196 28 705 Al) were dissolved in 3 ml absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 15 mmol of 1, 4-phenylene-bis-3- thiosemicarbazide (Lancaster Synthesis, Frankfurt/Main, D) in 15 ml DMSO. Af- ter stirring for 88 h at 65 °C, the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a cold 1: 1 mixture of acetone and ethanol (v/v). The precipitate was collected by cen- trifugation and was dialysed for 4 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, D) and lyophilized.

Example 15.3 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with hydrazine

H2N-NH2 1,44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES 10/0.4 (MW = 10,000 D, DS=0.4, prepared ac- cording to DE 196 28 705 Al) were dissolved in 3 ml absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 0.47 ml (15 mmol) hydrazine in 15 ml DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone (v/v). The precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of wa- ter and dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5 % (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.

Example 15.4 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with hydroxylamine 0- [2- (2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine was synthesized as described by Boturyn et al in 2 steps from commercially available materials (Boturyn, Boudali, Constant, Defrancq, Lhomme, 1997, Tetrahedron, 53, 5485).

1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES 10/0.4 (MW = 10,000 D, DS=0.4, prepared ac- cording to DE 196 28 705 Al) were dissolved in 3 ml absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 2.04 g (15 mmol) 0- [2- (2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine in 15 ml DMSO. After stirring for 48 h at 65°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a 1: 1 mix- ture of ethanol and acetone (v/v). The precipitated product was collected by cen- trifugation, redissolved in 40 ml of water and dialysed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.

Example 15.5 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with adepic dihydrazide

1.74 g (15 mmol) adepic dihydrazide were dissolved in 20 ml absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 65°C and 1.44 g (0,12 mmol) of Oxo-HES 10/0.4 (MW = 10,000 D, DS=0. 4, prepared according to DE 196 28 705 A1), dissolved in 3 ml absolute DMSO were added dropwise under nitrogen. After stirring for 68 h at 60°C the reaction mixture was added to 200 ml of water The solution containing the reaction product was dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5 % (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.

Example 15. 6 Reaction of hydroxyethyl starch with 1,4-diamino butane 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES 10/0.4 (MW = 10, 000 D, DS=0.4, prepared ac- cording to DE 196 28 705 A1) were dissolved in 3 ml dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 1.51 ml (15 mmol) 1,4-diaminobutane in 15 ml DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40°C the reaction mixture was added to 160 ml of a 1: 1 mixture of ethanol and acetone (v/v). The precipitate Amino-HESlOKD/0. 4 was collected by centrifugation, re- dissolved in 40 ml of water and dialysed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin di- alysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science Deutschland GmbH, Bonn, Ger- many) and lyophilized.

Example 16 Oxidation of erythropoietin

Oxidized erythropoietin was produced as described in Example 20. As oxidized erythropoietin, EPO-GT-1-A as described in Example 20.11 (c) was used (EPO- GT-1 without acid hydroylsis, treated with mild periodate oxidation).

Example 17: Conjugation of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives with oxi- dized erythropoietin of example 4 Example 17.1 Reaction of oxidized erythropoietin with the reaction prod- uct of example 14.1 Oxidized EPO (1.055 pg/pl) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2. To 19 ul of the EPO solution, 18 ul of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 14.1 (MW 18 kD; 18.7 , ug/pl in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carls- bad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) over- night.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 3. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 17.2 Reaction of oxidized erythropoietin with the reaction prod- uct of example 14.3 Oxidized EPO (1.055 pg/, ul) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2. To 19 Ill of the EPO solution, 18 ul of a solution

of the HES derivate as produced according to example 14.3 (MW 18 kD; 18.7 llg/lll in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carls- bad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen.

Example 17.3 Reaction of oxidized erythropoietin with the reaction prod- uct of example 14.4 Oxidized EPO (1.055 g) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2. To 19 pl of the EPO solution, 18 pl of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 14.4 (MW 18 kD; 18.7 pg/, ul in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carls- bad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) over- night.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 4. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 17.4 Reaction of oxidized erythropoietin with the reaction prod- uct of example 15.1 Oxidized EPO (1.055 Hg/, ul) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2. To 19 pl of the EPO solution, 18 Ill of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 15.1 (MW 10 kD; 18.7 gel in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2) was added, and the mixture was

incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carls- bad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) over- night.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 5. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 17.5 Reaction of oxidized erythropoietin with the reaction prod- uct of example 15.2 Oxidized EPO (1.055 ßg/pl) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2. To 19 ul of the EPO solution, 18 VI of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 15.1 (MW 10 kD; 18.7 pg/pl in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carls- bad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) over- night.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 5. successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 18 Formation of Thio-EPO by reduction of erythropoietin

241.5 pg erythropoietin (EPO-GT-1, see Example 20) in 500 Ill of a 0. 1 M so- dium borate buffer, 5 mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT (Lancaster, Morcambe, UK), pH 8.3, were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. The DTT was removed by centrifugal filtra- tion with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 10 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, subsequent washing 3 times with the borate buffer and twice with a phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCI, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2).

Example 19: Conjugation of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives with thio- erythropoietin using a crosslinking compound In each of the following examples, N- (alpha-maleimidoacetoxy) succinimide ester (AMAS) was used as crosslinking compound.

Example 19.1 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 14.1 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate as produced according to example 14.1 and dissolved in 200 ti of a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 al of a solution of 2.5 gmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO were added. The clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 llg of ThioEPO as produced according to example 18 (g/pl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) as de- scribed in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 6. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.2 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 14.2 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate as produced according to example 14.2 and dissolved in 200 1 of a 0. 1 M sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 Ill of a solution of 2.5 gmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Tauflcirchen, D) in DMSO were added. The clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 pg of ThioEPO as produced according to example 18 (1 ug/pl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) as de- scribed in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 7. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.3 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 14.3 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate as produced according to example 14.3 and dissolved in 200 RI of a 0. 1 M sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 pl of a solution of 2. 5 u. mol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO were added. The clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 llg of ThioEPO as produced according to example 18 (g/pl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) as de- scribed in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 7. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.4 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 14.4 and the crosslinking compound

To 50 nmol HES derivate as produced according to example 14.4 and dissolved in 200 pLl of a 0. 1 M sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 Ill of a solution of 2.5 u. mol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO were added. The clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 pg of ThioEPO as produced according to example 18 (1 gg/gl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) as de- scribed in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 6. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19. 5 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 13.1 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate as produced according to example 13.1, at incubation conditions of 80 °C and 17 h as well as of 25 °C and 3 d, and dissolved in 200 ul of a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 gel of a solution of 2.5 pmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO were added. The clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 ptg of ThioEPO as produced according to example 18 (1 pg/lll in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) as de- scribed in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig. 7. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.6 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 13.3 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate as produced according to example 13.3, at incubation conditions of 80 °C and 17 h as well as of 25 °C and 3 d, and dissolved in 200 p1 of a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 u. l of a solution of 2.5 gmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO were added. The clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15, ug of ThioEPO as produced according to example 18 (I pg/ttl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) as de- scribed in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 7. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.7 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 15.1 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate, produced according to Example 15.1 and dissolved in 200 Ill phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9. 15 M NaCI, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 RI of a solution of 2.5 umol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO was added, and the clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. The AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0. 5 mol concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, Germany) at 13,000 rpm and washing 4 times for 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 zig Thio-EPO as produced according to example 18 (1 pg/, ul in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25'C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10 % Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti- Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 8. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.8 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 15.2 and the crosslinking compound

To 50 nmol HES derivate, produced according to Example 15.2 and dissolved in 200 Ill phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 RI of a solution of 2. 5 gmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO was added, and the clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. The AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, Germany) at 13,000 rpm and washing 4 times for 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 wu Thio-EPO as produced according to example 18 (1 pglpl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10 % Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti- Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 8. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.9 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 15.3 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate, produced according to Example 15.3 and dissolved in 200 ul phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 1ll of a solution of 2. 5 umol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO was added, and the clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. The AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, Germany) at 13,000 rpm and washing 4 times for 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 gg Thio-EPO as produced according to example 18 (1 pg/wl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10 % Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti- Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 8. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.10 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 15.4 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate, produced according to Example 15.4 and dissolved in 200 Ill phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7. 2), 10 « u1 of a solution of 2.5 zmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO was added, and the clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. The AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, Germany) at 13,000 rpm and washing 4 times for 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 pg Thio-EPO as produced according to example 18 (1 , ug/lll in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10 % Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti- Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 8. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.11 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 15.5 and the crosslinking compound To 50 nmol HES derivate, produced according to Example 15.5 and dissolved in 200 al phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2), 10 RI of a solution of 2. 5 umol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO was added, and the clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. The AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, Germany) at 13,000 rpm and washing 4 times for 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 pg Thio-EPO as produced according to example 18 (1 llg/pl in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10 % Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti- Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 8. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 19.12 Reaction of thio-erythropoietin with the reaction product of example 15.6 and the crosslinking compound

To 50 nmol HES derivate, produced according to Example 15.6 and dissolved in 200 Ill phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7. 2), 10 ul of a solution of 2.5 ptmol AMAS (Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, D) in DMSO was added, and the clear solution was incubated for 80 min at 25 °C and 20 min at 40 °C. The AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, Germany) at 13,000 rpm and washing 4 times for 30 min with the phosphate buffer.

To the residual solution, 15 gg Thio-EPO as produced according to example 18 (1 llg/lll in phosphate buffer) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25 °C. After lyophilisation, the crude product was analysed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10 % Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti- Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Karlsruhe, D) overnight.

The experimental result is shown in Fig 8. A successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights. The increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.

Example 20 Preparative production of HES-EPO conjugates Summary HES-EPO conjugates were synthesized by coupling of HES derivatives (average mw of 18,000 Dalton; hydroxyethyl substitution degree of 0.4) to the partially (mild periodate) oxidized sialic acid residues on the oligosaccharide chains of recombinant human EPO. Based on carbohydrate structural analysis the modifica- tions introduced did not affect the structural integrity of the core oligosaccharide chains since MALDI/TOF-MS of the mild acid treated HES-modified glycans

revealed intact neutral N-acetyllactosamine-type chains which were indistinguish- able from those observed in unmodified EPO product. The results obtained indi- cate that at least 3 modified HES-residues are attached per EPO molecule in the case of the EPO preparation which was subjected to modification without prior partial sialic acid removal. An EPO variant lacking about 50% of the sialic acid residues of the former protein showed a similar apparent high molecular weight mobility in SDS-PAGE (60-110 KDa vs 40 KDa for the BRP EPO standard). The HES modified EPO is stable under standard ion-exchange chromatography condi- tions at room temperature at pH 3-10.

The EPO-bioassay in the normocythaemic mouse system indicates that the HES- modified EPO has 2.5-3. 0 fold higher specific activity (IU/mg) in this assay when compared to the International BRP EPO reference standard based on protein de- termination using the UV absorption value from the European Pharmacopeia and an RP-HPLC EPO protein determination method calibrated against the BRP EPO standard preparation.

Example 20.1 Materials and methods (a) Liberation of N-linked oligosaccharides by digestion with N- glycosidase Samples were incubated with 25 units (according to manufacturer's specification, Roche Diagnostics, Germany) of recombinant PNGase F over night at 37°C. Complete digestion was monitored by the specific mobility shift of the protein in SDS-PAGE. The released N-glycans were separated from the polypeptide by ad- dition of 3 volumes of cold 100% ethanol and incubation at-20°C for at least 2 hours (Schroeter S et al. , 1999). The precipitated protein was removed by cen- trifugation for 10 minutes at 4°C at 13000 rpm. The pellet was then subjected to two additional washes with 500 ul of ice-cold 75% ethanol. The oligosaccharides in the pooled supernatants were dried in a vacuum centrifuge (Speed Vac concen-

trator, Savant Instruments Inc. , USA). The glycan samples were desalted using Hypercarb cartridges (25 mg or 100 mg of HyperCarb) as follows prior to use: the columns were washed with 3 x 500, ul of 80% acetonitrile (v/v) in 0.1% TFA fol- lowed by washes with 3 x 500 pl of water. The samples were diluted with water to a final volume of 300, ul-600, ul before loading onto the cartridge which then was rigorously washed with water. Oligosaccharides were eluted with 1.2 ml (25 mg cartridges ; 1.8 ml in the case of 100 mg cartridges) 25% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v). The eluted oligosaccharides were neu- tralized with 2 M NH40H and were dried in a Speed Vac concentrator. In some cases desalting of N-glycosidase released oligosaccharides was performed by ad- sorption of the digestion mixture from samples < 100 pg of total (glyco) protein onto 100 mg Hypercarb cartridges.

(b) Analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza- pectrometry (MALDI/TOF/TOF-MS) A Bruker ULTRAFLEX time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) instrument was used: native desialylated oligosaccharides were analyzed using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as UV-absorbing material in the positive as well as in the negative ion mode using the reflectron in both cases. For MS-MS analyses, selected parent ions were sub- jected to laser induced dissociation (LID) and the resulting fragment ions sepa- rated by the second TOF stage (LIFT) of the instrument. Sample solutions of 1, ul and an approximate concentration of 1-10 pmol, ul~} were mixed with equal amounts of the respective matrix. This mixture was spotted onto a stainless steel target and dried at room temperature before analysis.

Example 20.2 Preparation and characterization of recombinant human EPO (EPO-GT-1) EPO was expressed from recombinant CHO cells as described (Mueller PP et al., 1999, Dorner AJ et al. , 1984) and the preparations were characterized according to

methods described in the Eur. Phar. (Ph. Eur. 4, Monography 01/2002 : 1316 : Erythropoietin concentrated solution). The final product had a sialic acid content of 12 nMol (+/-1. 5 nMol) per nMol of protein. The structures of N-linked oligo- saccharides were determined by HPAEC-PAD and by MALDI/TOF-MS as de- scribed (Nimtz et al. , 1999, Grabenhorst, 1999). The EPO preparations that were obtained contained di-, tri-and tetrasialylated oligosaccharides (2-12%, 15-28% and 60-80%, respectively, sulphated and pentasialylated chains were present in small amounts). The overall glycosylation characteristics of EPO preparations were similar to that of the international BRP EPO standard preparation.

The isoelectric focusing pattern of the recombinant EPO was comparable to that of the international BRP Reference EPO standard preparation showing the corre- sponding isoforms. 25% of the EPO protein lacked 0-glycosylation at Sert26 ouf the polypeptide chain.

Example 8.3 Preparation of partially desialylated EPO forms EPO GT-1 protein (2.84 mg/ml) was heated to 80°C in 20 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and then 100 pl of 1 N H2SO4 was added per 1 ml of the EPO solu- tion; incubation was continued for 5 min, 10 min and 60 min, respectively, yield- ing EPO preparations of different degree of sialylation. Quantitation of oligosac- charides with 0-4 sialic acids was performed after liberation of oligosaccharides with polypeptide N-glycosidase and isolation of N-linked chains was performed by desalting using Hypercarb cartridges (25 mg HyperSep Hypercarb; Thermo- Hypersil-Keystone, UK). EPO preparations were neutralized by addition of 1 N NaOH and were frozen in liquid N2 and were stored at-20°C until further use.

Example 20.4 Periodate oxidation of sialylated EPO forms To 10 mg of untreated or mild acid treated EPO dissolved in 3.5 ml of 20 mM Na- phosphate buffer pH 7.0 was added 1.5 ml of 0.1 M Na-acetate buffer pH 5.5 and

the mixture was cooled to 0°C in an ice-bath; 500, ul of 10 mM Na-periodate was added and the reaction mixture was kept in the dark for 60 min at 0°C. Then 10 ul of glycerol was added and incubation was continued for further 10 min in the dark. The partially oxidized EPO forms were separated from reagents by desalting using VIVASPIN concentrators (10, 000 MWCO, PES Vivascience AG, Han- nover, Germany) according to manufacturer's recommendation at 3000 rpm in a laboratory centrifuge equipped with a fixed angle rotor. After freezing in liquid nitrogen the EPO preparations were stored in a final volume of 4 ml at-20°C.

100 ug aliquots of the partially oxidized EPO preparation were subjected to N- glycosidase treatment and oligosaccharides were isolated using Hypercarb car- tridges as described. Oligosaccharides were desialylated by mild acid treatment and were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD and their retention times were compared to those of authentic standard oligosaccharides as described (Nimtz et al., 1990 and 1993).

Example 20.5 Reduction of EPO disulfides with dithioerythreitol 5 mg of EPO-GT-1 was incubated in 5 ml of 0.1 M Tris/HCl buffer pH 8.1 in the presence of 30 mM dithioerythreitol (DTT) at 37°C for 60 minutes; removal of DTT was achieved by using a Vivaspin concentrator at 4 °C, 4 cycles of buffer exchange. The final reduced EPO preparation was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at-20°C in 50 mM Na-acetate buffer pH 5.5.

Example 20.6 EPO protein determination Quantitative determination of EPO protein was performed by measuring UV ab- sorption at 280 nm according to the Eur. Phar. (European Pharmacopeia 4, Mono- graphy 01/2002 : 1316: erythropoietin concentrated solution) in a cuvette with 1 cm path length. In addition, EPO was quantitated by applying a RP-HPLC method using a RP-C4 column (Vydac Protein C4, Cat. # 214TP5410, Grace Vydac, Ca,

US); the HPLC method was calibrated using the erythropoietin BRP 1 reference standard (European Pharmacopeia, Conseil de l'Europe B. P. 907-F67029, Stras- bourg Cedex 1).

Example 20.7 Oxidation of desialylated EPO with galactose oxidase 4. 485 mg of completely desialylated EPO was incubated in 20 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 6.8 in the presence of 16 pl catalase (6214 units/200 ml) and 80, ul of galactose oxidase (2250 units/ml from Dactylium dendroides (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany); incubation at 37°C was over night ; 2 times 20, ut of galac- tose oxidase was added after 4 hours and after 8 hours after starting of the incuba- tion.

Example 20.8 Preparation of EPO samples for bioassays Purification of EPO from incubations of periodate--or galactose-oxidase- oxidized EPO protein preparations with activated HES Purification of EPO samples (removal of unreacted HES derivatives) was carried out at room temperature. The EPO incubation mixtures (approximately 5 mg of EPO protein) were diluted 1: 10 with buffer A (20 mM N-morpholine propane sulfonic acid [MOPS/NaOH] in H20 bidest, pH 8.0) and were applied to a column containing 3 ml Q-Sepharose HP (Pharmacia Code no. 17-1014-03, Lot no.

220211) equilibrated with 10 column volumes (CV) of buffer A by using a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The column was washed with 6-8 CV of buffer A (flow rate = 0.8 ml/min) and elution was performed by using buffer B (20 mM morpholine ethane sulfonic acid [MES/NaOH], 0.5 M NaCI in H20 bidest, pH 6.5) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. EPO was detected by UV absorption at 280 nm and eluted in about 6 ml. The column was regenerated by using 3 CV of buffer C (20 mM MES, 1.5 M NaCI in H20 adjusted to pH 6.5) and was re-equilibrated by using 10 CV of buffer A (flow rate = 0.7 ml/min).

Buffer exchange of EPO eluates obtained from the Q-Sepharose step was per- formed using Vivaspin concentrators and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with each 3 centrifugation cycles per sample ; samples were adjusted to 2 ml with PBS and were stored at-20°C.

Only <25% of the partially desialylated and subsequently mild periodate oxidized EPO forms that were subjected to HES-modification were obtained from the Q- Sepharose eluate since under the conditions employed the basic EPO forms did not bind Q-Sepharose and were found in the flow-through together with nonre- acted HES derivatives.

Example 20.9 High-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed am- perometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) Purified native and desialylated oligosaccharides were analyzed by high-pH an- ion-exchange (HPAE) chromatography using a Dionex BioLC system (Dionex, USA) equipped with a CarboPac PA1 column (0.4 x 25 cm) in combination with a pulsed amperometric detector (PAD) (Schroter et al. , 1999; Nimtz et al. , 1999).

Detector potentials (E) and pulse durations (T) were: E1 : +50 mV, T1 : 480 ms; E2: +500 mV, T2: 120 ms; E3:-500 mV, T3: 60 ms, and the output range was 500-1500 nA. The oligosaccharides were then injected onto the CarboPac PAl column which was equilibrated with 100% solvent A. For desialylated oligosac- charides elution (flow rate: 1 ml min-t) was performed by applying a linear gradi- ent (0-20%) of solvent B over a period of 40 min followed by a linear increase from 20-100% solvent B over 5 min. Solvent A was 0.2 M NaOH in bidistilled H20, solvent B consisted of 0.6 M NaOAc in solvent A. For native oligosaccha- rides the column was equilibrated with 100% solvent C (0.1 M NaOH in bidis- tilled H20) and elution (flow rate: 1 mi-min-1) was performed by applying a linear gradient (0-35%) of solvent D over a period of 48 min followed by a linear in-

crease from 35-100% solvent D over 10 min. Solvent D consisted of 0.6 M NaAc in solvent C.

Example 20.10 Monosaccharide compositional analysis of N-glycans, HES- modified N-glycans and EPO protein by GC-MS Monosaccharides were analyzed as the corresponding methyl glycosides after methanolysis, N-reacetylation and trimethylsilylation by GC/MS [Chaplin, M. F.

(1982) A rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of carbohydrate. Anal. Bio- chem. 123, 336-341]. The analyses were performed on a Finnigan GCQ ion trap mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT corp. , San Jose, CA) running in the positive ion EI mode equipped with a 30 m DB5 capillary column. Temperature program: 2 min isotherm at 80°C, then 10 degrees min~l to 300°C.

Monosaccharides were identified by their retention time and characteristic frag- mentation pattern. The uncorrected results of electronic peak integration were used for quantification. Monosaccharides yielding more than one peak due to anomericity and/or the presence of furanoid and pyranoid forms were quantified by adding all major peaks. 0. 5, ug of myo-inositol was used as an internal standard compound.

Example 20.11 Results Example 20.11 (a) Characterization of N-glycans of mild acid treated (par- tially desialylated) EPO-GT-1 EPO-GT-1 preparations subjected to mild acid treatment for 5,10 or 60 min. were analyzed by SDS-PAGE before and after liberation of N-linked oligosaccharides by incubation with N-glycosidase as shown in Figure 9. N-linked oligosaccharides were subjected to HPAEC-PAD oligosaccharide mapping (Figure 10). The un- treated EPO-GT-1 contained >90% of N-linked oligosaccharides with 3 or 4 sialic

acid residues whereas after 5 min. of incubation in the presence of mild acid <40% of carbohydrate chains had 3 or 4 sialic acid residues. HPAEC-PAD of the desialylated N-glycans revealed that the ratio of neutral oligosaccharides that were detected for the untreated EPO-GT-1 and remained stable in the preparations sub- jected to acid treatment for 5,10 or 60 min. MALDI/TOF-MS of the desialylated glycans revealed that <90% of the proximal fucose was present after mild acid treatment of the protein.

Example 20.11 (b) Characterization of periodate treated EPO-GT-1 SDS-PAGE mobility of mild periodate treated EPO forms that were previously subjected to a 5 and 10 minute treatment with acid or were not treated are com- pared in Figure 12. The conditions used for periodate oxidation of sialic acids did not change the SDS-PAGE pattern of EPO preparations (compare Fig. 9). Oxida- tion of sialic acids resulted in a shift of oligosaccharides in HPAEC-PAD analysis to earlier elution times (compare Figure 10 and 13).

Example 20.11 (c) Characterization of HES-modified EPO derivatives (aa) Time course of HES modification of EPO-GT-1-A with hydroxylamine- modified HES derivative X, produced according to Example 14.4 400, ug of hydroxylamine-modified HES derivative X was added to 20, mg of EPO-GT-1-A (mild periodate oxidized EPO, not acid hydrolyzed prior to mild periodate oxidation) in 20, uL of 0.5 M NaOAc buffer pH 5. 5 and the reaction was stopped after 30 min, 2,4, and 17 hours, respectively, by freezing samples in liq- uid nitrogen. Subsequently samples were stored at-20°C until further analysis.

SDS-PAGE sample buffer was added and the samples were heated to 90°C and applied onto SDS-gels. As shown in Figure 14, increasing incubation times re- sulted in an increased shift towards higher molecular weight of the protein. After

17 hours of incubation in the presence of the hydroxylamine-modified HES de- rivative X a diffuse Coomassie stained protein band was detected migrating in an area between 60 and 11 KDa, based on the position of molecular weight standards (see left part of Fig. 14). Upon treatment with N-glycosidase most of the protein was shifted towards the position of de-N-glycosylated EPO (see Fig. 14, right gel; arrow A indicates migration position of N-glycosidase, arrow B indicates migra- tion position of de-N-glycosylated EPO; the diffuse protein band visible in the region between the 28 KDa and 36 KDa molecular weight standards presumably represents EPO-forms which are modified by HES and the O-glycosylation site of the molecule. In view of the specificity of N-glycosidase we conclude from this result that in fact HES-modification occurs at the periodate oxidized sialic acid residues of glycans of the EPO protein.

(bb) Characterization of HES-EPO conjugates HES-EPO conjugates I (originating from EPO-GT-1 after mild periodate oxida- tion, i. e. from EPO-GT-1-A), II (resulting from EPO-GT-1 subjected to 5 min acid hydrolysis and mild periodate oxidation), III (resulting from EPO-GT-1 sub- jected to 10 min acid hydrolysis and mild periodate oxidation) were synthesized as described before. A control incubation (K) was included containing unmodified EPO-GT-1 under the same buffer conditions to which an equivalent amount of unmodified HES was added. The incubation mixtures were subjected to further purification for subsequent biochemical analysis of the HES-EPO derivatives.

Incubations HES-EPO conjugates I, II and III as well as the control incubation K were subjected to a Q-Sepharose purification step as described under"Material and Methods" (Example 20.8) in order to remove the excess of nonreacted HES- reagent which was expected in flow through of the ion-exchange column. Due to the high amounts of basic EPO forms contained in previously acid treated samples II and III we expected considerable amounts of modified EPO product from these incubations in the flow through. As is shown in Figure 15, almost all of the EPO

material from samples I was retained by Q-Sepharose column whereas only ap- proximately 20-30% of the samples III and II was recovered in the fraction eluting with high salt concentration. All of the protein material from the incuba- tions with HES derivative X, both in the flow-through and the fractions eluting with high salt, had apparent higher molecular weight in SDS-PAGE when com- pared to the control EPO.

In order to characterize in more detail the HES-modified EPO sample A and K (see Figure 13) were compared to periodate oxidized form EPO-GT-1-A. The samples were subjected to N-glycosidase treatment and as is depicted in Figures 16a and 16b the release of N-glycans resulted in the two low molecular weight bands at the position of the O-glycosylated and nonglycosylated EPO forms of the standard EPO preparation. In the case of sample A a further band migrating at the position of the 28 KDa mw standard was detected suggesting HES-modification at the 0-glycan of this EPO variant (cf. Example 20.11 (c) (aa) ). This band (and also the heavily HES-modified high mw form of N-glycosylated EPO, see Figs. 16a and 16b) disappeared after subjecting the samples to mild hydrolysis which is in agreement with the view that HES modification was achieved at the periodate oxidised sialic acid residues of erythropoietin.

Aliquots of the N-glycosidase incubation mixtures were hydrolyzed using condi- tions enabling the complete removal of sialic acids residues (and also the sialic acid linked HES derivative) from oligosaccharides; after neutralization, the mix- tures were then absorbed onto small Hypercarb columns for their desalting. The columns were washed rigorously with water followed by elution of bound neutral oligosaccharides with 40% acetonitrile in H20 containing 0.1% of trifuloacetic acid. The resulting oligosaccharides were subjected to MALDI/TOF-MS. The spectra of the desialylated oligosaccharide fractions from sample A, EPO-GT-1-A and sample K showed identical masses for complex type oligosaccharides at m/z = 1810 Da (diantennary), 2175 = triantennary, 2540 = tetraantennary, 2906 = tetraantennary plus 1 N-acetyllactosamine repeat and 3271 = tetraantennary plus 2

N-acetyllactosamine repeats; small signals corresponding to lack of fucose (-146) and galactose (minus 162) were detected which are attributable to the acid hy- drolysis conditions applied for sialic acid removal (see MALDI-Figures 19, 20 and 21).

In a parallel experiment the N-glycosidase digestion mixture was absorbed onto 1 ml RP-C18 cartridge (without prior acid hydrolysis of oligosaccharides) and elu- tion was performed with 5% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% TFA; under these conditions the EPO protein was completely retained onto the RP-material and oligosaccharides were washed off from the column with 5% acetonitrile in H20 containing 0.1% TFA. The de-N-glycosylated EPO protein was eluted with 70% acetonitrile in H20 containing 0. 1% TFA. The oligosaccharide fractions from the RP-C 18 step of N-glycosidase-treated sample A, EPO GT-1-A and sam- ple K were neutralized and subjected to desalting using Hypercarb cartridges as described before. The isolated oligosaccharides were subjected to HPAEC-PAD mapping before (see Figures 17) and after mild acid treatment under conditions which enabled quantitative removal of sialic acids from glycans (see Figures 18).

The HPAEC-PAD profile for the native material obtained from the HES-modified sample A showed only neglectable signals for oligosaccharides whereas EPO GT- 1-A-derived oligosaccharides exhibited the same glycan profile as the one shown in Fig. 13 (sample named EPO-GT-1 after mild periodate treatment). The elution profile of oligosaccharides obtained from the control EPO sample (K) yielded the expected pattern (compare profile in Figure 10). For comparison, the native oligo- saccharide profile of the international BRP-EPO standard is included for compari- son and as reference standard.

After mild acid hydrolysis, all oligosaccharide preparations showed an identical elution profile of neutral oligosaccharide structures (see Figures 18) with the ex- pected qualitative and quantitative compositon of di-, tri-and tetraantennary com- plex-type carbohydrate chains as described in the methods section for the EPO

preparation which was used as a starting material in the present study. This result demonstrates that the HES-modification of the EPO sample results in a covalent linkage of the HES derivative which is detached from the EPO-protein by N- glycosidase and is acid-labile since it is removed from the N-glycans using mild acid treatment conditions known to desialylate carbohydrates (see Figures 16a+b).

(cc) Monosaccharide compositional analysis of HES-EPO and HES-EPO N- glyeans by GC-MS In order to further confirm HES-modification of EPO at the N-glycans of the molecule, EPO samples were digested with N-glycosidase and the EPO protein was adsorbed onto RP-C18 cartridges whereas oligosaccharide material was washed off as described above. As shown in Table 3, glucose and hydroxyethy- lated glucose derivatives were detected only in the EPO protein which was sub- jected to HES-modification at cysteine residues and in oligosaccharide fractions of EPO sample A2.

Example 20. 11 (d) In-vivo assay of the biological activity of HES-modified EPO The EPO-bioassay in the normocythaemic mouse system indicates was performed according to the procedures described in the European Pharmacopeia; the labora- tory that carried out the EPO assay was using the International BRP EPO refer- ence standard preparation. For the HES-modified EPO A2 preparation a mean value for the specific activity of 294,600 units per mg EPO of protein was de- termined indicating an approximately 3-fold higher specific activity when com- pared to the International BRP EPO reference standard preparation that was in- cluded in the samples sent for activity assays.

The results of the study are summarized in Table 4.

References for examples 13 to 20: Nimtz M, Noll G, Paques EP, Conradt HS.

Carbohydrate structures of a human tissue plasminogen activator expressed in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells.

FEBS Lett. 1990 Oct. 1; 271 (1-2): 14-8 Dorner AJ, Wasley LC, Kaufman RJ.

Increased synthesis of secreted proteins induces expression of glucose-regulated proteins in butyrate-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells.

J Biol Chem. 1989 Dec 5; 264 (34): 20602-7 Mueller PP, Schlenke P, Nimtz M, Conradt HS, Hauser H Recombinant glycoprotein quality in proliferation-controlled BHK-21 cells.

Biotechnol Bioeng. 1999 Dec 5; 65 (5): 529-36 Nimtz M, Martin W, Wray V, Kloppel KD, Augustin J, Conradt HS.

Structures of sialylated oligosaccharides of human erythropoietin expressed in recobminant BHK-21 cells.

Eur J Biochem. 1993 Apr. 1; 213 (1) : 39-56 Hermentin P, Witzel R, Vliegenthart JF, Kamerling JP, Nimtz M, Conradt HS.

A strategy for the mapping of N-glycans by high-ph anion-exchange chromatog- raphy with pulsed arnperometric detection.

Anal Biochem. 1992 Jun; 203 (2): 281-9 Schroter S, Derr P, Conradt HS, Nimtz M, Hale G, Kirchhoff C.

Male specific modification of human CD52.

J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct. 15; 274 (42): 29862-73 Table 1 Linker-type Functional group 1: Re-Functional group 2: Re- action with polypeptide, action with HES especially EPO A Hydrazide (aldehyde-Maleimido (SH-reactive reactive) B Hydrazide (aldeyde-Pydridydithio (SH- reactive) reactive) C Iodoalkyl (SH-reactive) N-succinimide ester (amine-reactive) D Bromoalkyl (SH-reactive) N-succinimide ester (amine-reactive) E Maleimido (SH-reactive) N-succinimide ester (amine-reactive) F Pydridyldithio (SH-N-succinimide ester reactive) (amine-reactive) G Vinylsulfone (SH-N-succinimide ester reactive) (amine-reactive) Table 2 Abreviation Chemical Name Type AMAS N- (a-Maleimidoacetoxy) succinimide ester E o 0 0 a 0 B 0 BMPH N- (P-Ma ! emudopropiomcacid) hydrazide'TFA A o - NF, a 0 BMPS N- (P-Maleimidopropyloxy) succinimide ester E 0 a N 0 0 EMCH N- (e-Maleirnidocaproic acid) hydrazide A H lilts \-\ 0 0 0 EMCS N- (e-Maleimidocaproyloxy) succinimide ester E o o dm ß non 0 0 0 GMBS N-y-Maleimidobutyryloxy-succinimide ester E 0 0 0 0 0 Abreviation Chemical Name Type KMUH N- (K-Maleimidoundecanoic acid) hydrazide A PO H N VM MHz 0 D LC-SMCC Succinimidyl4-(N-maleimidomethyl) E ? o Ni <r a Y'<\ cyclohexane-l-carboxy- (6-amido-caproate) N" 0 D ° LC-SPDP Succinimidyl 6- (3'- [2-pyridyl-dithio] propionamido) F D o hexanoate 0 D MBS m-Maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester E o 0 "° o D M2C2H 4- (N-Maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-l-carboxyl- A o 0 . ti2 . Hd= |hydrazideHCI1/2 « ioxame n'-in u MPBH 4-(4-N-Maleimidophenyl)-butyric acid hydazide HCl A o a Ct'HN N/0 H Abreviation Chemical Name Type SATA N-Succinimidyl S-acetylthio-acetate H o- 0 vs 0 0 0 0 SATP N-Succinimidyl S-acetylthio-propionate H 0 0fui Il. os 0 0 SBAP Succinimidyl 3- (bromoacetamido) propionate D o 0of ) , ar o SIA N-Succinimidyl iodoacetate C o y-' 0 0 0 SLAB N-Succinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl) aminobenzoate C Ho "<)-<3 0 0 SMCC Succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) E o o cyclohexane-l-carboxylate 0 o o - Abreviation Chemical Name Type SMPB Succinimidyl4- (p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate E 0 o b nez 0 0 0 SMPH Succinimidyl-6- (O-maleimidopropionamido) E o 0 0 hexanoate d es 0-- 0 0 SMPT 4-Succinimidyloxy-carbonyl-methyl-a-(2-F pyridyldithio) toluene"_ o" _ SPDP N-Succinimidyl3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate F S, '-- 0 0 0 Sulfo-EMCS N- (s-Maleimidocaproyloxy) sulfosuccinimide ester E o o d O < 0 Na' _ p 0-"a' 0 0 Sulfo-GMBS N-y-Maleimidobutryloxy-sulfosuccinimide ester E o "a. 0' 0 , 0 0 orS \/ II" 0 0 Abreviation Chemical Name Type Sulfo-KMUS N- (K-Maleimidoundecanoyloxy)-sulfosuccinimide E ester IL _. _ ester Sulfo-LC-SPDP Sulfosuccinimidyl 6- (3'- [2-pyridyl- F ° a dithio] propionamido) hexanoate 0 0 s'r o Sulfo-MBS m-Maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide E o o ester non ester"_ ° ° U 0 0 0 / Sulfo-SIAB Sulfosuccinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl) aminobenzoate C oay'° UN . _. _ 0 0 Sulfo-SMCC Sulfosuccinimidyl4- (N-maleimidomethyl) E Na- °-8 cyclohexane-l-carboxylate 0 Sulfo-SMPB Sulfosuccinimidyl4- (p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate E N. a, o 0 \ N 0 o° ° llll ° o Abreviation Chemical Name Type Sulfo-LC-SMPT Suflosuccinimidyl 6- (a-methyl-a- [2-pyridyldithio]-F o x toluamido) hexanoate SVSB N-Succinimidyl- (4-vinylsulfonyl) benzoateG iso ago o 0 Table 3 Monosaccharide compositional analysis of glyeans from HES-modified EPO and control samples lll. 111. IV. V. Vl. **M Glycans Glycans Glycans Glycans Glycans Glycans Cystein saccharide from from from from from EPO-from modified A2 EPO-GT-K2 A2 GT-IA K2 EPOpro- 1A tein* fucose 1, 935 3,924 2,602 2,246 4,461 2,601 2,181 mannose 6,028 11,020 9,198 6,379 11,668 6,117 6,260 galactose 8,886 19,935 14,427 10,570 16,911 11,555 10,386 glucose 17, 968------21, 193 trace trace 33,021 GIcNAc 7,839 21,310 14,440 11,360 15,953 10,503 10,498 GlcHel 5, 583 --- --- 5,926 --- --- 14, 857 GlcHe2 1, 380 --- -- 1,552 --- --- 3,775 NeuNAc 5,461 822 4,504 3,895 4,871 13,562 13,003 inositol 1,230 2, 310 1,620 2,050 1, 320 1, 134 1,087 * the equivalent of Cys-HES-modified EPO protein was subjected to compositional analysis ; the EPO protein was isolated from the HES-incubation mixture by chromatography on a Q-Sepharose column as described above and was desalted by centrifugation using a Vivaspin 5 separation device.

** Monosaccharide determinations were performed from single GC runs of the pertrimethylsilylated methylglycosides ; the electronical integration values of peaks are given without correction for losses during the derivatisation procedure and recoveries of each compound.

Table 4 Calculated specific activity of EPO sample Sample No. Sample description (based on A280 nm and RP-HPLC determination) 850247 1. HES-modified EPO A2 344,000 U/mg 850248 2. EPO-GT-1-A 82,268 U/mg 850249 3. Control EPO K2 121,410 U/mg 850250 4. BRP EPO standard 86,702 U/mg 850251 1. diluted with 4 volume of PBS 309, 129 U/mg 850252 2. diluted with 4 volume of PBS 94,500 U/mg 850253 3. diluted with 4 volume of PBS 114,100 U/mg 850254 4. diluted with 4 volume of PBS 81,200 U/mg 850255 1. diluted with 4 volume of PBS 230,720 U/mg