1¾8 presest generally relates to emov of ci gsd fmr&l s item aqueojas sokfiGS; More spdficaify _s . fhe tese& te ioa dlselases ^' m. seprates as*l methods to PSM S charged partkies fedsaa salt water issiag elctochmical steact&sas,.

For fise past forty yearn, reverse smosis ( >) feas heeri the mmkM leader for desaisaiioa a¾d tfcegce s hem very little hmmf OB. is tMs pseess. The iRSovatiori ilia! las occurred has bees foeasect oa energy x >v&$, >i os eaergy xvdxst&km _* Me& has OBl allowed for mw& iatpim'emesis and has Mi a practical imt of 2 _* 0 k hm ³ . Most large plants have Mg¾ opmtkg ssesses sad typically S percent of the oerating expenses are attributed to&e energy dedicated to Ch desikiatloB eqai aea Additiojially _s most of the other desaiffiadoo tecimofogtes hav a limited rsage for total dissoled solids (IDS) over wMsii the &m operate,, wMcli iseareases tlie eonvplesdty of pocess deslgas. Fwdiermore, most of the eiatochernleal processes yse w t materials _? which makes lt»ecessary to &w gas collectors at the a«odc and cathode to collect the emited ases,

Tla¾ there Is a !ong-sasdimg seed m the art tor a aratu asd method to emove ehatged

t prtcles irons giieous SOM , for ^* m&ms®% .salt water, mm$ e etroe^emici reactions, w eh is energy efficient e£ioacaKlc i _s ¾JIows removal of IDS over a hroa range md Iras adnhnsl off gassui . The present im¾ailoi¾ satisfies this loag- aadlng ned ia fe art

Is a ered miho mm the jpres¾8t ^' i t . m directed to am epf &m _* cc t a plate, a easing or a combiaa!on of a plate and e&srag comprising at least two outlets; a plate, a easing ora combinatio , of & la md easin comprising at least one fnfet m&mJMd,. toe at least ne inlet mmioM carries the aqueous solution Mo .the apparatus; wherei the plate _* casaag or the combination ¾f &pii¾e ad c¾lng defines miem&l space between the inlets and oulets; at least one electrode set displaced -M fee iuts al space and in commt ion with m aqueou sak&ea to be desalinated., the elee ode set comprising: caifeode, therein the esihode is made of inatenal iaat revrsib!y reacts with «d«kfe mid is .insolul in mter; d an aade, whereiia the ®d& is made of material hat reversiMy resets with chloride md i$ hmuuhle in waer ion ®mh g$ t system cmpriin at least one catloaio exohaBge membrane- or anionic e Chai¾e .mem¾mae or both lced belween the at least on electrode set and . conmmm t m with the aqueoos $olir&¾¾ and a eoraectr eec ca!ly cona«oimg the cathode and ttes anode to m ek« c¾i power supply to form m eleetricaloirottt

In aBO&e related embodksedt, the apparatus ixtther comprises a vatvlsg fem fe,at eoiu ssi a 4-way, 2 ohioa valve or more one -w¾y _s 2«posifioB valves, la yst ao&er related ribpdteept _s th apparatus fiirther comprises at least t o outlet maBifo s, the. outlet i¾am% s located !n&idedfee apparatus and connected to ch of ^" th outlts hidividnally. In farther yet aaotlior related esafcodkaeat, i¾e dm ton of flow of charged, particles in the apparsttjs Is -reversed b ebaa lsg tkepolarity on the electrical circuit In still yet another related embodiment, at feast one of lie two oades is m -outlet for ai seas brls- solitoa and ai least mm of die two mitiets is e¾fist for e^is&fcs ater, la aaoSier j-slsted emb«diaei at least ose ialet Is aa Wet ir s¾I mied •¾q¾eoas so!atfea, i . still ye mot&ets¾l.ai£d eiaocllmmt, tbe oa&oites made of sites asd coated ¾¾¾ cMoride h. fer&er yet another loiated enifcdaae _¥ fee ea&sde is eoated ¾ let d%ptrig ₅ co S dpping,, leotr0"¾le|5ositl a, iamier&ioa, o a emioiaatiea thereof. I». sill :½thsr yet rbite ^i&&I e >odlmeai _s the mode Is made of silver. & ye aaetfeer related gmfeodimo j aaan:eri collector is attached to ike eaiiode, fee aaode r boh by electrical eismec oa, Ϊ& yit a te eelaied emt>odiaie¾t, tie ca eat eollectarfe -made of tHaaftst, graphite, or a eom¾& ia ih mi _? iae carsat coSeetorte'iaga Iaaar, fell, wm ootli s¾.ictaro _s a a eoaiMmtia tteeofl

10 l aaother related em&odimeai, toe km esasfesage raeaahraae system comprises a etiomo exchaage memka&e. la auoiher rekied emljodiffieat,. the io exehaage m & am system osraprlses a «ado>re exchne laeaihraae akaed aear the cahode, aaotlrer eatlo c exchange miarass placed jiear the aaode aad oae araoaie exeaae membane placed la Between fee cationie exchange

1 § thaa one c eais xelmoge Mmbraae aad more isaa one smotC exe&arige ¾»ea r ¾ bersm one of the aal o j£c¾aae aierabrsse is pl aced.1B tween two of the $ ®χ$β--%χ @® tem&x $B. _f yet aao&er related em Khmsat, the ioa exoaaage mosttie eom dses a polyme stnxetore that oompnsiag polyiettaixioyoeliyleae, o!ysifcsr ether ketone, or gel palystyreae eressliaked wife d aylBeaaeae or aaalogs m derivaives ¹ thereo, or a eaafeiaados Sioi-eoC fa sdl yet a&other related ίδ emi3odi i«at _s tae oaiiome xebago iaembraae eoaip ses a polymer meaferase ptetreaied hi sodtaai cfelor!de, wbecela . fee aieafeane cmprises swlfoiae aeM 1¼£¾€«Β groap, erboxf lis aed, f osporde acid, aionesall e aster _* raoao- aad sipIwp te ester ups,: hydimylfc graas of ¾&B£>¾, tMol, p erflaoro teitiarj' alcohol rousj or otter l¾ k¾Ba! ga^a |¾"bt#la a imed Bsga e ebarge θτ derivatives o aaalogs th ef m a eomlilaatloa. tei¾of> la yet ¾ao¾er related embodimen, tbe a onie ¾¾s¾aage me kaas comprises a poly mer em rane pretreated 10 sodium e ot¾ wherein tke Hlem¾r e com rises oriraary _:5 se£O fy orertiij aasia© groups, quaternary oam r&aM imcttorsal gwf, ertiary salibsiusi βχψ quaternry pksp¾0&f¾m gfoap% co¼lto¾eai a -groaps o oilir ¾iciOiml roups promdfeg a fixed »s¾?¾ e½rgs or detwsii s or aPalo iiroefj or a com maioa thereo la istasr yet another related ¾»feo ira&i¾ space Mm¾e& eaefe of the io» selective mmfe es is fesxa about &005 ^{5? '} to ^' afeoat 0i¾Si? ⁵ froat aboat ¾ Ml to &¾out&$O0 ^* \ la st!!l yet smother related emtedaaa, &e apparatus ¾·Ι∞ ^: ¾».«Ο^Ϊ¾Κ^ _. ¾8Ϊ^ ot.a batch mock. la aso&r refespd, embodiment, he osen k-ation is directed to aa ¾> ?a¾is _s eompsafsg:: a plate ₅ easing or a eomhit &?P of a plate and casing comp sfcg; al least ¾© sdp to d¾!i w an aqaeoas soiusaa to be de$a1!aated a least ea& !et to deliver ¾a,as.oIyte ssiittos; at least o e Me to deliver a solatl re . at least oae oatlet to deliver li¾ a¾uaaas sahaioa a&er dci ion; at least oae outlet to deliver the: a&olye. soi isoa o¾t of tfeea &s &s; at least. on® os&t to de&er tire eafeolyte soiuloa out of the partus; wheeha t¾e iate _¾ casiag or a eomMRati u of lts md easlag delates m mteraat spac m between the inlets aadouttals; at lest ose electrode set mat^l ttat revetsi ly reacts ¾¾& eS tidej &a$.- x>d whe in the aaode s aiade csi materia! tbat fe^'sst y resets cMoride aa lop e¾h&nge tm ¾raa s tm eo¾tfs¾kg ai least o¾e eati ie exehange n¾eat|sraae and at least oae aaioaic e&elarsge membrane placed ia between the at least n electrode set aad ia «oj¾ai¾ o noa wltfe th aqaeoas solutioa; aad a e^imeetor elsetrieaily; coaaeetiag the eat¾&de ail lite amde to aa eieobioa! jxroet stipp!y to _: ibrra electdeat drsai la ®io§» related »a¾bedtm©M _s the apparatus i¾t¾er comprises; a porap t deliver tbe -aslye sb ^' Iuio aad&pump to dei er tbe catholye selutloa; era p¾ to delwe bodr the a¾o!yl aoiatlo mcl the ea&o!yte sofctloa _* In yet aBother xdatesl emtodimsa^ f atiolyts solBttai md fee eafeo!yte sotakm ar reoiret&Uc or collected m a single reservoir, M siHl yet s& related «m¾¾Sisam¾ the Miolyte sefeftlois arid tl¾ caholye solution Is delivered to the by an inlet t¾a is sptate from t e et tfeat delives fee aqiie im lvtik . to be desa&aiei ¼ Itiffeor yet «άΐΐκτ selaied mk^m eak>de is rsade of silver aad coated wfta. cfckmds. & stht ilatte yet attofeer τ χή enfe¾dnse¾ fee < fe©de Is eoatecl fey kot dfg Bg, eold dlp kg _} «IecfiO- epositioa _} iami¾isiqa _} , o oofflfefesiiiM $m aaolker re¼ted e bodim«ai the a¾o e Is made of di er. Is yet anofeer reiat emkidkiea a oiMSit collector is attached ^■ !ø the sathode _* the aode or bo¾ by eieetrie^l eoaaoifOs. still yet moths* related afe lmftt. the oasseai- isoUecte is omd of titaai&ai, gra hite, or & c mfel ¾atio« ttee ¾ said aart ceilsetoi Imiiig a $\ ®t _¥ M%- w m elafe st iof or a e m¾iaati & &e? of, |» yet another related* emb iiteea.% fee km exdisage mnfer ystem: e¾i¾ises; a e»ifcme exe¾s&ge memtes placed sear the ett¾0¾, nother cat!ome e&efe¾j[g¾ nie&it&ase piaoednear the anode aad oae a baio O haage memferaae plced k¾ 8¾s tie e&I aie exe¾asge msmbimnes. la Mil nother elated sai!s d e j, he . io& exehaage mom¾r 5S s stem c«mj¾fses ffi¾¾ t aa ne e tkMie e ^ ¾ mmi¾ ¾3 ami x&ore i¾ on ani nc o&o¾ g«s mexMlmne* kerehi oBeof fee. aniojiie e¾c¾aage r&embr&aes Is laeed la. ^' feetweea.iws of i¾e e&t oie: exeba ge mmbmies-

1& ye a&other related emfeofe¾e¾t _s fee k exchange membrane enta ts s a.fo!yt¾er steiekir feat comprisin B¾iieiraS¾ roetbyl«a5e ₅ ip l etfea- ether ket ne, or gel lysiyKss e ssMr ed with d ¼ fe o OBe or asmiegs or derivtives thereof, or a e«j¾feiBat¾¾ ftereof. la a& te ted em iidiHsmi, fee e¾i©nie exqfeange mefebrsme mn ises a olymer membrane peisssated & sidiiaa o oride, whexoia the ai«akaa« compises sulforac acid feetlosal gamp,

grooms :0f paea l^ ^; I D! _? pefiaoo &tfi¾ alcoh l ; m$p, or other fi csiSB l fO¾>s that po ide & iked sei ake ;· charge* or derivatives analogs teeof, mmhimi ti thereof. 'y&:m8& relaisi em¾od¼¾ , &e anl Bk exateage- mem&raae com riss & polymer mca*braa aa-eated Irt sodaaa ehkai¾ whareia the comprises primary, seoQa¼¾ or ternary amk grs ,

mb&tec k groa or atfeer foaeta l gr ca s that psovM a fbxed p sitwe o¾arge ©r delmtives or wlogttaereo _* or a eomfemstkm there , IB still yet asotier related embAxie , space bsiw«ea eaah i ibxm® of the -me b system is ik¾& about 0*005" to abo t 0.050*' or from about ®M¥* to a¾0«t SS©' ^* ;, la fiirther. yet another miat d smbodimsat _* fha aaolye- sokaioa com oses m a uao¾s salt sola&a c<sBi¾«sg _: c orMa fern provided by a dissolved sal, %¾erem tfe ¾ss¾¾Is¾d sa¾. Is s dium clorlde or oassium c orkla In yet atiQifaar related emoodimaat, the ¾ataoiyte tt&i com ose m. aoaeo s sal soI tlo etmialaiag o cd¾ i@ p 'k i b a.4Issol¥ salt, ■ herel : t¾e dssoh^ salt is S0d¾a¾ cMolile or polas&ioai s¾iorife.

f¾ro& 1 stews a detailed schematic rofe atati n of h w the IOBS act asside of ¾e afpaafe^ descii¾¾l&««e>

a siag!e cailetHc membaate dsposeti feaiweea a pair of aleeixoites. i%ar« 3 sBows a simpllSed schemarie i¾rp¾aatlaa of haw saay aiore as ofmeaa aes ca be- added bs^tea the aieetodes xi aicre&sa the aamhet of km transfers OBt ataay more fluid chmbers ¾ a s ^' mge electrode air.

Figure 4 shows the fluid flaw direadoas far a system the appitijs wke the ^• agtatu is setia d¾e oeaiaaas flow eaatigariuion- igao $ shows .the iMd So direetieais for fha system I» me apparatus ¾¾ea fee a el is set ia & feateli oMxSg &ion,

Figu e $ sliows that «¾ app¾ratas tsm be placed in parsllel to dram cally &..t%® ater ig«r« ? shows tfe¾t tlit apparatus » ¾© placed series to redace t¾e IDS kv¾ls in seveal stages, Ί ¾Τ« 8 iicsws Ifeat t¾e appat¾ius eaa be- iateraally eom¾gar«¾i ki& sej iliss . attern w ch psai iaei«ase the TBS maoY&l rate per stage wtnie dcf e&smg tte «« a¾i.iy ,

k mh Figwe £A siio s a. topic l voltage pr ille fo system is the appasatas m er a eoiiil t c¾¾¾Bi s picatfcn, J¾ re ¾.½ws t¾e alve -po^om _. -wSd few pstfes for dlaate md coBe^pttafe at state 11 tea ga e 9A,

I ¾jr« 10 shows eoaSgaratioa for fee system ¹ ia the ps -aliis hat isolates a s¾&0iye ais a¾. aaolyte §om the■ roeess: ffitids. An alternate ^ &gm^ for me s te i oi¾ be wtiete these two ' ^s^ is^¾¾fe,¾. «;^3^e niaaifold,.

Ίϊιο pr^eM invention pr vides aa. integrated system tbat effectively m charged paittcfes from as so!aiioa ¾a.efei «aeroiea r«actIoas> o spee e^Ily, the presest kysatio discl ses a systoa¾ aa app ratus aad methods to remove charged particles fxo salt water via ele»troeheaa:eal teaetioas. i . a p¾ferrsd sb≠bs & a& she¾¾ la Pigsire 1- ib» apaiatas ί#§ a¾cfc*ssd her@i% comprises a top compression plate 10 a bottom eonajresskm plate IIS, where the ¾¾> eom -esloa plate 117 ro v es Said passage to a top lei e¾t!eiama¾t 1¾¾ «ad tap sight opfiet msBifoM 3 ¾ v$b@&& the bottom eoas rsssioa p|¾te 1 IS mylds fcdd assage to ¾¾¾

are bseito 4¾eMarge ¾d«© and water tkaibas en cfesalmatei or o«jd¾ei watr, χβ$& ? , ¾e Met i lield 116 Is ¾sed to kafoduee die afuooos solution to be desaikated,

Tbe app atus 100 depicted laJSgare i tfemoiisdates Me ftam ty s desig¾ _» wosrefe †¾e c mprsssios p es ΪΙ7 aad IIS Isold tho Msobr&ae assembl eoaaMsl g loa seleeires iseifcaaes, for m m¾ e ioiae e ebaage si afesa (CSM) 11 a¾d a ..GEM 111 _» aid oae aaioae tsc&sage iBembrae (ABM) 110 sa3 electrodes fm ias iee, a e&t&ode MS mi m asode 10?, &.si©se«©nia0t aad provides ialets ar l ailes for fcads -coatd sd wilMa theapsamtos 100, Tbe casa ess s plates may pomde a force via bolts- or as externally applies! load tb will allow tbe as s of tbe pprtus 100 to seal iateroa!ly aad trnlly. Aaotaer embodi nt _s es a&

to t¾e a>i5atate, yet anotber embodiment, a eylbsdrfeal or tubular easing with maaiioids o&ibe sads or aides cab provide &e eselosar¾ for te eleatrodes, membraae assembly & ohtmels fa Said passage. or example _* the «!eotrodes ¾e toeaiod as two coneeatrie tu es la t¾e iaieroal space deltas! by tbe tabula casisg with layers of memferaiie displaced ¼t eea said electrodes, Itteaeb of ¾ese eitt edlmeats, tbe armageaient of electrodes am! mem ranes re& bt §ie same., wits t»m\¼ase assembly between tbe eamode ami aaode ₅ but are m«gedB,a siaa«or Jmbest utdias tbe geotaeiry of tbe easia ¾M! sealig teebaique _*

The aparsSas 108 fertber eompxises a me ans to snspi power 112, la one em odime¾ AC « 120VA€ _» is ased to po r a reedi r, bica eaaverts the AC to DC md pplies; preferentially & e rreat density of 2 to 5.aiAm ^a to tbe el«*odes bat toe correal deastty could be in/imraageo-ί Q wAfteCl its 1000 mAJm aad se DC power & ree^tiiy.ia ae¾«taacari-rii f&ode. In atioiber emb dfteoi eousiaii! voltage cioeMl o amy also be s& ioed to oid a ■ &®$ lesciifi at £¾ eleetrode swface, l¾e m¾o s. of c-¾a¾at. retired to lp¾ a e«r½l» ai .o«st o amss gain os the auoc m& the ¾a$s loss orx th cathode ea» be ea¾datad y oslag Faraday's ,¼ of deer lysk. ^* ¾& amouat of mass gafe &n he smxl aad tae m ss loss oa the cathode e rrel es to

§ & the be multiled y the -®mfo® of memb a pairs to caicalaie Ihe total mass of lss S ¾ire4 across the system, where a rae femae par c mprise a CSM 18t sad a E ll§ pair located jscest to each oifeer. fe tfee apparatus sho¾?¾ in F ig&re l _s t¾ere are two CEMs Itf and Mfjm>do»e AEM MM, kv¾iot!¾ eMb d¾eol the a aratus ti may com ise at least; oa¾ A M lift. & yet ¾¾tl« a»k)d eat ₅ t¾e. apar&tB li0i¾y coaiprise -a GEM V0 _f © ¾e a aratas 18 comprises m anode ϊθ? and a sailio e 108 set disposed, is H» fcimral

plate S. The aftode t§7 carl be m e of materials sisdh as silver, or my atba ; M terial with a iovm¾iMe reaem» -with « oride. la one embodimefit, me&aode I II? is made of a primarily silver based material, which esa bo el elsopiated r mw material The suface ares eaa be isereased5 thro gb several method Isc!odmg mechanical methods, electrochemical atefeods or a

to abrasiea. stam in , en mviagi or a eomblmition thereof _* Addifiosslly,. the exmples of dee¾oel¾mlc®l methods Isoiode bni are sot limited to desiioykg, atomic layer deposition, pysical vapor depoition, clietaica! y^per e dsiiiSj etdsr¾ or a s¾?minatoa th¾¾o .0 increasing the mtrface area allows for .Mg&er current dens ies per ¾&¾ piaoar area of :eleo%¾cIe and mereas^ tie total aaioimt of mass gain per mit area.. Addiiiosalhiv me aaode W7 may m& a

oombimf a theroof that has either plaaar, felt, woven olofh sfmetufe, or a eomiaatioa thexoo£ The cathode 10S cas be mde of m terals sadb. as $®#®t or asy ot!ier maieria! ¾it¾. a re^slbk- i¾a£tb¾ with ebbtide, wbieh then coated with ehiotide- hi o¾e emodment, the eaibode l#S is made of primariy silver mae al hich is ikes eoatsd Mi chloride to form a sati½e of AgCI i» anotber emhodime&t* the ctod Its may be coated b hot dljjmg, cold, dlppmg, eictodesosife?! _* immetsio» or a comiaatioa thereof. The a»ode W7 asd the cathode 1§8 aro eonseeteei to the DC power supp H2 oslag an electrical eoaaeeion 1:1.9 coxaprised of eop& t e aerial iadudmg bat sot limted to emper _* ttmlom, sih/er v ^ or a ooMhisatios thereof,

¾t another emb dimefi^ the apparaus 111 desedboi e & may Safer comprise oas o m e iay«rs of gaskets and ioa selective meffitemss, with or h rd supports or sp cers, dte$>o®b& hsk the anode. I f aadibe cathode 1β8. As discussed kerem, the i seteeil memb &es eompEiSe both eafeoie aad atdoole exohaage membraaes _* fekfe seieo eIy allow eiSier pos ve!y elsacged ia&s or aogd e!y charges! km to permeate through them. This is refused to as pemseieoi . Ih s is a petfomiaaee tradeoff between pemsfcsi iy aad looio eoofe iy of the membra&e, la ose embodim nt, the ½ yet another related eail-jodiraeat, t¾e io¾ exeh&age me&raae comprises a polymer sinistra© aompfisittg oiytoifa8 sroe¾t et5e ₅ poiyeiher ether erossliakod ¾¾ dviaytheBxse or anal g or derivatives IheraoE, or a eorablnarloit thereof. The spaeiag betweeo the &mfo is siimaii¾e<! to reduce mslstaoeo biit not mmk as to iaexesso fho psesstire $c®p to ao-tessoaab!e mxe There is typically fess ihao 100 pooads per sq¾¾ro inch drop per stage, where a stage is oue set of eleerfodes arid atoembra&e assembly. A good spcng is from about 0.005" to aboot 0.O5£F but could be ariywhei fo aboot; OJOPtosbMOJOff ¹ . la another prsf tred embodimen, the spacers aado supports are ussd to increase the

fts!d info Mid out of the system sboa be lamast or soaietbkg less thaa 15 feet per second, la

stleyls&ss my m of c¾s¾g lo pails bt een la^ d¾e to pressure adiesls across th stage, is iasisscss wbere d¾ anode Is raade of silver based material the lm (Ag) ¾ osidi«ed t»

eaasia dlss¾i¾¾i ofbs s«bs¾¾io surface into a layer of AgCL As AgCi feaation .tereases _* i¾B

askes. up the e¾it¾ode liofeoes ¾d¾oiioB, If the e-abode i¾ easpssod of silver witliala>¾£ ®f gt3 coated oa _. its sarie^, as the elecrons are delivered t rise t e AgCl reduces to solid

.sae? CAg{s>) aad releases eh!osidea (€i ^* ) lato the solation.

Teaonx>raiio:a of eMorkfe ions ø¾ the asode s¾r&s ost a&¾s a dtee kabafeace iis.te solaiioaia soatae with, a¼md, TMs de iopme&i of f s¾v« e¾arge ia ike soloiioa ®es te transfer of sodkm (Na*) across the caioak e&ehaage membaue(s> iatbe direction of the oatbode. al>se3aeai!¾ AgCi at t¾e cathode redaces to aad t&te ® CI" ½* iafco the shaloB eseatasg $

asfea^es hee ths a mais xmpries multiple jj$s»t&as¾ss paiss, the Iraasfer of pos ^eiy charged p-aade across ©aafe eatioaie e&eange meitesie wlS ό¼ν a aegadvely <$i83¾^i8s8s!e ¾{^s^a^is^t ^' lc^©^«fe^e^m&mt»me- T s iraxisiermll cascad across sack ¾mi¾ass pair up sstil &e oilm^e stdutkm chamer » Tbe m^i. f^ - a^ tauafss ½ a net loss ia salt cosjcentiioa I» ib© aoode oaas !©? aad siot gaftt m the saibocfe clramber. fa the midti leiBemiame algurs&sij the diiaaio aad coacsa¾¾ie tatus atemateia each a^a^ tosiije.^^^ ^' ^^

J3¾¾tog t¼ iioatffig of the AgCI on Sie Ag _? iicR)«csjieis .safe formed on the gno sail, cafeode hat allow for eliatge tossier which mmem Ike ionic CIOT es to electron: euet^ L Oy ^ ^' i≠&$. 3S0®wih® ^: 8-¾3cfe ¾ιώ·¾«<¾»ε^ϊ takes place at ibe eathds. Ones eae¾i¾ mass

§ gaia ©a tfee- aas© aador mass loss at &e esfeod© am achieve^ tie system revesed. The sy em In the appra&s described !rereia has a maowe e0atl ai¾liia that it allows for ateal d ell period. The imiqse eeafigistattoa et¾Bprfses arranging fee mem s^s) ia & maaet so that a e&tionle s$s $ &m mm is always i c.o«miafeicatioa.wi stu&as at eaeti el«eiod% wMeh aloag wi th lire elecrode efeemlsr}? _f llows the ystem to as ia both diecdo sL A 'AgQ redox 0 reaeiloBS at the -e&atasdes ae ighly reverible hie allows tfee sysem to rua ia either dlrssiloa •i¾? s!rl flipping the polarity e& the DC x¾-¾r &np»¾? aod: confessing r&tme of -water, ¾¾

Is aot l-telteio &4~-w&% 2 position val ve or massemfciy of 2~ » 2-» cn ives.. Tils v¾i vlag is aeeessary to swf tch the ditaate asd coae Bhafe stre ms opon m^ersal, © the electrode polarity. S Ffgare 1

hwentioit. It stew how the loss hehavs mside the apparatus, la tias m¾ ₅ the cations ai¾ ii1¾sto d as white circles with j¾hases on them ad itxe a ons are fllnstrate as hisck dreles w¾t& _: jaiaases ea ttssra ¾is eorre&tos -w iho fact that cation are positivel charged m aad aons aro negatsv¾iy cltatgsd ions. The apparatus iUS ia fels figwe comprises three membranes;, ie. a0 £EM 1¾ os the bottom sad CE fit on fee op^ hofc of which are lliasttatoil b doted ilaes _* i¾esetw CEMs IW aad ill sandwkh an AEM Itt nsaaed y da^e S¾ hottghtbk is the preferred location Jor the CEM and ABM ha the appara¾¾ lit, ise a a atus Ϊ(Η ma comprise other ia e k¾ea¾ns for th CHM and AB . St oae emhod Bentj tie- caSoaie exchan e membr ne comprises a polymer xaemkaae prctreated in sodium oMor e _} wherein the mesabmae com rises salfouie acid tiaetional groi¾ _s carboxyHc acid, ptwphonic dd, aioaosolfate ester, «io«0« and diphosphate ester gsoiifjs, liydro yiic groups of phenol, thiol, p¾tfl oro tertiary alcohol groups, or outer fime&aal groups that provide a fixed negative charge, or derimiwes or analogs thereof, or a combination thereof _* In yet another mb&dirmiBt, the anioafc exoha&ge membraae comprises a polyme m mbraas pretreaied in sodium chloride, wherein the membrane com rises prim ry^ second y, or tertiary ammo groaps, qiiateraary mtmmiam fnactloiaal group, tertiary sdfomaai groups, qaatm y pkosphoal Ka g«>ups, cobaitoeeninta groups or oilier f rictional groups that provide a fixed positive charge or derivatives or analogs thereof, or a combination thereof.

These meaibrases divide or partition, the internal spac of the apparatus 1# isdo four different fluid chambers* for Insteee first fluid ehaarber 113, second f d chamber Ϊ 14 _» l ird fluid, e-hamber 115, and fourth fluid chamber 1¼, which have manifolds m the left and the right. The left isSersai ialet nmaitbid 121 distributes the iacomiag aqueous solutloa to be eoneeatrated into eh nbers 114 and 116. The left uitarnal islet manifold 121 distributes the incoming aqueous solution to be desalinated into chambers 113 asd MS. The fourth i d ehatafeer IIS aid first fluid chamber 113 are la fluid eonmiuiieation with the electrodes. The bottom electrode ¾e anotie 107 and the surface of this anode 107 is primarily silver (Ag). The to electrode Is the cathode l&$ md its surface is primarily silver chloride (Ag€l) coated, on & primarily silver substrate, Boriag tire operation., the bottom electrode or aaode 107 has a osi ve surface charge, -which attracts negative chloride sous, CI", md repels sodium loas, Η&Λ. Tire CT in t¾e chamber closest to the aaode reacts with the available Ag sites oa tire aaode, resmtlng In the ibilowlag overall spontaneous o»dau ^' on reaetioa: Tie wp efecimde or the cathode MS km fee lo ksg «|?ps¾¾e ®

Ag£% 4-g ^* -~» Agfa) '€t¾s¾) l¾e saeia at t¾e eatksdc I§3 causes the rde&se of CI ^" 1∞ the fidd. chamber IM elosest to it ¾ leads to e¾arge amMaiiceSj which the ap|aami¾s * ia&tl«a mil tasst otst Tbe comfe¾ai0B o tbs charged. p&fietes hei&g r¾i&o¾¾d i¾ the bottom clmmber 113 s fee g added i» the -to ,«k«Bk iW _f wid the smf ee char es of the eieotr¾de drives a cascade ¾f tramfes t¾>¾gfe all the efetates descri ed herein %e† ¾©at¾e electmdes. Uses system M this apra m"& Isalaace oat all tlie charge iffi teaces mid this & ce-fmpHsksd by mig¾km of ¾o items ^' towards the cathode 168 aaioas imw s the asode if 7,

The€BMs 189 atid ill p&f efttlally allow positively dmtgsd particles to perffi«ae through, while tte ABM 110 e&resstialiy allows the- ae tiyefy di¾gs4 patt es to pmn&ate t mig , QWS m ^i^ m the bas ngatively eihargsd §5 et:i¾»al gjm¾ps _? ½el«dbi but sot limited to saifosaic aeid _s which facilitates tlie transfer of a positively ebarged e&ctege ioa sueti as soditsm :<*¾* . ¾¾ AE has os eily chrged factionl mc as ¾oatetaary mmoKkaai that aeilitates etrMfer oi¾egat ¾ly ck¾xsd e mgp km suck as cMor e (0 ^' ).

As tite water asses -¾w h ibe * Said ¾a»ioet 1 IS and 3 ^¾ i¾iii clambr 3.15, it beestaes a¾pleied 0f loa& The Stiid depleted of k>as exts fluid e¾am¾K¾s- 113 and 115 wfaete they ate com kei.! k the idg internal maalfold 04 fsior to discbarge, Tbe 2 M ebambsr 114a&<t 4* 1 4 etmmber lli bcoms coace»ti¾ted wife iom he field coscessteted ."wih IOBS exits IMl cteites 11 assd MS hese tb& slrstm a¾ ootabisied m the right ¾dsmal ffitd i W$ pzlot to fec arge, The loaie etaraitis between tire anode 10? d cathode 108 md & eondneior 119 placed external to me system o des s ms s for eleotrio Comsa f is applied to the system, wife a DC power s¾¾¾iy 11% teek the positive lead is cosssecied to anode Wl mi &e iieptive lead is c¾miected to the catfeode liS. Slace this desalmallori system «aa operte at vey low DC voltage, it can be easily po sed by maewabte power som¾es inciad½g but aot Mats to y on CBM between &e oiesirode pair. This embodiment will have one dfito*® md z eoaeo trai sreant internal to the sysfcass. Inceasing &e somber of asembrane pairs, for fjstsjw, the eatlorae anil amosic exchaags mmbmaeSj allows for a greater eapaoh of ater tre ment pe electrode pair.

mAer ¾» dime»t, th membran assembly temaiats with as aaloaie excange ■msmbm near &e anode. St t s easbodes^, the electrode materials; would, be reversed by separate regeneration cycle or fe sora ffieehasical ffieBs wfeaa either the c oride layer && ttie oathode is depleted or eleetdeal resistance at the snode becomes oo grea.

In yet aaotlier embodi ent, the Ion selective m famm--®® ^' e t &d in sodinns oMorid t es¾sua» tbat t¾e fractional sites re oco¾|)i.ed by md CT, Examples of sme meainran rmtnais inetede ¾t are sot liinlted to alymei elecirelie s^hm ixmclwu S. ¾i. salfsrsic acid and quaternary ¾¾sioaka¾ &aek¾al grups for the eatfeaic aad ataome exchange mombrane, respectively, Other memb ne types aielade ut are not liraiied inorganic eersmie aa Oi fiiaeti imliaed polym mmbrnes. aootber embo iment, a membrane that limits &e dilSmon of e-ins aod water is referred asid ¾ typically achieved with, a thicker membae. However, thfe rnns be weighed aginst the !&esesse la voltage drop aersss ike ffieiabrane. Sorae eletxoosas de di.a¾ioa ocear across he ms m _> wklcb will act to redaee fee rate of reeovB of pro¾¾¾e water,

Figure 2 is a sebenmtie reprcseutation of another embodiraeai of fee reseat isventioii feat shows fee apparatus 108 operating i& a slagle CEM The fimd to be rocessed is defivofed to fee sy tem y means of an et nmaifoM I that separates the stream into two steams, One s re«i¾ d livered to the aoode chamber 2¾ Mow fee CEM aad the other is defeessd to fe cathode eh&mbes 2Θ¾ above fee .CEM l.8¾ Upoa applying m eleoiiie curreai to the apparatus !0¾ anode W7 aadergoes oxidation r mo ing segatlvely ehatgsi! ions from the so ioa -sad meOtftorailag them on fee swiaee of tfee electrode. At the same lirne, fee cathode 1.0$ rmdergoes redas ioa oa its surface releasing a negative ion iato me cathode e&a»iher 2§2. This net reaetiors. mm&-& positive ioa to be forced across die CE lif ₅ w cIi is :.pemtseieci£ve tor positive iorr¾ f m the aaode chamber Ml fe© the eataode obamber 202, A a resalt, the ftaid in the anode cham r 2#1 reduces in. ioa eoneeatxatioas waile fee; fluid la the cathode chamber 202 i c eases in Ioa eoacetstration, The process fluid with redaced. km eoBcentatioa Is removed froai the apparatus 100.via a dedicated outlet mamfold 102. fh» concentrated brine solntloa is removed. from the apparatus, IW ¾ a dedicated o¾f let masifoid Ϊ03,

Figure 3 Is a schematic r esentat on of yet another embodisiea feat shows how the add!tioa of pairs of nreiM¾ases between the electrodes Increases the i$ &t$ of ffasM chambers between th eleeifodes. This increases fee aa &ber of iaa tr ausfos t½ every redox reaction at fee elecmxle sar&ees ₅ wMeh allo ws agreafe aiaouat of water to Ise treated pear air of electrodes _* The addition of a mbraaes will reqske a greater amount of voltage to be applied to the system due to fee iacseased resista ce of the mssBora e assembly between the electrodes, la Ibis Sgare, fee apparatus 100 comprises sevea !oo selective enib sueSi for iast&ase feere are .four CEMs 3ill _s 3#3 _S 305 sad 3§7 and three AEMs 3 2 304, aad 3-06» Ail fee other coarrwneats ia Figure 3 are the

18 same as dise¾s$eil la Ι¾«τ¾ 1 - iite s dioent, :t¾ a ss'atus ilMi or sy¾tea 4eseribg€ hsmsi k nm. ¾ dii¾eat jo&odes ep ¾a4¾g s tbe feMer.i¾ Imaests. ϊπ a elated e¾hod!r&e»t, the spataas or systex ea fee ru& a so k¾o¾s mod© .as: droms. ia l¾pre 4 or a. batch oe as s o. m Figm-© 5:. ϊ¾ yet nother eafeodim^ the flow rates aad he salt m®& rate can be isesoased ^' fey psSrsg a lfie stages t ogefher is parallel ^' ass or series coiiSgarstiass as show in !¾pre 6 nd Plgnre ?, rspectively. M stil yet m jb^-mibe m®®k ¾f salt removal is n¾ease by laetsaslsg the ajfp!ied curre at tlie exense of tbe systems e cl&¾e .

Figure 4 sows m ibo m i of the appartus m a <¾atk¾oas f coa¾oi¾tlii. X&e appartus 1¾§ ia ibis figure ®om _$ $ $&. ¾&& e&casge eBihrrie ¾ys*en %f ftr¾¾a km exe&mge sisemtaaes, for i&stasce, CB s 1§9 and III, asd AEM lift. t s fgu ;, alla to Be processed is

S d int m islet ¾¾aifo Ιβδ that separates tiw stream into a fluid t be pocessed nd a f d io be imeeste wife salt or brbae a¾e, The f d passes tferpag the islet(s) JOS* aa3 lS$b of the essl&mtion system iiiea separates i«to a mimher of streams i etnal!y tbsoyg!i irtsmal mssfelds $2§ aad 121 m order to be processed The il¾id$ are collected in separate maai& s IS aad i¾S t!sai are infernal to the system priarto pas¾a¾ the isolated outlet mniflds WZ and 1#3« Te process stoeam is collected ia a ia&k tS a¾i the briae soktioa is coilected ia ataqk.40 arxm emiisg€¾ oirtiet mamfMs IfS md 102, respectively,

Figur 5 sho s the sefcsp of the app&ratas 1§§ i& a hatch cosS mtlon ere the fhsM to he processed, is separated mto m tanks S01 ami The left fa&fe i t m the M m he 0O .ceiii3Sied Mo a brmc solatjoa. The right ask S82 -tm$&m& the fi¾ t¾¾f will h poessei! to redaee the salt eoseiiiraiksii. The. ¾lse so!atioa is pimiped by a ledioated ptMp S§3 iato tae destination system ilir g as isolated ¾i t 5i§ isr© tfee sokitba will be distributed between iSS¾¾at e ^' bambgts by am mtemal ®s¾ltbld W

e¾anfeets 114 amd 116, tke brine sokt a Is eoLlesied & defetd mem^ maaifod ¾§ rior to e¾ti¾g aiiisalafeii miilef Bsaifold 1$2 sa4r€tum¾ to l sok&a ta&kS9l. T«pmees$ 5

wbere fee proess sok&^^ an iae al mami¾M

12$. te* ^i|ig½»t^fl^.¾j¾Gcfe£u¾-as¾m0)¾r e arpbers 113 aad flS, tbe procesd i¾¾t Is

i & aad coiesi t© die ¾dse- and ¾>ees streams o a desred co«eji¾atoa m ¼¾&es< For imt c _* •aa epriar ©oaidi select a target TDS &s Use sy stm and it wo d ife rocess streani acMeved t½i treatment levei igt&e 6 is an em¾odimes¾ with kd£¾sed eapaeity by adfekg wmi ies ii^os appamta Hi ¾ parallel ¾s water to: fee pmeessed Is asm sd into the a^sr&is t8S by rnea¾s of 15 ρηηψ 1 aad distributed between fee desalination systems m a iam& §S2 that e¾¾$iy dimdes tb flows heiweea m ap aratuss, 1¾e dllaafe iiu!ds exi ¾e cells ¾a pmlet 13 sad recoaib e in the oduettaafc i84< ,T¾e eo«e¾teted Suk!, or brine, exit, fee cells a ssparaie o¾tlet 102 and reco bkes wife th ofeer eoaeesm¾te x & atthe ferate imk- _* figure 7 is aa embodimmtaat dsmoBsrais the ability t proc ss afi¾id:feMdliipfc stges 20 artasiged Irs: series, Tbe fbi to be rocesed is supplied by feasloae axPp ¾ to tire desaiiaaiioa a rtus MH where tie salt cenceatrnties is :r¾diieed In fee Stst stage then reduced fvmher m the seoad stage, Thi¾ a n ement allows for grater reduction la salt .coaeatsa mt ia fl¾ Said to be ptoes&sed ami gioater i&erease la fae eo»cspx¾imt esf tlte brke solidcm to bs d¾s¾¾aiged- l¾e f g¾ ia s &m multiple pp ratuses 100, v& te the first apparatus IW is eotmected to the second ap amtns 100 i& sac¾ a w thai the take aad process water fern the Sm apparatus il§ is transferred SOM &e oat!et 112 and 103 to f e ets 1 6a st¾d I#6h of the second apparatus 1W. llie; brine and process w ter feai Use second apparatus 188 w tms&tbsred o&t of outlets Wt and 103, resp«tivdy into tasks ?¾2 nd 703., respectively.

Figu e 8 is m emhoihmmt with a serpetrtiae flow path interna! to the desalhmtloa system, T&e |sx>cess laid, is bttmght iato the desaiiratiori system by a single m&fti d whkh subsequently separates he flow kto two reams via islets, ! $¾ a !0ø¾, The separate streams the» pass into dedicated islets 881 mid 882 Mo the first chamber . 13 mid see¾nd. chardber 114, respecth¾l . The rocess ihad. aad brine soIr ioB are isolated f om each, other m itis dedicated item channels tiat pass tlifough the entire leng h of the desalination system, The fluids thea pass through d ic te *; Isolated outlets 103 and 103 as described earlier _* This arrangement allows for a greater degree of a salt eoneentr&i H i¾dact a is a single desalmatkm systejn _s and e uces the capacity of fcid able to be processed, by the system. Figure A. shows a typical voltage prcfde voitage plot for tbe apparatus operatffig ®¾der constant current. The profile switching from a positive to aegative voltage demonstrates t e ability, to a e se live polarity k the system. Tfee state diagtam½iviiig schedule below in. Table 1 exenjpiSes a possible method for switoMrig the diluate and concentrate streams upon reversal of the elecstssde polarity.

10 T& © ! sho s tfcfe state dt r&ffiv h¼ schedafe for the ap aratus operaifs nixfe eonstaat

Figure B is m embodiment demonstraing tfee first ais of ihs state diagram, f&m. Figaro 9A, This em¾oiia«at iaehides a xsxp §®1 that pumps the a eous soh&M into the apparatus 1¾ arid a SC power sup ly it¾ a controller WS that is capable ofsw¾c¾.sg &e polarity of tbe DC power sup ly. The 2-way lves 982, 983, 98 mi 985 to th right of fie desalination system fJemoastrale the positions at stae I < l¾e subsequent states allow the Said to be directed to either tte rocessed sote&si task 9&7 or the btke t¾ak 9#6·. The valve positions aid voltage poladty a*e eo roifcd b a pro gtm-uaable logic controller (PLC) 90% Mefc e ¾ either be m BBted la: the field th the unit or remotely. in another embodi ent, i&© present Invention described here in uses separate electrolyte ^■ from the process aad brine .solutions fe> fill the chambers hi direct contact with the anode and cathode surfaces, ie. anoh/te and cathoJyte^ rsspeetively, in s related embodiment, the caiholyte and anoiyte composition m. such apparatus will range &om high to low concentration or may be of differing concentrations. TJsmg separate electrolytes for electrode chambers m allow for diS ring f w conditions between the process tMd aad the electrode fluid. The Sow conditions in the electrode chamber am be made to be turbulent to enhance rates of reaction on the electrode surface by shee i g the diffeskHi boundary layer. This can increase the limMag current density of the electrode aad allow for a higher ionic flow rate aaosss the cell This eon¾ui¾tion allows &r fluids with chemistries that may have deleterious side reactions at the electrod sia'iaee to be pxseessed by the system while maintaining optimal aaoiyie and cat de co position _, in the electrode corap^rtmeats. Siaillarly, ibis eaibodlmsrii allows for aon»a¾ueo«s cheMstries aad addidves to fee irstrodticed to the ekstrolyte solutions withou the risk of c ntesti g the process water, In another embodiment the fluids In the electrode chambers may be connected mto a single manifold at th onilei and recycled to the inlet to maintain a constant Met eoneetittatioB. Maintaining a constant coaeea&aties in the electrode clianibers alleviates the negative effects of depleting chloride ions in the anode chamber. These tiegative effects inetede Increased electrical resistance md reduced rates of reaction at the anode surface.

Figure 10 is m embodiment demonstrating the ability to have separate fluids for aaolyte and e&thoiyte. The fluid processed by the desalination system Is brought into the system through a dedicated Met 1001 mto as isolated internal manifold 1002 %iwm it is distributed into process chamber ^' TIS and concentrate chamber 114 and out through ontlet manli)lds If 3 and I.i2 ₅ respectively. The asol &s is recirculated by ump li§4 through inlet 1003 o mastoid Mil then through anode cbmnfeer ίϋδ and out tarougti mamibhi 1013 and outlet 1010. Similarly, the eat&olylers reeirculaied b pump !§©S thtmigh Its into anifold 1012 fteiitl¾'0¾gli¾¾&o¾e dmmber Ί§©7 nd mt through nmnifoM 1014 and outlet l#§f .. OBS embodiment, the ppaatus 1M I t¾¾is case comprises at least one eatioaic s& gv niembrase nd at least one atiosie exchange a¾s¾teae placed in between fis¾ at least one electrode- set IB, yet asother e &diaaent, i¾e aparattts 1 § comprises a eatiosie exchange membra e placed i¾s¾r fee eatfiods, another oafioxa exchange plaeed sear &s anode aad as anionic exchange embraned plaeed m eea the two catlonie xchnge membranes as sho n In Figure 10. hi ianhex yet anoi¾er eiabodimeni the apparatus c m riss mm th n one cstioaie exehaage membrane and more than one atderie exchange meffi aae, w&ereia one of fee aaioaje meaibranes is placed ia between two e¾ioaie excha ge membranes. The ano!yte and ctholyte may either be xeefea ed separately as pictured in Figaro 10 or collected la a single rnaialbld in order to asaia a fee eleeteiyte eoaooatratioa la another embodiment, fee anolyte and eatfeolyie streams co tain s&ge tanks t imaiiak the volara , provkfe a buffer against changes m pH and allow the addii® of chemicals or m&kes ilaids. In yet another mboiment,, fee aaolyie and eafeolyte are ym ed io & eommoE maaifeld and task to allow the salaiioss to mix and maintain a desire eoneenn-aion. Separating the electrode e¾asibers front the process chambers allows for greater ilembll&y in water to be treated and the ab*!¾y to modfy the flow characteristl.es and eheatistry of the electrode chambe soWioas.

The iii ite and novel Jeaatres of the app^rus disclosed in the pteseaf ^' iaemioa inkide t are hot limited to the lowing: (1 ) it eaa rduce the energy consimtatlon aad ami© desaliaatioa ex swfe _* and in some la cases, convert aa otherwise oaeeoKomic¾l sltuadoa into a profitable oaej (2) it cm operate at low pressures {< 100 p$ig) _» w <¾ enables it to use low cost inaterlals Mke € compared to he high, operating p pare of reverse osmosis $8G0 fsslg) that reqnires dnpfex and saper duplex s$g ess steels, w eh are very expensive; (3) operates as low as 10 pm all fee

I S imairaal Sfff gassiag ½oa¾s« tfee lecrode mterials pattidpat® is tlie xeaet as as. opposed ¾ert m¾¾sr s ¾ed la other etectrocaeat al processes, thereby shmlitybg the sysem by aei *¾pffi»g gas collectors at the node & catliode.

As wed hereia, the terat "c rreat soMm r ^,! relates to coadaeiwe surfaces used to emtf electric crren to aad fern the elecrodes, T s device will, e eoimeeted to external ofeeMt _* pswer sup lies, etc. y electrical coaaseti a to a ire

As iised&remj the t ^ ^- m to a stmetro ased to se ¾t IadIvidBAaie¾fertis Mm each odsor a¾d M the elee&xide surfces,

As -used lereia,, fee tens. refers to a straetwe we to separate i¾4 d»aI iaem¾*¾3ssa ftora eaeb ther a&d from t¾e electrode surf ces la order t deilae a feed iriter eo¾at«

As ase heteh¾ the term ^M g& :1f refers to a eoMpo s t as d to ere¾£e a seal between regioas of di¾¾s sfess«?es or sisbstaaeeSv

As sei! bemim, the temi "stage ⁵³ refers to oae set of efestodes md membrane asserably .

As t¾ed srfej the term "membrne asso y ⁵ * mibm to th eolleet&M of i»emisimes. Spacers arid gaskets !oo8$e iwtween a set of electrodes.

As ased herein, the terai reiers to the electrode set, t e membrane assembly «&& ^■

:fee eolieotios of pip s _* txo _? values and power st¾5plies combned to ma¼ ¾£ itesirimiiOR &,

As ued hero¾ ti i m "meehaaical w m" to - ® the system infe to a method s ■which t»e electrodes $my be $ ΰύϊ$ replaced or istei¾haaigeiL

As used teeta, iie tea ^i; ¾esali»aiotf ^* refers to a process or saetao&ased to lower is©: salt eaceotetoii of aqueous s&!¾li¾ tfeas, treatiag or iiesallaa&g the solaium Tbe term "tledimte" as ¾sed harem jgeaeraily refers to mfcdag a eottceatratioa of salt la scpeoas solution, aad iaelaiies, e.g., ««¾¾l ces ¾d sttmtioos m wMek ®Μ οί salt hs ¾^ _: ·^^^: ¾8ί»:^¾^:Ι^ ^' 1&δ. desalmted »t¾r sall i kdes a lew a relatively low e aemt«atk¾i of the salt

speeies #¾o«g¾on~¾«elia¾ o>m«ffi¾riiaes,

§ As ¾sg& let$B ₅ t e tan ¾:¾BC exoh&oge -mmme" ^' refers to x»eajba»e . pcass hat seleet&el allo he passa e of positively s¾arged kms or eatim For ksiaBca t e catkmo _: exc¾^e; em »e iaay iiicW but is sot limited to a polymer «¾aiteae pxdeated ¾ soditaas eMorfcfe, m¾xe ¾e moj¾bra» c mprises O¾ps tfe&i fcclu¾ ¾ a¾¾ % halted to mtlicsde se &¾e^ Ba grosp, ¾boiylio sold, pfecsspfeomc a©¾ iBos s¾i¾¾& e$ter _s aioao- sad oi l» bis¾o ester i© gro¾f>s, Jiydimylk gr ps of hsso!, Has&k perikoro ¾¾S¾sf^ aleotol groups, or after &tic s!

s ¾sed ¾«*e¾ .the t¾m ¾«o»e exchange iaembmi¾© ^J ' re&s ¾i a meate^ w i pores &&i. sefeivsly a& te passage of negatively o¾¾ d »s ₅ or m^m. Fo issiaess^ the SJSOJSP O^sItB e meiiiime may md de to is limied- to &, ol sm. wsmisms ettied is sodium

1 δ ·<38όϊϊϊΙ^ where the msmhrn comprises gtoops t¾at iBstod sfis sot lijaited to ¾riraar¾ second r, or artlsurj ¾¾i«o groups, quaternar aam&lom iimetksaa! r opi tetiary salfotslum gro s

feed positive shsrge r 8mv$xw& r nalogs thereof,

As &d feerei&p, the term %oolyr ^ktism' ⁹ refers to m efee¾oIyfe soiutlos .m. Bsed to reset

20 ltb the sBodo w. mi de olf tie cell. er t s includes but is riot limited to as. a¾iieo¾s salt soi loa coB&issfe ofclo»« l ss rovided by a dissolve salt, kekdiag bat mi limited to sodi¾s& eMo-rlde or potassiom chloride.

As psea ^* liemia, the team "carhotyte solution refers: to as electrolyte se toa tggd t react r¾f» cath de- . m ekcttolyite cell For OEam this iftei«o¼s bmt is not limited to m s¾ueO¾s salt solnt!on coaiakmg cbloride !QBS provided by & dissolved sail, inolndiag hat sot limited to sodkss. chloride or smwi cMoride.

As ased nereim the iean ^l te ^w t efers to a straeta e oa above a&d below ds electrode a&& tmiBb a assembly tbat can bold tie electrode aad membrane in lace, for bmtaaee, the "plate*

§ Include bat is sot limited to a "top com assion late** or a bottom compression plate. ³⁵

As used h&m the tern *¾op eosipression p½$e refers to a plate located OP top of the eleetrode aid membrane assembly tbat w!tb the bottom compression plate bolds me electrode nd m«¾bf a in place* For Instaaee, the apparatus Mil comprises a top eaispfesskm plate II? tbat is located on the top of tbe eleotrode and membrane assembly.

0 As e& herein, tbe term "bottom comp ssion plats** refers to a plate l ck d below tbe electrode d mem rane assembly that u¾ fee top compression plate holds fe electrode m&

Mensbrane place. For isstace,- tbe apparatus i a>mpr¾e a bottom compression plate 118 tha

Is located w fee eiec tode and membrane wm&blj.

As ag d berelm && terra ^t4 marafold ^M refers to a ebamber o coaection of emuisbers connected.5 Into asiagle eh&cafeer meaniibrthe passage of Srdds _* Foriastaneej tre apparaias 00 comprises inlet xsaoifold that dl tifeates ¾s soludoa to be processed into die membrane ehaaibets aad outlet manifolds tbat collects and combines processed water and brine sotadoas it exits d e mem rane chambers into two separate streams.

As ased betein, tbe t rm ⁴ ¾asiag ^w refers to m$ e»eiosnre or saiwture used to encapsulate,D iasalate and/or seal fee elect odes, membrane assembly and internal fluid pathways irom the environment l te easing amy be a single separate component or eolleotl on of components isclndiog bat not limrssd to compression piates _f electrodes, memb nes, spacers, gaskets and fitfegs ased to accomplish the sealing of die lateraal Said patbways. The eas½g m compose oas piece or may comprise matdple pieces, h r instance, a combination of easing aad plate. _: used tos¾ the tern ⁴ⁱ a¾eo¾s soiEtioi refers & a solutkai thai is iwted. fflto t¾e ap ra s, wkerek the solvent the soluti n is waior

As lised liereiii, the tarn ^water* refes to sail water, fetme _t orle&al atsd water that is e¾fe: deS i - Into or out of tfce s afati® descrlte!¾ereia.

As ¾sed fe¾ the am " s ncompas s liqa ¾r gas.

Tbe feegisg 3oi !oi¾s of the embodiments of the jsresest mvestkm&fcs ¾¾ prfese ei tor iJisf ses of Itestrailon w& $ pt They are rs ½t¾o&i£ to be exteasilye or to iaa¾ihs j¾«se»t ii ?e¾tli>a to the sscise forms disclosed The aas g*!^ emodiment wer ebdse¾ asset desedfcd in orde to best xlan the panelpies of the present Itwesikm m& its ras e&l apf&aioa _j to thereby enable others stilled: ½ the arttohest uliae&o roseat .invention.