The present invention relates to compositions and their uses. Equine animal supplementation can be taken to include products that 1) restore nutritional balance to a ration e.g. forage or cereal balancer feeds or 2) provide a safety margin when the nutrient quality of a ration is not known or 3) support animals to maintain health especially at times when they are at increased risk of certain conditions or 4) provide support when certain health problems are present.

Supplementation includes compounds or plant material that are used to provide one or more nutrients in a specific preparation or one or more non-nutritional factors in order to support metabolic process or provide some other purported benefit.

The present invention provides supplements for equines, in particular horses and ponies.

According to a first aspect of the invention (also referred to as Energy Boost), there is provided a composition comprising two or more of the following three energy sources: 1) a source of rapidly available carbohydrate; 2) a source of more complex but rapidly digestible and moderately quickly available carbohydrate and 3) branched chain amino acids, together with Ginkgo, Ginseng root and optionally a source of B vitamins (e.g. yeast). Sources of the rapidly available carbohydrate (sugar) include mono or di-saccharides, glucose, sucrose, dextrose and fructose. Sources of the moderately quickly available carbohydrate include pectin, such as apple, pear, and other citrus fruits, as well as sugar beet and other feeds high in non-starch

polysaccharides. Sources of B vitamins include synthetic B vitamins, flours and other foods enriched with B vitamins, root vegetables, molasses, baker's yeast and yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sources of yeast to provide the B vitamins include fermented products, vinegar and the many foods that it is contained in, such as soy sauce, mushrooms Such a composition is ideal for horses and ponies where encouraging a more energetic performance is required. The composition encourages a more energetic performance without feeding unnecessary starch based feeds which may provide unwanted calories. The composition contains rapid and moderately available carbohydrate sources and optionally branched chain amino acids to help provide a mixed energy profile. It includes: ginseng and gingko which have been traditionally used to support mental capacity and are both known as "feel good" herbs. Branched chain amino acids provide additional support to an energetic performance. A rich source of B vitamins are optionally included which are involved in energy metabolism.

Any one or more of the ingredients may be present in the following ranges (to provide the component of which they are a source): source to provide rapidly available sugar (e.g. glucose) at 5-100g, source to provide moderately available carbohydrate

(e.g. pectin) at 2-50g, source to provide Gingko (leaf) at 1-lOg, source to provide Ginseng root at 1-lOg, source to provide branched amino acids at 2-15g, source to provide B vitamins (e.g. providing a source which is yeast at 2-20g).

The composition may comprise Glucose, Apple pectin, Gingko leaf, Ginseng root (may be Siberian), leucine, valine, isoleucine and yeast.

The composition may comprise the following: glucose or dextrose about 24g; apple pectin about 5g; Ginkgo leaf about 2g; ginseng root about 5g; leucine about 3.75g; valine about 1.9g; isoleucine about 1.9g; yeast about 5g. The composition may contain other ingredients which are used in an equine food, such as binders, flavourants (e.g. spearmint flavour, rosemary extract), or carriers such as calcium carbonate, wheat feed and/or rapeseed oil or others such as oils , pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, stabilising agents, anticaking agents, emulsifiers. Spearmint flavour can be included in the range of 1-lOOOmg, e.g. lOOmg. Rosemary extract, a natural antioxidant, can be included in the range of 5-100mg

(e.g. 25mg). Calcium carbonate can be included at a range of from 50mg to 50g (e.g. 12g). Wheat feed can be included at a range from lOOmg to 30g (e.g. 254mg). Rapeseed oil can be included at a range of from 150mg to 150g (e.g. 250mg) or millilitre equivalents.

The composition may be in the form of a food, such as a food supplement. The composition may be presented as a powder or crumbs, including a white powder or solid form. A powder is useful to sprinkle on the main food of the equine animal. Other forms include solid pellets, granules, tablets or a liquid.

The composition is recommended for feeding at the stated levels in a daily dose for a horse of 350-650kg. A horse or pony of <350kg would have a proportionally lower dose, adjusted accordingly. A horse of > 650kg would have a proportionally higher dose, adjusted accordingly.

The composition of the first aspect of the invention is particularly for use as an energy boost in equine animals. Energy boost includes a more energetic performance, a more focussed performance and/or the horse being more alert. These include a decrease in reluctance behaviour, less resistance/reluctance to go forward, increased trainability, less refusal at jumps, less lazy, less laid back. The invention also relates to the use of the composition of the first aspect may be as an energy boost in equine animals.

The invention also relates to a method of boosting energy in an equine, comprising administering, to an equine, a composition according to the first aspect of the invention.

The invention also provides a method of making a composition, as claimed in the first aspect of the invention, comprising mixing together the ingredients into a composition e.g. in a tote tumbler to produce a powder, pellet or a paste.

According to a second aspect of the invention (also referred to as Challenged Skin and Coat) there is provided a composition comprising a source of vitamin C, a source of zinc, a source of biotin, a source of omega 3 fatty acid (e.g. linseed) and one or more of: any species of chamomile, any species of clivers, any species of nettle, with optionally with a rich source of DHA, a source of supportive amino acids, such as methionine and arginine and optionally with yeast. A rich source of DHA can be any source of DHA (preferably a rich source).

Sources of vitamin C include sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbic acid, orange, guava, red sweet pepper, kiwi and other fruit and vegetables. Sources of zinc include zinc oxide, grains. Sources of omega 3 fatty acid include fish, fish oils and vegetables including linseed. Sources of linseed include micronized linseed and linseed oil. A source of yeast includes those described above for the first aspect of the invention. Sources of the supportive amino acids include synthetic, extracted, as well as feeds rich in the particular amino acid. Source to provide biotin includes Saskatoon berries, Swiss chard, synthetic biotin.

This composition is ideal for feeding to all horses and ponies with poor coat condition, challenged skin health or sensitivity. The omega fatty acids may help support healthy skin and promote a shiny coat. It may also be beneficial in animals with fly bite sensitivity. It preferably includes a vegetable source of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) which is a potent omega 3 fatty acid. It contains a high level of biotin known to be important in skin health and hair growth and contains zinc which may support hair growth in some horses and ponies. It also includes: vitamin C, which has many important roles including acting as an anti-oxidant, collagen formation and is generally important in skin health; key supportive amino acids, such as methionine, a sulphur containing amino acid (sulphur is a building block of keratin - a key structural protein which makes up skin and hair) and arginine to support skin health and healing; and one or more of chamomile, clivers and nettle, which are all traditionally used to support skin health. The composition can also be used to help maintain skin and coat health.

Any one or more of the ingredients may be present in the following ranges (to provide the component of which they are a source): source to provide vitamin C (e.g. vitamin C) at 0.25- lOg, source to provide zinc at 50-350mg, source to provide biotin at 1- lOOmg, a rich source to provide DHA at 50-300mg (e.g. dried algae), source to provide methionine at l-6g, source to provide arginine at 0.5-5 g, source to provide omega 3 fatty acid (e.g. linseed) at 10-lOOOg or millilitre equivalents of the oil, source to provide chamomile at 1-1 Og, source to provide clivers at 2-20g, source to provide nettle at 2-20g, source of yeast to provide l-20g of yeast.

The composition may comprise vitamin C, zinc, biotin, omega 3, fatty acid, with one or more of chamomile, clivers and nettle and optionally with one or more of methionine, arginine, a rich source of DHA and yeast.

The composition may comprise the following: Vitamin C about lg; zinc about 200mg; biotin about 20mg; linseed about 40.5 g; with one or more of the following chamomile about 3g; clivers about lOg; nettle about 5g and optionally one or more of methionine about 3g; arginine about lg; yeast about 5g omega 3 fatty acid (DHA) about 180mg

The composition may contain other ingredients which are used in an equine food, such as binders, flavourants (e.g. spearmint flavour, rosemary extract), or carriers such as calcium carbonate, wheat feed and/or rapeseed oil or others such as oils, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, stabilising agents, anticaking agents, emulsifiers. Spearmint flavour can be included in the range of 1-lOOOmg, e.g. lOOmg.

Rosemary extract, a natural antioxidant, can be included in the range of 5-100mg (e.g.

25mg). Calcium carbonate can be included at a range of from 50mg-50g (e.g. 12g). Wheat feed can be included at a range from lOOmg to 30g (e.g. 254mg). Rapeseed oil can be included at a range of from 150mg-150g (e.g. 250mg) or millilitre equivalents.

The composition may be in the form of a food, such as a food supplement. The composition may be presented as a powder or crumb or solid form. A powder is useful to sprinkle on the main food of the equine. Other forms include solid pellets, granules, tablets or a liquid. The composition is recommended for feeding at the stated levels in a daily dose for a horse of 350-650kg. A horse or pony of <350kg would have a proportionally lower dose, adjusted accordingly. A horse of > 650kg would have a proportionally higher dose, adjusted accordingly.

The composition of the second aspect of the invention is particularly for use in supporting a healthy skin at times of increased risk of damage, infection, irritation, fly bites etc, or helping to support animals where the health of the skin has been compromised or they are prone to adverse skin conditions. It may also help to support an improvement the skin and/or coat condition of an equine. Such a use includes an improvement in coat shine, coat condition (more glossy, a sheen or gleam less dull) and an improvement in coat scurf.

The invention also relates to the use of the composition of the second aspect, for maintaining and/or improving the skin and/or coat condition of an equine.

The invention also relates to a method of maintaining and/or improving the skin and/or coat of an equine comprising administering, to an equine, a composition according to the second aspect of the invention.

The invention also provides a method of making a composition, according to the second aspect of the invention, comprising mixing together the ingredients into a composition e.g. in a tote tumbler to provide a powder, pellet or a paste. A third aspect of the invention (also referred to as Calm Behaviour), there is provided a composition comprising one or more sources of magnesium and any species of chamomile, with one or more of: any species of passion flower, any species of lemon balm or any species of hops, and optionally one or more of the B vitamins: thiamine, pyridoxine and folic acid and optionally yeast. Sources of magnesium include magnesium oxide, magnesium aspartate

hydrochloride, magnesium carbonate. Sources of yeast include those discussed above in relation to the first aspect of the invention. The composition is ideal for horses and ponies to help promote calm and positive behaviour. It preferably contains two sources of magnesium to help maximise absorption and effectiveness. The composition includes chamomile which has been traditionally fed to horses and has been shown to have a calming effect in other animals. The composition may additionally support hind gut health 1) by reducing the activity in the hind gut through the addition of yeast and the buffering effect of magnesium oxide and 2) the soothing action of chamomile. Acidity in the gut may be associated with behavioural issues in horses. It also contains one or more of hops, passiflora and lemon balm which are traditionally known as calming herbs. It preferably contains specific B vitamins such as thiamine, as well as a rich source of all B vitamins such as yeast, to help support the central nervous system.

Any one or more of the ingredients may be present in the following ranges: sources to provide magnesium at 2-15g, source to provide thiamine at 50-500mg, source to provide pyridoxine at 50-250mg, source to provide folic acid at 2-100mg, source to provide chamomile at 2-15g, source to provide passion flower at 2-15g, source to provide lemon balm at 2-15g, source to provide hops at 2-15g, source to provide yeast at 2-15g.

The composition may comprise magnesium, chamomile, with one or more of passiflora incarnate, lemon balm, hops and optionally with one or more of yeast, thiamine, pyridoxine and folic acid.

The composition may comprise the following: magnesium about 6g; thiamine about 250mg; pyridoxine about 120mg; folic acid about 20mg; chamomile about lOg;

passiflora incarnate about 5g; lemon balm about 3g; hops about 3g; yeast about 8g. The composition may contain other ingredients which are used in an equine food, such as binders, flavourants (e.g. spearmint flavour, rosemary extract), or carriers such as calcium carbonate, wheat feed and/or rapeseed oil or others such as oils, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, stabilising agents, anticaking agents, emulsifiers. Spearmint flavour can be included in the range of 1-lOOOmg, e.g. lOOmg. Rosemary extract, a natural antioxidant, can be included in the range of 5-100mg (e.g. 25mg). Calcium carbonate can be included at a range of from 50mg-50g (e.g. 12g). Wheat feed can be included at a range from 100mg-30g (e.g. 254mg). Rapeseed oil can be included at a range of from 150mg-150g (e.g. 250mg) or millilitre equivalents.

The composition may be in the form of a food, such as a food supplement. The composition may be presented as a powder or crumb or solid form. A powder is useful to sprinkle on the main food of the equine animal. Other forms include solid pellets, granules, tablets or a liquid.

The composition is recommended for feeding at the stated levels in a daily dose for a horse of 400-650kg. A horse or pony of <400kg would have a proportionally lower dose, adjusted accordingly. A horse of > 650kg would have a proportionally higher dose, adjusted accordingly.

The composition of the third aspect of the invention is particularly for use in promoting, supporting and maintaining calm behaviour in an equine. Promoting calm behaviour includes reduction in agitation or excitability, decrease in reluctant behaviour (such as napping, refusals, fizziness, nervous behaviour, spookiness or highly strung behaviour).

The invention also relates to the use of the composition of the third aspect of the invention in promoting calm behaviour in an equine. The invention also relates to a method of promoting calm behaviour in an equine comprising administering, to an equine, a composition according to the third aspect of the invention. The invention also provides a method of making a composition, according to the third aspect of the invention, comprising mixing together the ingredients into a composition e.g. in a tote tumbler to provide a powder, pellet or a paste.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention (also referred to as Challenged

Muscles), there is provided a composition comprising one or more of the key antioxidants of vitamin E, a source of vitamin C and selenium; two or more of the following key amino acids: lysine, methionine, threonine; a source of mixed branched chain amino acids; a source (preferably concentrated) of natural

antioxidants, e.g. grape seed concentrate; a source of globular proteins such as beta-lactoglobulin, alpha lactoglobulin and serum albumin, e.g. whey protein; and optionally including arginine and optionally glutamine (or a glutamine rich source). Sources of vitamin C include sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbic acid. Sources of a mix of branched chain amino acids include amino acid supplements. The branched chain amino acids include leucine, valine, isoleucine. Sources of selenium include sodium selenite, brazil nuts, sunflower seeds, bran. Concentrated sources of natural antioxidants include grape seed concentrate and the seeds of grapes. Sources of glutamine include extracted glutamine plus glutamine rich feeds and extracts such as wheat hydrolysates, glutamine dipeptides.

The composition is ideal for active horses and ponies or where muscle health is a concern. High levels of preferably more than one of the key antioxidants vitamin E, selenium and vitamin C are included to maximise absorption and efficiency (vitamin E and selenium are especially important in maintaining healthy muscles and are supported by vitamin C) as well as sources of natural antioxidants e.g. from grape seeds to support the body's natural anti-oxidant system. Whey protein may help support muscle and topline development. The composition contains a rich protein formula comprising one or more of the essential amino acids lysine, methionine and threonine which are important components of muscle. It also contains branched amino acids which can be used as a source of energy and may be especially important during the recovery from exercise. It preferably includes arginine which is one of the most utilised amino acids by the horse following exercise and glutamine, which is important in muscle health and may need to be supplemented in the diet of hard working horses.

Any one or more of the ingredients may be present in the following ranges: source to provide vitamin E at 5-2000IU, a source to provide vitamin C at 0.5- lOg, source to provide lysine at 2-10g, source to provide methionine at l-6g, source to provide threonine at l-6g, source to provide any mix of branched chain amino acids at 5-25g, source to provide arginine at 0.5-3 g, a source to provide glutamine at 1-1 Og optionally at 50μg-50g, a source to provide selenium at 0.1-lmg, a source to provide natural antioxidants, e.g. grape seed concentrate at 0.25-5g, a source to provide the globular proteins e.g. whey protein at 2-15g. The composition may comprise vitamin E, vitamin C, lysine, methionine, threonine, mix of branched chain amino acids, arginine, optionally glutamine, selenium, grape seed concentrate and whey protein.

The composition may comprise the following: vitamin E about 1000IU; vitamin C about 750mg; lysine about 7.5g; methionine about 3g; threonine about 1.5g; leucine about 8g; selenium about 0.4g; grape seed concentrate about 0.5g; whey protein about 1 lg; valine about 3g; isoleucine about 3g; arginine about lg; glutamine about 6g.

The composition may contain other ingredients which are used in an equine food, such as binders, flavourants (e.g. spearmint flavour, rosemary extract), or carriers such as calcium carbonate, wheat feed and/or rapeseed oil or others such as oils, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, stabilising agents, anticaking agents, emulsifiers. Spearmint flavour can be included in the range of 1-lOOOmg, e.g. lOOmg. Rosemary extract, a natural antioxidant, can be included in the range of 5-100mg (e.g. 25mg). Calcium carbonate can be included at a range of from 50mg-50g (e.g. 12g). Wheat feed can be included at a range from 100mg-30g (e.g. 254mg). Rapeseed oil can be included at a range of form 150mg-150g (e.g. 250mg) or millilitre equivalents. The composition may be in the form of a food, such as a food supplement. The composition may be presented as a powder or crumbs or solid form. A powder is useful to sprinkle on the main food of the equine animal. Other forms include solid pellets, granules, tablets or a liquid.

The composition is recommended for feeding at the stated levels in a daily dose for a horse of 350-650kg. A horse or pony of <350kg would have a proportionally lower dose, adjusted accordingly. A horse of > 650kg would have a proportionally higher dose, adjusted accordingly.

The composition of the fourth aspect of the invention is particularly for use in maintaining, supporting and/or improving muscle health in an equine, especially during periods of increased risk of muscle problems, e.g. when in high intensity work, when first start work/change the nature of any work, as well as those prone to muscle problems. Improving muscle health includes supporting the recovery of muscle after exercise in fit and unfit animals, supporting the recovery rate after any but especially high intensity exercise, soothing/easing stiffness after any but especially high intensity exercise, supporting the development of topline/muscle tone.; supporting animals prone to muscle problems as well as supporting them in their recovery especially after an attack of azoturia which is also described as tying up, equine extertional rhabdomyolysis or Monday morning disease.

The invention also relates to the use of the composition of the fourth aspect of the invention for maintaining and improving of muscle health in an equine.

The invention also provides a method of maintaining and improving of muscle comprising administering, to an equine, a composition according to the fourth aspect of the invention. The invention also provides a method of making a composition, according to the fourth aspect of the invention, comprising mixing together the ingredients into a composition e.g. in a tote tumbler to provide a powder, pellet composition or a paste. According to a fifth aspect of the invention (also referred to as Challenged Joints), there is provided a composition comprising a source of glucosamine, a source of chondroitin sulphate, a source of sulphur (preferably an available source of sulphur), such as sulphur containing amino acids, or MSM (methysulphonylmethane), optionally glutamine (including a glutamine source), optionally a source of hyaluronic acid and one or more of boswellia, rosehips and a source of omega-3 fatty acids (preferably rich in DHA).

Sources of glucosamine include glucosamine hydrochloride, N-acetyl glucosamine, glucosamine sulphate. Sources of chondroitin sulphate include chicken cartilage, porcine cartilage, synthetic chondroitin sulphate. Sources of Hyaluronic acid include glucuronic acid. Sources of omega-3 fatty acids are described as above.

The composition is ideal for horses and ponies where joint health is a concern. It contains good levels of glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, omega 3, optionally hyaluronic acid and a sulphur source, e.g. MSM, which are all known for their support of joint health. Hyaluronic acid helps to maintain joint lubrication and is an important component of cartilage. It may also contain: rosehips which are rich in natural antioxidants that may help support joint health; a vegetable source of omega 3 fatty acids preferably rich in DHA which may be lacking in the modern horse diet;

boswellia, which has been used for its positive effects on join health; and optionally glutamine, which is important for the synthesis of proteoglycans (proteoglycans are found in connective tissue, cartilage and help lubricate the joint capsule). When joint health is less challenged during periods of reduced activity or stiffness, the

composition described in the sixth aspect of the invention can be used for

maintaining/ supporting j oint health. Any one or more of the ingredients may be present in the following ranges (to provide the component of which they are a source): a source to provide glucosamine at 4-15g, a source to provide chondroitin sulphate at 100-lOOOmg, a bioavailable sulphur source (e.g. MSM at 4-15g), a source to provide hyaluronic acid at 10-lOOmg, a source to provide at glutamine at 50mg to 5g optionally at 5(^g-50g, source to provide boswellia at 0.5-4g, source to provide rosehip (shell, fruit or seeds) at 1-lOg, a source to provide omega-3 fatty acids (DHA) at 50-300mg.

The composition may comprise glucosamine, MSM, chondroitin sulphate, optionally hyaluronic acid, optionally glutamine, boswellia, rosehips and omega-3 fatty acids.

The composition may comprise the following: glucosamine HCL about 7.5g;

chondroitin sulphate about 750mg; MSM about lOg; glutamine about lOOmg;

hyaluronic acid about 50mg; boswellia about lg; rosehips about 5g; omega-3 fatty acids (e.g. DHA about 135mg).

The composition may contain other ingredients which are used in an equine food, such as binders, flavourants (e.g. spearmint flavour, rosemary extract), or carriers such as calcium carbonate, wheat feed and/or rapeseed oil or others such as oils , pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, stabilising agents, anticaking agents, emulsifiers. Spearmint flavour can be included in the range of 1-lOOOmg, e.g. lOOmg.

Rosemary extract, a natural antioxidant, can be included in the range of 5-100mg (e.g.

25mg). Calcium carbonate can be included at a range of from 50mg-50g (e.g. 12g).

Wheat feed can be included at a range from 100mg-30g (e.g. 254mg). Rapeseed oil can be included at a range of form 150mg-150g (e.g. 250mg) or millilitre equivalents.

The composition may be in the form of a food, such as a food supplement. The composition may be presented as a powder, crumb or solid form. A powder is useful to sprinkle on the main food of the equine animal. Other forms include solid pellets, granules, tablets or liquid. The composition is recommended for feeding at the stated levels in a daily dose for a horse of 350-650kg. A horse or pony of <350kg would have a proportionally lower dose, adjusted accordingly. A horse of > 650kg would have a proportionally higher dose, adjusted accordingly.

The composition of the fifth aspect of the invention is particularly for use in maintaining and supporting joint health especially at periods of challenge, including easing stiffness (e.g. when ridden or when turned out) and supporting more comfortable movement, looseness, flexibility, freedom of movement and/or suppleness.

The invention also relates to the use of the composition of the fifth aspect of the invention for maintaining and supporting joint health in an equine as described in the paragraph immediately above.

The invention also relates to a method of maintaining and supporting joint health in an equine comprising administering, to an equine, a composition according to the fifth aspect of the invention as described in the two paragraphs immediately above. The invention also provides a method of making a composition, according to the fifth aspect of the invention, comprising mixing together the ingredients into a

composition, e.g. in a tote tumbler to produce a powder, pellet or a paste.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention (also referred to as Healthy Joints), there is provided a composition comprising a source of glucosamine, a source of chondroitin sulphate, a source of sulphur (preferably bioavailable sulphur e.g. sulphur containing amino acids or MSM) and optionally glutamine.

The sources of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are as described above for the fifth aspect of the invention. This composition is also ideal for horses and ponies to help maintain and support joint health in periods of less challenge or risk to joint health e.g. reduced activity or less stiffness (e.g. after a period of time with the fifth aspect of the invention). It includes glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate which are thought to be beneficial for cartilage structure and health. It contains a source of available (e.g. MSM) sulphur, which is essential for the synthesis of connective tissue, including collagen. It includes optionally glutamine which is important for the synthesis of proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are found in connective tissue, cartilage and help lubricate the joint capsule.

Any one or more of the ingredients may be present in the composition in the following ranges (to provide the component of which they are a source): a source to provide glucosamine HCL at 4-15g; source to provide chondroitin sulphate at 100-lOOOmg; source to provide MSM at 4-15g; a source to provide glutamine at 50mg-50g optionally at 5(^g-50g.

The composition may comprise glucosamine HC1, chondroitin sulphate, MSM and optionally glutamine. The composition may comprise the following: a source to provide glucosamine HC1 about 6.5g; a source to provide chondroitin sulphate about 250mg, a source of sulphur (e.g. MSM about 7.5g); a source to provide glutamine about lOOmg.

The composition may contain other ingredients which are used in an equine food, such as binders, flavourants (e.g. spearmint flavour, rosemary extract), or carriers such as calcium carbonate, wheat feed and/or rapeseed oil or others such as oils, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, stabilising agents, anticaking agents, emulsifiers. Spearmint flavour can be included in the range of 1-lOOOmg, e.g. lOOmg. Rosemary extract, a natural antioxidant, can be included in the range of 5-100mg (e.g. 25mg). Calcium carbonate can be included at a range of from 50mg-50g (e.g. 12g). Wheat feed can be included at a range from 100mg-30g (e.g. 254mg). Rapeseed oil can be included at a range of form 150mg-150g (e.g. 250mg) or millilitre equivalents. The composition may be in the form of a food, such as a food supplement. The composition may be presented as a powder, crumb or solid form. A powder is useful to sprinkle on the main food of the equine animal. Other forms include solid pellets, granules, tablets or a liquid.

The composition is recommended for feeding at the stated levels in a daily dose for a horse of 350-650kg. A horse or pony of <350kg would have a proportionally lower dose, adjusted accordingly. A horse of > 650kg would have a proportionally higher dose, adjusted accordingly.

The composition of the sixth aspect of the invention is particularly for use in maintaining or supporting joint health in an equine animal, such as those described according to the fifth aspect of the invention. The joint health may also be promoted.

The present invention also relates to a method of maintaining or supporting joint health in an equine, comprising administering, to an equine, a composition according to the sixth aspect of the invention. The present invention also provides a method of making a composition, according to the sixth aspect of the invention, comprising mixing together the ingredients to form a composition e.g. in a tote tumbler to produce a powder, pellet or paste.

The composition of any of the aspects of the invention may be in the form of a food, in particular, in the form of a food supplement. The food supplement can additionally contain ingredients, which enable the food supplement to be formulated in a particular form. For example, the food supplement can contain molasses or molasses/oil mixture (including vegetable oil) for example cane molasses with approximately 6% or above oil such as Molglo (eg. to bind the ingredients together or as a palatability agent) or, oat feed, wheat feed or another suitable filler ingredient (as a filler ingredient). The food supplement may also contain a fibre source such as grasses, grass meal, alfalfa, sugar beet, soya hulls and oats, a fat source such as corn oil, soya oil, processed canola oil, coconut oil, palm oil or sunflower oil and/or a starch source such as cereals (eg. corn or maize, barley, oats). Thus, the food supplement may be a food.

The invention is described with reference to the following examples, which show the practical use of the aspects of the invention in day to day horse care and management.

Examples

Protocol

Overall Objective

• The aim of the trials is to prove the product has benefits to the horse which recognisable by its carer and which relate to the products intended use.

• To ensure that the supplements are palatable to the horse.

Trial Outline

The following supplements were included.

Total horses recruited: 120

Cross-over trial

*Within the Joint and Behaviour groups 20 horses were recruited from within each group who had an issue in the related area but were currently not feeding a competitor supplement. These 20 trialled our respective supplement for 5 weeks and a competitor supplement for 5 weeks with a 2 week wash out period in-between. Half the group feed the supplement to be tested first and the other half the competitor supplement first. Those who already feed a competitor supplement were recruited into the maintaining joint health functional area.

The competitor products are as follows:

Behaviour (competitor B) Ingredients

Magnesium oxide, Grass meal, Hops, Passion flower, Calcium carbonate, White mineral oil, Brewers' yeast, Magnesium chloride, Fenugreek seed, Oligofructose (dried), Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract.

Dose: 50-75g loading dose and then 25-50g maintenance dose. Dose is per day. Joint (competitor A)

Ingredients:

Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal, Isolated Soy Protein, Dextrose, Avocado/Soybean

Unsaponifiables

(ASU), Glycine, Glutamine, Chondroitin Sulphate, Glucuronic Acid, Proline, Glutamic Acid, Hyaluronic Acid,

Ammonium Propionate (preservative), Vegetable Oil, Monosilicic Acid, Aspartic Acid, Arginine, Histidine,

Manganese Sulphate, Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Sulphur, Alanine, Serine,

Valine, Isoleucine, Copper Sulphate 5 mg/kg (added).

Dose: 14g loading dose and then 7g maintenance dose. Dose is per day.

Additional trial aims per product (all carer evaluated):

Healthy Joints Challenged Joints (Cross over trial) • Stiffness, when ridden • Stiffness when turned out,

• Stiffness, when turned out compared to competitor product

• Stiffness, when ridden, compared to competitor product

Calm Behaviour (Positive Behaviour) Energy Boost

(Cross over trial)

• Energy/enthusiasm

• Spookiness/nervousness vs. • Focus/concentration

competitor product

• Excitability/fizzy vs. competitor

product

Challenged Skin and Coat Challenged Muscles

• Coat shine • Recovery rate after high intensity

• Coat scurf exercise

• Stiffness after high intensity exercise

Trial Time Scale

Cross over trials

Each horse was provided with enough supplement to last throughout the trial.

Functional Area Product Identifier Time Split Total Time

Joint - Cross Over 5th aspect 5wks - 2wks 12 weeks

washout - 5wks

Behaviour - Cross 3rd aspect 5wks - 2wks 12 weeks

Over washout - 5wks

Data Collection and Analysis

Questionnaires were designed for the horse carer to complete. 6th Aspect

Each horse carer was asked to score each horse for stiffness, when ridden. The results are shown in Figure 1.

Each horse carer was asked to score each horse for stiffness, when turned out. The results are shown in Figure 2.

In addition, the product was noted as palatable: 100% horses ate it. It was fast acting; 27% of trialists noticed a beneficial change within 1 week; 65% within 4 weeks. It was efficacious; see results graphs.

5th Aspect

Each horse carer was asked to score the improvements in their horse stiffness when turned out. The results are shown in Figure 3. Each horse carer was asked to score the improvement in stiffness when ridden. The results are shown in Figure 4.

In addition, the product was noted as palatable. 87% horses ate it. It was fast acting; 48% of trialists noticed a beneficial change within 1 week; 72% within 4 weeks. It was efficacious; see results graphs. 1st Aspect

Each horse carer was asked to score a change in energy/enthusiasm. The results are shown in Figure 5. Each horse carer was asked to score a change in focus/concentration. The results are shown in Figure 6.

In addition, the product was noted as palatable. 91% horses ate it. It was fast acting; 36% of trialists noticed a beneficial change within 1 week; 68% within 4 weeks. It was efficacious; see results graphs.

3rd Aspect

Each horse carer was asked to score a change in the horse being spooky/nervous. The results are shown in Figure 7.

Each horse carer was asked to score a change in the horse being excitable/fizzy. The results are shown in Figure 8.

In addition, the product was noted as palatable. 94%> horses ate it. It was fast acting; 65% of trialists noticed a beneficial change within 1 week; 76% within 4 weeks. It was efficacious; see results graphs.

2nd Aspect

Each horse carer was asked to score a change in coatshine. The results are shown in Figure 9.

Each horse carer was asked to score a change in coat scurf. The results are shown in Figure 10. In addition; it was palatable; 92% horses ate it. It was efficacious; see results graphs. 4th Aspect

Each horse carer was asked to score recovery rate after high intensity exercise, stiffness after high intensity exercise and topline/muscle tone, both before and after the trial. The results are shown in Figure 11.

In addition; it was palatable; 95% horses ate it. It was fast acting; 24% of trialists noticed a beneficial change within 1 week; 68% within 4 weeks. It was efficacious; see results graph.