IMPROVED ALKYL POLYGLYCOSIDES

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a composition and

process for enhancing the tactile and aesthetic properties

of alkyl polyglycosides. More particularly, by adding an

effective amount of an additive to an alkyl polyglycoside,

both the tactile and aesthetic properties of alkyl

polyglycosides are significantly enhanced.

Background of the Invention

The aesthetic properties of alkyl polyglycoside

solutions are apt to erode over a short period of time due

to the crystallization of the alkyl polyglycoside. Once

the alkyl polyglycoside solutions crystallize, the

viscosity of the solutions increases to the point where

handling problems result due to the non-homogeneity of the

product. The crystallization phenomenon in fats and lipids

is well known. All fats and lipids commonly form lamella-

type structures, but every substance reveals different unit

cell structures, i.e., polymorphism. The crystal structure

of each modification depends on the geometrical

conformation and chemical bonding of a molecule in which

molecular interactions differ between different segments,

such as an aliphatic chain, an olefin group in unsaturated

fatty species, a methyl end group which stabilizes the

lamella-lamella interface, a glycerol group in

acylglycerol, -COOH in fatty acid, a polar head group in

polar lipids, etc. Strongly hydrated nonionic surfactants

have phase diagrams resembling those of ionic surfactants,

suggesting the presence of a strong repulsive force between

the micelles. These strong hydration repulsion forces are

oftentimes balanced by van der aals attractive forces

between the lipid bilayers which provide for a uniform

mixture.

It is well known that at a temperature below the

critical transition temperature, a surfactant-water

mixture exists in the so-called coagel and gel states,

where the hydrocarbon chains of surfactant molecules are in

a trans zigzag elongated state. A difference between the

coagel and gel phases can be clearly recognized by the

naked eye. That is, the gel phase is in a homogeneous, semi-transparent state, while the coagel phases consist of

a hydrated-crystalline state separated from the water

solution phase. This is considered to be due to the

difference in the mode of binding forces operating in the

polar head region in the two phases. Probably, the

predominant binding force in the coagel phase is electrostatic interaction between cationic head groups and

their counter-ions, while there are in the gel phase

hydration interactions of both with water molecules.

Physical deterioration of fat products such as

margarine, shortening, and chocolate, just to name a few,

depends on the size, morphology and polymorphic structure

of the fat crystals, all of which are primarily influenced

by the crystallization conditions, and secondly, by the

phase transformation.

Kinetic parameters in the crystallization processes

involve molecular clustering, solvation/desolvation,

adsorption, surface/volume diffusion, conformational

rearrangements and so on.

Crystallization involves two elementary processes:

nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation occurs when the

solution or melt phases deviate from thermodynamic

equilibria to a greater extent. Three actual nucleation

phenomena occur in real systems. They are homogeneous

nucleation which occurs in a very pure system and at a

higher driving force. Heterogeneous nucleation

predominates either in an impure system or at a lower

driving force. Secondary nucleation which becomes

important when the pre-existing crystals provide secondary

nuclei so that the precipitation is remarkably enhanced.

Certain alkyl polyglycosides have a tendency to

crystallize during storage at ambient temperatures due to

their supersaturated state. Upon crystallization, the

alkyl polyglycosides become turbid, i.e., cloudy and opaque

in appearance due to the solids contained therein falling

out of their supersaturated state which, when coupled with

the resultant non-homogeneous state of the crystallized

solution and the attendant difficulties in handling operations such as pumping, is a highly undesirable

phenomenon. In order to rectify this undesirable physical

state, the alkyl polyglycoside composition must be heated

in order to resolvate the crystals. As can be imagined,

this process is both expensive and time-consuming.

Another problem associated with alkyl polyglycosides

relates to the undesirable tactile properties which they

impart upon contact with the human body, commonly referred

to in the industry as "scroopiness" . More particularly,

alkyl polyglycosides, when applied onto hair and/or skin

tend to make it feel rough, dry and sticky as if hairspray

were applied thereon. In general, alkyl polyglycosides,

due to their nonionic character, synergistic relationship

with other surfactants,tendency towards high foaming and

mildness with respect to skin irritation, have become

highly desirable surfactants for use in the personal care

products industry. However, due to their tendency to

impart this highly undesirable scroopiness effect when in

contact with the human body, their use in the personal care

industry, in significant amounts, has been limited.

Typical commonly used hydrotropes such as ethanol and

SXS have proven to be ineffective for maintaining the

homogeneity of alkyl polyglycoside solutions, and thus

inhibiting crystallization.

Consequently, it is the primary object of this

invention to provide a composition and process of enhancing

the aesthetic properties of alkyl polyglycosides by either

reducing or eliminating their tendency to crystallize

during prolonged storage under ambient conditions.

It is also an object of this invention to eliminate

scroopiness in human hair and/or skin as a result of

treatment with cleansing compositions containing alkyl

polyglycosides.

Summary of the Invention

Other than in the operating examples, or where

otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of

ingredients or reaction conditions used herein are to be

understood as modified in all instances by the term

"about" .

Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to

a composition comprising a first alkyl polyglycoside having

the general formula I

RO(Z) _a (I)

wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about

12 to about 16 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a

value from about 1 to about 6 and an additive selected from

the group consisting of C ₆ -C ₁₀ alkyl sulfates, unsaturated

aliphatic carboxylic acids including their hydroxy-

substituted derivatives or their salts, unsaturated

aliphatic sorbitan esters, C ₈ -C ₃₆ branched aliphatic di-

carboxylic acids, C ₆ -C ₅₄ branched aliphatic tri-carboxylic

acids, alkyl sulfosuccinates, a second alkyl polyglycoside

wherein the alkyl group has from 4 to 10 carbon atoms,

alkyl alkoxylates, alkyl and aryl phosphate esters,

branched aliphatic carboxylic acids, unsaturated alcohols,

Guerbet alcohols, alkoxylated C6 to C18 aliphatic polyglycosides, alkoxylated penterythritol, alkoxylated

penterythritol esters, alkyl and aryl sulfonates, alkyl

sulfonates, alkenyl sulfonates, alkyl amino carboxylates or

imino dicarboxylates, betaines, carboxylated immidazoline derivatives, carboxylate surfactants, and mixtures thereof,

in a weight ratio of first alkyl polyglycoside to additive

of from about 500:1 to about 15:1, respectively.

The present invention also provides a process for enhancing the aesthetic and tactile properties of alkyl

polyglycosides comprising adding an effective amount of an

additive selected from the group consisting of C ₆ -C ₁₀ alkyl

sulfates, unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids including

hydroxy-substituted derivatives thereof or their salts,

unsaturated aliphatic sorbitan esters, C ₈ -C ₃₆ branched

aliphatic di-carboxylic acids, C ₆ -C ₅₄ branched aliphatic tri-

carboxylic acids, alkyl sulfosuccinates, a second alkyl

polyglycoside wherein the alkyl group has from 4 to 10

carbon atoms, alkyl alkoxylates, alkyl and aryl phosphate

esters, branched aliphatic carboxylic acids, unsaturated

alcohols, Guerbet alcohols, alkoxylated C 6 to C 18 alkyl

polyglycosides, alkoxylated penterythritol, alkoxylated

penterythritol esters, alkyl and aryl sulfonates, alkyl

sulfonates, alkenyl sulfonates, alkyl amino carboxylates or

imino dicarboxylates, betaines, carboxylated immidazoline

derivatives, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof, to a first

alkyl polyglycoside of the formula I

R0(Z) _a (I)

wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about

12 to about 16 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue

having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a

value from about 1 to about 6.

The present invention also provides a process for

enhancing the tactile properties of alkyl polyglycoside

solutions when applied onto human hair and/or skin by

contacting human hair and/or skin with a composition

comprised of : (a) an alkyl polyglycoside of formula I:

R0<Z) _a I

wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about

8 to about 18 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; a is a number having a value

from 1 to about 6 and an effective amount of a dicarboxylic

acid having from 8 to about 36 carbon atoms;

(b) a salt of an alkyl ether sulfate having an average

degree of ethoxylation of about 2; and

(c) an N-alkoxylated fatty acid amide, thereby

imparting to said human hair, skin and combinations thereof

a feeling which is free of tackiness, roughness, dryness

and combinations thereof.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on

viscosity at a temperature of about 72°F, when various

unsaturated fatty acids such as EMERSOL ^® 315, an

unsaturated carboxylic acid, EMPOL ^® 1008, an unsaturated

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, and EMSORB ^® 2500, an

unsaturated alkyl sorbitan ester, are added at a 1.5%

actives level to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CS SURFACTANT at about 40%

actives.

Fig. 2 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on

viscosity, at a temperature of about 72°F when the

unsaturated fatty acids of Figure 1 are added at a 1.5%

actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CSUP SURFACTANT at about 40%

actives.

Fig. 3 is a bar graph comparing the initial viscosity

at 72°F when the unsaturated fatty acids of Figure 1 are added at a 1.5% actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CSUP SURFACTANT at

about 40% actives versus the viscosity after approximately

six weeks of storage at about 45°C.

Fig. 4 is a bar graph comparing the initial viscosity

at 72°F when the unsaturated fatty acids of Figure 1 are

added at a 1.5% actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CS SURFACTANT at

about 40% actives versus the viscosity after approximately

six weeks of storage at about 45°C.

Fig. 5 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on the

amount of foam formed at 72°F in deionized water when the unsaturated fatty acids of Figure 1 are added at a 1.5%

actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CS SURFACTANT at about 40%

actives, as measured by the Ross Miles test.

Fig. 6 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on the

amount of foam formed at 72°F in deionized water when the

unsaturated fatty acids of Figure 1 are added at a 1.5%

actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CSUP SURFACTANT at about 40% actives, as measured by the Ross Miles test.

Fig. 7 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on

wetting ability when the unsaturated fatty acids of Figure

1 are added at a 1.5% actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CS

SURFACTANT at about 40% actives at a temperature of about

72°F in deionized water, as measured by the Draves Wetting

test .

Fig. 8 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on

wetting ability when the unsaturated fatty acids of Figure

1 are added at a 1.5% actives to GLUCOPON ^® 625 CSUP

SURFACTANT at about 40% actives at a temperature of about

72°F in deionized water, as measured by the Draves Wetting

test.

Detailed Description of the Invention

In general, it is desirable to improve both the

aesthetic and tactile properties of alkyl polyglycosides.

An alkyl polyglycoside is a sugar derivative

surfactant which is typically less irritating to human skin

than other surfactants. Also, though it is a nonionic

surfactant, an alkyl polyglycoside forms a stable foam per

se, and furthermore, exerts a foam-stabilizing effect when

combined with anionic surfactants. Conventional body

cleansers such as shampoos, whether for hair or body,

contain anionic surfactants as their major components.

Because of the low skin irritation associated with the use

of alkyl polyglycosides as the nonionic surfactant, the use

of alkyl polyglycosides as an ingredient has become an

option in the personal care industry. However, prior to

their admixture into cleaning compositions, there is a time

period during which the alkyl polyglycosides are shipped

from the manufacturer and stored in drums . It is during

this time period, which may be very short, and under

ambient conditions, the alkyl polyglycosides have a

tendency to crystallize, thus becoming turbid and more

viscous. Moreover, as was mentioned above, the use of

alkyl polyglycosides as hair and/or skin cleansers, until

now, has been limited because of the previously-described undesirable scroopiness effect imparted by alkyl

polyglycosides when in contact with the human body. Thus,

these alkyl polyglycosides are used primarily in small

quantities for their synergistic relationship with other surfactants, low skin irritation and tendency to high

foaming.

It has now surprisingly been found that by adding an

effective amount of the disclosed additives to alkyl

polyglycosides, alkyl polyglycosides may be used as the

primary surfactant in a personal care product formulation,

while at the same time exhibiting significantly enhanced

aesthetic properties based on the elimination or reduction

in crystallization, along with the resultant increase in

viscosity of the alkyl polyglycosides.

Thus, according to the present invention, there is

provided a composition having improved aesthetic and

tactile properties comprising a mixture of a first alkyl

polyglycoside of formula I

R0(Z) _a (I)

wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about

8 to about 18 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue

having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a

value from about 1 to about 6, and an additive selected

from the group consisting of C ₆ -C ₁₀ alkyl sulfates,

unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids including hydroxy-

substituted derivatives thereof or their salts, unsaturated

aliphatic sorbitan esters, C ₈ -C ₃₆ branched aliphatic di-

carboxylic acids, C ₆ -C ₅₄ branched aliphatic tri-carboxylic

acids, alkyl sulfosuccinates, a second alkyl polyglycoside

wherein the alkyl group has from 4 to 10 carbon atoms,

alkyl alkoxylates, alkyl and aryl phosphate esters,

branched aliphatic carboxylic acids, unsaturated alcohols,

Guerbet alcohols, alkoxylated C 6 to C 18 alkyl

polyglycosides, alkoxylated penterythritol, alkoxylated

penterythritol esters, alkyl and aryl sulfonates, alkyl

sulfonates, alkenyl sulfonates, alkyl amino carboxylates,

or imino dicarboxylates, betaines, carboxylated

immidazoline derivatives, carboxylate surfactants, and

mixtures thereof .

In the aspect of the present invention which relates

to the elimination of the crystallization of alkyl

polyglycosides, the preferred alkyl polyglycosides are

those which are most susceptible to crystallization upon

storage. Such alkyl polyglycosides are alkyl polyglucosides

wherein the alkyl groups contain from 12 to 16 carbon atoms

and the sugar residue is derived from glucose. Such alkyl

polyglucosides which are made by reacting a mixture of

fatty alcohols having 12 to 16 carbon atoms and glucose and

are available commercially, for example, from Henkel

Corporation as GLUCOPON ^® 600 and GLUCOPON ^® 625

SURFACTANT, or APG ^® 600 and APG 625 SURFACTANT.

These alkyl polyglycosides have an average degree of

polymerization, which is typically defined as the average number of repeat units, or in this case glucose units, per

polymer chain, in the range of about 1.4 to about 1.6. The

pH of the alkyl polyglycoside is typically in the range of

about 6 to about 12. The percent actives of the alkyl

polyglycosides employed in the present invention is in the

range of about 5 to about 80%, and preferably about 40%.

The C ₆ -C ₁₀ alkyl sulfates which may be employed are short-chain alkyl sulfates characterized by the formula R'-

S0 ₄ ^" -X ⁺ wherein X is Na, K, Mg, and NH ₃ . These can be

manufactured from alkyl alcohols by sulfation with S0 ₃ or

chlorosulfonic acid.

The unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids, including

their hydroxy-substituted derivatives and salts thereof,

employed in the present invention have from 6 to 22 carbon

atoms. Preferred unsaturated fatty acids include: linoleic

acid and its sodium or potassium salt (commercially

available under the tradename EMERSOL ^® 315) ; linseed fatty

acid (commercially available under the tradename EMERY ^®

643); or hydroxy-substituted unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids such as ricinoleic acid, and mixtures

thereof.

Unsaturated aliphatic sorbitan esters of the type

CH ₂ -- CH-

I H-C-OH H-C-0(C ₂ H ₄ 0),H O

R ^3€ 0-C-H H-C-0(C ₂ H ₄ 0) _x R ³⁶

H-C H-C-

I

H-C-OR ³⁵ H-C-0(C ₂ H ₄ 0) _y R ³⁵

I

CH _s OC-R ¹ CH,0-C-R ^α

II O 0

wherein each of R ³⁵ and R ³⁶ is independently hydrogen or OCR ¹

and wherein R ¹ is a C ₁₀ _ ₂₂ hydrocarbon radical with the

proviso that x+y+z is a number from 5-30, may also be used.

Dimer fatty acids and salts thereof having the

structure X-R -X where R ² is a C _θ _ ₃₆ hydrocarbon radical and

X is COOH may also be employed. Examples include the

potassium salt of dimer acid (commercially available under

the tradename EMPOL ^® 1008) .

Similarly, trimer fatty acids having from about 6 to

about 54 carbon atoms may also be employed as an additive.

Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids of the formula R ³ -CX-

(COOH) ₂ wherein R ³ is a C ₁₆ _ _ιe hydrocarbon radical and X is NH _?

or N(R ⁴ ) ₂ , where R" is a C^ hydrocarbon radical may also be

used.

Short-chain alkyl polyglycosides wherein the alkyl

group has from about 4 to about 10 carbon atoms may also be

used to inhibit crystallization.

Alkyl alkoxylates having the structure R ⁵ - (EO) _v - (PO) _w -OH

wherein R ⁵ is a C ₈ _ ₂₂ hydrocarbon radical, v is a number from

about 0 to about 100 and w is a number from about 0 to

about 100, such that v + w _> 1, may also be employed.

Yet another additive which may be employed are the alkyl sulfosuccinates characterized by the structure

COOR ⁶

I

CH ₂

H-C-S0 ₃ "M*

I COOR ⁷

wherein each of R ⁶ and R ⁷ is independently a C ₈ . _lβ linear or

branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical or H, with the proviso that when R ⁶ is H, R ⁶ does not equal R ⁷ ,

and M ⁺ is Na, K or ammonium.

Alkyl and aryl phosphate esters characterized by the

structure

O I

R ⁸ 0-P-OM ⁺

I OR ⁹

wherein each of R ^B and R ⁹ is independently a C _B , ₂₂ straight or

branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical

which may be ethoxylated with from 0 to 20 moles of

ethylene oxide, or H, with the proviso that when R ⁸ is H, R ⁸

does not equal R ⁹ , and M ⁺ is H, Na, K, or ammonium.

Branched fatty acids of the R ¹⁰ -COOH type where R ¹⁰ is

a C ₄ . ₂₂ hydrocarbon radical.

Unsaturated alcohols of the R ^1:1 -0H type may also be

employed.

Guerbet alcohols having the formula

I

R ¹³ -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH

wherein each of R ¹² and R ¹³ is independently a C ₈ . ₁₀ straight

or branched chain hydrocarbon radical, and also esters of

Guerbet alcohols of the formula R ¹⁴ COOR ¹⁵ where

R ¹⁴ is R ¹² -CH ₂ CH ₂

I R ¹³ -CH ₂ CH ₂

and R ¹⁵ is a C ₈ _ ₁₈ hydrocarbon radical .

Another useful additive is an alkoxylated alkyl

polyglycoside having the formula

R ¹⁶ -0(E0) _£ (P0) _g (Z) _n

where Z is a glucose residue and n is a number from about

1 to 5, f is from about 0 to 100 and g is from about 0 to

100 where f + g _ 1.

Ethoxylated penterythritol and its esters having the

formula

CH ₂ 0(C ₂ H ₄ 0) _A R ¹⁷

R ¹⁸ (OH ₄ C ₂ ) _D CH ₂ -C-CH ₂ 0(C ₂ H ₄ 0) _c R ¹⁹

I

CH ₂ 0(C ₂ H ₄ 0) _B R ²⁰

where A+B+C+D is a number from 40-200 and wherein each of

_R ⁱ⁷ _ _R ² o j_ _s independently H or OCR ⁴⁰ wherein R ⁴⁰ is a C 6-22 hydrocarbon radical .

Aliphatic or alkyl and aryl sulfonates having the

formula

R ²¹ -S0 ₃ ^" M ⁺ wherein R ²¹ is a C ₈ . ₂₂ straight or branched chain,

saturated or unsaturated alkyl and aryl group, may also be

employed.

Alkyl amino carboxylates or imino dicarboxylates

having the formula R ²² -NR ²³ CH ₂ CH ₂ COO"M ⁺ wherein R ²² is a C _S - _1B

aliphatic radical, linear or branched, saturated or

unsaturated, R ²³ is H or CH ₂ CH ₂ COO ^" and M is Na, K or

ammonium.

Betaines having the formula:

_R 24 _R 24

I I

R ²⁵ -N ⁺ X"M ⁺ or R ²⁵ CONHCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -N ⁺ X-M ⁺ I I

R ²⁴ R ²⁴

wherein R ²⁵ is a C ₈ . ₂₂ straight or branched chain, saturated

or unsaturated aliphatic radical, R ²⁴ is methyl or 2-hydroxy ethyl, X" is CH ₂ COO ^" or CH ₂ CH(OH) CH ₂ S0 ₃ -, and M ^H is Na, K or

ammonium.

Carboxylated immidazoline derivatives of the type

R ²⁶ CONHCH ₂ CH ₂ NR ² R ²⁸ wherein R ²⁶ is a C _θ _ ₂₂ alkyl group , straight

or branched chain , saturated or unsaturated, R ²⁷ is CH ₂ COONa

or CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ S0 ₃ Na , and R ²⁸ is CH ₂ CH ₂ OH can also be

employed .

Carboxylate surfactants of the formula R ²⁹ -COOM" ^* wherein

R ²⁹ is C ₈ - ₂₂ alkyl group, straight or branched chain, or

R ³⁰ CONCH ₃ CH ₂ with R ³⁰ is a C ₈ , ₂₂ group (i.e. sarcosinate) , and

M ⁺ is Na, K or ammonium.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the

weight ratio of first alkyl polyglycoside to additive,

present in the composition, is from about 500:1 to about

15:1, respectively. A particularly preferred ratio is

about 25:1. The percent actives of the alkyl

polyglycosides is in the range of from about 5-80%, and most preferably about 40%.

According to another aspect of the present invention,

there is also provided a process for enhancing the

aesthetic and tactile properties of alkyl polyglycosides

involving adding an effective amount of an additive to a

first alkyl polyglycoside of formula I :

RO(Z) _a (I)

wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about

8 to about 18 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue

having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a

value from about 1 to about 6. The additives which may be

employed are the same as those described above.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an

alkyl polyglycoside according to formula I is heated to a

temperature in the range of from about 35 to about 70°C, and

preferably about 40°C. The additive is then added to the

heated alkyl polyglycoside, with mixing, in a weight ratio

of about 500:1 to about 15:1, and preferably about 25:1.

The addition of these types of additives has been shown to

be enhance the aesthetic and tactile properties of alkyl

polyglycosides without adversely affecting their physical and performance properties.

The practice of this invention may be further

appreciated by consideration of the following non-limiting,

working examples, and the benefits of the invention may be

further appreciated by reference to the comparison

examples.

CRYSTALLIZATION INHIBITION:

EXAMPLES

Alkyl polyglycoside compositions listed in Table I

were prepared. The crystallization inhibiting effect of each composition was evaluated according to the following

method. The results are also shown in Table I.

Evaluation Method:

In Examples 1-4 and Comparative Example 1, 40 grams of

50% actives Glucopon ^® 625 CS SURFACTANT, an alkyl

polyglycoside composition commercially available from Henkel Corp., Ambler, PA was charged into a beaker and

heated to a temperature of about 40 ^C C. Various additives

were then added to the alkyl polyglycoside composition with

thorough mixing. The compositions were then allowed to

stand under ambient conditions for a predetermined number

of days. The Examples were then evaluated for appearance

to determine whether the formation of crystals was visible

to the human eye. The Examples were then tested to

determine their viscosities, foaming, wetting, and critical

micelle concentration, the results of which can be found in

Figures 1-8.

TABLE I

No. EMERSOL ^® EMERSOL ^® EMPOL ^® EMSORB ^® APPEARANCE 315 (K) 315 (Na) 1008 2500

1 1.5 -- -- -- clear

2 -- 1.5 -- -- clear

3 -- -- 1.5 -- clear

4 -- -- -- 1.5 clear

Cl -- -- hazy

* (all components are represented in grams)

EMERSOL ^® 315 (K) is the potassium salt of linolic acid,

commerciallly available from Henkel Corp., Emery Division,

at 1.5% actives.

EMERSOL ^® 315 (Na) is the sodium salt of linolic acid,

commercially available from Henkel Corp., Emery Division,

at 1.5% actives.

EMPOL ^® 1008 is the potassium salt of dimmer acid,

commercially available from Henkel Corp., Emery Division, at 1.5% actives.

EMSORB ^® 2500 is sorbitan mono oleate, commercially

available from Henkel Corp., Emery Division, at 1.5%

actives.

Examples 5-8 and Comparative Example 2 listed in Table

II were prepared as per above using 80 grams of 40% actives

Glucopon ^® 625 csup, an alkyl polyglycoside composition also

commercially available from Henkel Corp. The Examples were

then evaluated and tested, as per above.

TABLE II

No. EMERSOL EMERSOL ^® EMPOL ^® EMSORB ^® APPEARANCE

® 315 (Na) 1008 2500

315 (K)

5 1.5 -- -- -- clear

6 -- 1.5 -- -- clear

7 -- -- 1.5 -- clear

8 -- -- -- 1.5 clear

C2 -- -- -- -- hazy

* (all components are represented in grams)

As can be seen from the results in Tables I and II, as

well as Figures 1-8, the addition of one of the disclosed

additives such as an unsaturated fatty acid having a

terminal anionic group thereon significantly inhibits or

delays the formation of crystalls in alkyl polyglycosides

of formula I, without imparing its physical properties.

Thus enhancement of an alkyl polyglycoside' s aesthetic

appearance is desired, i.e., the inhibition of

crystallization during storage at ambient conditions, the

disclosed additive is preferably added in a weight ratio of

alkyl polyglycoside to additive of about 25:1.

TACTILE IMPROVEMENT:

Composition A

336.0 grams of PLANTAREN ^® -2000 (an alkyl polyglycoside

commercially available from Henkel Corp., Emery division,

was heated to 50°C, after which 26.9 grams of EMPOL ^® 1008

was added. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.2 with

11.6 grams of 25% NaOH solution. 18.7 grams of water was

then added to the solution to adjust the solids to about

50%. The solution was then cooled to 25°C. The final

product was clear yellow in appearance having a pH of 7.2

and a Brookfield viscosity of about 2,950 cps.

The following shampoo formulations were prepared in

order to determine the tactile properties imparted by an

alkyl polyglycoside composition of the present invention

versus that of a control group.

EXAMPLE 9

COMPONENT % by weight

STANDAPOL ^® ES-2 15.0

STANDAMID ^® SD 3.0

Composition A 15.0

thickener 0.5

Citric acid soln. , pH to 6.5 2.0

water 64.5

100.0

STANDAPOL ^® ES-2 is ammonium laureth sulfate having a

degree of ethoxylation of about 2, available from Henkel Corp., Emery Division.

STANDAMID ^® SD is cocamide DEA, available from Henkel Corp., Emery Division.

COMPARISON EXAMPLE 3

COMPONENT _ by we qh

STANDAPOL ^® ES-2 15 . 0

STANDAMID ^® SD 3 . . 0

PLANTAREN ^® -2000 15 . . 0 thickener 0 . . 5

Citric acid soln., pH to 6.5 2 . . 0 water 64 , , 5

100 . 0

Test Procedure:

Example 9 and Comparison Example 3 were used to wash

human hair and then evaluated for the feel they imparted on

the hair after washing. The results showed that those

individuals using the alkyl polyglycoside composition of the present invention found their hair to be soft and

supple after washing. Conversely, those washing with

Comparison Example 3 found that their hair felt very dry

and tacky immediately following the washing. Thus, it can

be seen that by incorporating the alkyl polyglycoside

composition of the present invention into personal care

products, the resultant tactile properties are significantly enhanced.

It should be noted, however, that in a process for

cleansing human hair and/or skin, the amount of additive

will vary, depending on the particular type of cleansing

formulation being employed. Typical hair shampoos contain

the following components: C ₈ _ ₂₂ alkyl sulfates and their

salts which may be ethoxylated with from 1-50 moles of

(EO) , cocoamides their salts and derivatives thereof, along

with citric acid, its salts and derivatives. Thus, the

amount of additive to be added will to a certain extent depend on the additional components being employed, other

than alkyl polyglycoside. However, where the components

include: (a) a first alkyl polyglycoside in combination

with an additive selected from the group consisting of C ₆ -C _α0

alkyl sulfates, unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids

including hydroxy-substituted derivatives thereof or their

salts, unsaturated aliphatic sorbitan esters, C ₈ -C ₃₆ branched

aliphatic di-carboxylic acids, C ₆ -C ₅₄ branched aliphatic tri-

carboxylic acids, alkyl sulfosuccinates, a second alkyl

polyglycoside wherein the alkyl group has from 4 to 10

carbon atoms, alkyl alkoxylates, alkyl and aryl phosphate

esters, branched aliphatic carboxylic acids, unsaturated

alcohols, Guerbet alcohols, alkoxylated C 6 to C 18 alkyl

polyglycosides, alkoxylated penterythritol, alkoxylated

penterythritol esters, alkyl and aryl sulfonates, alkyl

sulfonates, alkenyl sulfonates, alkyl amino carboxylates or

imino dicarboxylates, betaines, carboxylated imidazoline

derivatives, carboxylate surfactants, and mixtures thereof;

(b) alkyl sulfates and their salts; (c) fatty acid amides,

the percent actives ratio of components (a) + (b) : (c) will

typically fall in the range of about 1:6 to about 1:4, and

preferably about 1:1. The same holds true for body

cleansers. The preferred additive for use in body cleanser

formulations is a dicarboxylic acid having from about 8 to

about 36 carbon atoms.

The present invention also provides a composition and

process for treating agricultural substrates by contacting

them with the agricultural composition of the present

invention.

Due to the inherent tacky nature of alkyl

polyglycosides, when applied onto agricultural substrates

they show a tendency to adhere (stick) securely onto a

surface of the substrate. An agricultural substrate is any

type of plant such as ornamental plants, weeds, or crops

such as wheat, corn, soy beans, and the like. The additive,

on the other hand, which in this case is a fatty acid, has

a tendency to disrupt the cell structure of the

agricultural substrate being treated, thereby enabling

agricultural adjuvants such as micro-nutrients, plant

growth regulators, biological agents and pesticides such as

insecticides, insect repellants, fungicides, bactericides

and herbicides to penetrate into the agricultural

substrate.

According to this aspect of the invention, the

additive employed is a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic

carboxylic acid having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, i.e., a

fatty acid, including the hydroxy-substituted derivatives

and salts thereof. It has been surprisingly found that by

contacting an agricultural substrate, such as a plant, with

a fatty acid, the epithelium of the plant is disrupted

thereby enabling an adjuvant to enter into (be absorbed by)

the plant.

Thus, according to one aspect of the invention there

is provided a fixative composition containing: (a) an alkyl

polyglycoside having the general formula I

RO(Z) _a (I)

wherein R is a monovalent organic radical having from about

6 to about 30 carbon atoms; Z is a saccharide residue

having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; and a is a number having a

value from about 1 to about 6, and (b) an additive

consisting of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having

from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, the combination of (a) and (b)

constituting a fixative composition.

A particularly preferred alkyl polyglycoside of

formula I is one wherein R is a monovalent organic radical

having from about 8 to about 16 carbon atoms, and a is a

number having a value from about 1 to 2. Preferred

unsaturated fatty acids include: linoleic acid and its

sodium or potassium salt (commercially available under the

tradename EMERSOL ^® 315) ; linseed fatty acid (commercially

available under the tradename EMERY ^® 643) ; or hydroxy-

substituted unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids such as

ricinoleic acid, and mixtures thereof. Preferred saturated

fatty acids include C ₆ -C ₁₂ fatty acids.

Thus, by combining the above-disclosed alkyl

polyglycoside and fatty acid additive, in a ratio by weight

of from about 500:1 to about 1:10, respectively, a fixative

composition is formed which can both disrupt the epithelium

of an agricultural substrate and allow a compound such as,

for example, an agricultural adjuvant to penetrate and

adhere thereto. The present invention therefore provides

a process for disrupting the epithelium of an agricultural

substrate.

As was noted above, various agricultural adjuvants may

be employed in accordance with the present invention, such

as those selected from the group consisting of micro¬

nutrients, plant growth regulators, biological agents and

pesticides such as insecticides, insect repellants,

fungicides, bactericides, herbicides and mixtures thereof.

Examples of micronutrients which may be used to treat an

agricultural include, for example, boron, chlorine, cobalt,

copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. The specific

agricultural adjuvant used will be chosen by one skilled in

the art and depend on the particular treatment to be

administered to the agricultural substrate.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the

invention, an agricultural composition for use in treating

agricultural substrates contains (a) from about 0.01 to

about 5% by weight of the fixative composition containing

the alkyl polyglycoside and the fatty acid, (b) up to about

15% by weight of an agricultural adjuvant, and (c)

remainder, up to 100%, of a carrier selected from the group

consisting of water, liquid fertilizer and mixtures

thereof. The purpose of the carrier is to provide a liquid

medium capable of transporting the agricultural composition

onto an agricultural substrate.

The present invention also provides a means for

treating agricultural substrates involving contacting the

substrates with the above-disclosed agricultural

composition. The substrates are preferably contacted with

the composition in spray form using a conventional spraying

device known in the art .

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that

changes may be made to the above-described embodiments of

the invention without departing from the broad inventive

concepts thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this

invention is not limited to the particular embodiments

disclosed, but is intended to cover all modifications which

are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.