SCHROETER ALYSSA (US)
US20150231292A1 | 2015-08-20 | |||
US20010038805A1 | 2001-11-08 | |||
US6764661B1 | 2004-07-20 | |||
US5126070A | 1992-06-30 | |||
US6764661B1 | 2004-07-20 | |||
US10105461B2 | 2018-10-23 | |||
US10105461B2 | 2018-10-23 |
CLAIMS We claim 1. An improved device for facilitating a chemical reaction comprising: a first packet member defining a first chamber portion, said first packet member being formed of a water permeable, first compressed cellulose material; a second packet member defining a second chamber portion, said second packet member being formed of a water permeable, second compressed cellulose material; a first dry ingredient disposed in said first chamber portion; and a second dry ingredient disposed in said second chamber portion; said first packet member being attached to said second packet member with a dissolvable member disposed between and ultimately enclosed by said first packet member and second packet member; wherein said first dry ingredient and said second dry ingredient are configured to form chlorine dioxide in the presence of water; and wherein said improvement comprises a plurality of apertures passing through the dissolvable member. 2. The improved device of claim 1 wherein said dissolvable member is fabricated from polyvinyl alcohol and capable of engaging the first dry ingredient and the second dry ingredient without a reaction. 3. The improved device of any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the plurality of apertures is selected from the group consisting of slits, holes, cut-outs, pinholes, laser cut apertures, and combinations thereof. 4. The improved device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the dissolvable member with the plurality of apertures is the same weight as that of a dissolvable member control without the plurality of apertures. 5. The improved device of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said first chamber portion and said second chamber portion are dimensioned so as to accommodate a substantially equal amount of said first dry ingredient and said second dry ingredient. 6. The improved device of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said first dry ingredient comprises dry sodium chlorite. 7. The improved device of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said second dry ingredient comprises at least one dry acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, boric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, sulfamic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphoric anhydride, sulfuric anhydride, maleic anhydride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, lithium chloride, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium acid sulfate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium acid sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium persulfate. 8. The improved device of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of apertures is a flap. 9. A kit for using the improved device of any one of claims 1 to 8, including a container for receiving the device of claim 1, said container being sized to receive a pre- determined amount of a liquid catalyst for facilitating a reaction between said first dry ingredient and said second dry ingredient within said improved device. 10. A device for facilitating a chemical reaction comprising: a first packet member defining a first chamber portion, said first packet member being formed of a first water permeable, cellulose material; a second packet member defining a second chamber portion, said second packet member being formed of a second water permeable, cellulose material; a first dry ingredient disposed in said first chamber portion; and a second dry ingredient disposed in said second chamber portion; said first packet member being attached to said second packet member with a dissolvable member disposed between and ultimately enclosed by said first packet member and second packet member; wherein said first dry ingredient and said second dry ingredient are configured to form a gas, a vapor or liquid, or combination thereof in the presence of water; and wherein there are a plurality of apertures passing through the dissolvable member. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein said dissolvable member is fabricated from polyvinyl alcohol and capable of engaging the first dry ingredient and the second dry ingredient without a reaction. 12. The device of any one of claims 10 to 11, wherein the plurality of apertures is selected from the group consisting of slits, holes, cut-outs, pinholes, flaser cut apertures, and combinations thereof. 13. The device of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the dissolvable member with the plurality of apertures is the same as that of a dissolvable member control without the plurality of apertures. 14. The device of any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein said first chamber portion and said second chamber portion are dimensioned so as to accommodate a substantially equal amount of said first dry ingredient and said second dry ingredient. 15. The device of any one of claims 10 to 14, wherein said first dry ingredient comprises dry sodium chlorite. 16. The device of any one of claims 10 to 15, wherein said second dry ingredient comprises at least one dry acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, boric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, sulfamic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphoric anhydride, sulfuric anhydride, maleic anhydride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, lithium chloride, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium acid sulfate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium acid sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium persulfate. 17. The device of any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of apertures is a flap. 18. A kit for using the device of any one of claims 10 to 17, including a container for receiving the device of claim 1, said container being sized to receive a pre- determined amount of a liquid catalyst for facilitating a reaction between said first dry ingredient and said second dry ingredient within said packet. |
12 through the sewn edges 36 after the joined lower and upper members 14 and 12 are disposed in the water. [0099] U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 teaches that the dissolvable member 16 allows the slurries to engage and generate chlorine dioxide gas that passes mainly through the upper member 12 with a relatively small amount of chlorine dioxide gas passing through the lower member 14. The chlorine dioxide gas exits the joined upper and lower members 12 and 14, then naturally flows into a space to be disinfected and/or deodorized. The upper and lower members are dimensioned and configured to cooperate with selected quantities of dry sodium chlorite and dry acid or acid mixtures to generate a predetermined quantity of chlorine dioxide gas over a predetermined time period. The predetermined quantity of water is absorbed relatively quickly by the lower and upper members 14 and 12 upon being disposed in a holder member recess 34 having dimensions slightly larger than corresponding dimensions of the periphery 36 of the joined upper and lower members 12 and 14. The configuration of the upper and lower members 12 and 14, allow a bottom compressed sponge cloth to engage the water and expand and be reconfigured such that the edges are contorted upward creating a cupping action or concave up configuration, resulting in a substantially wet acid engaging one side of the dissolvable member 16 and a substantially dry sodium chlorite engaging the opposite side of the dissolvable member 16. The now expanded bottom sponge cloth cooperates with the upper compressed sponge such that when the upper compressed sponge absorbs sufficient now acidified water to fully expand, the bottom sponge cloth reverts to a planar configuration to dispose the reactants of the upper and lower chambers 18 and 20 closer together. The upper and lower members 12 and 14 cooperate to allow a predetermined quantity of liquid catalyst to penetrate the lower member 14 and engage the dry acid reactant in the lower chamber 20. [00100] The packet 11 of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 is ultimately disposed in the liquid catalyst such that the lower member 14 or bottom compressed sponge cloth engages the liquid catalyst or water first, and expand and be reconfigured such that the edges 36 are contorted upward creating a cupping action or concave up configuration, resulting in a substantially wet acid 32 engaging one side of the dissolvable member 16 and a substantially dry sodium chlorite 30 engaging the opposite side of the dissolvable member 16. The now expanded bottom cellular cloth 14 (or sponge cloth) cooperates with the upper compressed sponge 12 such that when the upper compressed sponge 12 absorbs sufficient now acidified water to fully expand, the bottom sponge cloth 14 reverts to a 0 planar configuration to dispose the reactants 30 and 32 of the upper and lower chambers 18 and 20 closer together. The lower and upper members 14 and 12 cooperate to allow a predetermined quantity of liquid catalyst to penetrate the lower member 14 and engage the acid reactant 32 in the lower chamber 20 followed by the now acidic liquid catalyst in the lower chamber 20 being absorbed by the upper member 12 through periphery contact at the sewn edges 47, the acidic liquid catalyst then engaging the substantially dry reactant 30 in the upper chamber 18, thereby beginning the conversion of sodium chlorite 30 to chlorine dioxide and ultimately forming slurries that completely dissolve the dissolvable member 16 to allow the slurries to engage in the continuous reaction of the chlorine dioxide until all chemicals have been exhausted. [00101] The dissolvable member 16 of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 preferably has longitudinal and lateral dimensions relatively smaller than corresponding longitudinal and lateral dimensions of the upper and lower members 12 and 14, thereby allowing the dissolvable member 16 to be totally encased between the upper and lower members 12 and 14 after the members 12 and 14 are joined via water resistant thread sewn about the periphery 36 of cooperating edge portions of the upper and lower members 12 and 14, or similar joining means well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A myriad of materials may be used to fabricate the dissolvable member 16 including, but not limited to starch, gelatin and the preferred material of fabrication is film of a polyvinyl alcohol/starch that are capable of withstanding the dry chemical mixtures until activation by the liquid catalyst. A non-absorbent fiberglass cloth, mesh or weave, or similar non- absorbent, non-soluble weave may be included in the dissolvable member 16 to strengthen the dissolvable member 16 material and/or to slow down or otherwise control the rate of reaction between upper and lower chambers 18 and 20, thereby controlling the amount of water that mixes with the sodium chlorite 30 and the acid or acid mixture 32. [00102] The upper member 12 of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 is fabricated from a biodegradable, compressed cellulose sponge material having multiple pores that are closed when dry and open when wet. Preferably the upper member 12 material is manufactured by 3M Company (Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Spontex Company (Columbia, TN, USA), both well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The lower member 14 is fabricated from a biodegradable, compressed cellulose cloth material having multiple pores substantially smaller in size than the pores of the cellulose sponge material of the upper member 12 pores. The lower member 14 material is manufactured from 3M and Spontex Companies. The upper and lower member 12 and 14 pores are closed when dry and open when wet. The closed pores of the upper and lower members 12 and 14 prevent the sodium chlorite and acid or acid mixture 30 and 32 from combining with moisture to start a premature reaction and/or from escaping the packet before activation. When the closed pores of the upper and lower members 12 and 14 open, the generation of chlorine dioxide gas is initiated and allowed to escape to through the upper and lower members 12, thereby preventing a pressure buildup of the generated gas, which can result in the spontaneous combustion or explosion of the chlorine dioxide gas. [00103] In some applications a cellulose cloth which is not compressed is used instead of the compressed cloth. This is referred to as an uncompressed cloth. [00104] The higher density of pores of the lower member 14 of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 allow the lower member 14 to absorb and hold more water than the pores of the upper member 12. The upper member 12 pores become relatively larger than the lower member 14 pores when wet, thereby allowing a relatively large quantity of chlorine dioxide gas to escape from the upper member 12 in comparison to the lower member 14. The primary purpose for the pores of the upper member 12 is for gas release, and a secondary purpose for the pores being the absorbing of water. The primary purpose for the pores of the lower member 14 is for water absorbing, and a secondary purpose for the pores being gas release. The lower member 14 not only absorbs water via the pores, but also via the fiber material that forms the lower member 14. The sponge material of the upper member 12 has less fiber than the lower member 14 and correspondingly absorbs less water. Besides the smaller pores of the lower member 14 impeding chlorine dioxide gas flow, engagement between the lower member 14 and the holding member 22 also restricts chlorine dioxide gas flow. The upper and lower members 12 and 14 hold the absorbed water during the entire reaction time for forming chlorine dioxide gas. The surface areas for the upper and lower members 12 and 14 are relatively small before submersion and relatively large when exposed to water during the entire reaction time for forming chlorine dioxide gas. [00105] Referring to FIGS. 6-9, U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 discloses a multi- chamber packet 42, which is used for releasing chlorine dioxide gas into air, is depicted with three upper chambers 44 and three lower chambers 46. Each chamber 44 and 46 is substantially the same configuration and dimensions as the corresponding chambers 18 and 20 of the single packet 11 of FIGS. 1-5. Each chamber 44 and 46 has a peripheral stitching 47 (preferably a double stitch) that captures the sodium chlorite or acid or acid mixtures in respective sealed and separated chambers 44 and 46. [00106] The multi-chamber packet 42 of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 provides for more generation of chlorine dioxide gas from the multi-chamber packet 42 compared to the single packet 11, when each individual chamber of the multi-chamber packet 42 is substantially equal in volume to the single packet 11. Obviously, a relatively larger single packet 11 could be used to generate more chlorine dioxide gas; however, a larger single packet 11 is not efficient due to the corresponding larger quantity of sodium chlorite 30 in the upper chamber 18 ultimately combining with water to form a "caked" or hardened central core surrounded by relatively wet powder. The hardened core of sodium chlorite 30 prevents the acid or acid mixture 32 from fully dissolvable and activating the sodium chlorite 30 after the acid or acid mixture 32 dissolves the dissolvable member 16 and engages the sodium chlorite 30, resulting in wasted quantities of both the sodium chlorite 30 and the acid or acid mixture 32. The separated chambers 44 and 46 of the multi- chamber packet 42 provide smaller chamber quantities of the sodium chlorite 30 and acid or acid mixture 32 for promoting faster and more complete reactions, thereby generating more chlorine dioxide gas from the pre-selected quantity of all sodium chlorite 30 and acid or acid mixture 32 in all the chambers 44 and 46 of the multi-chamber packet 42, than the amount of chlorine dioxide gas generated from the same pre-selected quantity of sodium chlorite 30 and acid or acid mixture 32 disposed in larger single chambers 18 and 20 in a correspondingly larger single packet 11. [00107] The single packet 11 of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 in FIGS. 1-5 and the multi-chamber packet 42 of FIGS. 6-9, may be used to release chlorine dioxide gas into water by using a higher density cellulose material with greater numbers and greater density of smaller pores for the upper members 12 forming the upper chambers 18 and 44. The compressed cellulose material for the upper member 12 is substantially the same as the cellulose material (manufactured from 3M and Spontex Companies) used for the lower members 14 forming the lower chambers 20 and 46. The higher pore density of the compressed cellulose cloth of the upper and lower members 12 and 14 allows water to pass therethrough to form a sodium chlorite slurry in the upper chambers 18 and 44 and an acid slurry in the lower chamber 20 and 46, whereupon, the slurries dissolve the dissolvable members 16 and ultimately mix and react to release chlorine dioxide gas through the pores of the cellulose material before the slurries diffuse or otherwise "escape" from the upper chambers 18 and 44 and the lower chambers 20 and 46, and into the surrounding liquid mass or water. [00108] The compressed cellulose cloth of the upper and lower members 12 and 14 of U.S. Pat. No.10,105,461 includes an outer surface or "skin" for retaining water in the pores of the cloth. The skin replaces the open pores on the surface of the cloth. More specifically, there are no open pores on the surface of the cloth, but there are ultimately small open pores inside the cell structure of the inner layers of the cloth material, thereby allowing generated chlorine dioxide gas to escape from the packets 11 and 42 via the open pores and through spaces between the fibers of the caused by water contacting the cloth material. Both the single packet 11 and the multi-chamber packet 42 require a weight secured thereto to maintain the respective packet under water in a vertical or horizontal orientation. Attaching the weight to the respective packet is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. [00109] Referring to FIG.10, U.S. Pat. No.10,105,461 discloses a nested chamber packet 60 is depicted for use when chlorine dioxide is released in water. The nested chamber packet 60 must be maintained under water via a weight or similar means as detailed above for the multi-chamber packet 42. FIG.10 includes three nested chambers, an inner chamber 62, a middle chamber 64 and an outer chamber 66. The inner chamber 62 includes sodium chlorite 30 surrounded by a compressed cellulose sponge 68. The middle chamber 64 includes sodium chlorite 30 surrounded by a compressed cellulose sponge 70. The outer chamber 66 includes an acid or acid mixture 32 surrounded by a compressed cellulose cloth 72. The cellulose cloth 72 slowly allows water to enter the outer chamber 66 and form an acid slurry that ultimately penetrates the sponge 70 of the middle chamber 64 followed by the acid slurry penetrating the sponge 68 of the inner chamber, thereby extending the release time for the chlorine dioxide gas from the nested chamber packet 60 to sanitize or disinfect a water volume, pools and cooling towers for example, for a time period much longer than the aforementioned single and multi- chamber packets 11 and 42. [00110] Referring to FIG. 11, U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 a multi-layer "onion" packet 80 is depicted for increasing the release time for chlorine dioxide into water. The multi-layer packet 80 is maintained under water via a weight or similar means as detailed above. The center core chamber 81 contains sodium chlorite 30 and is defined by two dissolvable members 16. The next layer 82 is an acid or acid mixture 32 captured between the two dissolvable members 16 and two compressed cellulose sponge members 83. The next layer is sodium chlorite 30 captured between the two cellulose sponge member 83 and two dissolvable members 16a. The next layer is an acid or acid mixture 32 captured between the two dissolvable members 16a and two cooperating compressed cellulose cloth members 84 that form an outer shell. [00111] According to U.S. Pat. No.10,105,461, irrespective of the type of packet used, all packets should be placed in a moisture resistant package to prevent the premature combination and reaction of the sodium chlorite and acid or acid mixtures. For safety, the holder member should include a cover to prevent water containing chlorine dioxide gas from escaping and/or improperly disposed, and for maintaining chlorine dioxide as inside the holder member 22. [00112] The aforementioned packets of U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 can have a myriad of sizes and configuration for a predetermined volume of air or water to be disinfected and deodorized. However, the chamber sizes and the corresponding ratios for the respective chemical mixtures within the chambers will remain substantially constant. For example, an upper chamber 18 sized to contain a dry sodium chlorite mixture of five grams will be joined to a lower chamber 20 having a dry acid or acid mixture quantity of substantially about 16.5 grams of citric acid anhydrous. The quantity of water disposed in the holder member 22 to react with the above quantities is substantially about sixty milliliters. The dimensions of the compressed cellulose sponge forming the upper member 12 is substantially about 25/8 x 33/4 x 5/16 inches. The dimensions of the compressed cellulose cloth forming the lower member 14 is substantially about 25/8 x 3 ¾ x 5/16 inches. The dimensions of the dissolvable member 16 is relatively smaller than substantially about 25/8 x 33/4 x 1/32 inches. [00113] The method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 for fabricating the single packet 11 includes the following steps: [00114] Disposing said polyvinyl alcohol material upon said compressed cellulose cloth; [00115] Disposing said compressed cellulose sponge upon said polyvinyl alcohol material; [00116] Securing together engaging peripheral portions of said compressed cellulose sponge, said compressed cellulose cloth and said polyvinyl alcohol such that a side portion remains open; [00117] Providing substantially about sixteen and one-half grams of citric acid in a room having a humidity level at or less than twenty percent; [00118] Disposing half of said first mixture between said compressed cellulose cloth and said polyvinyl alcohol material; [00119] Disposing a second mixture consisting of five grams of sodium chlorite between said compressed cellulose sponge and said polyvinyl alcohol material; [00120] Disposing the remaining half of said first mixture between said compressed cellulose cloth and said polyvinyl alcohol material; [00121] Sealing said open side portion such that said first and second mixtures are isolated and sealed between respective walls formed from said compressed cellulose sponge, said compressed cellulose cloth and said polyvinyl alcohol, thereby forming a chlorine dioxide generating device; [00122] Activating said chlorine dioxide generating device via sixty milliliters of relatively warm water disposed in a container, said chlorine dioxide generating device being disposed in said container such that said compressed cellulose cloth forms a lower portion of the device that engages the water before said compressed cellulose sponge engages the water, thereby causing chlorine dioxide gas to be emitted from said device until all reactions have exhausted and said water has been completely absorbed by said compressed cellulose. [00123] U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,461 refers to its FIG. 12, a sectional side view of a single packet 11 which depicts an alternative configuration for the dissolvable member 16 of FIG.4, the alternative configuration being denoted as numeral 90. The dissolvable member 91 can be used with the single packet 11 or the multi-chamber packet 42 for generating chlorine dioxide gas into air or water. The dissolvable member 91 includes an undulating or "wave" configuration that is formed via the above detailed steps for fabricating the single packet 11. The dissolvable member 91 provides a trough or recess 92 that receives sodium chlorite 30 therein. The upper and lower chambers 18 and 20 are completely filled with sodium chlorite 30 and acid or acid mixture 32, thereby forcibly maintaining sodium chlorite 30 in the recess 92 irrespective of the orientation of the packet 11 and 42. The conical wall 94 of the recess 92 of the dissolvable member 91 provides more surface area than a planar dissolvable member 16, thereby increasing cooperating quantities of sodium chlorite 30 and acid or acid mixture 32 disposed adjacently on opposite sides of the dissolvable member 91. When the dissolvable member 91 is dissolved by acid and sodium chlorite slurries, the increased quantities of sodium chlorite and acid slurries that immediately mix together ultimately generates chlorine dioxide gas at a faster rate than the gas rate generated by relatively smaller slurry quantities that mix after a planar dissolvable member 16 is dissolved. Thus, the gas generation rate for the packets 11 and 42 can be increased or decreased by correspondingly increasing or decreasing the surface area of the recess 92, and the surface area of the recess 92 is varied by correspondingly changing the configuration and/or dimensions of the dissolvable member 91. [00124] It has surprisingly been discovered that if the dissolvable member has a plurality of apertures passing through it, the dissolvable member disintegrates much more uniformly and quickly than the same membrane without the apertures. The use of a dissolvable membrane with apertures through the membrane increases the rate at which chlorine dioxide is generated, achieves a higher maximum chlorine dioxide concentration, and presents a more efficient use of the raw materials. [00125] In fact, it has also been discovered, as discussed in the experimental section, that the use of apertures can tailor the chlorine dioxide evolution for various purposes. [00126] Significantly higher initial levels of chlorine dioxide in the space to be disinfected have been observed when the dissolvable member has apertures when compared to a device where the dissolvable member has no apertures [00127] An aperture is any passage which begins on one side of the membrane and passes through the membrane to the opposite side. The aperture-area per unit area such as square inches or square centimeters or square millimeters is called the aperture-inch density. The aperture-area density is an optimizable variable and varies upon the size of the device, the amount of raw materials in the device and the porosity/water transmission rate of the upper and lower members (12 and 14). If the aperture is a cutout hole for example, the aperture area is the total area which has been removed per square unit of area. In the case of a slit, where no material is removed, the aperture area is expressed as aperture-inches or slit-inches. [00128] As shown in FIG. 13, the shape of the aperture is also a design choice to be optimized. In one embodiment the apertures are holes without a cutout portion, such as those made by a needle. In another embodiment, the apertures are holes but with a portion removed or cutout from the hole, i.e. a cutout formed by a device such as that used to punch holes in leather. In another embodiment, the apertures are slits having a specific slit length and slit width as measured on the device creating the slit. The slit length is always the longer dimension. A slit does not have any material removed. A slit has an aspect ratio greater than 1.1, while a hole has an aspect ratio of less than or equal to 1.1 and greater than or equal to 1.0. [00129] 161 of FIG. 13 depicts slits in a straight line. 162 of FIG.13 depicts the combination of slits and pin holes along a straight line.163 of FIG.13 depicts pin holes in a tight line.164 of FIG. 13 depicts slits in a straight line. In this case the slits have a smaller aspect ratio and are closer together than the slits depicted by 161.165 of FIG.13 depicts round holes with the center removed. These are called cutout holes. 166 of FIG. 13 depicts a rectangle cutout with the dissolvable material inside the hole removed from the dissolvable member aligned in a straight line. The flap (167 in FIG. 13) is another type of aperture. While shown as a slit in the shape rectangle in the figure it could just as easily be a semi-circle slit. A circle formed by a slit having an arc 330 Degrees of the circumference is an example of a flap. In this manner, the slit keeps the flap in place to keep the ingredients apart but rapidly dissolves creating a hole for more rapid movement across the membrane. The flap can be defined as a slit which is not a straight line. [00130] The aperture opening can be varied as well. Preferably no material is removed from the dissolvable member when forming the aperture. In this manner the dissolvable member maintains its function as a physical separation barrier between the two chambers. One way to express that no material has been removed during the forming of the apertures is that the dissolvable member with the plurality of apertures is the same weight of a dissolvable member control without the plurality of apertures. The dissolvable member control is of the same material dimensions as the dissolvable member. [00131] Should the aperture opening which has membrane material removed be desired, the aperture opening should be smaller than the average diameter of about 95% of the particles, or exactly 95% of the in either the upper or lower chamber. In this manner, some physical mixing may occur, but not enough to create a premature reaction. [00132] As an optimizable variable, the aperture opening is preferably smaller than the average diameter of 50% of the particles in either the upper or lower chamber, with smaller than the average diameter of 60% of the particles in either the upper or lower chamber being more preferred, with smaller than the average diameter of 70% of the particles in either the upper or lower chamber being even more preferred, with smaller than the average diameter of 80% of the particles in either the upper or lower chamber being also more preferred, and with smaller than the average diameter of 90% of the particles in either the upper or lower chamber being again, even more preferred. [00133] There will also be an aperture spacing for each aperture which is the distance between apertures along a line connecting at least three apertures. An aperture can have different spacings on different lines. [00134] The slits can made by any suitable device such as a laser, a knife, a rolling wheel like a scoring wheel, scissors, needle(s), pin(s), and the like. [00135] In one embodiment the first dry ingredient comprises dry sodium chlorite. [00136] In one embodiment the said second dry ingredient comprises at least one dry acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, boric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, sulfamic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphoric anhydride, sulfuric anhydride, maleic anhydride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, lithium chloride, magnesium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, sodium acid sulfate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium acid sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium persulfate. EXPERIMENTAL [00137] The ability of the aperture arrangement to modify the rate of reaction and the amount of material reacted was demonstrated by activating two working examples (WE-1 and WE-2) and measuring the chlorine dioxide levels relative to time during an 8- hr. cycle. [00138] The working examples were the prior art packets with apertures in the dissolvable membrane [00139] From this data the cumulative amount of chlorine dioxide generated during the 8-hr. cycle can be determined as shown in FIG. 14 and the chlorine dioxide concentration profile across the 8-hr. cycle can be determined (FIGS 15A and 15B). [00140] The testing protocol consisted of the following steps; 1) pre-conditioning of the closed space to reach a temperature and relative humidity level range between 10°- 48.9°C (50°-120°F) and 65%-99% R.H. respectively; the diffusion phase of chlorine dioxide gas in order to reach the desired concentration level; a dwell period called exposure where the gas sits for a period of time in order to obtain the desired kill level; and finally, aeration or scrubbing to remove the gas safe levels. [00141] The total exposure dosage, referred to as ppm-hours of accumulated exposure time, is the determining factor in sterilization, disinfection or sanitization cycle efficacy when using chlorine dioxide gas. Any concentration of gas can be used as long as it is held for the proper amount of time within specified atmospheric conditions in order to achieve the desired total ppm-hour exposure dosage. [00142] The industry standard is 720 ppm-hours of accumulated exposure time which is the amount required to achieve a 6-log sporicidal reduction was established for this test using ClorDiSys performance standards. ClorDiSys is recognized as a worldwide leader in decontaminating critical aseptic environments using chlorine dioxide gas. Their performance metric of 720 ppm-hours of accumulated exposure time has been extensively peer reviewed and independently confirmed by many leading government and private research organizations. It has been demonstrated that a 6-log sporicidal reduction can be obtained with as low as 450 ppm- hours of accumulated exposure time. [00143] The experiment utilized the following equipment: [00144] Working Example 1: a Chlorine Dioxide Delivery System (kit) as described and claimed with the dissolvable member of 9 inches long and 3 inches wide with 4 rows of apertures (slits). The rows were spaced 0.75 inches apart running the length of the dissolvable member. Each slit was 0.5 inch long and 0.25 inches apart along the row. This equated to 1.5 slits per inch (0.75 slit-inches per inch). This equated to a density of 27 inches that were slit per 27 square inches of dissolvable member (a density of 1.0 slit-inches per square inch). 100 grams of a mixture of citric acid and sodium chlorite reactants were used. [00145] Working Example 2: a Chlorine Dioxide Delivery System (kit) as described and claimed with the dissolvable member of 9 inches long and 3 inches wide with 4 rows of apertures (slits). The rows were spaced 0.75 inches apart running the length of the member. Each slit was 0.25 inch long and 0.25 inches apart along the row. This equated to approximately 2 slits per inch (0.5 slit-inches per inch). This equated to a density of 18 inches that were slit per 27 square inches of dissolvable member (a density of 0.67 slit-inches per square inch). 100 grams of the same reactant mixture as that of WE-1 were used. [00146] The testing space was a containment chamber dimensioned 10 feet long x 6 feet wide x 7 feet having an internal volume of 321 Cu. Ft. [00147] The gas concentration was measured using a calibrated ClorDiSys (Branchburg, NJ USA) EMS gas concentration monitoring system. [00148] The ClorDiSys temperature and humidity monitoring system was used to measure the humidity and temperature of the chamber. [00149] A ClorDiSys air scrubber was used for chemical neutralization after the 8hr cycle. [00150] Safety was ensured by one set of PPE safety equipment and a handheld PortaSens chlorine dioxide gas safety sensor available from ClorDiSys, Branchburg, NJ USA. [00151] Humidity was controlled with a humidity generator with adjustment sensor. [00152] Air was circulated with a low volume circular fan. [00153] Crosstex (Hauppauge, New York, USA) biological indicators with prepared culture media containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus were used to detect the efficacy. [00154] The temperature and humidity levels inside the test chamber were controlled to 68 to 72° and 72-85% RH. [00155] Both working examples were activated using distilled water at a temperature of 67-69°F. [00156] For each test, two biological indicators inoculated with Geobacillus stearothermophilus 10 6 spores were placed inside the fumigation chamber. A 10 6 or Log 6 efficacy level requires that the treatment provide a 99.9999% reduction of the bacterial spores. Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores are one of the most difficult spores to kill. [00157] The internal chlorine dioxide concentration level was monitored throughout the process with a ClorDiSys environmental monitoring system (EMS) utilizing a precise UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Sample tubing was run to a remote area inside the chamber allowing a continuous sample to be pulled from the chamber so that the gas concentration level was monitored and logged at 1-minute intervals. [00158] The chamber was decontaminated after 8hrs. After completion of the decontamination process, all biological indicators were removed from the treatment chamber, inserted into the media, and incubated for 3 days per the manufacturer’s testing requirements. The control indicator turned yellow, indicating biological growth while there was no change in color of the indicators corresponding to the working examples establishing that the required efficacy had been achieved. [00159] As can be seen from FIG. 14, WE-1 with the greater slit-inches per inch exhibited a faster reaction and more thorough reaction of the reactants. By 3 hours the chamber with WE-1 was exposed to 750ppm-hrs whereas it took almost the full 8 hrs for WE-2 to reach 750ppm-hrs exposure. This reduces the treatment time by 50%. Alternatively, less reactants can be used, and less unreacted reactants to be disposed of. [00160] The profiles of the concentration (FIGS 15A and 15B) are interesting. It should be noted that these profiles were measured on gas drawn from an obscure part of the chamber, not near the device. The profile of WE-1 shows a very rapid generation and onset of the reaction. The implications are that the user should be mindful of the need to exit the area very quickly if there is no Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in use. The profile of WE-2 shows a much slower reaction rate which allows the user more time to exit the area. [00161] The improvement over the prior art used the same protocol as above except that the dissolvable membrane of the control had no apertures. [00162] As can be seen from FIG.16, the cumulative amount of chlorine dioxide did not reach the target of 720 accumulated hours in the 8 hr. period of the test. Contrast that with the Working Examples which did reach the target with 8 hrs. [00163] The improvement on the reactivity is demonstrated in FIG. 17 showing that maximum amount of chlorine dioxide at any given point in time was no greater than 80ppm which be contrasted with WE-1 and WE-2 with 220 and 175 ppm, respectively. [00164] TABLE I below summarizes the results over the 8 hr. test period as approximated from the Figures. As shown, the more slit-inches (or the more apertured the dissolvable member), the more ingredients are reacted in a given period of time. TABLE I. SUMMARY OF RESULTS Id tifi ti A t M i Ti t 720 A l t d [00165] Although exemplary implementations of the invention have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the invention, they are by no means limiting, but are instead exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.