ARAUJO JOSEPH A (CA)
| WO2003102097A1 | 2003-12-11 | |||
| WO1999005140A1 | 1999-02-04 |
| US8053462B2 | 2011-11-08 | |||
| US6004991A | 1999-12-21 |
TSOTINIS ET AL.: "Design and Synthesis of New N-OMe Fluoro-Indole Melatoninergics", MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 3, 2007, pages 561 - 571, XP001539525, DOI: 10.2174/157340607782360335
| Claims: 1. A compound of Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, wherein: R1 is selected from C(O)R7, CO2R7, C(O)N(R7)(R7'), S(O)R7, SO2R7, C1-6alkyleneR7 and R7; Q is Q3: over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R2a)(R2b) and SC1-6alkyl; R2a and R2b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, N(R5')(R6'), C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-6alkyl, the latter four groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C1-6alkoxy, or two adjacent R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, N(R5')(R6'), C1- 6alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-6alkyl, or one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is selected from A, O-A and C1-4alkyleneA and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H or halo; R5' and R6' are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; A is selected from phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54 and 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54, wherein the phenyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, C1-4alkyl, OC1-4alkyl, N(R54a)(R54b), C1-4alkyleneN(R54a)(R54b) and SC1-4alkyl; R7 is selected from H, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'' and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'', wherein the latter 7 groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, OR55, N(R55)(R56) and SR55 and/or the C1-6alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO2 and NR57; R7' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R7'' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R26, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from H, halo and C1-6alkyl; R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1-6alkyl and C(O)C1-6alkyl, or R30 and R31, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N, and NR58; R54, R55, R56, R57 and R58 are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R54a and R54b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof, provided that when R26, R27, R28 and R29 are all H and R30 and R31 are H or CH3, and: R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H, R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R5 and R6 are all H and R4 is OCH3, or R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H and R5 is OCH3, then the compound of Formula I is an (R)- or (S)-enantiomer of the carbon to which Q is attached. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R26, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from H and D 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Q is selected from one of the following groups: . 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1- 6alkyl and C(O)C1-6alkyl, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, D, C1-6alkyl, C1-6fluoroalkyl, C1-6deuteroalkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C(O)C1-6fluoroalkyl and C(O)C1- 6deuteroalkyl. 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, H, D, CH3, CF3 and CH( CH3). 7. The compound of claim 3, wherein R30 and R31, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, N and NR58. 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein the 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring is selected from azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperidinyl and piperazinyl. 9. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein R1 is selected from C(O)R7, CO2R7, C(O)N(R7)(R7'), S(O)R7, SO2R7, C1-4alkyleneR7 and R7, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein R1 is selected from C(O)R7, CO2R7, C(O)N(R7)(R7'), S(O)R7 and SO2R7. 11. The compound of claim 9, wherein R1 is selected from R7 and C1-4alkyleneR7. 12. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R7 is selected from H, C1-4alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'' and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'', wherein the latter 7 groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, OR55, N(R55)(R56) and SR55 and/or the C1-4alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO2 and NR57, and wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R7 is C3-6cycloalkyl wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 14. The compound of claim 12, wherein R7 is selected from H and C1-4alkyl, wherein the C1-4alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from F, Cl, OR55, N(R55)(R56) and SR55 and/or the C1-4alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO2 and NR57, and wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 15. The compound of claim 12, wherein R7 is selected from H and C1-4alkyl, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein R7 is selected from H, D, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl and C1-4deuteroalkyl. 17. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein R1 is R7 and R7 is selected from H, CH3, CD3 and CH( CH3)2. 18. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein R7'' is selected from H and C1- 4alkyl, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 19. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4alkoxy, C1-3alkyleneN(R2a)(R2b) and SC1-4alkyl wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 20. The compound of claim 19, wherein R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4fluoroalkoxy, C1- 4deuteroalkoxy, C1-3alkyleneN(R2a)(R2b), SC1-4alkyl, SC1-4fluoroalkyl and SC1-4deuteroalkyl. 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently H, D or F. 22. The compound of claim 20, wherein R2, R2’ and R2’’ are all H or R2, R2’ and R2’’ are all D. 23. The compound of claim 20, wherein R2a and R2b are independently selected from H, D, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl and C1-4deuteroalkyl. 24. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1- 4alkyl, the latter four groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C1-4alkoxy wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, Br, N(R5')(R6'), C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1- 4fluoroalkoxy, C1-4deuteroalkoxy, C1-4alkyleneN(R5')(R6'), SC1-4alkyl, SC1-4fluoroalkyl, SC1- 4deuteroalkyl, the latter ten groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4fluoroalkoxy and C1-4deuteroalkoxy. 26. The compound of claim 25, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, Br, N(R5')(R6'), C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl and C1- 2alkyleneN(R5')(R6'). 27. The compound of claim 25, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, Br, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, SC1-4alkyl, SC1-4fluoroalkyl, SC1-4deuteroalkyl. 28. The compound of claim 25, wherein one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is selected from C1- 3alkoxy, C1-3fluoroalkoxy and C1-3deuteroalkoxy substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH, C1-3alkoxy, C1-3fluoroalkoxy and C1-3deuteroalkoxy, and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, CH3O, CD3O, and CF3O. 29. The compound of claim 24, wherein, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, Br, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4fluoroalkoxy and C1- 4deuteroalkoxy. 30. The compound of claim 29, wherein one to three of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, CH3, CD2H, CDH2, CD3, CF3, CHF2, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, CH2CH2D, CH2CD2H, CD2CD3, CH3O, CD2HO, CDH2O, CD3O, CF3O, CHF2O, CH3CH2O, CH(CH3)2O, CH2DCH2O, CD2HCH2O and CD3CD2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from H and D. 31. The compound of claim 30, wherein one to three of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, CH3O, CD2HO, CDH2O, CD3O, CF3O, CHF2O, CH2CH3O, CH(CH3)2O, CH2DCH2O, CD2HCH2O and CD3CD2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from H and D. 32. The compound of claim 30, wherein one to three of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are F and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H and D. 33. The compound of claim 30, wherein one to three of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from CH3O, CD2HO, CDH2O, CD3O, CF3O, CHF2O, CH2CH3O, CH(CH3)2O, CH2DCH2O, CD2HCH2O and CD3CD2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H and D. 34. The compound of claim 30, wherein one or both of R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, F, CH3O, CD2HO, CDH2O, CD3O, CF3O, CHF2O, CH2CH3O, CH(CH3)2O, CH2DCH2O, CD2HCH2O and CD3CD2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from H and D. 35. The compound of claim 30, wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, CH3, CD2H, CDH2, CD3, CF3, CHF2, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, CH2CH2D, CH2CD2H and CD2CD3 and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H and D. 36. The compound of claim 30, wherein all of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are D or all of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are H. 37. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein two adjacent of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 independently selected from H, halo, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, N(R5')(R6'), C1-4alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-4alkyl, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 38. The compound of claim 37, wherein two adjacent of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1-4alkoxy,C1-4fluoroalkoxy, C1- 4deuteroalkoxy, N(R5')(R6'), C1-4alkyleneN(R5')(R6'), SC1-4alkyl, SC1-4fluoroalkyl and SC1- 4deuteroalkyl. 39. The compound of claim 38, wherein two adjacent of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, Br, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, N(R5')(R6'), and C1- 2alkyleneN(R5')(R6'). 40. The compound of claim 38, wherein two adjacent of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, Cl, Br, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, SC1-4alkyl, SC1- 4fluoroalkyl and SC1-4deuteroalkyl. 41. The compound of claim 40, wherein R4 and R5 are linked together to form O-(CH2)O and R3 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, CH3, CD2H, CDH2, CD3, CF3, CHF2, CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2, CH2CH2D, CH2CD2H, CD2CD3, CH3S, CD2HS, CDH2S, CD3S, CF3S, CHF2S, CH2CH3S, CH(CH3)2S, CHD2CH2S, CD2HCH2S and CD3CD2S. 42. The compound of claim 38, wherein R4 and R5 are linked together to form O-(CH2)O and R3 and R6 are independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, C1- 4deuteroalkyl, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4fluoroalkoxy and C1-4deuteroalkoxy. 43. The compound of claim 38, wherein R4 and R5 are linked together to form O-(CH2)O and R3 and R6 are independently selected from H, D, F, CH3O, CD2HO, CDH2O, CD3O, CF3O and CHF2O. 44. The compound of any one of claims 24 to 26 and 37 to 39, wherein R5' and R6' are independently selected from H and C1-4alkyl, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom. 45. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is selected from A, O-A and C1-2alkyleneA and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H, F, Br or Cl, wherein all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or deuterium atom., one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is selected from A, O-A, CH2A, CF2A and CD2A and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H and D. 46. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 23 and 45, wherein A is selected from phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54 and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 3 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54, wherein the phenyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from F, C, C1-4alkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, OC1-4alkyl, OC1-4deuteroalkyl, OC1- 4fluoroalkyl, N(R54a)(R54b), C1-4alkyleneN(R54a)(R54b), SC1-4alkyl, SC1-4deuteroalkyl and SC1- 4fluoroalkyl. 47. The compound of claim 46, wherein A is C3-6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from F, Cl, C1-4alkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1- 4fluoroalkyl, OC1-4alkyl, OC1-4deuteroalkyl and OC1-4fluoroalkyl. 48. The compound of claim 46, wherein A is 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54 optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from F, Cl, C1-4alkyl, C1- 4deuteroalkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl, OC1-4alkyl, OC1-4deuteroalkyl and OC1-4fluoroalkyl. 49. The compound of claim 48, wherein the 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54 in A is selected from piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thianyl, thianyl oxide and thianyl dioxide. 50. The compound of claim 46, wherein A is 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 3 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR54, optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from F, Cl, C1-4alkyl, C1-4deuteroalkyl, C1- 4fluoroalkyl, OC1-4alkyl, OC1-4deuteroalkyl and OC1-4fluoroalkyl. 51. The compound of claim 46 or claim 50, wherein the 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 3 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR54 in A is selected from pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazoyl, pyrazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl and pyridinyl. 52. The compound claim 48, wherein R54 is selected from H, D, C1-4alkyl, C1-4fluoroalkyl and C1-4deuteroalkyl. 53. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is defined as follows: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, wherein: R1 is H; Q is Q3: over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected H, D and F; R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4fluoralkoxy and C1- 4deuteroalkoxy, or two adjacent of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl and C1-6alkoxy; R26, R27, R28and R29 are independently selected from H, halo and C1-6alkyl; R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1-6alkyl and C(O)C1-6alkyl, or R30 and R31, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N, and NR58; R58 is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof, provided that when R26, R27, R28 and R29 are all H and R30 and R31 are H or CH3, and: R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H, R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R5 and R6 are all H and R4 is OCH3, or R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H and R5 is OCH3, then the compound of Formula I is an (R)- or (S)-enantiomer of the carbon to which Q is attached. 54. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is defined as follows: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, wherein: R1 is selected from C(O)R7, CO2R7, C(O)N(R7)(R7'), S(O)R7, SO2R7, C1-6alkyleneR7 and R7; Q is Q3: over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl and C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R2a)(R2b) and SC1-6alkyl; R2a and R2b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R3 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, N(R5')(R6'), C1-6alkyl and C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-6alkyl, the latter four groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C1-6alkoxy; R4 and R5 are independently selected from H, halo, N(R5')(R6'), C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-6alkyl, the latter four groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C1-6alkoxy; or R4 and R5 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O; or one of R4 and R5 is selected from A, O-A and C1-4alkyleneA and the other of R4 and R5 is H or halo; R5' and R6' are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; A is selected from phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54 and 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54, wherein the phenyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, C1-4alkyl and OC1-4alkyl, N(R54a)(R54b), C1- 4alkyleneN(R54a)(R54b) and SC1-4alkyl; R7 is selected from H, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'' and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'', wherein the latter 5 groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, OR55, N(R55)(R56) and SR55 and/or the C1-6alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO2 and NR57; R7' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R7'' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R26, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from H, halo and C1-6alkyl; R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1-6alkyl and C(O) C1-6alkyl, or R30 and R31, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N, and NR58; R54, R55, R56, R57 and R58 are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R54a and R54b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof, provided that when R26, R27, R28 and R29 are all H and R30 and R31 are H or CH3, and: R1 is R7, R7 is H, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H, R1 is R7, R7 is H, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R5 and R6 are all H and R4 is OCH3, or R1 is R7, R7 is H, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H and R5 is OCH3, then the compound of Formula I is an (R)- or (S)-enantiomer of the carbon to which Q is attached. 55. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is defined as follows: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, wherein: R1 is H; Q is Q3: over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R2a)(R2b) and SC1-6alkyl; R2a and R2b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, N(R5')(R6'), C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C1-6alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-6alkyl, the latter two groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C1-6alkoxy, or two adjacent R3, R4, R5 and R6 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, N(R5')(R6'), C1-6alkyleneN(R5')(R6') and SC1-6alkyl; R5' and R6' are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R26, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from H, halo and C1-6alkyl; R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1-6alkyl and C(O)C1-6alkyl, or R30 and R31, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N, and NR58; R58 is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof, provided that when R26, R27, R28 and R29 are all H and R30 and R31 are H or CH3, and: R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H, R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R5 and R6 are all H and R4 is OCH3, or R1, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H and R5 is OCH3, then the compound of Formula I is an (R)- or (S)-enantiomer of the carbon to which Q is attached. 56. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is defined as follows: I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, wherein: R1 is selected from C(O)R7, CO2R7, C(O)N(R7)(R7'), S(O)R7, SO2R7, C1-6alkyleneR7 and R7; Q is Q3: over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R2, R2’ and R2’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, C1- 6alkyleneN(R2a)(R2b) and SC1-6alkyl; R2a and R2b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; one of R3, R4, R5 and R6 is selected from A, O-A and C1-4alkyleneA and the remaining of R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently H or halo; A is selected from phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54 and 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR54, wherein the phenyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, C1-4alkyl, OC1-4alkyl, N(R54a)(R54b), C1-4alkyleneN(R54a)(R54b) and SC1-4alkyl; R7 is selected from H, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'' and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR7'', wherein the latter 5 groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, OR55, N(R55)(R56) and SR55 and/or the C1-6alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO2 and NR57; R7' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R7'' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R26, R27, R28 and R29 are independently selected from H, halo and C1-6alkyl; R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1-6alkyl and C(O)C1-6alkyl, or R30 and R31, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N, and NR58; R54, R55, R56, R57 and R58 are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and R54a and R54b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof, provided that when R26, R27, R28 and R29 are all H and R30 and R31 are H or CH3, and: R1 is R7, R7 is H, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H, R1 is R7, R7 is H, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R5 and R6 are all H and R4 is OCH3, or R1 is R7, R7 is H, R2, R2’, R2’’, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are all H and R5 is OCH3, then the compound of Formula I is an (R)- or (S)-enantiomer of the carbon to which Q is attached. 57. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 56, wherein the compound of Formula I has one of the following structures: or a mixture thereof. 58. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein R2 and R2’ are different and the carbon to which R2 and R2’ are bonded is chiral. 59. The compound of claim 1 selected from: 149 8365987 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. 60. A composition comprising one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 and a carrier. 61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 62. A composition comprising one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 and one or more components of a nano-carrier system. 63. The composition of claim 62, wherein the nano-carrier system is selected from liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nano-emulsions and lipidic nano-systems. 64. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 to a subject in need thereof. 65. The method of claim 64, wherein the treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor including 5-HT2A is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. 66. A method of treating a mental illness comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 to a subject in need thereof. 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the mental illness is selected from hallucinations and delusions and a combination thereof. 68. The method of claim 66, wherein the mental illness is selected anxiety disorders; depression; mood disorders; psychotic disorders; impulse control and addiction disorders; drug addiction; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); stress response syndromes; dissociative disorders; depersonalization disorder; factitious disorders; sexual and gender disorders; and somatic symptom disorders and combinations thereof. 69. A method of treating psychosis or psychotic symptoms comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 to a subject in need thereof. 70. A method of treating a central nervous system (CNS) disease, disorder or condition and/or a neurological disease, disorder or condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 to a subject in need thereof. 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the CNS disease, disorder or condition and/or neurological disease, disorder or condition is selected from neurological diseases including neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease; presenile dementia; senile dementia; vascular dementia; Lewy body dementia; cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian related disorders such as Parkinson dementia, corticobasal degeneration, and supranuclear palsy; epilepsy; CNS trauma; CNS infections; CNS inflammation; stroke; multiple sclerosis; Huntington’s disease; mitochondrial disorders; Fragile X syndrome; Angelman syndrome; hereditary ataxias; neuro-otological and eye movement disorders; neurodegenerative diseases of the retina amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; tardive dyskinesias; hyperkinetic disorders; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorders; restless leg syndrome; Tourette's syndrome; schizophrenia; autism spectrum disorders; tuberous sclerosis; Rett syndrome; cerebral palsy; disorders of the reward system including eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (“AN”) and bulimia nervosa (“BN”); and binge eating disorder (“BED”), trichotillomania, dermotillomania, nail biting; migraine; fibromyalgia; and peripheral neuropathy of any etiology, and combinations thereof. 72. A method of treating an endophenotype and/or symptom cluster associated with a disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 to a subject in need thereof. 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the endophenotype and/or symptom cluster is associated with neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as apathy, anhedonia, attentional impairments, memory impairments, negative emotional bias, hypomania, executive impairment, impulsivity, decreased mood, decreased libido, sensory gating, impaired prepulse inhibition, aggression, suicidal ideation, obesity, increased arousal, decreased arousal, hypersexuality, decreased exploration, hyperactivity, hypoactivity, sleep disturbance, incontinence, impaired social perception, ruminating thoughts, and combinations thereof. 74. A method of treating a behavioral problem comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 to a non-human subject in need thereof. 75. The method of claim 74, wherein the non-human subject is a canine or feline suffering from neurological diseases, behavioral problems, trainability problems and/or a combination thereof. 76. The method of claim 75, wherein and the neurological diseases, behavioral problems, trainability problems include, but are not limited to, anxiety, fear and stress, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, aggression, and/or a combination thereof. 77. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of any one of claims 1 to 59 in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor to a subject in need thereof. 78. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, to a subject in need thereof, wherein treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. wherein: R59 is selected from C(O)R65, CO2R65, C(O)N(R65)(R65'), S(O)R65, SO2R65, C1-6alkyleneR65 and R65; Q' is Q3': over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R60, R60’ and R60’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxyC1- 6alkyleneN(R60a)(R60b) and SC1-6alkyl; R60a and R60b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R61, R62, R63 and R64 are independently selected from H, halo, N(R63')(R64'), C1-6alkyl and C1- 6alkoxy, C1-6alkyleneN(R63')(R64') and SC1-6alkyl, the latter four groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C1-6alkoxy, or two adjacent of R61, R62, R63 and R64 are linked together to form O-(CH2)1-2O and the remaining of R61, R62, R63 and R64 are independently selected from H, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, N(R63')(R64'), C1-6alkyleneN(R63')(R64') and SC1-6alkyl, or one of R61, R62, R63 and R64 is selected from A', O-A' and C1-4alkyleneA' and the remaining of R61, R62, R63 and R64 are independently H or halo; R63' and R64' are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; A' is selected from phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR72 and 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N and NR72, wherein the phenyl, C3-10cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, C1-4alkyl, OC1-4alkyl, N(R72a)(R72b), C1-6alkyleneN(R72a)(R72b) and SC1-6alkyl; R65 is selected from H, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, phenyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, 3- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR65'' and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR65'', wherein the latter 5 groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, OR73, N(R73)(R74) and SR73 and/or the C1-6alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO2 and NR75; R65' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R65'' is selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R66, R67, R68 and R69 are independently selected from H, halo and C1-6alkyl; R70 and R71 are independently selected from H, C1-6alkyl and C(O) C1-6alkyl, or R70 and R71, together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, N, and NR76; R72, R73, R74, R75 and R76 are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; R72a and R72b are independently selected from H and C1-6alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof. 79. The method of claim 78, wherein the compound of Formula II is selected from the compounds listed below: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. 80. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1 to 59 and an additional therapeutic agent. 81. The composition of claim 80, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is a psychoactive drug. |
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[0167] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I are selected from the compounds listed below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof:
[0168] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a zwitterion, and the present application includes a compound of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, zwitterions and/or prodrugs thereof.
[0169] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an acid addition salt or a base addition salt. The selection of a suitable salt may be made by a person skilled in the art. Suitable salts include acid addition salts that may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of a compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or benzoic acid. Additionally, acids that are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1977 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website).
[0170] An acid addition salt suitable for, or compatible with, the treatment of subjects is any non-toxic organic or inorganic acid addition salt of any basic compound. Basic compounds that form an acid addition salt include, for example, compounds comprising an amine group. Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids, as well as acidic metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids which form suitable salts include mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids. Illustrative of such organic acids are, for example, acetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, mandelic, salicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, p-toluenesulfonic acid and other sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid and 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, exemplary acid addition salts also include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates (“mesylates”), naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates) and the like. In some embodiments, the mono- or di-acid salts are formed and such salts exist in either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form. In general, acid addition salts are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as but not limited to oxalates may be used, for example in the isolation of compounds of the application for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.
[0171] A base addition salt suitable for, or compatible with, the treatment of subjects is any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of any acidic compound. Acidic compounds that form a basic addition salt include, for example, compounds comprising a carboxylic acid group. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or barium hydroxide as well as ammonia. Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic organic amines such as isopropylamine, methylamine, trimethylamine, picoline, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Exemplary organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine. The selection of the appropriate salt may be useful, for example, so that an ester functionality, if any, elsewhere in a compound is not hydrolyzed. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, exemplary basic salts also include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamine, Abutyl amine, choline and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides) and others. Compounds carrying an acidic moiety can be mixed with suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts to provide, for example, alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium or potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium or magnesium salts) and salts formed with suitable organic ligands such as quaternary ammonium salts. Also, in the case of an acid (-COOH) or alcohol group being present, pharmaceutically acceptable esters can be employed to modify the solubility or hydrolysis characteristics of the compound.
[0172] All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the application and all acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of the application. In addition, when a compound of the application contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to an aliphatic primary, secondary, tertiary or cyclic amine, an aromatic or heteroaryl amine, pyridine or imidazole and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to tetrazole or carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the terms “salt(s)” as used herein. It is understood that certain compounds of the application may exist in zwitterionic form, having both anionic and cationic centers within the same compound and a net neutral charge. Such zwitterions are included within the application.
[0173] Solvates of compounds of the application include, for example, those made with solvents that are pharmaceutically acceptable. Examples of such solvents include water (resulting solvate is called a hydrate) and ethanol and the like. Suitable solvents are physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered. [0174] Prodrugs of the compounds of the present application include, for example, conventional esters formed with available hydroxy, thiol, amino or carboxyl groups. Some common esters which have been utilized as prodrugs are phenyl esters, aliphatic (C 1- C24) esters, acyloxymethyl esters, carbamates and amino acid esters.
[0175] It is understood and appreciated that in some embodiments, compounds of the present application may have at least one chiral center and therefore can exist as enantiomers and/or diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof in any proportion are encompassed within the scope of the present application. It is to be further understood that while the stereochemistry of the compounds may be as shown in any given compound listed herein, such compounds may also contain certain amounts (for example, less than 20%, suitably less than 10%, more suitably less than 5%) of compounds of the present application having an alternate stereochemistry. It is intended that any optical isomers, as separated, pure or partially purified optical isomers or racemic mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the present application.
[0176] In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application can also include tautomeric forms, such as keto-enol tautomers and the like. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. It is intended that any tautomeric forms which the compounds form, as well as mixtures thereof, are included within the scope of the present application.
[0177] The compounds of the present application may further exist in varying amorphous and polymorphic forms and it is contemplated that any amorphous forms, polymorphs, or mixtures thereof, which form are included within the scope of the present application.
[0178] The compounds of the present application may further be radiolabeled and accordingly all radiolabeled versions of the compounds of the application are included within the scope of the present application. Therefore, the compounds of the application also include those in which one or more radioactive atoms are incorporated within their structure.
III. Compositions
[0179] The compounds of the present application are suitably formulated in a conventional manner into compositions using one or more carriers. Accordingly, the present application also includes a composition comprising one or more compounds of the application and a carrier. The compounds of the application are suitably formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to subjects in a biologically compatible form suitable for administration in vivo. Accordingly, the present application further includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the application and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In embodiments of the application the pharmaceutical compositions are used in the treatment of any of the diseases, disorders or conditions described herein.
[0180] The compounds of the application are administered to a subject in a variety of forms depending on the selected route of administration, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, a compound of the application is administered by oral, inhalation, parenteral, buccal, sublingual, insufflation, epidurally, nasal, rectal, vaginal, patch, pump, minipump, topical or transdermal administration and the pharmaceutical compositions formulated accordingly. In some embodiments, administration is by means of a pump for periodic or continuous delivery. Conventional procedures and ingredients for the selection and preparation of suitable compositions are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (2000 - 20th edition) and in The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 24 NF19) published in 1999.
[0181] Parenteral administration includes systemic delivery routes other than the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract and includes, for example intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transepithelial, nasal, intrapulmonary (for example, by use of an aerosol), intrathecal, rectal and topical (including the use of a patch or other transdermal delivery device) modes of administration. Parenteral administration may be by continuous infusion over a selected period of time.
[0182] In some embodiments, a compound of the application is orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or with an assimilable edible carrier, or it is enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, or it is compressed into tablets, or it is incorporated directly with the food of the diet. In some embodiments, the compound is incorporated with excipient and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, caplets, pellets, granules, lozenges, chewing gum, powders, syrups, elixirs, wafers, aqueous solutions and suspensions and the like. In the case of tablets, carriers that are used include lactose, com starch, sodium citrate and salts of phosphoric acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate), or solvents (e.g. medium chain triglycerides, ethanol, water). In embodiments, the tablets are coated by methods well known in the art. In the case of tablets, capsules, caplets, pellets or granules for oral administration, pH sensitive enteric coatings, such as Eudragits™ designed to control the release of active ingredients are optionally used. Oral dosage forms also include modified release, for example immediate release and timed-release, formulations. Examples of modified-release formulations include, for example, sustained-release (SR), extended-release (ER, XR, or XL), time-release or timed-release, controlled-release (CR), or continuous-release (CR or Contin), employed, for example, in the form of a coated tablet, an osmotic delivery device, a coated capsule, a microencapsulated microsphere, an agglomerated particle, e.g., as of molecular sieving type particles, or, a fine hollow permeable fiber bundle, or chopped hollow permeable fibers, agglomerated or held in a fibrous packet. Timed-release compositions are formulated, for example as liposomes or those wherein the active compound is protected with differentially degradable coatings, such as by microencapsulation, multiple coatings, etc. Liposome delivery systems include, for example, small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. In some embodiments, liposomes are formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful carriers, solvents or diluents include lactose, medium chain triglycerides, ethanol and dried com starch.
[0183] In some embodiments, liquid preparations for oral administration take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they are suitably presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. When aqueous suspensions and/or emulsions are administered orally, the compound of the application is suitably suspended or dissolved in an oily phase that is combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents are added. Such liquid preparations for oral administration are prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., medium chain triglycerides, almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). Useful diluents include lactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
[0184] It is also possible to freeze-dry the compounds of the application and use the lyophilizates obtained, for example, for the preparation of products for injection.
[0185] In some embodiments, a compound of the application is administered parenterally. For example, solutions of a compound of the application are prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxypropylcellulose. In some embodiments, dispersions are prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, DMSO and mixtures thereof with or without alcohol and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. A person skilled in the art would know how to prepare suitable formulations. For parenteral administration, sterile solutions of the compounds of the application are usually prepared and the pH's of the solutions are suitably adjusted and buffered. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic. For ocular administration, ointments or droppable liquids are delivered, for example, by ocular delivery systems known to the art such as applicators or eye droppers. In some embodiments, such compositions include mucomimetics such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyvinyl alcohol, preservatives such as sorbic acid, EDTA or benzyl chromium chloride and the usual quantities of diluents or carriers. For pulmonary administration, diluents or carriers will be selected to be appropriate to allow the formation of an aerosol.
[0186] In some embodiments, a compound of the application is formulated for parenteral administration by injection, including using conventional catheterization techniques or infusion. Formulations for injection are, for example, presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. In some embodiments, the compositions take such forms as sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles and contain formulating agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. Alternatively, the compounds of the application are suitably in a sterile powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
[0187] In some embodiments, compositions for nasal administration are conveniently formulated as aerosols, drops, gels and powders. For intranasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds of the application are conveniently delivered in the form of a solution, dry powder formulation or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezed or pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized container or a nebulizer. Aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which, for example, take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device. Alternatively, the sealed container is a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve which is intended for disposal after use. Where the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser, it will contain a propellant which is, for example, a compressed gas such as compressed air or an organic propellant such as fluorochlorohydrocarbon. Suitable propellants include but are not limited to dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, heptafluoroalkanes, carbon dioxide or another suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit is suitably determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. In some embodiments, the pressurized container or nebulizer contains a solution or suspension of the active compound. Capsules and cartridges (made, for example, from gelatin) for use in an inhaler or insufflator are, for example, formulated containing a powder mix of a compound of the application and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomizer.
[0188] Compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges and pastilles, wherein a compound of the application is formulated with a carrier such as sugar, acacia, tragacanth, or gelatin and glycerine. Compositions for rectal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter.
[0189] Suppository forms of the compounds of the application are useful for vaginal, urethral and rectal administrations. Such suppositories will generally be constructed of a mixture of substances that is solid at room temperature but melts at body temperature. The substances commonly used to create such vehicles include but are not limited to theobroma oil (also known as cocoa butter), glycerinated gelatin, other glycerides, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. See, for example: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, PA, 1980, pp. 1530-1533 for further discussion of suppository dosage forms.
[0190] In some embodiments a compound of the application is coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers include, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxy-ethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a compound of the application is coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
[0191] The compounds of the application are particularly amenable to administration with the air of nano-carrier systems, such as liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, lipidic nano-systems and the like (see for example, Bhat, M. et al. Chem. and Phys, of Lipids, 2021 , 236, 105053). Accordingly the present application includes a composition comprising one or more compounds of the application and one or more components of a nano-carrier system. [0192] A compound of the application including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof is suitably used on their own but will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in which the one or more compounds of the application (the active ingredient) is in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Depending on the mode of administration, the pharmaceutical composition will comprise from about 0.05 wt% to about 99 wt% or about 0.10 wt% to about 70 wt%, of the active ingredient and from about 1 wt% to about 99.95 wt% or about 30 wt% to about 99.90 wt% of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, all percentages by weight being based on the total composition.
[0193] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof are used are administered in a composition comprising an additional therapeutic agent. Therefore the present application also includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising one of more compounds of the application, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof and an additional therapeutic agent, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, for example those listed in the Methods and Uses section below. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a psychoactive drug.
[0194] In the above, the term "a compound" also includes embodiments wherein one or more compounds are referenced.
IV. Methods and Uses of the Compounds of the Application
[0195] The compounds of the application are serotonergic binding agents that act as agonists, partial agonists or positive allosteric modulators at a serotonin receptor, including 5-HT 2A .
[0196] Accordingly, the present application includes a method for activating a serotonin receptor in a cell, either in a biological sample or in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to the cell,
[0197] The application also includes a use of the application for activating a serotonin receptor in a cell as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for activating a serotonin receptor in a cell. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in activating a serotonin receptor in a cell. In some embodiments, the method or use is for activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell, either in a biological sample or in a patient. [0198] In some embodiments, the activating a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug such as for example psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO-DMT. In some embodiments, the activating a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin.
[0199] Compounds of the application are useful for treating diseases, disorders or conditions by activating a serotonin receptor. Therefore, the compounds of the present application are useful as medicaments. Accordingly, the application also includes a compound of the application for use as a medicament.
[0200] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof.
[0201] The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor.
[0202] The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor.
[0203] In some embodiments, the serotonin receptor is 5-HT 2A . Accordingly, the present application includes a method for activating 5-HT 2A in a cell, either in a biological sample or in a patient, comprising administering an effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to the cell. The application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for activating 5-HT2A in a cell as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for activating 5-HT 2 A in a cell. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in activating 5-HT 2 A in a cell. In some embodiments, the method or use is for activating 5-HT 2 in and/or on a cell, either in a biological sample or in a patient.
[0204] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of 5-HT 2 A comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof.
[0205] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of 5-HT 2A comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of 5-HT 2A as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of 5-HT 2A . The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of 5-HT 2A .
[0206] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of 5-HT 2A comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of 5-HT 2A as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of 5-HT 2A . The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of 5-HT 2A .
[0207] In some embodiments, the treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug such as for example psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO-DMT. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is psilocybin. In some embodiments, the treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor including 5-HT 2A is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin.
[0208] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are useful for preventing, treating and/or reducing the severity of a mental illness disorder and/or condition in a subject. Therefore, in some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is a mental illness. Accordingly, the present application also includes a method of treating a mental illness comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment a mental illness, as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a mental illness. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a mental illness.
[0209] In some embodiments, the mental illness is selected from anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and specific phobias; depression such as, hopelessness, loss of pleasure, fatigue and suicidal thoughts; mood disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, cancer-related depression, anxiety and cyclothymic disorder; psychotic disorders, such as hallucinations, delusions, schizophrenia; impulse control and addiction disorders, such as pyromania (starting fires), kleptomania (stealing) and compulsive gambling; alcohol addiction; drug addiction, such as opioid addiction; personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and paranoid personality disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such as thoughts or fears that cause a subject to perform certain rituals or routines; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); stress response syndromes (formerly called adjustment disorders); dissociative disorders, formerly called multiple personality disorder, or "split personality," and depersonalization disorder; factitious disorders; sexual and gender disorders, such as sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder and the paraphilia’s; somatic symptom disorders, formerly known as a psychosomatic disorder or somatoform disorder; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the mental illness is post-partum depression.
[0210] In some embodiments, the treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug such as for example psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO-DMT. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is psilocybin In some embodiments, the treating of mental illness is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin.
[0211] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor comprises cognitive impairment; ischemia including stroke; neurodegeneration; refractory substance use disorders; sleep disorders; pain, such as social pain, acute pain, cancer pain, chronic pain, breakthrough pain, bone pain, soft tissue pain, nerve pain, referred pain, phantom pain, neuropathic pain, cluster headaches and migraine; obesity and eating disorders; epilepsies and seizure disorders; neuronal cell death; excitotoxic cell death; or a combination thereof.
[0212] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is neurodegeneration. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and/or inflammation.
[0213] In some embodiments, the mental illness is selected from hallucinations and delusions and a combination thereof.
[0214] In some embodiments, the hallucinations are selected from visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, gustatory hallucinations, tactile hallucinations, proprioceptive hallucinations, equilibrioceptive hallucinations, nociceptive hallucinations, thermoceptive hallucinations and chronoceptive hallucinations, and a combination thereof.
[0215] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is psychosis or psychotic symptoms. Accordingly, the present application also includes a method of treating psychosis or psychotic symptoms comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment of psychosis or psychotic symptoms, as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of psychosis or psychotic symptoms. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating psychosis or psychotic symptoms.
[0216] In some embodiments, administering to said subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the application does not result in a worsening of psychosis or psychotic symptoms such as, but not limited to, hallucinations and delusions. In some embodiments, administering to said subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the application results in an improvement of psychosis or psychotic symptoms such as, but not limited to, hallucinations and delusions. In some embodiments, administering to said subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the application results in an improvement of psychosis or psychotic symptoms.
[0217] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are useful for treating a central nervous system (CNS) disorder in a subject in need of therapy, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject.
[0218] Therefore, in some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is a central nervous system (CNS) disease, disorder or condition and/or a neurological disease, disorder or condition. Accordingly, the present application also includes a method of treating a CNS disease, disorder or condition and/or a neurological disease, disorder or condition comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment a CNS disease, disorder or condition and/or a neurological disease, disorder or condition, as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a CNS disease, disorder or condition and/or a neurological disease, disorder or condition. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a CNS disease, disorder or condition and/or a neurological disease, disorder or condition.
[0219] In some embodiments the CNS disease, disorder or condition and/or neurological disease, disorder or condition is selected from neurological diseases including neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease; presenile dementia; senile dementia; vascular dementia; Lewy body dementia; cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease and Parkinsonian related disorders such as Parkinson dementia, corticobasal degeneration, and supranuclear palsy; epilepsy; CNS trauma; CNS infections; CNS inflammation; stroke; multiple sclerosis; Huntington’s disease; mitochondrial disorders; Fragile X syndrome; Angelman syndrome; hereditary ataxias; neuro-otological and eye movement disorders; neurodegenerative diseases of the retina amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; tardive dyskinesias; hyperkinetic disorders; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorders; restless leg syndrome; Tourette's syndrome; schizophrenia; autism spectrum disorders; tuberous sclerosis; Rett syndrome; cerebral palsy; disorders of the reward system including eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (“AN”) and bulimia nervosa (“BN”); and binge eating disorder (“BED”), trichotillomania, dermotillomania, nail biting; migraine; fibromyalgia; and peripheral neuropathy of any etiology, and combinations thereof.
[0220] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are useful for treating endophenotypes and/or symptom clusters across a variety of neuropsychiatric and CNS disorder in a subject in need of therapy, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of general formula (l-A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to the subject.
[0221] Therefore, in some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is an endophenotype or symptom cluster associated with the disease, disorder or condition. Accordingly, the present application also includes a method of treating an endophenotype and/or symptom cluster associated with a disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a subject in need thereof. . The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment an endophenotype and/or symptom cluster associated with a disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor, as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of an endophenotype and/or symptom cluster associated with a disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating an endophenotype and/or symptom cluster associated with a disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor.
[0222] In some embodiments, the endophenotype and/or symptom cluster is associated with a disease, disorder or condition selected from a neuropsychiatric disease, disorder or condition, and/or nervous system disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, the nervous system disease is a CNS disease, disorder or condition.
[0223] In some embodiments, the endophenotype and/or symptom cluster is associated neurodevelopmental diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as apathy, anhedonia, attentional impairments, memory impairments, negative emotional bias, hypomania, executive impairment, impulsivity, decreased mood, decreased libido, sensory gating, impaired prepulse inhibition, aggression, suicidal ideation, obesity, increased arousal, decreased arousal, hypersexuality, decreased exploration, hyperactivity, hypoactivity, sleep disturbance, incontinence, impaired social perception, ruminating thoughts, and combinations thereof. [0224] In some embodiments the endophenotype and/or symptom cluster is selected from apathy, anhedonia, attentional impairments, memory impairments, negative emotional bias, hypomania, executive impairment, impulsivity, decreased mood, decreased libido, sensory gating, impaired prepulse inhibition, aggression, suicidal ideation, obesity, increased arousal, decreased arousal, hypersexuality, decreased exploration, hyperactivity, hypoactivity, sleep disturbance, incontinence, impaired social perception and ruminating thoughts.
[0225] In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In another embodiment, the subject is human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal. In some embodiments, the subject is canine. In some embodiments, the subject is feline. Accordingly, the compounds, methods and uses of the present application are directed to both human and veterinary diseases, disorders and conditions.
[0226] In some embodiments, the “subject in need thereof’ is a subject having the disease, disorder or condition to be treated.
[0227] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are useful for treating behavioral problems in subjects that are felines or canines.
[0228] Therefore, in some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is behavioral problems in subjects that are felines or canines. Accordingly, the present application also includes a method of treating a behavioral problem comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application to a non-human subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application for treatment a behavioral problem in a non- human subject, as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a behavioral problem in a non-human subject. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application for use in treating a behavioral problem in a non-human subject.
[0229] In some embodiments, the behavioral problems are selected from, but are not limited to, anxiety, fear, stress, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, aggression, excessive noise making, scratching, biting and a combination thereof.
[0230] In some embodiments, the non-human subject is canine. In some embodiments, the non-human subject is feline.
[0231] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the application in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor to a subject in need thereof. The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of the application in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, as well as a use of one or more compounds of the application in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor. The application further includes one or more compounds of the application in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor.
[0232] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is a mental illness. In some embodiments, the mental illness is selected from hallucinations and delusions and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is a central nervous system (CNS) disorder. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is psychosis or psychotic symptoms. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is behavioral problems in a non-human subject.
[0233] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is a mental illness and the one or more compounds of the application are administered in combination with one or more additional treatments for a mental illness. In some embodiments, the additional treatments for a mental illness is selected from antipsychotics, including typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics; antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g. bupropion); anti-anxiety medication including benzodiazepines such as alprazolam; mood stabilizers such as lithium and anticonvulsants such carbamazepine, divalproex (valproic acid), lamotrigine, gabapentin and topiramate. In some embodiments, the anticonvulsants are leviteracetam or brivaracetam.
[0234] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is selected from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or attention deficit disorder and a combination thereof and the one or more compounds of the application are administered in combination with one or more additional treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or attention deficit disorder and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additional treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or attention deficit disorder and a combination thereof are selected from methylphenidate, atomoxetine and amphetamine and a combination thereof.
[0235] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is dementia or Alzheimer’s disease and the one or more compounds of the application are administered in combination with one or more additional treatments for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. In some embodiments, the additional treatments for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are selected acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonists and muscarinic agonists and antagonists, and nicotinic agonists.
[0236] In some embodiments, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are selected from donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and phenserine, and combinations thereof.
[0237] In some embodiments, the NMDA antagonists are selected from MK-801 , ketamine, phencyclidine, and memantine, and combinations thereof.
[0238] In some embodiments, the nicotinic agonists is nicotine, nicotinic acid, nicotinic alpha? agonists or alpha2 beta4 agonists or combinations thereof.
[0239] In some embodiments, the muscarinic agonists is a muscarinic M1 agonist or a muscarinic M4 agonist, or combinations thereof.
[0240] In some embodiments, the muscarinic antagonist is a muscarinic M2 antagonist.
[0241] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is psychosis or psychotic symptoms and the one or more compounds of the application are administered in combination with one or more additional treatments for psychosis or psychotic symptoms. In some embodiments, the additional treatments for psychosis or psychotic symptom are selected typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics.
[0242] In some embodiments, the typical antipsychotics are selected from acepromazine, acetophenazine, benperidol, bromperidol, butaperazine, carfenazine, chlorproethazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, clopenthixol, cyamemazine, dixyrazine, droperidol, fluanisone, flupentixol, fluphenazine, fluspirilene, haloperidol, levomepromazine, lenperone, loxapine, mesoridazine, metitepine, molindone, moperone, oxypertine, oxyprotepine, penfluridol, perazine, periciazine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, piperacetazine, pipotiazine, prochlorperazine, promazine, prothipendyl, spiperone, sulforidazine, thiopropazate, thioproperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene, timiperone, trifluoperazine, trifluperidol, triflupromazine and zuclopenthixol and combinations thereof.
[0243] In some embodiments, the atypical antipsychotics are selected from amoxapine, amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clotiapine, clozapine, iloperidone, levosulpiride, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, nemonapride, olanzapine, paliperidone, perospirone, quetiapine, remoxipride, reserpine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, suitopride, tiapride, veralipride, ziprasidone and zotepine, and combinations thereof.
[0244] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is a mental illness and the one or more compounds of the application are administered in combination with one or more additional treatments for a mental illness. In some embodiments, the additional treatments for a mental illness is selected typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics.
[0245] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is a zwitterion, and the methods and uses of the application include the administration of use of a compound of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, zwitterions and/or prodrugs thereof.
[0246] In some embodiments, the “subject in need thereof’ is a subject having the disease, disorder or condition to be treated.
[0247] In some embodiments, the “subject in need thereof’ is a subject expressing an endophenotype and/or symptom cluster to be treated.
[0248] In some embodiments, effective amounts vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex and/or weight of the subject or species. In some embodiments, the amount of a given compound or compounds that will correspond to an effective amount will vary depending upon factors, such as the given drug(s) or compound(s), the pharmaceutical formulation, the route of administration, the type of condition, disease or disorder, the identity of the subject being treated and the like, but can nevertheless be routinely determined by one skilled in the art.
[0249] In some embodiment, the compounds of the application are administered one, two, three or four times a year. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are administered at least once a week. However, in another embodiment, the compounds are administered to the subject from about one time per two weeks, three weeks or one month. In another embodiment, the compounds are administered about one time per week to about once daily. In another embodiment, the compounds are administered 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times daily. The length of the treatment period depends on a variety of factors, such as the severity of the disease, disorder or condition, the age of the subject, the concentration and/or the activity of the compounds of the application and/or a combination thereof. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the compound used for the treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment regime. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. In some instances, chronic administration is required. For example, the compounds are administered to the subject in an amount and for duration sufficient to treat the subject.
[0250] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are administered at doses that are hallucinogenic or psychotomimetic and taken in conjunction with psychotherapy or therapy and may occur once, twice, three, or four times a year. However, in some embodiments, the compounds are administered to the subject once daily, once every two days, once every 3 days, once a week, once every two weeks, once a month, once every two months, or once every three months at doses that are not hallucinogenic or psychotomimetic.
[0251] A compound of the application is either used alone or in combination with other known agents useful for treating diseases, disorders or conditions by activation of a serotonin receptor, such as the compounds of the application. When used in combination with other known agents useful in treating diseases, disorders by activation of a serotonin receptor, it is an embodiment that a compound of the application is administered contemporaneously with those agents. As used herein, "contemporaneous administration" of two substances to a subject means providing each of the two substances so that they are both active in the individual at the same time. The exact details of the administration will depend on the pharmacokinetics of the two substances in the presence of each other and can include administering the two substances within a few hours of each other, or even administering one substance within 24 hours of administration of the other, if the pharmacokinetics are suitable. Design of suitable dosing regimens is routine for one skilled in the art. In particular embodiments, two substances will be administered substantially simultaneously, i.e., within minutes of each other, or in a single composition that contains both substances. It is a further embodiment of the present application that a combination of agents is administered to a subject in a non-contemporaneous fashion. In some embodiments, a compound of the present application is administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present application provides a single unit dosage form comprising one or more compounds of the application, an additional therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0252] The dosage of a compound of the application varies depending on many factors such as the pharmacodynamic properties of the compound, the mode of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the frequency of the treatment and the type of concurrent treatment, if any and the clearance rate of the compound in the subject to be treated. One of skill in the art can determine the appropriate dosage based on the above factors. In some embodiments, one or more compounds of the application are administered initially in a suitable dosage that is adjusted as required, depending on the clinical response. Dosages will generally be selected to maintain a serum level of the one or more compounds of the application from about 0.01 pg/cc to about 1000 pg/cc, or about 0.1 pg/cc to about 100 pg/cc. As a representative example, oral dosages of one or more compounds of the application will range between about 10 pg per day to about 1000 mg per day for an adult, suitably about 10 pg per day to about 1000 mg per day, more suitably about 10 pg per day to about 500 mg per day. For parenteral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg or about 1 mg/kg to about 10000 mg/kg will be administered. For oral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.001 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.1 pg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 0.01 pg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg or about 1 pg/kg to about 10000 mg/kg. For administration in suppository form, a representative amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.
[0253] In some embodiments, dosages will generally be selected to maintain a serum level of the one or more compounds of the application from about 0.01 pg/cc to about 1000 pg/cc, or about 0.1 pg/cc to about 100 pg/cc. As a representative example, oral dosages of one or more compounds of the application will range between about 10 pg per day to about 1000 mg per day for an adult, suitably about 10 pg per day to about 500 mg per day, more suitably about 10 pg per day to about 200 mg per day. For parenteral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.1 mg/kg or about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 0.01 mg/kg will be administered. For oral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.001 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.1 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.01 pg/kg to about 1 mg/kg or about 0.1 pg/kg to about 1 mg/kg. For administration in suppository form, a representative amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg.
[0254] In some embodiments of the application, compositions are formulated for oral administration and the one or more compounds are suitably in the form of tablets containing 0.1 , 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0, 70.0, 75.0, 80.0, 90.0, 100.0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 mg of active ingredient (one or more compounds of the application) per tablet. In some embodiments of the application the one or more compounds of the application are administered in a single daily, weekly or monthly dose or the total daily dose is divided into two, three or four daily doses. [0255] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that are devoid of clinically meaningful psychedelic/ psychotomimetic actions. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that provide clinical effects similar to those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 4 ng/mL or less and/or human 5-HT 2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 40% or less or those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 1 ng/mL or less and/or human 5-HT2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 30% or less. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that provide clinical effects similar to those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 4 ng/mL or greater and/or human 5-HT2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 40% or greater or those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 10 ng/mL or greater and/or human 5-HT2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 60% or greater. [0256] In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that provide clinical effects similar to those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Tmax in excess of 60 minutes, in excess of 120 minutes or in excess of 180 minutes. [0257] To be clear, in the above, the term “a compound” also includes embodiments wherein one or more compounds are referenced. Likewise, the term “compounds of the application” also includes embodiments wherein only one compound is referenced. [0258] In some embodiments, the methods and uses as described above comprise administration or use of an effective amount compound of 2-(5-methoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N- dimethylethan-1-amine (II-1): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and/or 2-(indolin-3-yl)- N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (II-2): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, either on their own or in combination with one of more compounds of Formula I, and/or a salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and/or one or more other therapeutic agents. V. Methods and Uses of Compounds of Formula II [0259] The compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug, thereof are serotonergic binding agents that act as agonists, partial agonists or positive allosteric modulators at a serotonin receptor, including 5-HT2A. [0260] Accordingly, the present application includes a method for activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell, either in a biological sample or in a subject, comprising administering an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, to the cell, [0261] The application also includes a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, for activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell as well as a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell. The application further includes one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, for use in activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell. [0262] The compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, also show a significant reduction in their risk for causing hallucinogenic effects unlike other psychedelic 5-HT 2A agonists, such as psilocybin. Therefore, in some embodiments, the treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug such as for example psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO- DMT. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is psilocybin. In some embodiments, the activating a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. [0263] The application also includes a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, for activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell as well as a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell. The application further includes one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, for use in activating a serotonin receptor in and/or on a cell. In some embodiments, the treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug such as for example psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO- DMT. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is psilocybin. In some embodiments, the activating a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. [0264] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, to a subject in need thereof, wherein treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose a hallucinogenic drug. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is selected from psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO-DMT. Therefore, the present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, to a subject in need thereof, wherein treating of the disease, disorder or condition that is treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. [0265] The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug, as well as a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, , and/or prodrug thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. The application further includes one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is selected from psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO-DMT. Therefore, the present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of psilocybin, as well as a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. The application further includes one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. [0266] In some embodiments, the serotonin receptor is 5-HT2A. [0267] The present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor to a subject in need thereof, wherein the treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is selected from psilocybin, DMT or 5-MeO-DMT. Therefore, the present application also includes a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor to a subject in need thereof, wherein the treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor is without a hallucinogenic effect in the subject or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect in the subject compared to a hallucinogenic effect from administration of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. [0268] The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug, as well as a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. The application further includes one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic drug effect from use of an equivalent dose of a hallucinogenic drug. In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic drug is selected from psilocybin, DMT or 5- MeO-DMT. Therefore, The present application also includes a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of psilocybin, as well as a use of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. The application further includes one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, in combination with another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor for use in treating a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, wherein the use is without a hallucinogenic effect or is with a reduced hallucinogenic effect compared to a hallucinogenic effect from use of an equivalent dose of psilocybin. [0269] The embodiments for a disease, disorder or condition treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor are the same as the embodiments for a disease, disorder or condition treatable by activation of a serotonin receptor described above with respect to the one or more compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. [0270] In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition that is treated by activation of a serotonin receptor is an endophenotype or symptom cluster associated with the disease, disorder or condition as described above with respect to the one or more compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. [0271] The embodiments for a “known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor” are the same as the embodiments for a “known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor” described above with respect to the one or more compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. [0272] In some embodiments, the “subject in need thereof” is a subject having the disease, disorder or condition to be treated. [0273] The embodiments for “subject” are the same as the embodiments for “subject” described above for administration or use with the one or more compounds of the invention. [0274] A compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is: wherein: R 59 is selected from C(O)R 65 , CO2R 65 , C(O)N(R 65 )(R 65’ ), S(O)R 65 , SO 2 R 65 , C 1-6 alkyleneR 65 and R 65 ; Q’ is Q3’: over a bond means that the bond is attached to a remaining portion of the compound; R 60 , R 60’ and R 60’’ are independently selected from H, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1- 6alkyleneN(R 60a )(R 60b ) and SC 1-6 alkyl; R 60a and R 60b are independently selected from H and C 1-6 alkyl; R 61 , R 62 , R 63 and R 64 are independently selected from H, halo, N(R 63’ )(R 64’ ), C 1-6 alkyl, C 1- 6alkoxy, C 1-6 alkyleneN(R 63’ )(R 64’ ) and SC 1-6 alkyl, the latter four groups being optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from OH and C 1-6 alkoxy, or two adjacent of R 61 , R 62 , R 63 and R 64 are linked together to form O-(CH 2 ) 1-2 O and the remaining of R 61 , R 62 , R 63 and R 64 are independently selected from H, halo, C 1-6 alkyl and C 1-6 alkoxy, N(R 63’ )(R 64’ ), C 1-6 alkyleneN(R 63’ )(R 64’ ) and SC 1-6 alkyl, or one of R 61 , R 62 , R 63 and R 64 is selected from A’, O-A’ and C 1-4 alkyleneA’ and the remaining of R 61 , R 62 , R 63 and R 64 are independently H or halo; R 63’ and R 64’ are independently selected from H and C 1-6 alkyl; A’ is selected from phenyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO 2 , N and NR 72 and 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO 2 , N and NR 72 , wherein the phenyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, C 1-4 alkyl, OC 1-4 alkyl, N(R 63’ )(R 64’ ), C 1-6 alkyleneN(R 63’ )(R 64’ ) and SC 1-6 alkyl;; R 65 is selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, phenyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, 3- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR 65 ’’ and 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1 to 4 heteromoeities independently selected from O, S, N and NR 65 ’’, wherein the latter 5 groups are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halo, OR 73 , N(R 73 )(R 74 ) and SR 73 and/or the C 1-6 alkyl is optionally interrupted by one to three heteromoieties independently selected from O, C(O), CO 2 and NR 75 ; R 65’ is selected from H and C 1-6 alkyl; R 65’’ is selected from H and C 1-6 alkyl; R 66 , R 67 , R 68 and R 69 are independently selected from H, halo and C 1-6 alkyl; R 70 and R 71 are independently selected from H, C 1-6 alkyl and C(O)C 1-6 alkyl, or R 70 and R 71 , together with the N atom to which they are bound, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally comprises one or two additional heteromoieties independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO 2 , N, and NR 76 ; R 72 , R 73 , R 74 , R 75 and R 76 are independently selected from H and C 1-6 alkyl; R 72a and R 72b are independently selected from H and C 1-6 alkyl; and all available hydrogen atoms are optionally and independently substituted with a fluorine atom or chlorine atom and all available atoms are optionally substituted with alternate isotope thereof. [0275] The embodiments for R 59 , R 60 , R 60’ , R 60’’ , R 60a , R 60b , R 61 , R 62 , R 63 , R 64 , R 63’ and R 64’ R 65 , R 65’ , R 65’’ ,R 66 , R 67 , R 68 , R 69 , R 70 , R 71 , R 72 , R 72a , R 72b R 73 , R 74 , R 75 , R 76 , Q’ and A’ in the compounds of Formula II are the same as the embodiments for R 1 , R 2 , R 2’ , R 2’’’ , R 2a , R 2b , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 5’ , R 6’ , R 7 , R 7’ , R 7’’ , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 54 , R 54a , R 54b R 55 , R 56 , R 57 , R 58 , Q and A respectively for Formula I as described above with the exception that the provisos in Formula I do not apply to Formula II. Further, in some embodiments of Formula II, the compound of Formula II is selected from 2-(5-methoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1- amine (II-1) and 2-(Indolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (II-2), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and/or prodrugs thereof. [0276] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof is a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II is selected from the compounds of Formula I listed in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt solvate and/or prodrug thereof [0277] Further, in some embodiments, the compound of Formula II is selected from the compounds listed below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof: [0278] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II is a zwitterion, and the present application includes a compound of Formula II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, zwitterions and/or prodrugs thereof. [0279] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an acid addition salt or a base addition salt. The selection of a suitable salt may be made by a person skilled in the art. Suitable salts include acid addition salts that may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of a compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or benzoic acid. Additionally, acids that are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 197766(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website). [0280] An acid addition salt suitable for, or compatible with, the treatment of subjects is any non-toxic organic or inorganic acid addition salt of any basic compound. Basic compounds that form an acid addition salt include, for example, compounds comprising an amine group. Illustrative inorganic acids which form suitable salts include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids, as well as acidic metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Illustrative organic acids which form suitable salts include mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids. Illustrative of such organic acids are, for example, acetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, mandelic, salicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, p-toluenesulfonic acid and other sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid and 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, exemplary acid addition salts also include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates (“mesylates”), naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates) and the like. In some embodiments, the mono- or di-acid salts are formed and such salts exist in either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form. In general, acid addition salts are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as but not limited to oxalates may be used, for example in the isolation of compounds of Formula II for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. [0281] A base addition salt suitable for, or compatible with, the treatment of subjects is any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of any acidic compound. Acidic compounds that form a basic addition salt include, for example, compounds comprising a carboxylic acid group. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or barium hydroxide as well as ammonia. Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic organic amines such as isopropylamine, methylamine, trimethylamine, picoline, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Exemplary organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine. The selection of the appropriate salt may be useful, for example, so that an ester functionality, if any, elsewhere in a compound is not hydrolyzed. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, exemplary basic salts also include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamine, Abutyl amine, choline and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides) and others. Compounds carrying an acidic moiety can be mixed with suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts to provide, for example, alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium or potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium or magnesium salts) and salts formed with suitable organic ligands such as quaternary ammonium salts. Also, in the case of an acid (-COOH) or alcohol group being present, pharmaceutically acceptable esters can be employed to modify the solubility or hydrolysis characteristics of the compound. [0282] All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula II within the scope of the application and all acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of the application. In addition, when a compound of Formula II contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to an aliphatic primary, secondary, tertiary or cyclic amine, an aromatic or heteroaryl amine, pyridine or imidazole and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to tetrazole or carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the scope of the present application. It is understood that certain compounds of Formula II may exist in zwitterionic form, having both anionic and cationic centers within the same compound and a net neutral charge. Such zwitterions are included within the application. [0283] Solvates of compounds of Formula II, or salts and/or prodrugs thereof, include, for example, those made with solvents that are pharmaceutically acceptable. Examples of such solvents include water (resulting solvate is called a hydrate) and ethanol and the like. Suitable solvents are physiologically tolerable at the dosage administered. [0284] Prodrugs of compounds of Formula II, or salts and/or solvates thereof, include, for example, conventional esters formed with available hydroxy, thiol, amino or carboxyl groups. Some common esters which have been utilized as prodrugs are phenyl esters, aliphatic (C 1- C24) esters, acyloxymethyl esters, carbamates and amino acid esters. [0285] It is understood and appreciated that in some embodiments, compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, may have at least one chiral center and therefore can exist as enantiomers and/or diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof in any proportion are encompassed within the scope of the present application. It is to be further understood that while the stereochemistry of the compounds may be as shown in any given compound listed herein, such compounds may also contain certain amounts (for example, less than 20%, suitably less than 10%, more suitably less than 5%) of compounds of Formula II having an alternate stereochemistry. It is intended that any optical isomers, as separated, pure or partially purified optical isomers or racemic mixtures thereof are included within the scope of the present application. [0286] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II can also include tautomeric forms, such as keto-enol tautomers and the like. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. It is intended that any tautomeric forms which the compounds form, as well as mixtures thereof, are included within the scope of the present application. [0287] The compounds of Formula II, and salts and/or solvates thereof, may further exist in varying amorphous and polymorphic forms and it is contemplated that any amorphous forms, polymorphs, or mixtures thereof, which form are included within the scope of the present application. [0288] The compounds of Formula II, or salts, solvates and/or prodrugs thereof, may further be radiolabeled and accordingly all radiolabeled versions of the compounds of the application are included within the scope of the present application. Therefore, the compounds of Formula II also include those in which one or more radioactive atoms are incorporated within their structure. [0289] The compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are suitably formulated in a conventional manner into compositions using one or more carriers. The compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are suitably formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to subjects in a biologically compatible form suitable for administration in vivo. Accordingly, the present application further includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein the one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof are present in an amount effective to treat of any of the diseases, disorders or conditions described herein. [0290] The compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered to a subject in a variety of forms depending on the selected route of administration, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, compounds of Formula II are administered by oral, inhalation, parenteral, buccal, sublingual, insufflation, epidurally, nasal, rectal, vaginal, patch, pump, minipump, topical or transdermal administration and the pharmaceutical compositions formulated accordingly. In some embodiments, administration is by means of a pump for periodic or continuous delivery. Conventional procedures and ingredients for the selection and preparation of suitable compositions are described, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (2000 – 20 th edition) and in The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 24 NF19) published in 1999. [0291] Parenteral administration includes systemic delivery routes other than the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and includes, for example intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transepithelial, nasal, intrapulmonary (for example, by use of an aerosol), intrathecal, rectal and topical (including the use of a patch or other transdermal delivery device) modes of administration. Parenteral administration may be by continuous infusion over a selected period of time. [0292] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is orally administered, for example, with an inert diluent or with an assimilable edible carrier, or it is enclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, or it is compressed into tablets, or it is incorporated directly with the food of the diet. In some embodiments, the compound is incorporated with excipient and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, caplets, pellets, granules, lozenges, chewing gum, powders, syrups, elixirs, wafers, aqueous solutions and suspensions and the like. In the case of tablets, carriers that are used include lactose, com starch, sodium citrate and salts of phosphoric acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate), or solvents (e.g. medium chain triglycerides, ethanol, water). In embodiments, the tablets are coated by methods well known in the art. In the case of tablets, capsules, caplets, pellets or granules for oral administration, pH sensitive enteric coatings, such as Eudragits™ designed to control the release of active ingredients are optionally used. Oral dosage forms also include modified release, for example immediate release and timed-release, formulations. Examples of modified-release formulations include, for example, sustained-release (SR), extended-release (ER, XR, or XL), time-release or timed- release, controlled-release (CR), or continuous-release (CR or Contin), employed, for example, in the form of a coated tablet, an osmotic delivery device, a coated capsule, a microencapsulated microsphere, an agglomerated particle, e.g., as of molecular sieving type particles, or, a fine hollow permeable fiber bundle, or chopped hollow permeable fibers, agglomerated or held in a fibrous packet. Timed-release compositions are formulated, for example as liposomes or those wherein the active compound is protected with differentially degradable coatings, such as by microencapsulation, multiple coatings, etc. Liposome delivery systems include, for example, small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. In some embodiments, liposomes are formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful carriers, solvents or diluents include lactose, medium chain triglycerides, ethanol and dried com starch. [0293] In some embodiments, liquid preparations for oral administration take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they are suitably presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. When aqueous suspensions and/or emulsions are administered orally, the compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is suitably suspended or dissolved in an oily phase that is combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents are added. Such liquid preparations for oral administration are prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., medium chain triglycerides, almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). Useful diluents include lactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. [0294] It is also possible to freeze-dry the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and use the lyophilizates obtained, for example, for the preparation of products for injection. [0295] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is administered parenterally. For example, solutions of a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxypropylcellulose. In some embodiments, dispersions are prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, DMSO and mixtures thereof with or without alcohol and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. A person skilled in the art would know how to prepare suitable formulations. For parenteral administration, sterile solutions of the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are usually prepared and the pH’s of the solutions are suitably adjusted and buffered. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic. For ocular administration, ointments or droppable liquids are delivered, for example, by ocular delivery systems known to the art such as applicators or eye droppers. In some embodiments, such compositions include mucomimetics such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyvinyl alcohol, preservatives such as sorbic acid, EDTA or benzyl chromium chloride and the usual quantities of diluents or carriers. For pulmonary administration, diluents or carriers will be selected to be appropriate to allow the formation of an aerosol. [0296] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is formulated for parenteral administration by injection, including using conventional catheterization techniques or infusion. Formulations for injection are, for example, presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. In some embodiments, the compositions take such forms as sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles and contain formulating agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. In all cases, the form should be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. Alternatively, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are suitably in a sterile powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. [0297] In some embodiments, compositions for nasal administration are conveniently formulated as aerosols, drops, gels and powders. For intranasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are conveniently delivered in the form of a solution, dry powder formulation or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezed or pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized container or a nebulizer. Aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which, for example, take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device. Alternatively, the sealed container is a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve which is intended for disposal after use. Where the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser, it will contain a propellant which is, for example, a compressed gas such as compressed air or an organic propellant such as fluorochlorohydrocarbon. Suitable propellants include but are not limited to dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, heptafluoroalkanes, carbon dioxide or another suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit is suitably determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. In some embodiments, the pressurized container or nebulizer contains a solution or suspension of the active compound. Capsules and cartridges (made, for example, from gelatin) for use in an inhaler or insufflator are, for example, formulated containing a powder mix of a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomizer. [0298] Compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges and pastilles, wherein a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is formulated with a carrier such as sugar, acacia, tragacanth, or gelatin and glycerine. Compositions for rectal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter. [0299] Suppository forms of the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are useful for vaginal, urethral and rectal administrations. Such suppositories will generally be constructed of a mixture of substances that is solid at room temperature but melts at body temperature. The substances commonly used to create such vehicles include but are not limited to theobroma oil (also known as cocoa butter), glycerinated gelatin, other glycerides, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. See, for example: Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16 th Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, PA, 1980, pp.1530-1533 for further discussion of suppository dosage forms. [0300] In some embodiments a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers include, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxy-ethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. [0301] The compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are amenable to administration with the air of nano-carrier systems, such as liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, lipidic nano-systems and the like (see for example, Bhat, M. et al. Chem. And Phys. Of Lipids, 2021, 236, 105053). Accordingly the present application includes a composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and one or more components of a nano-carrier system. [0302] A compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, thereof is suitably used on its own but will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in which the one or more compounds (the active ingredient) is in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Depending on the mode of administration, the pharmaceutical composition will comprise from about 0.05 wt% to about 99 wt% or about 0.10 wt% to about 70 wt%, of the active ingredient and from about 1 wt% to about 99.95 wt% or about 30 wt% to about 99.90 wt% of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, all percentages by weight being based on the total composition. [0303] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are used are administered in a composition comprising an additional therapeutic agent. Therefore the present application also includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising one of more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and an additional therapeutic agent, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is another known agent useful for treatment of a disease, disorder or condition by activation of a serotonin receptor, for example those listed in the Methods and Uses section above for the compounds of the application. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a psychoactive drug. [0304] In some embodiments, effective amounts of the one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex and/or weight of the subject or species. In some embodiments, the amount of a given compound or compounds that will correspond to an effective amount will vary depending upon factors, such as the given drug(s) or compound(s), the pharmaceutical formulation, the route of administration, the type of condition, disease or disorder, the identity of the subject being treated and the like, but can nevertheless be routinely determined by one skilled in the art. [0305] In some embodiment, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered one, two, three or four times a year. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered at least once a week. However, in another embodiment, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered to the subject from about one time per two weeks, three weeks or one month. In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered about one time per week to about once daily. In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times daily. The length of the treatment period depends on a variety of factors, such as the severity of the disease, disorder or condition, the age of the subject, the concentration and/or the activity of the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, and/or a combination thereof. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, used for the treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment regime. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. In some instances, chronic administration is required. For example, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered to the subject in an amount and for duration sufficient to treat the subject. [0306] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered at doses that are non-hallucinogenic or non-psychotomimetic and taken in conjunction with psychotherapy or therapy and may occur once, twice, three, or four times a year. However, in some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered to the subject once daily, once every two days, once every 3 days, once a week, once every two weeks, once a month, once every two months, or once every three months at doses that are not hallucinogenic or not psychotomimetic. [0307] A compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is either used alone or in combination with other known agents useful for treating diseases, disorders or conditions by activation of a serotonin receptor. When used in combination with other known agents useful in treating diseases, disorders by activation of a serotonin receptor, it is an embodiment that a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is administered contemporaneously with those agents. As used herein, “contemporaneous administration” of two substances to a subject means providing each of the two substances so that they are both active in the individual at the same time. The exact details of the administration will depend on the pharmacokinetics of the two substances in the presence of each other and can include administering the two substances within a few hours of each other, or even administering one substance within 24 hours of administration of the other, if the pharmacokinetics are suitable. Design of suitable dosing regimens is routine for one skilled in the art. In particular embodiments, two substances will be administered substantially simultaneously, i.e., within minutes of each other, or in a single composition that contains both substances. It is a further embodiment of the present application that a combination of agents is administered to a subject in a non- contemporaneous fashion. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present application provides a single unit dosage form comprising one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof,, an additional therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [0308] The dosage of a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, varies depending on many factors such as the pharmacodynamic properties of the compound, the mode of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the frequency of the treatment and the type of concurrent treatment, if any and the clearance rate of the compound in the subject to be treated. One of skill in the art can determine the appropriate dosage based on the above factors. In some embodiments, one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered initially in a suitable dosage that is adjusted as required, depending on the clinical response. [0309] In some embodiments, dosages will generally be selected to maintain a serum level of the one or more compounds of the application from about 0.01 μg/cc to about 1000 μg/cc, or about 0.1 μg/cc to about 100 μg/cc. As a representative example, oral dosages of one or more compounds of Formula II will range between about 10 μg per day to about 1000 mg per day for an adult, suitably about 10 μg per day to about 500 mg per day, more suitably about 10 μg per day to about 500 mg per day. For parenteral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg or about 1 mg/kg to about 10000 mg/kg will be administered. For oral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.001 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 0.01 μg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg or about 1 μg/kg to about 10000 mg/kg. For administration in suppository form, a representative amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. [0310] In some embodiments, dosages will generally be selected to maintain a serum level of the one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, from about 0.01 μg/cc to about 1000 μg/cc, or about 0.1 μg/cc to about 100 μg/cc. As a representative example, oral dosages of one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, will range between about 10 μg per day to about 1000 mg per day for an adult, suitably about 10 μg per day to about 500 mg per day, more suitably about 10 μg per day to about 200 mg per day. For parenteral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.1 mg/kg or about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 0.01 mg/kg will be administered. For oral administration, a representative amount is from about 0.001 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.1 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.01 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg or about 0.1 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg. For administration in suppository form, a representative amount is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg. In some embodiments of the application, compositions are formulated for oral administration and the one or more compounds are suitably in the form of tablets containing 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0, 70.0, 75.0, 80.0, 90.0, 100.0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 mg of active ingredient (one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof) per tablet. In some embodiments of the application the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are administered in a single daily, weekly or monthly dose or the total daily dose is divided into two, three or four daily doses. [0311] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that are devoid of clinically meaningful psychedelic/ psychotomimetic actions. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that provide clinical effects similar to those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 4 ng/mL or less and/or human 5-HT 2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 40% or less or those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 1 ng/mL or less and/or human 5-HT 2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 30% or less. [0312] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that provide clinical effects similar to those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 4 ng/mL or greater and/or human 5-HT 2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 40% or greater or those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Cmax of 10 ng/mL or greater and/or human 5-HT 2A human CNS receptor occupancy of 60% or greater. [0313] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, are used or administered in an effective amount which comprises administration of doses or dosage regimens that provide clinical effects similar to those exhibited by a human plasma psilocin Tmax in excess of 60 minutes, in excess of 120 minutes or in excess of 180 minutes. [0314] To be clear, in the above, the term “a compound” also includes embodiments wherein one or more compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or prodrug thereof, are referenced. Likewise, the term “compounds” also includes embodiments wherein only one compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof, is referenced. VI. Preparation of Compounds [0315] Compounds of the present application can be prepared by various synthetic processes. The choice of particular structural features and/or substituents may influence the selection of one process over another. The selection of a particular process to prepare a given compound of the application is within the purview of the person of skill in the art. Some starting materials for preparing compounds of the present application are available from commercial chemical sources or may be extracted from cells, plants, animals or fungi. Other starting materials, for example as described below, are readily prepared from available precursors using straightforward transformations that are well known in the art. In the Schemes below showing some embodiments of methods of preparation of compounds of the application, all variables are as defined in Formula I, unless otherwise stated. [0316] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I wherein R 2’ and R 2’’ are H or D are prepared by reduction of the corresponding indole compound A, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined in Formula I, as shown in Scheme 1 Scheme 1 [0317] In some embodiments the reduction is performed using a silane reducing agent, such as triethyl silane in an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or deuterated versions thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction is made enantio- or diastereoselective via the use of chiral reducing agents or chiral auxiliaries. In some embodiments, the reduction is performed using any suitable reducing conditions known in the art, such as, for example, the reducing conditions described in He, Yi; et al: Tetrahedron Letters (2014), 55(29), 3938-3941 and Somei, Masanori; et al: Heterocycles (1995), 40(1), 119-22 [0318] In some embodiments, compounds of Formula A are available as shown in Scheme 2: Scheme 2 [0319] Therefore, in some embodiments, ortho-iodoaniline compounds of Formula B, wherein R 1 and R 3 -R 6 are as defined in Formula I, are reacted with alkynes of Formula C, wherein R 2 and Q are as defined in Formula I, in the presence of a palladium catalyst, for example using the conditions described in Fricke et al., Chem. Eur. J., 2019, 25(4):897–903], to provide the compounds of Formula A. A person skilled in the art would appreciate that the reaction shown in Scheme 2 can also be used to provide compounds of Formula A by using a compound of Formula B wherein R 1 is a suitable protecting group and removing the protecting group to provide the compound of Formula A. [0320] In some embodiments, when Q is (Q3) and R 26 -R 31 are either H or D, the compounds of Formula A are prepared as shown in Scheme 3: Scheme 3 [0321] Therefore, in some embodiments, compounds of Formula D, wherein R 1 -R 6 are as defined in Formula I, are reacted with oxalyl chloride followed by an amine NHR 30 R 31 , wherein R 30 and R 31 are as defined in Formula I, to provide compounds of Formula E. Subsequent Al- based reduction of the compounds of Formula E, for example in the presence of lithium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride or lithium aluminum deuteride, provides compounds of Formula A, wherein Q is and R 26 -R 27 are either H or D, R 1 -R 6 and R 30 -R 31 are as defined in Formula I. [0322] In some embodiments, when Q is (Q3), R 4 is an alkoxy (including, for example, C 1-6 alkoxy or O-A), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 26 -R 31 are as defined in Formula I, the compounds of Formula A are prepared as shown in Scheme 4: Scheme 4 [0323] Therefore, in some embodiments, compounds of Formula O, wherein R 4 is OH and A, R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 26 -R 31 are as defined in Formula I are reacted with a compound of Formula P wherein X is a suitable leaving group such as I or Br and R4' is alkyl or A as defined in Formula I, under suitable conditions such as in the presence of a base such a potassium carbonate and in a suitable solvent such as acetone to provide compounds of Formula A. In some embodiments, compounds of Formula O, wherein R 4 is OH and A, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 26 -R 31 are as defined in Formula I, are reacted with a suitable alcohol under suitable Mitsunobu reaction conditions, such as in the presence of a diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) and triphenylphosphine. In some embodiments, the suitable conditions are any suitable conditions known in the art, such as, for example, the coupling conditions described in WO2005009958A1 and US6133287. [0324] A person skilled in the art would appreciate that a similar process as described in Scheme 8 is used to provide compounds of Formula I wherein any one of R 3 , R 5 , R 5 and R 6 is an alkoxy. [0325] Compounds of Formula D or A, wherein one or more of R 2 , R 3 -R 6 are deuterium are available, for example, using a hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction on a suitable starting substrate, wherein this exchange reaction is catalyzed by Pd/C in D 2 O as described in Esaki, H. et al. Tetrahedron, 2006, 62:10954-10961, and modifications thereof known to a person skilled in the art. [0326] Compounds of Formula A wherein R 4 is OCD 3 are available, for example, using methods as described in Xu, Y-Z and Chen, C. J. Label Compd. Radiopharm. (2006) 49:897- 902, and modifications thereof and modifications thereof known to a person skilled in the art. [0327] Compounds of Formula B, C, D, and F, as well as other reagents used in the above Schemes, are available from commercial sources or can be readily prepared using methods known in the art. [0328] A person skilled in the art would appreciate that further manipulation of the substituent groups using known chemistry can be performed on the intermediates and final compounds in the Schemes above to provide alternative compounds of the application. [0329] Nucleophilic displacement reaction conditions comprise any known method for the reaction of a nucleophile to displace a leaving group to form a bond that is compatible with the intermediates and products shown in the above Schemes or that may be used to prepare a compound of Formula I and II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, zwitterion and/or prodrug thereof. In some embodiments, such conditions comprise combining reactants in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent. [0330] Salts of compounds of the application may be formed by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example, by reacting a compound of the application with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in aqueous medium followed by lyophilization. [0331] The formation of solvates will vary depending on the compound and the solvate. In general, solvates are formed by dissolving the compound in the appropriate solvent and isolating the solvate by cooling or using an antisolvent. The solvate is typically dried or azeotroped under ambient conditions. The selection of suitable conditions to form a particular solvate can be made by a person skilled in the art. Examples of suitable solvents are ethanol, water and the like. When water is the solvent, the molecule is referred to as a "hydrate". The formation of solvates of the compounds of the application will vary depending on the compound and the solvate. In general, solvates are formed by dissolving the compound in the appropriate solvent and isolating the solvate by cooling or using an antisolvent. The solvate is typically dried or azeotroped under ambient conditions. The selection of suitable conditions to form a particular solvate can be made by a person skilled in the art. [0332] Prodrugs of the compounds of the present application may be, for example, conventional esters formed with available hydroxy, thiol, amino or carboxyl groups. For example, available hydroxy or amino groups may be acylated using an activated acid in the presence of a base, and optionally, in inert solvent (e.g. an acid chloride in pyridine). [0333] Isotopically-enriched compounds of the application and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof, can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using suitable isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates. [0334] Throughout the processes described herein it is to be understood that, where appropriate, suitable protecting groups will be added to and subsequently removed from, the various reactants and intermediates in a manner that will be readily understood by one skilled in the art. Conventional procedures for using such protecting groups as well as examples of suitable protecting groups are described, for example, in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, T.W. Green, P.G.M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience, New York, (1999). It is also to be understood that a transformation of a group or substituent into another group or substituent by chemical manipulation can be conducted on any intermediate or final product on the synthetic path toward the final product, in which the possible type of transformation is limited only by inherent incompatibility of other functionalities carried by the molecule at that stage to the conditions or reagents employed in the transformation. Such inherent incompatibilities and ways to circumvent them by carrying out appropriate transformations and synthetic steps in a suitable order, will be readily understood to one skilled in the art. Examples of transformations are given herein and it is to be understood that the described transformations are not limited only to the generic groups or substituents for which the transformations are exemplified. References and descriptions of other suitable transformations are given in “Comprehensive Organic Transformations – A Guide to Functional Group Preparations” R.C. Larock, VHC Publishers, Inc. (1989). References and descriptions of other suitable reactions are described in textbooks of organic chemistry, for example, “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, March, 4th ed. McGraw Hill (1992) or, “Organic Synthesis”, Smith, McGraw Hill, (1994). Techniques for purification of intermediates and final products include, for example, straight and reversed phase chromatography on column or rotating plate, recrystallisation, distillation and liquid- liquid or solid-liquid extraction, which will be readily understood by one skilled in the art. [0335] It is also to be understood that a transformation of a group or substituent into another group or substituent by chemical manipulation can be conducted on any intermediate or final product on the synthetic path toward the final product, in which the possible type of transformation is limited only by inherent incompatibility of other functionalities carried by the molecule at that stage to the conditions or reagents employed in the transformation. Such inherent incompatibilities, and ways to circumvent them by carrying out appropriate transformations and synthetic steps in a suitable order, will be readily understood to one skilled in the art. Examples of transformations are given herein, and it is to be understood that the described transformations are not limited only to the generic groups or substituents for which the transformations are exemplified. References and descriptions of other suitable transformations are given in “Comprehensive Organic Transformations – A Guide to Functional Group Preparations” R.C. Larock, VHC Publishers, Inc. (1989). References and descriptions of other suitable reactions are described in textbooks of organic chemistry, for example, “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, March, 4th ed. McGraw Hill (1992) or, “Organic Synthesis”, Smith, McGraw Hill, (1994). [0336] Techniques for purification of intermediates and final products include, for example, straight and reversed phase chromatography on column or rotating plate, recrystallisation, distillation and liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extraction, which will be readily understood by one skilled in the art. [0337] The products of the processes of the application may be isolated according to known methods, for example, the compounds may be isolated by evaporation of the solvent, by filtration, centrifugation, chromatography or other suitable method. [0338] One skilled in the art will recognize that where a reaction step of the present application is carried out in a variety of solvents or solvent systems, said reaction step may also be carried out in a mixture of the suitable solvents or solvent systems. [0339] A person skilled in the art would appreciate that that same methods of preparation described above for the compounds of the application can be used to prepare compounds of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate and/or prodrug thereof. [0340] EXAMPLES A. Chemical Synthesis General Methods [0341] All starting materials used herein were commercially available or earlier described in the literature. The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded either on Bruker 300, Bruker DPX400 or Varian +400 spectrometers operating at 300, 400 and 400 MHz for 1 H NMR respectively, using TMS or the residual solvent signal as an internal reference, in deuterated chloroform as solvent unless otherwise indicated. All reported chemical shifts are in ppm on the delta-scale, and the fine splitting of the signals as appearing in the recordings is generally indicated, for example as s: singlet, br s: broad singlet, d: doublet, t: triplet, q: quartet, m: multiplet. Unless otherwise indicated, in the tables below, 1 H NMR data was obtained at 400 MHz, using CDCl 3 as the solvent. [0342] Purification of products was carried out using Chem Elut Extraction Columns (Varian, cat #1219-8002), Mega BE-SI (Bond Elut Silica) SPE Columns (Varian, cat # 12256018; 12256026; 12256034) or by flash chromatography in silica-filled glass columns. Example 1: 2-(5-Methoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (II-1) [0343] Synthesis of 2-(5-methoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (2): A solution of 2- (5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (0.4 g, 1.832 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (30 mL) was treated with triethyl silane (0.58 mL, 3.664 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 50 o C for overnight (16 h). The reaction was brought to room temperature and solvent was evaporated. Crude was basified with 4 N NaOH solution and product was extracted into CH 2 Cl2 (3 x 50 mL). Combined CH 2 Cl2 layer was dried (Na2SO4) and solvent was evaporated to obtain crude product as brown liquid. Crude was purified by column chromatography (2 M NH 3 in MeOH: CH 2 Cl 2 , 5:95) on silica gel to obtain the title compound II- 1 (0.31 g, 77.5%) as light brown oil. 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.65-6.60 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.70 (t, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.35-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 3H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.05-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.71 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 221 (MH + , 100). Example 2: 2-(Indolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (II-2)] [0344] Synthesis of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (8): A solution of 1H- indole (5.0 g, 42.698 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (3.61 mL, 42.698 mmol) at 0 o C over a period of 5 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was treated with dimethylamine (85 mL, 170.0 mmol, 2 M solution in THF) over a period of 15 min. and stirred for overnight (16 h). The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL) and product was extracted into ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL). Combined ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine (50 mL) and dried (Na2SO4). Solvent was evaporated and crude was purified by crystallization from ethyl acetate: Hexanes (1:1) to obtain the title compound 8 (7.88 g, 85.4%) as a beige solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 12.28 (brs, 1H), 8.11-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.53 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 7.30-7.23 (m, 2H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.91 (s, 3H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 238 (M+Na, 100). [0345] Synthesis of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (9): A suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (2.80 g, 74.0 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)- N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (2.0 g, 9.248 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) at 0 o C over a period of 10 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature, then refluxed for additional 16 hours. The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 5 to obtain the title compound 9(1.7 g, quantitative) as an off-white solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 10.76 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 7.32 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.07-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.98-6.95 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 6H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 189 (MH + , 100). [0346] Synthesis of 2-(indolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (II-2): A solution of 2-(1H- indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.47 g, 7.807 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) was treated with triethyl silane (2.49 mL, 15.615 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 50 o C for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound II1 to obtain the title compound II 2 (11 g 743%) as a paleyellow oil 1 H NMR (DMSOd 6 ): δ 7.01 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 6.90 (t, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 6.54 (dd, 1H, J = 1.5, 6.0 Hz), 6.48 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 5.41 (s, 1H), 3.55-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 6H), 1.90-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.50 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 191 (MH + , 100). Example 3: 2-(5-Fluoroindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-2)] [0347] Synthesis of 2-(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (12): A solution of 5-fluoro-1H-indole (5.0 g, 36.999 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (3.11 mL, 36.999 mmol) at 0 o C over a period of 5 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was treated with dimethylamine (74 mL, 147.996 mmol, 2 M solution in THF) over a period of 15 min. and stirred for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 8 to obtain the title compound 12 (7.12 g, 82.2%) as a light-yellow solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 12.40 (brs, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.76 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 4.5 Hz), 7.55 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 6.0 Hz), 7.16-7.12 (m, 1H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.91 (s, 3H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 256 (M+Na, 100). [0348] Synthesis of 2-(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (13): A suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (2.59 g, 68.308 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with 2-(5- fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (2.0 g, 8.538 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) at 0 o C over a period of 10 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature, then refluxed for additional 16 hours. The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 5 to obtain the title compound 13 (1.7 g, quantitative) as a tan solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 10.87 (s, 1H), 7.30 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 6.0 Hz), 7.24 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 6.0 Hz), 7.21 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.90-6.86 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 6H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 207 (MH + , 100). [0349] Synthesis of 2-(5fluoroindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-2): A solution of 2-(5- fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.51 g, 7.320 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) was treated with triethyl silane (2.33 mL, 14.641 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 50 o C for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound II-1 to obtain the title compound I-2 (0.8 g, 52.6%) as a light brown oil. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 6.90-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.74-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.45-6.42 (m, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 3.56-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 6H), 1.92-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.51 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 209 (MH + , 100). Example 4: 2-(5-(Methoxy-d3)indolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-11)] [0350] Synthesis of 2-(5-(methoxy-d3)-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (16): A solution of 5-(methoxy-d3)-1H-indole (2.5 g, 16.646 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (1.40 mL, 16.646 mmol) at 0 o C over a period of 5 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was treated with dimethylamine (33.3 mL, 66.584 mmol, 2 M solution in THF) over a period of 15 min. and stirred for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 8 to obtain the title compound I-11 (3.44 g, 82.9%) as an off-white solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 12.17 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 6.90 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 4.5 Hz), 2.98(s, 3H), 2.91 (s, 3H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 272 (M+Na), 250 (MH + ). [0351] Synthesis of 2-(5-(methoxy-d3)-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (17): A suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (2.43 g, 64.185 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with 2-(5-(methoxy-d3)-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (2.0 g, 8.023 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) at 0 o C over a period of 10 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature, then refluxed for additional 16 hours. The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 5 to obtain the title compound 17 (1.7 g, quantitative) as a tan solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.58 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 7.08 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.95 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.70 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 4.5 Hz), 2.78-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 6H); ESI- MS (m/z, %): 222 (MH + , 100). [0352] Synthesis of 2-(5-(methoxy-d3)indolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-11): A solution of 2-(5-(methoxy-d3)-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.34 g, 6.054 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) was treated with triethyl silane (1.93 mL, 12.109 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 50 o C for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound II-1 to obtain the title compound I-11 (1.1 g, 81.5%) as a light brown oil. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 6.68 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.53-6.50 (m, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 5.02 (brs, 1H), 3.49 (t, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.17-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 6H), 1.91-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.48 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 224 (MH + , 100). Example 5: 2-(Indolin-3-yl-4,5,6,7-d 4 )-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-24) [0353] Synthesis of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl-2,4,5,6,7-d 5 )-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (20): A solution of 1H-indole-2,3,4,5,6,7-d6 (2.0 g, 16.236 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (1.37 mL, 16.236 mmol) at 0 o C over a period of 5 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was treated with dimethylamine (32.4 mL, 64.944 mmol, 2 M solution in THF) over a period of 15 min. and stirred for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 8 to obtain the title compound 20 (3.0 g, 83.6%) as light brown solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 12.30 (s, 1H), 8.12- 8.10 (m, 0.43H), 7.55-7.53 (m, 0.09H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 1.43H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.92 (s, 3H); ESI- MS (m/z, %): 244 (M+Na), 242 (100). [0354] Synthesis of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl-2,4,5,6,7-d 5 )-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (21): A suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (2.74 g, 72.310 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with 2-(1H-indol-3-yl-2,4,5,6,7-d 5 )-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (2.0 g, 9.039 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) at 0 o C over a period of 10 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature, then refluxed for additional 16 hours. The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 5 to obtain the title compound 21 (1.74 g, quantitative) as a tan solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 10.77 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.50 (m, 0.18H), 7.33 (s, 0.04H), 7.14 (d, 0.05H, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.06 (t, 0.27H, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.99-6.96 (m, 0.35H), 2.84-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 6H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 194 (MH + ), 193 (100). [0355] Synthesis of 2-(indolin-3-yl-4,5,6,7-d4)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-24): A solution of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl-2,4,5,6,7-d 5 )-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.2 g, 6.207 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) was treated with triethyl silane (1.98 mL, 12.415 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 50 o C for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound II-1 to obtain the title compound I-24 (1.0 g, 82.6%) as a light brown oil. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.00 (d, 0.32H, J = 6.0 Hz), 6.90-6.88 (m, 0.41H), 6.53-6.46 (m, 0.88H), 5.38 (s, 1H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.07-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 6H), 1.88-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.57-1.51 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 196 (MH + ), 193 (100). Example 6: 2-(5,6-Dimethoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-33) [0356] Synthesis of 2-(5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (24): A solution of 5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indole (2.0 g, 11.287 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with oxalyl chloride (0.95 mL, 11.287 mmol) at 0 o C over a period of 5 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was treated with dimethylamine (22.6 mL, 45.148 mmol, 2 M solution in THF) over a period of 15 min. and stirred for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 8 to obtain the title compound 24 (2.1 g, 67.5%) as light brown solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 12.02 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.92 (s, 3H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 299 (M+Na, 100), 277 (MH + ). [0357] Synthesis of 2-(5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (25): A suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (2.2 g, 57.910 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was treated with 2-(5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide (2.0 g, 7.239 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) at 0 o C over a period of 10 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature, then refluxed for additional 16 hours. The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound 5 to obtain the title compound 25 (1.78 g, 99%) as a tan solid. 1 H NMR (DMSO- d 6 ): δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.76 (s, 6H), 2.77-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 6H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 249 (MH + , 100). [0358] Synthesis of 2-(5,6-dimethoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-33): A solution of 2-(5,6-dimethoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.41 g, 5.678 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) was treated with triethyl silane (1.81 mL, 11.356 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 50 o C for overnight (16 h). The reaction was worked-up and purified as described for compound II-1 to obtain the title compound I-33 (0.95 g, 67%) as a light brown oil. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.22 (s, 1H), 5.02 (s, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.12-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.14 (s, 6H), 1.88-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.45 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 251 (MH + , 100). [0359] Example 7: 2-(5-Methoxy-1-methylindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (I-3) [0360] Synthesis of 2-(5-methoxy-1-methylindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (48): A solution of 2-(5-methoxyindolin-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (1.2 g, 5.447 mmol) in dry CH 2 Cl2 (50 mL) was treated with acetic acid (0.93 mL, 16.341 mmol), followed by formaldehyde (1.21 mL, 16.341 mmol, 37% solution in water) at 0 °C. The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for additional 6 h. The reaction was cooled to 0 °C and treated with sodium triacetoxy borohydride (3.46 g, 16.341 mmol). The reaction was brought to room temperature and stirred for overnight (16 h). The reaction was quenched with 4 N NaOH solution and product was extracted into dichloromethane (2 x 100 mL). Combined dichloromethane layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and solvent was evaporated to obtain crude product. Crude was purified by column chromatography (2 M NH 3 in MeOH: CH 2 Cl 2 , 3:97) on silica gel to obtain the title compound I-3 (0.9 g, 70.8%) as a brown liquid. 1 H NMR (DMSO- d 6 ): δ 6.70 (d, 1H, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.60 (dd, 1H, J = 3.0, 6.0 Hz), 6.41 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.04 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.31-2.21 (m, 3H), 2.15 (s, 6H), 1.93- 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 1H); ESI-MS (m/z, %): 235 (MH + , 100). B. Biological Testing Example B1: FLIPR assay: human 5-HT2A I. Assessment of the effect of exemplary compounds of Formula I targeting on human 5-HT 2A (h5-HT 2A ) receptor under agonist mode: Compound Preparation and Assay Controls I.a. Reagent and Materials:
[0361] I.b. Instrumentation and Consumables:
I.c. Experimental Methods and Procedures: [0362] 1. Cells were cultured in cell culture medium (DMEM containing 10% FBS ,1× penicillin- streptomycin 300 μg/ml G418 and 100 μg/ml hygromycin B) at 37 °C, 5% (v/v) CO2. [0363] 2. One day before the assays, the cells were detached using TrypLE™ Express and cells were counted using cell counter. Only cells with >85% viability were used for the assay. [0364] 3.20000 cells/well were seeded in 30 μl/well culture medium to a 384-well cell plate and cells were incubated overnight at 37 °C, 5% (v/v) CO2. [0365] 4. On the assay day, 2×dye solution was prepared following the manual of the FLIPR® Calcium 6 Assay Kit: i. The dye was diluted with assay buffer (20mM HEPES in 1x HBSS, PH7.4); ii. Probenecid was added to the final concentration of 5 mM; iii. Vortex vigorously for 1–2 minutes. [0366] 5. Medium was removed from cell plate by flicking the cell plate on towel papers. [0367] 6.10 μl of assay buffer and 10 μl of 2×dye solution was added to each well of the cell plate. [0368] 7. The cell plate was placed on plate shaker, the plate was agitated at 600rpm for 2 minutes. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 2 hours followed by additional 15-minute incubation at 25 °C. [0369] 8.3×compound in assay buffer was prepared: a. Reference compounds were diluted to required concentration with DMSO. The compounds were added to a 384-well compound plate; b. Serial dilutions were performed; c. 10mM test compounds were added to the compound plate, and 3-fold serial dilutions were performed. d. Transfer 60 nl/well of compounds from source plate to a 384-well compound plate (Corning, 3657) by using an Echo; e. Add 20μl/well assay buffer to the compound plate; f. Mix the plate on plate shaker for 2 mins; [0370] 9. The cell plate, compound plate and tips were put into FLIPR, 10μl of 3x compound was transferred to the cell plate per well with FLIPR. Data Analysis [0371] i. The normalized fluorescence reading (RFU) was calculated as shown below, where Fmax and Fmin stand for maximum and minimum of calcium signal during defined time window: RFU = Fmax – Fmin. [0372] ii. Calculate the percentage activation using following equation: [0373] Iii. Calculate EC50 by fitting %activation against log of compound concentrations with Hill equation using XLfit. Results & Discussion [0374] Exemplary compounds of Formula I were evaluated functionally using FLIPR assay for their effect on h5-HT2A receptor under agonist mode. Table 2 shows the EC50 (nM) and RFU data for exemplary compounds of the application. Table 2 [0375] ND: not detected Results & Discussion [0376] Exemplary compound of Formula I and Formula II were evaluated functionally using FLIPR assay for their effect on h5-HT2A receptor under agonist mode. EC50 (nM) concentrations and their respective RFU at 10 μM are illustrated in Table 2. This assay confirms that the compounds of the application are effective agonists of the target human 5- HT2A receptors. II. Human 5-HT 2A : Radioligand binding assay: [0377] II.1. Materials and Instruments: [0378] II.2. Instrumentation and Consumables: II.3 Experiment Procedure: [0379] Prepare the assay buffer following the table below; [0380] ii. Preparation of 8 doses of reference and test compounds starting from 10 mM stock solution by 5-fold serial dilutions with 100%; [0381] iii. Prepare (v/v) DMSO: a.50 μl/well of 0.5% (v/v) PEI is added to UniFilter-96 GF/B plates. The plates are sealed and incubates at 4ºC for 3 hrs; b. After incubation, the plates are washed 3 times with ice-cold wash buffer (50 mM Tris, pH7.4); [0382] iv. Preparation of assay plates: a. Cell membrane are diluted with assay buffer and 330 μl/well is added to 96 round deep well plates to reach a concentration of 20 μg/well; b.8 concentrations of reference or test compounds are prepared and 110 μl/well is added to 96 round deep well plates; c. [3H]-ketanserin is diluted with assay buffer to 5 nM (5X final concentration) and 110 μl/well is added to 96 round deep well plates. [0383] v. The plate is centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 30 secs and then agitated at 600 rpm, R.T. for 5 min. [0384] vi. The plates are sealed and incubates at 27ºC for 90 min. [0385] vii. The incubation is stopped by vacuum filtration onto GF/B filter plates followed by 4 times washing with ice-cold wash buffer (50 mM Tris, pH7.4). [0386] viii. The plates are dried at 37ºC for 45 min. [0387] ix. The filter plates are sealed and 40 μl/well of scintillation cocktail is added. [0388] x. The plate is read by using a Microbeta2 microplate counter. Data Analysis: [0389] For reference and test compounds, the results are expressed as % Inhibition, using the normalization equation: N = 100-100×(U-C2)/(C1-C2), where U is the unknown value, C1 is the average of high controls, and C2 is the average of low controls. The IC50 is determined by fitting percentage of inhibition as a function of compound concentrations with Hill equation using XLfit. Example B2: Human, Rat and Mouse Liver Microsomes Stability Objective [0390] The objective of this study was to estimate in vitro metabolic stability of representative compounds of the application in pooled human and male mouse liver microsomes. The concentrations of parent compounds in reaction systems were evaluated by LC-MS/MS for estimating the stability in pooled human and male mouse liver microsomes. The in vitro intrinsic clearances of test compounds were determined as well. Protocol [0391] A master solution in the “Incubation Plate” containing phosphate buffer, ultra-pure H 2 O, MgCl2 solution and liver microsomes was made according to Table 3. The mixture was pre- warmed at 37 ^C water bath for 5 minutes. Table 3: Preparation of master solution [0392] 40 μL of 10 mM NADPH solution was added to each well. The final concentration of NADPH was 1 mM. The negative control samples were prepared by replacing NADPH with 40 μL of ultra-pure H 2 O. Samples were prepared in duplicate. Negative controls were prepared in singlet. [0393] The reaction was started with the addition of 4 μL of 200 μM test compounds or control compounds to each master solution to get the final concentration of 2 μM. This study was performed in duplicate. [0394] Aliquots of 50 µL were taken from the reaction solution at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The reaction solutions were stopped by the addition of 4 volumes of cold methanol with IS (100 nM alprazolam, 200 nM imipramine, 200 nM labetalol and 2 μM ketoprofen). Samples were centrifuged at 3,220 g for 40 minutes. Aliquot of 90 µL of the supernatant was mixed with 90 µL of ultra-pure H 2 O and then was used for LC-MS/MS analysis. [0395] LC/MS analysis was performed for all samples from this study using a Shimadzu liquid chromatograph separation system equipped with degasser DGU-20A 5R ; solvent delivery unit LC-30AD; system controller SIL-30AC; column oven CTO-30A; CTC Analytics HTC PAL System. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a Triple Quad TM 5500 instrument. [0396] All calculations were carried out using Microsoft Excel. Peak area ratios of test compound to internal standard (listed in the below table) were determined from extracted ion chromatograms. [0397] All calculations were carried out using Microsoft Excel. Peak areas were determined from extracted ion chromatograms. The slope value, k, was determined by linear regression of the natural logarithm of the remaining percentage of the parent drug vs. incubation time curve. [0398] The in vitro half-life (in vitro t1/2) was determined from the slope value: [0399] Conversion of the in vitro t 1/2 (min) into the in vitro intrinsic clearance (in vitro CL int , in µL/min/mg proteins) was done using the following equation (mean of duplicate determinations): [0400] For the compound or control compound that showed an initial fast disappearance followed by a slow disappearance, only the time points that were within the initial rate were included in the calculation. Results & Discussion [0401] Human, rat and mouse liver microsomes contain a wide variety of drug metabolizing enzymes and are commonly used to support in vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) studies. These microsomes were used to examine the potential first-pass metabolism by-products of orally administered drugs. Representative compounds of the application were evaluated for their stability in human, rat and mouse liver microsomes. Table 4 and Table 5 shows the results of the stability studies. Table 4
Table 5
[0402] The data in Tables 4 and 5 show that the compounds of the application exhibit a spectrum of stability profiles in liver microsomes across different species, including human, rat and mouse. Example B3: Psychedelic-like Effect of compounds of Formula I [0403] The effect of different doses of representative compounds of Formula I were evaluated on head-twitch response (HTR) and other behavioural responses as behavior-based models of psychedelic activity. Protocols Mouse head twitch [0404] Male, C57BL/6J mice (body weight range 20-30g) were dosed with the appropriate dose of test article, and following a 1-minute pre-treatment time, placed in individual observation chambers. Animals were visually assessed for the incidence head twitches continuously over a 1hr period. Head twitches were defined as a rapid jerk of the head which was not elicited by an external tactile stimulus (Corne and Pickering, Psychopharmacologia, 1967, 11(1): 65-78). Each head twitch was individually counted by a trained observer, and the data was expressed as the mean+SEM of 6-10 mice per group. Mice were used in a single experiment only. Results and discussion [0405] The head twitch response of exemplary compound II-1 (1-30 mg/kg SC) was compared to 5-MeO DMT and psilocybin (Figure 1, Table 6). Table 6 [0406] The data in Table 6 shows that psilocybin (0.1-10 mg/kg SC) produced a dose related increase in the incidence of head twitch response in male C57BL/6 mice, which reached a peak at the 1 mg/kg dose. At 3 and 10 mg/kg SC doses, the incidence of head twitches following psilocybin declined, resulting in an inverted U-shaped dose response. The decline in head twitches at these higher doses was accompanied by decreased locomotion and decreased core body temperature. [0407] 5-MeO DMT (1-30 mg/kg SC) produced a monotonic increase in head twitches, although over the 3-30 mg/kg doses other behavioural signs associated with 5-HT syndrome (forepaw treading, straub tail, body twitches, backwards walking) emerged and increased in incidence across these doses. Consequently head twitches in the 30 mg/kg became somewhat variable due to response competition and marked 5-HT syndrome signs compromising the expression of head twitches in some test subjects. [0408] In contrast with psilocybin and 5-MeO DMT, exemplary compound II-1 (0.3-30 mg/kg SC) elicited only a modest head twitch response with a peak response of 4.2+0.7 twitches at 30 mg/kg although the lower doses were also associated with incidence of head twitches. No overt signs of hypolocomotion or 5-HT syndrome was recorded over this dose range, except for 2/5 (40%) mice pretreated with 30 mg/kg dose, where some 5-HT syndrome associated behaviours were noted. Therefore the low expression of head twitches, at least over the 0.3- 10 mg/kg dose range, did not appear to be a consequence of alternative, competing behaviours. Rat behavioural test [0409] Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight range 250-400g) are dosed with the appropriate dose of test article and following a 1-minute pre-treatment time, placed in locomotor activity boxes (dimensions 17” W x 17” L x 12” H) and continuously monitored for a 1 hr period with data collected into 10 minute time bins. Animals are visually assessed for overt behavioural signs, including behaviours characteristic of 5-HT2A receptor activation (wet dog shakes, back muscle contractions), 5-HT2A receptor activation (yawning, penile grooming) and 5-HT1A behaviours (forepaw treading, hindlimb abduction) (Halberzettl et al, Behav Brain Res. 256: 328-345, 2013). Additional behavioural and somatic signs characteristic of 5-HT syndrome (e.g. tremor, salivation, flat body posture, core body temperature change) are also measured. Simultaneously, the spontaneous activity of the rats is measured using an automated tracking system (Med Associates, VT, USA). Activity data collected included total distance traveled, rearing counts and ambulatory episodes. All data are expressed as the mean+SEM of 6-10 rats per group. Drug discrimination in the rat [0410] Male Sprague-Dawley rats are initially food restricted by presentation of 18-20g food at day end (single housing). After 7 days acclimatisation to the food restriction procedure, they are trained daily to lever press for food (45mg Bioserve pellet) in standard 2-lever operant conditioning chambers controlled by Med-PC software over a period of 1 week (Med. Associates Ins., St. Albans, VT). The rats are trained to lever press for food to an FR10 value (i.e.10 lever presses for a single food reward). Once stable food responding is acquired to both response levers, discrimination training began. Over a period of 20-50 training sessions, the rats are trained to associate one lever to a psilocybin training dose of 1 mg/kg SC, and the second lever to a neutral stimulus (saline, SC) (Winter et al, Pharmacol Biochem Behav.87(4): 472-480, 2007). Training sessions lasted 30-min or until the delivery of 50 pellets and continue until the animals attain appropriate stimulus control (defined as six consecutive sessions where animals makes no more than 16 lever presses before the delivery of the first reward, and at least 95% total responses on the appropriate lever). The rats continue to receive daily food ration in their home cage at day end. [0411] Once trained, tests of substitution are conducted. On test days, both levers are designated active, i.e., every 10th response on either lever results in delivery of a food pellet. Test sessions continue until 50 pellets have been obtained or 30 min has elapsed. During these sessions response rate is also measured. [0412] While the present application has been described with reference to examples, it is to be understood that the scope of the claims should not be limited by the embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole. [0413] All patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the application described and claimed herein.