MIN BYOUNG J (US)
GARAWI AYAT MOHSIN (US)
NEJAD ARIANI HANIEH HOSSEIN (US)
MOHY-EL-DINE THARWAT (FR)
LUDEMANN-HOMBURGER OLIVIER (FR)
WO2000075171A1 | 2000-12-14 | |||
WO2004072153A1 | 2004-08-26 |
EP1111068A1 | 2001-06-27 | |||
US20100298577A1 | 2010-11-25 |
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Claims 1. An insoluble support (resin) in particulate form comprising distal binding sites, the support comprising a homogeneous polymeric matrix and constructs, the constructs covalently bound to the polymeric matrix, wherein the constructs comprise at least one branching agent selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, cleavable linkers and at least one spacer coupled to at least one branching agent via an amide bond, the cleavable linkers providing the distal binding sites. 2. The insoluble support according to claim 1, wherein the branching agent is selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 but not more than 3 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms. 3. The insoluble support according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the branching agent is selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms. 4. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the branching agents are selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 6. 5. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the branching agent is selected from 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid (ornithine), 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, suitably the branching agent is selected from 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid (ornithine), 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid. 6. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the branching agent is lysine. 7. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein all branching agents are identical. 8. The insoluble support according to claim 3, wherein the number of branching agents δ of a construct is given by the formula δ(n) = 2 n − 1 and the number of linkers providing distal binding site λ is given by the formula λ(n) = 2 n , where n denotes the number of generations of branching agents and n being from 1 to 10, preferably n is from 1 to 5. 9. The insoluble support according to claim 8, wherein n is from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 5. 10. The insoluble support according to claim 9, wherein at least one spacer is positioned between all branching agents. 11. The insoluble support according to claim 3, wherein the constructs are selected from: (A) [polymeric matrix] - BA(1) - LK2; (B) [polymeric matrix] - BA(1) - BA(2)2 -LK4; (C) [polymeric matrix] - BA(1) - BA(2)2 - BA(3)4 - LK8; (D) [polymeric matrix] - BA(1) - BA(2)2 - BA(3)4 - BA(4)8 - LK16; (E) [polymeric matrix] - BA(1) - BA(2)2 - BA(3)4 - BA(4)8 - BA(5)16 - LK32; where BA denotes a branching agent and the integer in brackets indicating the generation of branching agent, and LK denotes cleavable linkers. 12. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 11; and construct according to any one of claims 2 to 11; wherein the spacer molecule is selected from organic molecules comprising two binding sites. 13. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the spacer molecule is selected from organic molecules comprising two binding sites selected form any one of carboxylic acids, amines, hydroxyls. 14. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 13; wherein the spacer molecule is selected from organic molecules comprising two binding sites selected form amino acids and polyethylene glycol. 15. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein spacer is selected from amino acids comprising two binding sites, suitably glycine and alanine, preferably glycine. 16. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the linkers are selected form Rink amide, Wang, 2-chlorotrityl, PAM, PAL, HMPB, Sieber and Ramage. 17. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 16; wherein the polymeric matrix is selected from homogeneous polymeric matrices comprising primary binding sites distributed throughout the polymeric matrix. 18. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the polymeric matrix is selected from homogeneous polymeric matrices formed by emulsion polymerization comprising at least styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB). 19. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the polymeric matrix is selected from homogeneous polymeric matrices formed from a polymerization composition comprising at least styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) and DVB being present in an amount of below 4.0 wt%, preferably below 3.0 wt%. 20. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 19, for use in solid phase peptide synthesis, solid phase morpholino oligomer synthesis and solid phase oligonucleotides synthesis. 21. The insoluble support according to any one of claims 1 to 19, for use in solid phase peptide synthesis 22. A method for forming an insoluble support as defined by any one of claims 1 to 21; the method comprising providing a polymeric matrix comprising primary binding sites, and wherein the construct is formed by a divergent synthesis approach, a convergent synthesis approach or a combined divergent and convergent synthesis approach. 23. A method for forming an insoluble support as defined by any one of claims 1 to 21 the method comprising providing a polymeric matrix comprising primary binding sites, and wherein the constructs are formed by a method comprising at least the steps: a) optionally coupling at least one spacer to the primary binding sites, b) coupling a branching agent to the primary binding sites of the base matrix, or optionally coupling the branching agent to at least one spacer, where the at least two amino groups are protected by protecting groups, c) removal of the protecting groups, where steps a), b) and c) may be repeated, and d) coupling of linkers to binding sites of distal branching agents. 24. A solid phase peptides synthesis protocol, solid phase morpholino oligomer synthesis and solid phase oligonucleotides synthesis for the synthesis of polypeptides, morpholino oligomers and oligonucleotides, the protocol comprising using an insoluble support as defined by any one of claims 1 to 20. 25. A solid phase peptides synthesis protocol for the synthesis of polypeptides, the protocol comprising using an insoluble support as defined by any one of claims 1 to 19. 26. The solid phase peptides synthesis protocol according to claim 25, wherein the polypeptides have at least 15 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino acids, preferably at least 25 amino acids. |
where BA is a branching agent and the integer denoting the generation of branching agents, LK denoting a cleavable linker, and where optional any number of spacers (at least one spacer) may be positioned between the polymeric matrix and the first generation branching agent BA(1), between branching agents, and between cleavable linkers and last generation of branching agents (distal branching agents). Constructs of structure A contain only one first generation proximal branching agent. Constructs of structure B contain three branching agents, one first generation proximal branching agent and two second generation distal branching agents. Constructs of structure B have two layers or two generations of branching agents. Constructs of structure C contains seven branching agents, one first generation proximal branching agent, two second generation intermediate branching agents and four third generation distal branching agents, signifying three layers/generation of branching agents. Construct D contains fifteen branching agents, one first generation proximal branching agent, two second generation intermediate branching agents, four third generation intermediate branching agents and eight fourth generation distal branching agents, i.e construct D contains four layers (generations) of branching agents. Construct E contains thirty-one branching agents, one first generation proximal branching agent, two second generation intermediate branching agents, four third generation intermediate branching agents, eight fourth generation intermediate branching agents and 16 fifth generation distal branching agents, signifying the presence of five layers (generations) of branching agents. According to an aspect the diaminoalkanoic acids (DAA) are selected from §-DAA(§) and §-DAA($), where DAA denotes a diaminoalkanoic acid, such as a diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, suitably from 3 up to 8 carbon atoms; the character not in brackets, § ,denoting alpha amine protecting groups and the characters in bracket, § and $, denoting side chain protection groups, where $ represents a protecting group cleaved under different cleavage conditions or not cleaved during the same cleavage step as protection group §. The protection groups may be selected from Fmoc (fluorenylmethoxycarbony), Mtt (4-methyltrityl), Mmt (4-methyloxytrityl), Alloc (allyloxycarbonyl), Dde [N-(1-(4,4- dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl)] or ivDde. Protection group § may be Fmoc and $ may be selected from Mtt (4-methyltrityl), Mmt (4-methyloxytrityl), Alloc (allyloxycarbonyl), Dde [N-(1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl)] or ivDde. According to an aspect all branching agents are selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms where both amines are protected by identical protecting groups. According to an aspect, branching agents are exclusively selected from amine protected diaminoalkanoic acids, preferably diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, suitably from 3 up to 8 carbon atoms, wherein said amine protected diaminoalkanoic acids are selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising amine protecting groups which are cleaved during the same cleavage step and/or cleaved under same/similar cleavage conditions, and diaminoalkanoic acids comprising amine protecting groups leaved under different cleavage conditions or not cleaved during the same cleavage step. The polymeric matrix may also be denoted as a resin. The polymeric matrix may comprise a polymeric network such as a cross-linked polymeric network. The insoluble support but also the polymeric matrix is preferably in particulate form. Typically, the insoluble support is in particulate form, such as in the form of beads, of a size from about 1 µm up to about 1000 µm, suitably from about 5 µm up to about 750 µm, from about 10 µm up to about 300 µm or in the range of from about 50 µm up to about 200 µm. According to a further aspect, the polymeric matrix is selected from homogeneous polymeric matrices. Homogeneous polymeric matrices herein denote polymeric matrices where binding sites are distributed throughout the matrix, preferably binding sites are distributed homogeneously (essentially evenly) throughout the polymeric matrix. Homogeneous denotes that important parameters of the matrix, such as cross-linking and distribution of (primary) binding sites, are homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix. There is a certain type of inhomogeneous resins for solid phase peptide synthesis where the binding sites are not homogeneously distributed within the resin. Rather, the binding sites are concentrated at or close to the surface of the resin bead forming a shell and where the core of the bead essentially is devoid of binding sites. Homogeneous polymeric matrices do not embrace inhomogeneous resins having essentially all binding sites at or close to the surface. Thus, homogeneous polymeric matrices in particulate form (essentially spherical/bead form) do not comprise a shell at or close to the surface (phase boundary) where essentially all binding sites are located and a core essentially devoid of binding sites. According to a further aspect, the polymeric matrix is selected from polymeric matrices obtained by emulsion polymerization comprising at least styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB). Preferably, the DVB is present during emulsion polymerization in an amount of below 4.0 wt%, preferably below 3.5 wt%, preferably below 3.0 wt%. Preferably DVB is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt% up to about 2.5 wt%. The insoluble support may also be characterized by structural features and features relating to the formation of the insoluble support. Thus, an aspect related to a insoluble support in particulate form comprising constructs as defined by any one of the aspects presented herein, the insoluble support obtained by the provision of a polymeric matrix comprising primary binding sites, wherein the constructs are covalently bound to the primary binding sites, the constructs providing secondary binding sites such that primary binding sites provides at least two secondary binding sites, where the construct comprises at least one branching agent, linkers and optional spacers, and where the construct is formed by the implementation of a solid phase synthesis protocol, the protocol comprising recurrent synthesis steps comprising the coupling of at least one branching agent to the polymeric matrix and optionally to other branching agent. A still further embodiment relates to an insoluble support (resin) in particulate form for use in solid phase peptide synthesis comprising distal binding sites, the support comprising a polymeric matrix and constructs, the constructs covalently bound to the polymeric matrix, wherein the constructs comprise at least one branching agent selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, cleavable linkers and at least one spacer coupled to at least one branching agent via an amide bond, the cleavable linkers providing the distal binding sites and being covalently bound to the at least one branching agent; the construct formed by a synthesis comprising providing a polymeric matrix as the solid phase comprising primary binding sites, branching agents, linkers and spacers, the construct formed by at least one coupling step, preferably recurrent coupling steps, said step or steps comprising at least the coupling of at least one branching agent, at least one spacer, and cleavable linkers to the branching agent. A further embodiment relates to a method for forming an insoluble support in particulate form for use in solid phase peptide synthesis comprising secondary (distal) binding sites, the insoluble support comprising a polymeric matrix and constructs, the constructs comprising cleavable linkers and at least one spacer, the method comprising providing a polymeric matrix in particulate form comprising primary binding sites, wherein the construct is formed by a solid phase synthesis protocol, the solid phase protocol comprising at least one reaction steps where a branching agent selected from amino protected aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms is coupled by an amide bond to either of primary binding sites of the polymeric matrix, a spacer or a branching agent, the protocol further comprising a reaction step where a cleavable linker is coupled to branching agents. The insoluble support is preferably synthesized by the provision of a polymeric matrix and the coupling of the relevant compounds (branching agent, spacers and cleavable linker) by way of the formation of amide bonds and using a solid phase synthesis protocol. Preferably all compounds comprise the necessary functional groups for the provision of amide bonds when coupled to each other. Typically, all compounds comprise at least one amine/amino group and a carboxylic acid group/carboxyl group. As presented throughout this specification, the branching agent is selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably, the spacers are selected from compounds comprising two binding sites, one being an amine/amino group and the other being a carboxylic acid group. Preferably, the spacers are selected from amino acids and derivatives thereof having two binding sites, i.e. one amine group and one carboxylic acid group. It should be noted that all reactive groups of the relevant compounds need suitable protective groups save the carboxylic acid group. More specifically any amine/amino groups need to be protected by suitable protection groups. A reaction cycle in solid phase peptide synthesis protocol includes at least the following steps: a) provision of a compound comprising at least one amine group and a carboxylic acid group where relevant amine groups are protected by relevant protecting groups. Suitable protecting groups are covalently bound to the amine. If the compound also comprises a side chain having a reactive group such side chain reactive group is also protected. The compound comprising at least a protected amine group and a carboxylic acid group is coupled to the primary binding sites of the polymeric matrix in the presence of suitable coupling agents thereby forming an amide bond. If the compound is an amino acid the α-amine is always protected and if needed any reactive group of the side chain such as the ε-amine of lysine. b) after coupling of the relevant compound to the polymeric matrix, the excess reagents and side products are separated c) next a further compound comprising at least one amine group and a carboxylic acid group where relevant amine groups are protected by relevant protecting groups is coupled to the free amine group of the previous compound coupled to the polymeric resin in step. When the last generation of branching agents have been coupled, cleavable linkers are coupled to the distal branching agents. The process of synthesizing a polypeptide may start with the provision of a polymeric matrix, modifying the polymeric matrix in accordance to the present invention, and once the insoluble support of the invention has been formed continue with the synthesis of any relevant target polypeptide. for synthesizing the insoluble support may comprise the following steps: a) optionally coupling at least one spacer molecule to the primary binding sites, b) coupling a primary branching agent which preferably is selected from diaminoalkanoic acids, the two amine groups protected by protecting groups, preferably diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, suitably from 3 up to 6 carbon atoms, such as diaminopropionic acid, diaminobutyric acid, diaminopentanoic acid and diaminohexanoic acid to the primary binding sites of the polymeric matrix, or optionally coupling the branching agent to a spacer molecule, , c) removal of the protecting groups, where steps a), b) and c) may be repeated, and d) coupling of linkers to unprotected amine groups of the distal branching agents. The two amines of the above diaminoalkanoic acids of step b) are suitably protected by protecting groups selected from amine protecting groups which are cleaved during the same cleavage step and/or cleaved under same/similar cleavage conditions, and diaminoalkanoic acids comprising amine protecting groups leaved under different cleavage conditions or not cleaved during the same cleavage step. According to an embodiment, all diaminoalkanoic acids have protecting groups cleaved off during same deprotection step. Thus, suitably the alpha amine and the side chain amine are protected by the same protecting group. A further embodiment of the invention relates to a construct. The construct and the polymeric matrix support form the insoluble support of the invention. According to an aspect, the construct and the insoluble support can be formed by using a solid phase protocol. The solid phase may be a base-insoluble support. The construct is the entity increasing the number of binding sites, i.e. being the entity coupled to the primary binding sites of the insoluble support ultimately providing a plurality of secondary binding sites. The construct comprises at least one branching agent as disclosed herein. As presented above, the construct may comprise two or more layers/generations of branching agents. Distal or intermediate branching agents of the construct are coupled to the proximal branching agent optionally through spacers. A preferred procedure to form the construct and the modified insoluble support is the application of a solid phase protocol. According to an aspect the branching agent is selected from diaminoalkanoic acids, and the construct can be synthesized using established reaction protocols in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Once a target construct is generated the construct can be cleaved off from the insoluble support. Alternatively, the construct may be synthesized by a liquid phase reaction protocol. The construct may be regarded as a branched polymer, or a branched polymer comprising amide couplings. The construct may also be regarded as a branched peptide, or peptide-like polymer comprising spacers. According to one aspect if φ denotes the number of binding sites of a branching agent, then the number of secondary binding sites of a construct as a function of the layers may be denoted as: λ = (ϕ− 1) ^^^^ , where φ denotes the number of binding sites of the branching agent, and n denotes the number of layers of branching agents in the construct, provided that all branching agents of the construct have identical number of binding sites. If the construct only contains one branching agent and said branching agent is lysine (lysine having three binding sites the number of secondary binding sites λ provide by this construct is λ = (3-1) 1 : two secondary binding sites. Hence, modifying primary binding sites with lysine as branching agent (and construct) providing only one layer or generation of branching agents would render two secondary binding sites for every primary binding site of the polymeric matrix. The following aspect of the insoluble support relates to insoluble supports comprising one, two, three, four and five layers (generations) of branching agents, the binding agents referred to as primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and quinary branching agents. Primary branching agents form the first lever (generation), secondary branching agents form the second layer, tertiary branching agents form the third lever and so on. Should the branching agent contain three binding sites, e.g. lysine, then the number of secondary binding sites provided equals 2 ^^^^ , where n denotes number of levels. Thus, a insoluble support comprising lysine as branching agent and further comprising five levels of quinary lysine branching agents will provide 2 ^^^^ , i.e.2 5 or 32 secondary binding sites from every primary binding site. Within the ambit of the invention are also insoluble supports comprising more than five levels of branching agents. However, for every level the number of secondary binding sites increases exponentially. The availability of secondary binding sites for peptide synthesis may be enhanced by the introduction of spacers (spacer molecules) specifically between branching agents. A further aspect relates to an insoluble support/polymeric matrix comprising primary binding sites where proximal branching agents are covalently bound to the primary binding sites optionally by spacer molecules, and wherein the primary branching agent provides at least two secondary binding cites. The construct may not only comprise one type of branching agent but can comprise different types of branching agents. The construct may comprise branching agents with different numbers of binding sites and/or branching agents with the same number of binding sites but different branching agents. A further aspect relates to any insoluble support disclosed herein used as the solid phase in any solid phase synthesis protocol. The insoluble support is preferably implemented as the solid phase in solid phase peptide synthesis. A further aspect relates to the use of the insoluble support as the solid phase for synthesizing peptides and polypeptides in a solid phase peptide synthesis. Branching agents As presented above the construct is a molecule enabling the provision of secondary/distal binding sites. In its simplest incarnation, the construct comprises one branching agent. The most generic definition of the branching agent is an organic molecule comprising at least three binding/coupling sites. A binding/coupling site is a functional group which is able to form a covalent bond with a binding/coupling site of another molecule (e.g. two binding sites of two different molecules form a coupling in form of a covalent bond, spacer-spacer, spacer- branching agent, coupling between two branching agents, e.g. secondary (intermediary/distal) branching agent- primary (proximal) branching agent, primary (proximal) branching agent and primary binding site of a polymeric matrix). Typically, the branching agent comprises functional groups selected from amines, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes. Alternatively, the functionals groups are selected such that the coupling generates amides, ethers and esters. Preferably, the branching agents comprise functional groups selected from amines and carboxylic acids. Preferred binding sites of branching agents are amines and carboxylic acids. The amines are preferably primary amines. The branching agent may be selected from any natural amino acid or derivative of an amino acid providing at least three coupling sites. According to a preferred aspect, the branching agent is selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms. According to a further aspect, the branching agent is selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 but not more than 3 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms. According to a still further aspect, the branching agent is selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, and preferably selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 8 carbon atoms, such as from 3 up to 6 carbon atoms. According to a further aspect, the branching agent is selected from 2,3- diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid (ornithine), 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, suitably the branching agent is selected from 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid (ornithine), 2,6- diaminohexanoic acid. According to a further aspect, the branching agent is selected from (lysine analogs) such as diaminopropionic acid, diaminobutyric acid and diaminopentanoic acid, diaminohexanoic acid. According to an aspect, the branching agent is lysine (diaminohexanoic acid) and more specifically 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid. Branching agent may comprise one or more chiral carbon centers (asymmetric carbons). Such chiral carbons may either be in the S or R configuration. A branching agent comprising chiral carbons may have all chiral carbons in either the S or R configuration or if multiple chiral carbons are present exhibiting both S and R configuration. Amino acid-based branching agents but also amino acid-based spacers may be in the D or L form. Most amino acids are chiral (contain a chiral carbon: notably the alpha carbon). Glycine does not have a chiralasymmetric carbon atom. The constructs may comprise branching agents and optional spacers which are in the D and/or L form. Hence, the construct may comprise both amino acids in D and L form. According to an embodiment, all chiral carbons of relevant amino acid-based branching agents and optional spacers are in their L-form. Spacers Spacers may be present between branching agents, between a branching agent and the primary binding site of the polymeric matrix and between the cleavable linkers and the branching agents. A spacer needs to contain two binding/coupling sites/functional groups available for forming covalent couplings. The binding/coupling/functional group of a spacer may be selected from amines, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes. Preferably, the functional groups are selected from amines, carboxylic acids and alcohols. Preferably, the functional groups of the spacers form amides, and ethers. Preferably, the spacer can be selected from any molecule having two functional groups which both can form amide bonds. Suitable spacers are any molecule having two functional groups which can form amide bonds and be applied in a solid phase synthesis protocol. According to a preferred aspect spacers are selected from amino acids or amino acid derivatives. More specifically, spacers are selected from amino acids having one amine. Useful spacers may be amino hydrocarbon carboxylic acids, i.e. any type of hydrocarbon chain comprising one amine and one carboxylic acid. Preferably, the amine and carboxylic acids are at the ends of the hydrocarbon chain. The spacers may be selected from amino acids comprising one carboxylic acid group and one amine group. Suitable amino acids may also comprise aliphatic hydrocarbons. Exemplified amino acid spacers are glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, isoleucine, leucine and any derivatives thereof. According to an aspect the spacer is selected from aminoalkanoic acids, specifically monoaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 1 up to 10 carbon atoms, such as glycine, alanine, beta alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, beta leucine, ε-aminopropionic acid, 4-aminobutanoic acid (4-aminobutyric acid), 5-aminopentanoic (5-aminovaleric acid) acid, ε-aminohexanoic acid (ε-aminocaproic acid), 7-aminoheptanoic acid (7- aminoenanthic acid), 8-aminooctanoic acid (8-aminocaprylic acid), 9-aminononanoic acid, 10-aminodecanoic acid. A preferred spacer is glycine. Any number of spacers may be applied to the construct. Spacers may be positioned between branching agents, between a branching agent and a primary binding site of the insoluble support and between the construct linker and the branching agent. The hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the construct and insoluble support can be modulated by the choice of branching agent and/or spacer. According to an aspect, PEG spacers are positioned between the last layer of branching agents (also referred to as distal branching agents) and the linkers and/or between branching agents. PEG spacers may preferably be provided as 2-[2-[2-(Fmoc amino)ethoxy]ethoxy] acetic acid (AEEA). AEEA spacers have the advantage that they are easily integrated in a solid phase peptide synthesis protocol. Cleavable linker The cleavable linkers are positioned between the secondary binding sites and the most distal branching agents. The secondary binding site is typically integrated with the linker. Thus, the linker may also be referred to as the secondary binding site. By distal is meant furthers away from the polymeric matrix. The most distal layer of branching agents signifies the layer farthest away from the base of the polymeric matrix. The linker chosen is dependent on the chemistry used for synthesizing the peptide and especially the cleavage conditions targeted. Also, the type of polymeric matrix may have an implication on the selection of linker. Linkers may be selected from PAM, Wang, Rink such as Rink amide and Rink acid, PAL, Ramage, Sieber, MBHA, Trityl chloride, Oxime, HMPA, HMPB, DHP, Weinreb aminomethyl. According to an aspect, the cleavable linker is not a photolytically cleavable linker. Polymeric matrix The insoluble support comprises a polymeric matrix and constructs covalently attached to the polymeric matrix, typically comprising binding sites, also referred to as primary binding sited. The constructs are covalently bound to the biding sites of the polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix may be modified to comprise any type of binding sites suitable for the coupling of the constructs. It should be noted that the primary binding sites of a polymer matrix are consumed during the formation of the insoluble support of the invention. Thus, the primary binding sites of the polymeric matrix are used to covalently bind the constructs. Ideally, all primary binding sites of the polymeric matrix are consumed by the covalent coupling of constructs signifying that the insoluble support of the invention does not have a polymeric matrix with primary binding sites. The polymeric matrix is typically a polymer network usually comprising polymers cross-linked to a degree providing structural integrity of the polymeric matrix particles while enabling a significant solvation of the polymer network. The polymeric matrix is preferably selected from polymeric matrices comprising binding sites distributed throughout the polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix can be referred to as a homogeneous polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix may also be referred to as a polymeric network or resin. According to an aspect, the polymeric matrix is selected from homogeneous polymeric matrices. Homogeneous polymeric matrices herein denote polymeric matrices where binding sites are distributed throughout the matrix, preferably binding sites are distributed homogeneously (essentially evenly) throughout the polymeric matrix. Homogeneous in relation to polymeric matrices denotes that certain parameters of the matrix, such as cross-linking and distribution of (primary) binding sites, are homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix. There is a certain type of inhomogeneous resins for solid phase peptide synthesis where the binding sites are not homogeneously distributed within the resin. Rather, the binding sites are concentrated (confined) at or close to the surface of the resin bead forming a shell and where the core of the bead essentially is devoid of binding sites. Homogeneous polymeric matrices do not embrace inhomogeneous resins having essentially all binding sites at or close to the surface. According to a further aspect, the polymeric matrix is selected from polymeric matrices, specifically homogeneous matrices, obtained by emulsion polymerization comprising at least styrene and a cross-linker preferably divinylbenzene (DVB). Preferably, the cross-linker is present during emulsion polymerization in an amount of below 4.0 wt%, preferably below 3.5 wt%, preferably below 3.0 wt%. Preferably DVB is present in an amount from about 0.5 wt% up to about 2.5 wt%. According to an aspect the polymeric matrix is selected from homogeneous cross- linked polystyrene-based matrices, preferably homogeneous cross-linked polystyrene-based matrices comprising below 4.0 wt% of cross-linking agent, preferably below 3.5 wt% of cross-linking agent, preferably below 2.0 wt% of a cross- linking agent. Polystyrene-based matrices in addition to cross-linking preferably with DVB, may be modified by various monomers such as hydroxyethylstyrene and polyethylene glycol. The polymeric matrix may be formed by emulsion polymerization. Particularly useful polymeric matrices are styrene-based matrices cross-linked with divinyl benzene (DVB). Styrene-based matrices cross-linked with DVB preferably have a content of DVB below 4.0 wt%, preferably below 3.5 wt%, preferably below about 3.0 wt% The polymeric matrix may also be denoted as a resin. The polymeric matrix may be selected from polystyrene, polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyamide or polyethylene glycol. The polymeric matrix may also be a hybrid of at least two different types of polymers. Thus, the polymeric matrix may be polystyrene which is modified by another type of polymer such as ethylene glycol, polyacrylate, polyamide or polyacrylamide. The insoluble support is preferably in particulate form serving as the solid phase. The particulate form of the insoluble support is suitably of spherical shape. Thus, the insoluble support is suitably of spherical shape and may be denoted as bead form or simply bead. A bead is preferably spherical. The size of the insoluble support (spherical beads) may range from about 1 µm up to about 2000 µm, such as up to about 1000 µm, suitably from about 5 µm up to about 750 µm, such as from about 20 µm up to about 500 µm, from about 50 µm up to about 300 µm, specifically from about 50 to 150 µm. Not only bead size matters, but also bead size distribution should be taken into consideration. The polymeric matrix is usually substituted. Substitution may be accomplished by direct incorporation of the substrate onto the polymeric matrix by way of e.g. an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction or copolymerization of the substituted polymer with the polymer of the polymer matrix, e.g. styrene. Examples of polymeric matrices are polystyrene based matrices modified with aminomethyl (AM or AMS), 4-methylbenzhydryl amine (MBHA), cross-linked polystyrene-based matrices modified with PEG suitably by grafting PEG to the polystyrene base matrix such as Tentagel™ resins, HypoGel® and Tentage®, polyethylene glycol (PEG) based resins/matrices such as ChemMatrix® and NovaPEG, aminomethylated polystyrene-based matrices partially derivatized methyl- PEG-p-nitro-phenyl-carbonate e.g. NovaGel ™, polystyrene-based matrices co- polymerized with hydroxyethylpolystyrene and polyethylene glycol (PEG) e.g NovaSyn™. Construct The construct may be referred to as a branched molecule and in a certain sense also as a branched polymer as the construct preferably comprises repetitive units, such as branching agents and optional spacers. As presented the construct comprises at least a branching agent and optional spacers. Theoretically, there is no upper limit of number of branching agents comprised in the construct. For most applications the upper number of branching agents in the construct is about 150. Most constructs will comprise a number of branching agents from 1 up to about 150, from 1 up to about 100, such as from about 1 up to about 80. The branching is induced by the branching agent. According to an aspect, the branching agent and spacers are selected from amino acids or derivatives of amino acids. A construct comprising branching agents and spacers selected from amino acids may be denotes as a branched peptide. Hence, certain constructs may be referred to as branched peptides or polypeptides. The molecular weight, excluding linkers, of the construct may start from about 100 g/mol up to about 200000 g/mol, up to about 100000 g/mol, up to about 10000 g/mol. The exemplified 2X(Gly) construct has a molecular weight of around 1245 g/mol, the 16X(Gly) construct (both exemplified herein) a mole weight of around 3375 g/mol. The construct comprises cleavable linkers coupled to the distal branching agent(s) suitable for the targeted polypeptide and peptide chemistry, preferably taking due account to the capping strategy. General disclosure of the method for forming the insoluble support and the construct of the invention The insoluble support may be formed by the provision of a commercially available polymeric matrix and the gradually synthesis of the construct e.g. by a solid phase peptide synthesis protocol: a divergent synthesis protocol. Alternatively, the insoluble support may be formed by the provision of a commercially available polymeric matrix and the coupling of the complete construct, a convergent synthesis protocol. Preferably, the insoluble support is formed by a solid phase synthesis protocol comprising the consecutive addition of the relevant chemical compounds, specifically branching agents, linkers and spacers. The construct is preferably provided by a process protocol similar to a protocol for the provision of the insoluble support albeit applying a linker between the construct and the resin enabling the cleavage of the construct from the resin. A construct cleaved off from the resin may be used for modifying a polymeric matrix. According to an aspect the branching agents and spacers are selected form amino acids and derivatives of amino acids, providing a construct which can be referred to as a peptide, typically branched peptide, or branched polypeptide. Any solid phase peptide synthesis chemistry may be applied for the synthesis of the construct including a variety of amine protection and side chain protection chemistries and peptide bond formation activation chemistries. Reagents for solid-phase synthesis are readily available from commercial sources. Solid-phase synthesis procedure usually comprises the following re-current operations: deprotection of N-terminal alpha amine protecting group and/or deprotection of side chain amine protecting group of amino acids covalently coupled to the solid phase, coupling of N-terminal amine protected and side chain amine protected amino acids, optional capping of un-reacted amino acids, e.g. acetylation, and washing steps for displacement of by-products. Additionally, the following operations may be applied: blocking interfering groups and protecting amino acids during reaction. According to an aspect the branching agents are selected from aminoalkanoic acids comprising at least 2 amino groups and from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, preferably diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms, such as diaminoalkanoic acids selected from lysine analogs including diaminopropionic acid, diaminobutyric acid, diaminopentanoic acid, diaminohexanoic acid and diaminoheptanoic acid. The amine groups of the diaminoalkanoic acids may be protected by a variety of protective groups including fluoren-9-ylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), Tert- butoxycarbonyl (Boc), tert-butyl tBu and trityl-based protection groups including 4- methyltrityl (Mtt) and 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt). The Fmoc strategy has an advantage over the Boc strategy that Fmoc can be removed under milder reaction conditions. The Fmoc strategy enables the usage of base sensitive N-terminal amine group protection groups and acid sensitive side- chain protection groups. The Fmoc N-terminal protection group is removed under basic conditions not removing acid-labile side-chain protection groups. According to an aspect the amine groups of the diaminoalkanoic acids (DAA) are protected by groups cleaved off under similar cleavage conditions, typically inferring that the amine groups of the diaminoalkanoic acids are protected by the same (identical) protecting group. However, the respective amine groups of the diaminoalkanoic acids, the N-terminal, alpha amine group and the amine group of the side chain, may also be protected by protecting groups cleaved under different cleavage conditions, such as different pH. A diaminoalkanoic acid where the amines are protected by same protection group is also referred to as §-DAA(§), where § denotes the alpha amine protection group and (§) denotes the epsilon amine protection group. A diaminoalkanoic acid where the amines are protected by different protection group is also referred to as $-DAA(€), where $ denotes the alpha amine protection group and (€) denotes the side chain or orthogonal amine protection group. DAA can be lysine (K). The diaminoalkanoic acid protection groups may be selected from Mtt (4-methyltrityl), or Mmt (4-methyloxytrityl), Alloc (allyloxycarbonyl), Dde [N-(1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl)] or ivDde. Protection group § may be Fmoc and $ may be selected from Mtt (4-methyltrityl), or Mmt (4-methyloxytrityl), Alloc (allyloxycarbonyl), Dde [N-(1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl)] or ivDde. According to an aspect all aminoalkanoic acids of a construct are protected by protection groups which protection groups are essentially all simultaneously cleaved off during the same cleavage step, e.g. the two amine groups (of all diaminoalkanoic acids) are all protected by the same protective group such as Fmoc, e.g. §- DAA (§). If only aminoalkanoic acids having all amines protected by same protection group are implemented for synthesizing the construct, then e.g. both the alpha and epsilon amine (in case the aminoalkanoic acids are diaminoalkanoic acids) will be coupled to the same (identical) compound, e.g. branching agent, spacer or linker. According to an aspect at least one aminoalkanoic acid is used as a branching agent (during synthesis of the construct of an insoluble support) having the respective amine group protected by protection groups cleaved off under different cleavage conditions (such as different pH), e.g. $-DAA(€). By implementing aminoalkanoic acids having amine protecting groups cleaved under different conditions (typically under separate cleavage steps), it is possible to couple different compounds to the alpha and side chain amine. Constructs can be formed using any combinations of different diaminoalkanoic acids and any ratios of diaminoalkanoic acids having amine group protecting groups cleaved under same cleavage step (and/or cleaved under essentially same cleavage conditions), e.g. §-DAA(§), and diaminoalkanoic acids having amine protecting groups cleaved off under different cleavage conditions, e.g. $-DAA(€). A construct can be formed by exclusively using diaminoalkanoic acids where both amine groups (N-terminal, alpha amine groups and side chain amine group, such as the epsilon amine group) are protected by identical protection groups. For example, both amine groups of all diaminoalkanoic acids are Fmoc protected. Alternatively, a construct can be formed by exclusively using diaminoalkanoic acids where the respective amine groups are protected by different protection groups cleaved off under different cleavage conditions, typically different pH. For example, one amine group of a diaminoalkanoic acid is protected by Fmoc while the other amine group is protected by e.g. a Mtt or Mmt-group. Insoluble support 7X linear disclosed in the experimental section is synthesized by first forming a main chain exclusively using lysine as branching agent where the amine groups of each lysine are protected by one Fmoc group and one Mtt-group and thereafter coupling Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc) to the side chains of the lysines of the main chain For the exemplified 7X insoluble support the main chain contains 3 lysines (provided as e.g. Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)). Any odd number of binding sites of a construct (e.g.3, 5, 7, 9, 11, etc) can be provided by coupling any number of e.g. Fmoc-Lys(Mtt) to the polymeric matrix (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.), thereby forming main chains containing from 1 up to any number of Fmoc-Lys(Mtt). The main chain may be denoted Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-[Lys(Mtt)] X -Polymeric matrix, where X is 0 and up to an integer. X may be from 0 up to 50. In this context main chain is a chain where consecutive lysines are coupled to each other by way of the alpha amine. In general, a linear construct can be formed by providing a polymeric matrix and consecutively coupling branching agents exclusively selected from aminoalkanoic acids having the N-terminal amine and the side chain amine protected by protecting groups cleaved under different cleavage conditions (e.g. different pH) and typically cleaved during different cleavage steps, and optionally spacers, thereby forming main chains. After the formation of the main chains, the side chain protecting groups are cleaved under suitable cleavage conditions. In a subsequent step, branching agents exclusively selected from aminoalkanoic acids having the N-terminal amine and the side chain amine protected by protecting groups cleaved under same cleavage conditions effectively being identical protection groups. In a further reaction step all remaining amine protecting groups are cleaved and subsequently suitable linkers are coupled to all de-protected amine groups. A further aspect relates to a synthesis scheme where branching agent of the format $-DAA(€) are used for providing the main chain optionally with spacers between the branching agents and between polymeric matrix and first generation branching agent. In a further step the (€) protection groups are removed by suitable cleavage conditions. Subsequently, branching agents of the format §-DAA(§) are coupled. If no more steps are implemented where branching agents are coupled so calledlinear constructs are formed.7X linear represents of a linear construct. For certain constructs, specifically non-symmetrical constructs also referred to herein as linear constructs, the side chain amine of the branching agent, e.g. lysine, is protected by Mtt, Mmt, alloc, Dde or ivDde. According to an aspect the construct is synthesized on an appropriate polymeric matrix as solid phase by the application of a solid phase synthesis protocol comprising the use of a branching agent selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms where both the N-terminal amine group (alfa amine group) and the amine group of the sidechain of said branching agents are protected by groups cleaved off at similar reaction conditions, i.e the protective groups are cleaved off simultaneously. Where applicable, amino acid type spacers such as spacers selected from amino acids comprising one carboxylic acid group, one amine group and aliphatic hydrocarbons are Fmoc protected. According to a further aspect the construct is synthesized on an appropriate polymeric matrix as solid phase by the application of a solid phase synthesis protocol comprising the use of a branching agent selected from diaminoalkanoic acids comprising from 3 up to 10 carbon atoms where the N-terminal (alpha amine group) and the amine group of the sidechain, respectively, are protected by two different protective groups cleaved under different cleavage conditions such as different pH. Preferably, the protective groups are selected from acid-labile and base-labile protective groups, suitably Fmoc, Mtt and Mmt. By the coupling of a base-sensitive Fmoc protection group and an acid-sensitive Mtt or Mmt group to the respective amine groups of a branching agent, e.g. diaminoalkanoic acid, different chemical moieties can be coupled to the same branching agent. Symmetrical constructs are formed when both the alpha and side chain amine groups have protective groups which are cleaved essentially simultaneously during the same cleavage step. Non-symmetrical, linear constructs are formed when the respective amine groups of at least one branching agent, e.g. diaminoalkanoic acid, are protected by two different protective groups cleaved under different cleavage conditions such as different pH, e.g. Fmoc and Mtt or Mmt. Preferably, both the alpha and the side chain amine groups are protected with same protective groups, such as Boc or Fmoc, preferably Fmoc. Preferably, both the alpha and epsilon amine groups of the lysine are Fmoc protected. The 7X linear is a non-symmetrical, linear construct. A non-symmetrical construct is formed if the reaction conditions are such that the alpha and epsilon amine groups of at least one lysine are coupled to different chemical moieties, e.g. a spacer and a branching agent (lysine). For achieving that the alpha and epsilon amine groups of the lysine are coupled to different chemical moieties, the alpha and epsilon amine groups of the lysine must have protective groups which are cleaved at different reaction condition. One way of achieving this is to have one acid-labile protective group and a base-labile protective groups. Thus, one amine group of lysine may be protected by Fmoc which is base-labile while the other amine group is protected by an acid-labile protection group like Mtt and/or Mmt. A lysine branching agent comprising Fmoc protection of the N-terminal and Mtt or Mmt protection of the side chain amine may be coupled to a further branching agent and a spacer or a linker respectively. The synthesis of a construct may incorporate diaminoalkanoic acids comprising two Fmoc groups (i.e. both N-terminal and sidechain amine are Fmoc protected) and/or diaminoalkanoic acids comprising one Fmoc group and an Mtt and/or Mmt-group. Fmoc groups are typically removed by the application of a base, such as a heterocyclic amine, preferably piperidine. Mtt groups may be cleaved under acid conditions such as by application of a solution comprising dichloromethane (DCM) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Boc protecting groups are base-labile (sensitive) and are preferably removed by the application of TFA. Amino acid coupling chemistries include, Oxyma pure (Ethyl cyano(hydroxyimino)acetate), diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), N,N- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide, 1- hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), benzotriazol-1- yl-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (BOP), benzotriazol-1- yl-oxy-tris(pyrrolidino)phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), 7- azabenzotriazol-1-yl-oxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyAOP), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), O- (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N'N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), O-(6-Chlorobenzotriazol-1-yl)-N, N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HCTU), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), O-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine-3-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tet ramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TDBTU), 3-(diethylphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (DEPBT), ethyl-(N’,N’-dimethylamino)propylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 4, 4, 4-trifluoro-N-Fmoc-O-tert-butyl-threonine. Typically, secondary binding sites provided by the insoluble support comprise a cleavable linker enabling the cleavage of the target peptide from the insoluble support. Useful linkers include Rink, PAL, Ramage, Sieber, MBHA (methylbenzylhydryl amine), PAM, Wang (4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol moiety), Trityl, 2- chlorotrityl, oxime, HMPA (hydroxymethyl benzoic acid), DHP, Weinreb aminomethyl. Useful solvents for the preparation of the insoluble support are methyl chloride, N- methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformamide (DMF). Peptide synthesis using the insoluble support of the invention The insoluble support of the invention is preferably applied in the synthesis of peptides. According to an aspect, the peptide synthesis is initiated after the formation of the insoluble support. Thus, a peptide synthesis protocol may start with the provision of a polymeric matrix and subsequent synthesis of the construct thereby forming the insoluble support of the invention. Prior to initiation of the target peptide synthesis the insoluble support may be subjected to treatment steps bringing the insoluble support in a condition suited for subsequent target peptide synthesis. Any solid phase peptide synthesis chemistry adapted for the synthesis of the modified insoluble support may be applied for the synthesis of the target peptide including a variety of amine protection and side chain protection chemistries and peptide bond formation activation chemistries. According to an aspect, the insoluble support is specifically suited for the synthesis of long, complex peptides, i.e. peptides having more than 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 amino acids and even peptides with more than 50 amino acids. The insoluble supports of the invention are capable of synthesizing complex peptides at commercially acceptable yields at commercially useful purity. The insoluble supports of the invention are typically formed using commercially available homogeneous polymeric matrices/resins which are modified by synthesizing a branched construct from the available primary binding sites of a polymeric matrix. Thus, the insoluble supports based on commercially available homogeneous polymeric resins is a commercially attractive option to successfully synthesis complex peptides without developing new sophisticated resins. A commercially available homogeneous polymeric resin can by a fairly simple, non-complex SPPS scheme, and the application of readily available amino acids, be transformed into an insoluble support which is capable of generating complex peptides in SPPS at high yields and at commercially relevant purities, and at high throughput. The present invention also relates to a method for synthesizing peptides having at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40 amino acids using SPPS and the application of the insoluble support disclosed herein. The general process for synthesizing peptides on a resin starts by attaching the first amino acid, the C-terminal residue, to the resin. To prevent the polymerization of the amino acid, the alpha amino group and the reactive side chains are protected with a temporary protecting group. Once the amino acid is attached to the resin, the resin is filtered and washed to remove byproducts and excess reagents. Next, the N-alpha protecting group is removed in a deprotection process and the resin is again washed to remove byproducts and excess reagents. Then the next amino acid is coupled to the attached amino acid. This is followed by another washing procedure, which leaves the resin-peptide ready for the next coupling cycle. The cycle is repeated until the peptide sequence is complete. Then typically, the peptide is cleaved off from the resin together with the removal of all the protecting groups. Alternatively, the side chain protecting groups are removed, the peptide resin is washed, and the peptide is cleaved from the resin. Typically, an Ν-α-carbamoyl protected amino acid and the N-terminal amino acid on the growing peptide chain attached to a resin with a linker construct are coupled at room temperature in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide in the presence of coupling agents such as diisopropyl-carbodiimide and Oxyma pure. After amide bond formation the Να-carbamoyl protecting group is removed from the resulting peptide resin using a reagent such as piperidine, and the coupling reaction is repeated with the next desired Να- protected amino acid to be added to the peptide chain. Suitable amine protecting groups are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Green and Wuts, “Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,” John Wiley and Sons, 1991. The most commonly used examples include fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl). After completion of the synthesis, peptides are cleaved from the solid-phase support preferably with simultaneous side-chain deprotection using standard treatment methods under acidic conditions. The target crude peptide is cleaved off from the insoluble support comprising the construct. The target peptide cleavage conditions are in part dependent on the linker used and type of side chain protection groups. Crude peptides are typically analyzed using RP-HPLC on C18 (CHS-Agilent UPLC) columns using water- acetonitrile gradients in 0.1% TFA. Purity can be verified by analytical RPHPLC. The identity of peptides can be verified by mass spectrometry. Peptides can be solubilized in aqueous buffers over a wide pH range. The insoluble support of the invention may be re-generated after cleavage of the target peptide. The insoluble support may be regenerated after separation of the target peptide from the peptide insoluble support solution.. Detailed disclosure of certain aspect of the invention Hereinafter is disclosed insoluble supports comprising constructs proving two 2X, four 4X, seven 7X, eight 8X and sixteen-fold 16X increase of the initial (primary) binding sites of the polymeric matrix. Lysine (K or Lys) is used throughout as the branching agent. Where applicable glycine (G or Gly),polyethylene glycol (PEG6) or beta-alanine (βAla) are used as a spacer. PEG 6 denotes that the PEG contains six individual PEG moieties covalently bound by peptide bonds. Aminomethyl (AMS) polystyrene resins are used as the starting polymeric matrix for the synthesis of all insoluble supports presented below. All AMS resins used are amino methyl modified polystyrene resin cross-linked with 1% divinylbenzene. The AMS resins are provided in beads in the 35-150 µm (100 to 200 mesh) range with a degree of substitution of 0.6, 0.93 and 1.95 mmol/gram, respectively As Lysine is used as the branching agent, the constructs of the disclosed insoluble supports in this section can be denoted as branched polypeptides synthesized on a polymeric matrix. For all insoluble supports lysine in the S-configuration (L amino acid) and R- configuration (D amino acid) has been used. For all insoluble supports (2X(Gly), 4X(Gly), 8X(Gly), 16X(Gly)) except 7X linear the branching agent lysine is provided with two Fmoc groups for the protection of the two amines, i.e. the branching agent is provided as Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH. The 7X linear is a linear construct. In the synthesis of the linear 7X insoluble support two classes of lysine have been used differing in terms of amine protection groups. One class of lysines has both amine groups protected by Fmoc: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)- OH. The other class of lysines have the alpha amine protected by Fmoc and the epsilon amine protected by Mtt: Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH. Presentation of the structures of some of the reactants: Structural formulas of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc) (R and S configuration) where both amine groups are Fmoc protected:
Structural formulas of Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH (S configuration) where the N-terminal, alpha amine is Fmoc protected and the side chain, epsilon amine group is Mtt or Mmt protected.
Fmoc-Rink Amide linker (Fmoc-Rink-OH) has the following chemical structure: Fmoc-RinkMolecular Weight: 539.58
The glycine spacer is provided as an Fmoc protected glycine. The PEG is provided as 2-[2-[2-(Fmoc amino)ethoxy]ethoxy] acetic acid (EAAE). Comments to the nomenclatures of the exemplified insoluble supports: The number in parenthesis with respect to the branching agent lysine K (or Lys) denotes the layer or generation whereas the subscript denotes the total number of lysines of each layer/generation. E.g. K(2) 2 or Lys(2) 2 denotes that the construct of the insoluble support has two secondary lysines. Disclosure of solid supports Solids supports 2X(Gly), 4X(Gly) and 8X(Gly) based on a 0.60 mmol/g AMS polymeric matrix (without linkers) were synthesized using the following protocol: Starting AMS resin with an initial loading of 0.60 mmol/g (30.0 g, table 1) was introduced into 1 L glass reactor equipped with mechanical stirrer and swollen in DMF (8 mL/g of starting resin, 2 x 1h). All amino acid couplings were carried out using a molar ratio of 1:1:1.25 of Fmoc amino acid (4.0 eq.) in DMF (0.50M), Oxyma (4.0 eq.) and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (5.0 eq.). Fmoc amino acids (Fmoc-Gly- OH or Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH) were dissolved in DMF (0.50M) followed by the addition of Oxyma and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide and pre-activated for 30min at room temperature before being transferred to the glass reactor. Couplings were carried out for 2h at room temperature. Following coupling, the resin was washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g), capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac 2 O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min and re-washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g). Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, the resin was washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g of starting resin). Following the completion of the 2X-Gly-AMS synthesis, the resin was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to its drying under vacuum overnight. 1/3 of the obtained resin was conserved while the other 2/3 (28.2 g, table 1) were used for the synthesis of 4X-Gly-AMS in the same way as 2X-Gly-AMS. Following the completion of the 4X-Gly-AMS synthesis, the resin was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to its drying under vacuum overnight. 2/3 of the obtained resin was conserved while the other 1/3 was used for the synthesis of 8X-Gly-AMS in the same way as 2X-Gly-AMS. Following the completion of the 8X-Gly-AMS synthesis, the resin was washed with CH2Cl2 (3 x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to its drying under vacuum overnight. Table 1 Solids supports 2X(Gly) and 4X(Gly) based on a 0.93 mmol/g AMS polymeric matrix and 1.95 mmol/g AMS polymeric matrix respectively (without linkers) were synthesized using the following protocol: Starting AMS resin with an initial loading of 0.93 or 1.95 mmol/g (1.0 or 2.0, tables 2 and 3) was introduced into 60 mL plastic syringes and swollen in DMF (8 mL/g of starting resin, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. All amino acid couplings were carried out using a molar ratio of 1:1:1.25 of Fmoc amino acid (4.0 eq.) in DMF (0.50M), Oxyma (4.0 eq.) and N’N’- Diisopropylcarbodiimide (5.0 eq.). Fmoc amino acids (Fmoc-Gly-OH or Fmoc- Lys(Fmoc)-OH) were dissolved in DMF (0.50M) followed by the addition of Oxyma and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide and pre-activated for 30min at room temperature before being transferred to the glass reactor. Couplings were carried out for 2h at room temperature. Following coupling, the resin was washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g), capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac 2 O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min and re-washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g). Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, the resin was washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g of starting resin). 2X-Gly-AMS and 4X-Gly-AMS soluble supports synthesized using AMS resin of 0.93 mmol/g were isolated starting from the same reactor batch of starting AMS resin (2.0 g). Following the completion of the 2X-Gly-AMS synthesis, the resin was washed with CH2Cl2 (3 x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to its drying under vacuum overnight. 1/2 of the obtained resin was conserved while the other 1/2 was used for the synthesis of 4X-Gly-AMS in the same way as 2X-Gly-AMS. Following the completion of the 4X-Gly-AMS synthesis, the resin was washed with CH2Cl2 (3 x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to its drying under vacuum overnight. 2X-Gly-AMS and 4X-Gly-AMS soluble supports synthesized using AMS resin of 1.95 mmol/g were isolated starting from starting AMS resin batches of 1.0 g and 2.0 g, respectively. Following the completion of their synthesis, resins were washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Table 2 Table 3 Synthesis protocols of different Fmoc-Rink amide insoluble supports 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 8X(Gly):(Fmoc-Rink) 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS Relevant soluble supports presented above were modified by the coupling of Rink amide using the following protocol: Starting resins (1.0 g each) were introduced into 25 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to rink amide linker coupling using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 6.5 mL/g of starting resin). All rink amide couplings were carried out using 1:1:2 molar ratio of Rink amide linker in DMF (0.50M), PyAOP and Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) at a 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Rink amide was dissolved in DMF (0.50M) followed by the addition of PyAOP and stirred for 10 min at room temperature before adding DIEA. Next, the solution was introduced into the resin-containing syringes. Couplings were carried out overnight at room temperature. Following coupling, resins were washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g) and capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac2O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min. Next, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g), isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Table 4 presents the resin substitution before and after Rink amide coupling. Table 4 Synthesis protocols of different Fmoc-Ramage insoluble supports 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage)4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 8X(Gly):(Fmoc-Ramage) 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS Relevant soluble supports presented above were modified by the coupling of Ramage using the following protocol: Starting resins (1.0 g each) were introduced into 25 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to Ramage linker coupling using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 6.5 mL/g of starting resin). All ramage couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio 1:1:1 of Ramage linker in DMF (0.15M-0.40M), Oxyma and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) at a 2- fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Ramage was dissolved in DMF (0.15M-0.40M) followed by the addition of Oxyma and stirred for 10 min at room temperature before adding DIC. Next, the solution was introduced into the resin- containing syringes. Couplings were carried out overnight at room temperature. Following coupling, resins were washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g) and capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac2O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min. Next, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g), isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Table 5 presents the resin substitution before and after Ramage coupling. Table 5 Synthesis protocols of different Fmoc-Leu-HMPB insoluble supports 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Leu-HMPB-Leu) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 8X(Gly):(Fmoc-Leu-HMPB-Leu) 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS Relevant soluble supports presented above were modified by the coupling Fmoc- Leu-HMPB using the following protocol: Starting resins (1.0 g each) were introduced into 25 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to TBDMS-HMPB coupling using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 6.5 mL/g of starting resin). All TBDMS-HMPB couplings were carried out using 1:1:2 molar ratio of TBDMS- HMPB in DMF (0.50M), PyOxim and Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) at a 2-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. TBDMS-HMPB was dissolved in DMF (0.50M) followed by the addition of PyOxim and stirred for 10 min at room temperature before adding DIEA. Next, the solution was introduced into the resin-containing syringes. Couplings were carried out overnight at room temperature. Following HMPB coupling, resins were washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g) and capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac2O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min. Next, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g), isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Starting HMPB-resins (300 mg each) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in THF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. TBDMS group was deprotected prior to Fmoc-Leu- OH coupling using Et3N.3HF (12 equiv. compared to synthesis scale) in THF (0.22M) for 2h at room temperature. Following TBDMS-deprotection, resins were washed using DIEA (1 x) then using DMF until neutral PH. Prior to their coupling with Fmoc-Leu-OH, resins were swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). All couplings were carried out using 1:1:1:0.25 molar ratio of Fmoc-Leu-OH in DMF (0.45M), Oxyma, N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and 4- Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) at a 2.4-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Fmoc-Leu-OH was dissolved in DMF (0.45M) followed by the addition of Oxyma, DIC and DMAP and stirred for 5min at room temperature before being introduced into the resin-containing syringes. Couplings were carried out overnight at room temperature. Following coupling, resins were washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g) and capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac2O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min. Next, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g), isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Table 6 presents the resin substitution before and after Leu-HMPB coupling. Table 6 Synthesis protocols of different Fmoc-Gly-HMPB insoluble supports 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Gly-HMPB) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 8X(Gly):(Fmoc-Gly-HMPB-)8-Lys(3)4-Gly4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-G ly-AMS Relevant soluble supports presented above were modified by the coupling Fmoc-Gly- HMPB using the following protocol: Starting resins (1.0 g each) were introduced into 25 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to TBDMS-HMPB coupling using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 6.5 mL/g of starting resin). All TBDMS-HMPB couplings were carried out using 1:1:2 molar ratio of TBDMS- HMPB in DMF (0.50M), PyOxim and Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) at a 2-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. TBDMS-HMPB was dissolved in DMF (0.50M) followed by the addition of PyOxim and stirred for 10 min at room temperature before adding DIEA. Next, the solution was introduced into the resin- containing syringes. Couplings were carried out overnight at room temperature. Following HMPB coupling, resins were washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g) and capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac 2 O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min. Next, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g), isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Starting HMPB-resins (300 mg each) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in THF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. TBDMS group was deprotected prior to Fmoc-Gly-OH coupling using Et 3 N.3HF (12 equiv. compared to synthesis scale) in THF (0.22M) for 2h at room temperature. Following TBDMS-deprotection, resins were washed using DIEA (1 x) then using DMF until neutral PH. P rior to their coupling with Fmoc-Gly-OH, resins were swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). All couplings were carried out using 1:1:1:0.25 molar ratio of Fmoc-Gly-OH in DMF (0.45M), Oxyma, N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and 4- Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) at a 2.4-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Fmoc-Gly-OH was dissolved in DMF (0.45M) followed by the addition of Oxyma, DIC and DMAP and stirred for 5min at room temperature before being introduced into the resin-containing syringes. Couplings were carried out overnight at room temperature. Following coupling, resins were washed with DMF (2 x 8 mL/g) and capped using DMF/acetic anhydride (Ac2O)/Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (1 : 0.04 : 0.09) for 30min. Next, resins were washed using DMF (7 x 8 mL/g), isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Table 7 presents the resin substitution before and after Gly-HMPB coupling. (Fmoc-Linker)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS Insoluble Support [2X(Gly)] Linkers: Fmoc-Rink and Fmoc-Ramage Molecular weight of the respective constructs without support: Fmoc-Rink: Molecular weight (g/mol): 1245.40 Fmoc-Ramage: Molecular weight (g/mol): 1291.47 The constructs of the insoluble supports comprise one lysine, one glycine spacer and two Fmoc-Rink-linkers or two Fmoc-Ramage-linkers coupled to the amines of the first generation (first layer) of lysine, also referred to as distal lysine (distal branching agent). The glycine spacer is positioned between the polymeric matrix and the lysine branching agent. The (Fmoc-Rink)2-Lys(1)-Gly and (Fmoc-Ramage)2-Lys(1)-Gly constructs contain one layer (first generation) of lysine, a primary layer, i.e. primary lysine. Each construct provides two distal binding sites available for peptide synthesis. Two Rink- linkers or two Ramage-linkers are bound to the amine groups (N-terminal alpha amine and side chain epsilon amine) of each lysine. The lysine is bound to the glycine and the glycine bound to the amines of the polymeric matrix. Only lysine has been used where both amine groups of lysine are Fmoc protected. The polymeric matrices used for modification are AMS 0.6, AMS 0.93 and AMS 1.95. Reactants: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-Rink-OH, Fmoc-Ramage-OH Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Rink) 2 -Lys(1)-Gly construct
Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Ramage) 2 -Lys(1)-Gly construct Synthesis scheme for (Fmoc-Linker)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS: Linkers: Rink and Ramage (Linker) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS Insoluble Support [4X(Gly)] Linkers: Fmoc-Rink, Fmoc-Ramage and HMPB TBDMS Molecular weight of the respective constructs without support: Fmoc-Rink: Molecular weight (g/mol): 2658.99 Fmoc-Ramage: Molecular weight (g/mol): 2522.93 HMPB TBDMS: Molecular weight (g/mol): 1461.66 The construct of these modified resins comprises Gly (G) in addition to three lysines and four linkers coupled to the second generation lysines. The Gly or beta-Ala spacers are positioned between first and second generation of lysines and between the first generation lysines and polymeric matrix. The (Fmoc-Rink)4-Gly(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly, (Fmoc-Ramage)4-Lys(2)2- Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly and (HMPB TBDMS)4-Lys(2)2- Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly constructs contain two layers (generations) of lysines, a primary and secondary layer, i.e. primary and secondary lysines, the secondary layer of lysines being the most distal lysines with respect to the polymeric matrix. The second layer of two secondary lysines provides in total four secondary binding sites available for peptide synthesis. Two Fmoc-Rink-linkers, two Fmoc-Ramage-linkers or two HMPB TBDMS) -linkers are bound to the two amine groups (N-terminal alpha amine and side chain epsilon amine) of each of the secondary lysines. Thus, the constructs have four linkers. The polymeric matrices used for modification are AMS 0.6, AMS 0.93 and AMS 1.95. Only lysine has been used where both amine groups of lysine are Fmoc protected. Reactants: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-beta-Ala-OH, Fmoc-Rink-OH, Fmoc-Ramage-OH, HMPB TBDMS-OH Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Rink)4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly construct: Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Ramage)4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly construct:
Structural formula of the (TBDMS-HMPB)4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly construct: For the characterization of 4X constructs a (NH 2 -Rink) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-NH 2 and (NH2-Rink)4-Lys(2)2-βAla2-Lys(1)-βAla-NH2 were synthesized using Fmoc chemistry on a Symphony multi-channel peptide synthesizer. In order to cleave the construct from the polymeric matrix a sieber amide resin was used (Cas 915706-90- 0). Branching agent Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Oxyma, Dic (Diisopropylcarbodiimide) and spacers (Gly, βAla = Beta alanine) were used at a 3-fold molar excess over the theoretical free amino groups. The amide couplings were allowed to proceed for 3 hours at RT. The obtained constructs were characterized by LC/MC. (NH 2 -Rink) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-NH 2 Calculated mass: 1770.99 Calculated: (M+2H)2+= 886.49 Observed: (M+2H)2+ =885.48
(NH 2 -Rink) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -βAla 2 -Lys(1)- βAla-NH 2 Calculated mass: 1810.89 Calculated (M+2H)2+= 906.46 Observed: (M+2H)2+= 907.36, Synthesis scheme for (Linker)4-K(2)2-G2-K(1)-G-AMS): Linkers: Fmoc-Rink, Fmoc-Ramage and HMPB TBDMS (Linker)8-Lys(3)4-Gly4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-K(1)-Gly-AMS Insoluble support [8X(Gly)] Linkers: Fmoc-Rink, Fmoc-Ramage and HMPB TBDMS Fmoc-Rink: Molecular weight (g/mol): 5486.17 Fmoc-Ramage: Molecular weight (g/mol): 4370.12 HMPB TBDMS: Molecular weight (g/mol): 4005.64 The construct of this insoluble support increases each primary binding site of the base AMS resin theoretically 8-fold. The construct comprises seven lysines, seven glycines and eight linkers. The construct has three layers/generations of lysines, one primary (proximal) lysine, two secondary (intermediate) lysines and four tertiary (distal) lysines. All secondary intermediate lysines between the primary (proximal lysine) and distal lysines (here tertiary lysines) are all bound to three different lysines signifying that the construct is symmetrical. The polymeric matrix used for modification is AMS 0.6. All lysines are exclusively of the type Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH. Reactants: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-Rink-OH, Fmoc-Ramage-OH, TBDMS-HMPB-OH Structure of the (Fmoc-Rink)8-Lys(3)4-Gly4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS insoluble support Structure of the (Fmoc-Ramage) 8 -K(3) 4 -G 4 -K(2) 2 -G 2 -K(1)-G-AMS insoluble support Structure of the (TBDMS-HMPB) 8 -K(3) 4 -G 4 -K(2) 2 -G 2 -K(1)-G-AMS insoluble support Synthesis scheme for (Linker)8-Lys(3)4-Gly4-Lys(2)2-Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS Linkers: Fmoc-Rink, Fmoc-Ramage, TBDMS-HMPB (Fmoc-Rink)4-(PEG6)4-Lys(2)2-Lys(1)-AMS Insoluble support [4X(PEG)] The construct of this modified insoluble support comprises PEG6 spacers in addition to three lysines and four Fmoc-Rink-linkers. The PEG 6 spacers are positioned between the distal lysines and the Fmoc-Rink-linkers. The PEG spacer is provided as 2-[2-[2-(Fmoc amino)ethoxy]ethoxy] acetic acid (EAAE). Thus, the PEG 6 spacer is provided by coupling 6 AEEA (PEG):s to each amine group of the secondary (distal) lysines. The polymer matrix used for modification is AMS 0.6. Only lysine has been used where both amine groups are Fmoc protected. Reactants: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, AEEA, Fmoc-Rink-OH Synthesis of insoluble support (Fmoc-Rink) 4 -(PEG 6 ) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Lys(1)-AMS Fmoc protected amino acids (K) and AEEA (PEG) are coupled by recurrent reaction steps comprising deprotection of the Fmoc groups followed by the coupling of relevant Fmoc protected amino acids and AEEA. After the consecutive coupling of the last AEEA the linkers are coupled. The amide bonds are formed using equimolar ratio of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, AEEA and Fmoc-Rink-OH, respectively and Oxyma pure (Ethyl cyano(hydroxyimino)acetate: Novabiochem®) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) at 3-fold excess over the theoretical free amino groups (calculated from the first AMS binding site) in DMF. Fmoc groups are removed prior to each coupling step using two treatments of 25% (v/v) piperidine in DMF (5 and 20 minutes respectively). The amide coupling procedure is allowed to proceed for 2 hours at room temperature RT. Synthesis scheme for (Fmoc-Rink)4-(PEG6)4-LysK(2)2-LysK(1)-AMS:
Structure of the (Fmoc-Rink) 4 -(PEG 6 ) 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Lys(1)-NH 2 construct: Molecular weight 5971.62 (Linker)7-LysGly-linear-Gly-AMS Insoluble support [7X linear] Linker: Fmoc-Rink, Fmoc-Ramage and HMPB TBDMS Molecular weight of the respective constructs without support: Fmoc-Rink: Molecular weight (g/mol): 4608.22 Fmoc-Ramage: Molecular weight (g/mol): 4370.12 TBDMS-HMPB: Molecular weight (g/mol): 3312.76 The construct of this insoluble support contains six lysines, three glycines as spacers, and seven linkers selected from Fmoc-Rink-OH, Fmoc-Ramage, HMPB TBDMS, said linkers coupled to four of the six lysines. In the synthesis of the linear 7X insoluble support two classes of lysine have been used differing in terms of protection groups. One class of lysines have both amine groups protected by Fmoc: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc) epsilon amine protected by Mtt: Fmoc- Lys(Mtt)-OH. The construct of the 7X insoluble support is synthesized by first synthesizing a main chain by only coupling Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH. The main chain is the chain where all amide bonds involve an alfa amine. After the synthesis of the main chain comprising three lysines and three glycines, the Mtt is cleaved of with a solution of 30% hexafluoroisopropanol HFIP in DCM for 1 hour at 25 °C. In a subsequent step Fmoc- Lys(Fmoc) is coupled to the epsilon amines of each lysine of the main chain. Thereafter, all Fmoc groups are cleaved of using two treatments of 25% (v/v) piperidine in DMF (5 and 20 minutes respectively). Finally, linkers are coupled to the lysines. The seven form 7 secondary (distal) binding sites. The side chain amines of each lysine of the main chain are only coupled to one lysine, respectively, providing a construct with a configuration which herein is referred to as ‘linear’. The amide bonds are formed using equimolar ratio of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Fmoc- Lys(Mtt)-OH, and linker, respectively and Oxyma pure (Ethyl cyano(hydroxyimino)acetate: Novabiochem®) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) at 3-fold excess over the theoretical free amino groups (calculated from the first AMS binding site) in DMF. Where applicable, Fmoc groups are removed prior to each coupling step using two treatments of 25% (v/v) piperidine in DMF (5 and 20 minutes respectively). The amide coupling procedure is allowed to proceed for 2 hours. The polymeric matrix used for modification is AMS 0.6. Synthesis scheme for 7X linear:
This modified solid resin has a construct comprising lysines which are only bound to one other lysine, where applicable through a Glycine spacer. The presence of lysines only bound to one other lysine (lysine with other identity) provides an odd number of secondary binding sites: here seven secondary binding sites.
Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Rink)7-LysGly-linear-Gly-AMS insoluble support:
Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Ramage) 7 -LysGly-linear-Gly-AMS insoluble support:
Structural formula of the (TBDMS-HMPB) 7 -LysGly-linear-Gly-AMS insoluble support: (Fmoc-Rink) 16 -Lys(4) 8 -Gly 8 -lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS [16X(Gly)] Molecular weight (g/mol): 1112.49 The 16X(Gly) insoluble support comprises a construct providing a 16-fold increase of the primary binding sites of the base AMS resin. The construct comprises 15 lysines, 15 glycine spacers and 16 Fmoc-Rink-linkers. This construct is symmetrical containing four layers (generations) of lysines, i.e. eight quaternary lysines Lys(4), four tertiary lysines Lys(3), two secondary lysines Lys(2) and a primary lysine Lys(1). Furthermore, all lysines (secondary Lys(2) and tertiary Lys(3)) between the lysine bound to the primary binding site of the base resin and the quaternary lysines Lys(4) are bound to three different lysines. E.g. each of the two secondary lysines Lys(2) are bound to the primary lysine Lys(1) and to two tertiary lysines Lys(3). If all lysines except the distal (distal lysines are in this case the quaternary lysines Lys(4)) and primary are all bound to three lysines then the construct is symmetrical. Also, the number of secondary binding sites are a function of the following equation: Y = 2 ^^^^ , where n denotes the number of layers of lysines in the construct. Here we have 4 layers and, hence, 16 secondary binding sites. The polymeric matrix used for modification is AMS 0.6. All lysines are exclusively Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc). Reactants: Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc), Fmoc-Gly, Fmoc-Rink Structural formula of the (Fmoc-Rink) 16 -Lys(4) 8 -Gly 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)- Gly-AMS insoluble support: Synthesis of the (Fmoc-Rink) 16 -Lys(4) 8 -Gly 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly- AMS The peptide construct is synthesized on a manual peptide synthesis reactor. Fmoc protected Lysine is coupled to the amines of the AMS. The amide bonds are formed using equimolar ratio of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-Rink-OH respectively and Oxyma pure (Ethyl cyano(hydroxyimino)acetate: Novabiochem®) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) at 3-fold excess over the theoretical free amino groups (calculated from the first AMS binding site) in DMF. Fmoc groups are removed prior to each coupling step using two treatments of 25% (v/v) piperidine in DMF (5 and 20 minutes respectively). The amide coupling procedure is allowed to proceed for 2 hours. Synthesis scheme for 16X(Gly)
Synthesis of polypeptides using the insoluble support of the invention Template polypeptide sequences PP1 to PP 6 were synthesized using the following insoluble supports (in detail presented above): Supports with Rink linker: • 1X: (Fmoc-Rink)-AMS 0.6 (resin without construct) • 1X: (Fmoc-Rink)-AMS 0.93 (resin without construct) • 1X: (Fmoc-Rink)-AMS 1.95 (resin without construct) • 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink) 2 -Lys(1)-gly-AMS 0.6 • 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.93 • 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink) 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 1.95 • 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink)4-Lys(2)2- Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.6 • 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink) 4 -Lys(2) 2 - Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.93 • 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Rink)4-Lys(2)2- Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 1.95 • 8X(Gly):(Fmoc-Rink) 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.6 Supports with Ramage linker: • 1X: (Fmoc-Ramage)-AMS 0.6 (resin without construct) • 1X: (Fmoc-Ramage)-AMS 0.93 (resin without construct) • 1X: (Fmoc-Ramage)-AMS 1.95 (resin without construct) • 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.6 • 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage) 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.93 • 2X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage)2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 1.95 • 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage) 4 -Lys(2) 2 - Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.6 • 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage)4-Lys(2)2- Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.93 • 4X(Gly): (Fmoc-Ramage) 4 -Lys(2) 2 - Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 1.95 Supports with HMPB TBDMS linker: • 1X: HMPB TBDMS AMS 0.6 (resin without construct) • 1X: HMPB TBDMS AMS 0.93 (resin without construct) • 4X(Gly): (HMPB TBDMS)4-Lys(2)2- Gly2-Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.6 • 8X(Gly):(HMPB TBDMS) 8 -Lys(3) 4 -Gly 4 -Lys(2) 2 -Gly 2 -Lys(1)-Gly-AMS 0.6 The reference resin is an amino methyl (AM/AMS) polystyrene resin cross-linked with 1% divinylbenzene in the 100-200 mesh size range (75-150 µm) with a degree of substitution of 0.6, 0.93 and 1.95 mmol/gram respectively. The following polypeptides were synthesized: PP 1: WLFAGGPSSGAPPPS (15mer) PP 2: YAEGTFTSDYSIALDKIAQKAFVQWLIAGGPSSGAPPPS (39mer) PP 3: HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS (39mer) PP 4: fFPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL (20mer) PP 5: FVQYLIQG (8mer) PP 6: HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVRGRG (31mer) Constructs: 1X: No construct only unmodified resin with linker as indicated below. 2X(Gly): -Gly-Lys(1)-Linker 2 4X(Gly): -Gly-Lys(1)-Gly 2 -Lys(2) 2 -Linker 4 8X(Gly): -Gly-Lys(1)-Gly2-Lys(2)2-Gly4-Lys(3)4-Linker8 Tables 8 to 14 present various data related to the polypeptide synthesis. In some columns the assembly yield [%] and cleavage yield [%] are indicated. These parameters are calculated as follows: Synthesis protocol for PP 1 with DMF as solvent Starting resins (400 mg each) were introduced into 25 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h) for initial swelling measurements prior to their transfer to Symphony X reactors. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid (0.30M in DMF), Oxyma (0.90M in DMF) and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.90M in DMF) at 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Couplings were carried out without pre-activation for 1h 30min at room temperature. After syntheses completion, resins were transferred again to the 25 mL syringes to measure their final swellings then washed with isopropanol (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Fmoc-protected peptidyl resins were swollen again in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Fmoc groups were deprotected using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Next, resins were washed with DMF (7x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to their re-drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Fmoc-deprotected peptides were cleaved from resins using a cleavage cocktail containing TFA(Trifluoroacetic acid)/H 2 O/DTT(Dithiothreitol) (13 mL/g of peptidyl resin, 85/5/5 v/v/w) for 2h at room temperature. TIS (5% v) was then added and stirring was continued for another 1h. The resin was filtered out and washed with TFA (3 mL/g of peptidyl resin). Peptides were precipitated with MTBE (10-folds the volume of TFA) at 0°C. The resulting suspensions were transferred to 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rcf for 10 min prior to supernatants’ decantation. The crude solid products were washed again with cold MTBE (5x) and dried under vacuum overnight. Molecular weight: 1426.60 Calculated mass: +2/2 = 714.30 Observed mass (AMS 0.932x(Gly)) +2/2 = 714.05 Observed mass (AMS 1.952x(Gly)): +2/2 = 714.43 Observed mass (AMS 1.954x(Gly)): +2/2 = 714.64 All 15 amino acids used were Fmoc-protected. Side chains protecting groups involved: tBu, Boc: S = Ser(tBu) and W = Trp(Boc) Molecular weight of protected PP 1: 1917,28 g/mol Molecular weight of unprotected PP 1: 1426,60 g/mol
Table 8: Data synthesis of 15mer polypeptide: WLFAGGPSSGAPPPS: PP 1 Solvent for the synthesis: DMF Mass of matrix at the beginning of synthesis after coupling of Rink linker: 400 mg Table 8 Table 8 cont. Implementation of support of invention significantly increases throughput while essentially maintaining purity or even increasing purity. Synthesis protocol for PP 1 with DMSO/EtOAc (3:7 v/v) and DMF as solvent Starting resins (400 mg each) were introduced into 25 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Syntheses were carried out manually where syringes were shaken with an Activo-PLS 4x4 synthesizer purchased from Activotec at 400 rpm in horizontal position. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMSO/EtOAc (3:7, v/v) or DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Following Fmoc-deprotection, resins were washed using DMSO/EtOAc (3:7, v/v) or DMF (7 x 6.5 mL/g of starting resin). All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid in DMSO/EtOAc (3:7, v/v) or DMF (0.30M), Oxyma and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide at 2-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Fmoc amino acids were dissolved in the corresponding solvent/solvent mixture (0.30M) followed by the addition of Oxyma and N’N’- Diisopropylcarbodiimide and stirred for 5min at room temperature before being introduced into the resin-containing syringes. Couplings were carried out for 1h 30min at room temperature. Following coupling, resins were washed using DMSO/EtOAc (3:7, v/v) or DMF (2 x 6.5 mL/g of starting resin). After syntheses completion, final resin swellings were measured then resins were washed with (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Fmoc-protected peptidyl resins were swollen again in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h). Fmoc groups were deprotected using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. Next, resins were washed with DMF (7x), iPrOH (3 x) and MTBE (3x) prior to their re-drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Fmoc-deprotected peptides were cleaved from resins using a cleavage cocktail containing TFA/H2O/DTT (13 mL/g of peptidyl resin, 85/5/5 v/v/w) for 2h at room temperature. TIS (5% v) was then added and stirring was continued for another 1h. The resin was filtered out and washed with TFA (3 mL/g of peptidyl resin). Peptides were precipitated with MTBE (10-folds the volume of TFA) at 0°C. The resulting suspensions were transferred to 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rcf for 10 min prior to supernatants’ decantation. The crude solid products were washed again with cold MTBE (5x) and dried under vacuum overnight. Mass of resin at beginning of synthesis after coupling of Rink Amide linker: 400 mg Side chains protecting groups involved: tBu, Boc: S = Ser(tBu) and W = Trp(Boc) Molecular weight of protected PP 1: 1917,28 g/mol Molecular weight of unprotected PP 1: 1426,60 g/mol Table 9: Data Synthesis of 15mer polypeptide: WLFAGGPSSGAPPPS: PP 1 Solvent for the synthesis: DMSO/EtOAc (3:7) except first row AMS 0.6 with DMF Mass of matrix at the beginning of synthesis after coupling of Rink linker: 400 mg Table 9 Table 9 cont. Synthesis protocol for PP 2 (YAEGTFTSDYSIALDKIAQKAFVQWLIAGGPSSGAPPPS) with DMF as solvent Starting resins (200 mg each) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h) for initial swelling measurements prior to their transfer to Symphony X reactors. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid (0.30M in DMF), Oxyma (0.90M in DMF) and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.90M in DMF) at 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Couplings were carried out without pre-activation for 2h at room temperature except for Thr 5 which was coupled during 8h and Ile 12 and 17 which were coupled during 6h. After syntheses completion, resins were transferred again to the 12 mL syringes to measure their final swellings then washed with (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Boc-protected peptides were cleaved from resins using a cleavage cocktail containing TFA/H2O/DTT/TIS (13 mL/g of peptidyl resin, 85/5/5/5 v/v/w/v) for 3h at room temperature. The resin was filtered out and washed with TFA (3 mL/g of peptidyl resin). Peptides were precipitated with MTBE (10-folds the volume of TFA) at 0°C. The resulting suspensions were transferred to 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rcf for 10 min prior to supernatants’ decantation. The crude solid products were washed again with cold MTBE (5x) and dried under vacuum overnight. Molecular weight: 4041.54 Calculated mass: +3/3 = 1348.26; +4/4 = 1011.38 Observed mass (AMS 0.62X(Gly)): +3/3 = 1347.98; +4/4 = 1011.70 Observed mass (AMS 0.934X(Gly)): +3/3 = 1348.6; +4/4 = 1011.67 Table 10: Data Synthesis of 39mer polypeptide: YAEGTFTSDYSIALDKIAQKAFVQWLIAGGPSSGAPPPS: PP 2 Solvent for the synthesis: DMF Mass of matrix at the beginning of synthesis after coupling of Ramage linker: 200 mg Table 10 Table 10 cont. Table 10 cont. Synthesis protocol for PP 3 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFXEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS) with DMF as solvent Starting resins (200 mg each) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h) for initial swelling measurements prior to their transfer to Symphony X reactors. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid (0.30M in DMF), Oxyma (0.90M in DMF) and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.90M in DMF) at 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Couplings were carried out without pre-activation for 2h at room temperature except for Thr5 which was coupled during 8h and Ile 12 and 17 which were coupled during 6h. After syntheses completion, resins were transferred again to the 12 mL syringes to measure their final swellings then washed with (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Boc-protected peptides were cleaved from resins using a cleavage cocktail containing TFA/H2O/DTT/TIS (13 mL/g of peptidyl resin, 85/5/5/5 v/v/w/v) for 3h at room temperature. The resin was filtered out and washed with TFA (3 mL/g of peptidyl resin). Peptides were precipitated with MTBE (10-folds the volume of TFA) at 0°C. The resulting suspensions were transferred to 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rcf for 10 min prior to supernatants’ decantation. The crude solid products were washed again with cold MTBE (5x) and dried under vacuum overnight. Molecular weight: 4186.63 Calculated mass: +3/3 = 1396.54; +4/4 = 1047.65 Observed mass (AMS 0.62X(Gly)): +3/3 = 1397.12; +4/4 = 1048.11 Observed mass (AMS 0.64X(Gly)): +3/3 = 1396.89; +4/4 = 1047.65 All amino acids used were Fmoc-protected except for the last amino acid (Tyr) which was Boc-protected. Side chains protecting groups involved: tBu, Boc, Trt: S = Ser(tBu), W = Trp(Boc), Q = Gln(Trt), K = Lys(Boc), D = Asp(OtBu), Y = Tyr(tBu), T = Thr(tBu), E = Glu(OtBu) Molecular weight of protected 39-mer: 5596,22 g/mol Molecular weight of unprotected 39-mer: 4041,54 g/mol Table 11: Data Synthesis of 39mer polypeptide: HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFXEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS: PP 3 Solvent for the synthesis: DMF Mass of matrix at the beginning of synthesis after coupling of Ramage linker: 200 mg Table 11 Table 11 cont. Table 11 cont. The implementation of a support of the invention significantly increases throughput at good/commercially relevant/useful purity. Synthesis protocol for PP 4 (fPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL) with DMF as solvent Starting resins (200 mg each) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h) for initial swelling measurements prior to their transfer to Symphony X reactors. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid (0.30M in DMF), Oxyma (0.90M in DMF) and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.90M in DMF) at 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Couplings were carried out without pre-activation for 1h 30 min at room temperature. After syntheses completion, resins were transferred again to the 12 mL syringes to measure their final swellings then washed with (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Boc-protected peptides were cleaved from resins using a cleavage cocktail containing TFA/H 2 O/DTT/TIS (13 mL/g of peptidyl resin, 85/5/5/5 v/v/w/v) for 3h at room temperature. The resin was filtered out and washed with TFA (3 mL/g of peptidyl resin). Peptides were precipitated with MTBE (10-folds the volume of TFA) at 0°C. The resulting suspensions were transferred to 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rcf for 10 min prior to supernatants’ decantation. The crude solid products were washed again with cold MTBE (5x) and dried under vacuum overnight. Molecular weight: 2180.32 Calculated mass: +2/2 = 1091.16 Observed mass (AMS 0.64X(Gly)): +2/2 = 1091.02 Observed mass (AMS 0.68X(Gly)): +2/2 = 1091.06 All amino acids used were Fmoc-protected except for the last amino acid (D-Phe) which was Boc-protected. Side chains protecting groups involved: tBu, Trt, Pbf: Y = Tyr(tBu), E = Glu(OtBu), D = Asp(OtBu), N = Asn(Trt), Arg(Pbf) Molecular weight of protected 20-mer: 3233, 86 g/mol Molecular weight of unprotected 20-mer: 2180,32 g/mol Table 12: Data Synthesis of 20mer polypeptide: fPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL: PP 4 Solvent for the synthesis: DMF Mass of matrix at the beginning of synthesis after coupling of HMPB-leucine linker: 200 mg Table 12 Table 12 cont. Table 12 cont. Application of support of invention significantly increases throughput while essentially preserving purity. Synthesis protocol for PP 5 (FVQYLIQG) with DMF as solvent Starting resins (100 mg each Fmoc-HMPB-Gly-AMS 0.60) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h) for initial swelling measurements prior to their transfer to Symphony X reactors. Fmoc groups were deprotected before prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equiamolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid (0.30M in DMF), Oxyma (0.90M in DMF) and N’N’- Diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.90M in DMF) at 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Couplings were carried out without pre-activation for 1h 30 min at room temperature. After syntheses completion, resins were transferred again to the 12 mL syringes to measure their final swellings then washed with (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Fmoc-protected peptide fragments were cleaved from resins using a soft cleavage cocktail containing 3% TFA in dichloromethane (DCM) for 15min. This treatment was done 3 times and each time the resin was filtered out and resulting solution was collected. Combined collected solutions were evaporated under vacuum and the obtained concentrated oil was precipitated in MTBE/Heptane (1:1, v/v) prior to filtration and drying under vacuum overnight. All amino acids used were Fmoc-protected. Side chains protecting groups involved: tBu, Trt: Q = Gln(Trt), Y = Tyr(tBu) Molecular weight of protected 8-mer: 1730,1 g/mol
Table 13: Synthesis of 8mer polypeptide: FVQYLIQG: PP 5 Solvent for the synthesis: DMF Mass of matrix at the beginning of synthesis after coupling of HMPB-Glycine linker: 100 mg Table 13 Table 13 cont. Table 13 cont. Application of support of invention significantly increases throughput while essentially preserving purity. Synthesis protocol for PP 6 (HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVRGRG) with DMF as solvent Starting resins (200 mg each) were introduced into 12 mL syringes and swollen in DMF (6.5 mL/g, 2 x 1h) for initial swelling measurements prior to their transfer to Symphony X reactors. Fmoc groups were deprotected prior to each coupling step using 20% piperidine in DMF (1 x 10min + 1 x 20min) at room temperature. All amino acid couplings were carried out using an equimolar ratio (1:1:1) of Fmoc amino acid (0.30M in DMF), Oxyma (0.90M in DMF) and N’N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.90M in DMF) at 5-fold molar excess compared to synthesis scale. Couplings were carried out without pre-activation for 1h 30 min at room temperature. After syntheses completion, resins were transferred again to the 12 mL syringes to measure their final swellings then washed with (iPrOH, 3 x) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 3x) prior to their drying under vacuum overnight. Dried Boc-protected peptides were cleaved from resins using a cleavage cocktail containing TFA/H2O/DTT/TIS (13 mL/g of peptidyl resin, 85/5/5/5 v/v/w/v) for 3h at room temperature. The resin was filtered out and washed with TFA (3 mL/g of peptidyl resin). Peptides were precipitated with MTBE (10-folds the volume of TFA) at 0°C. The resulting suspensions were transferred to 50 ml conical centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 2500 rcf for 10 min prior to supernatants’ decantation. The crude solid products were washed again with cold MTBE (5x) and dried under vacuum overnight. Molecular weight: 3383.73 Calculated mass: +3/3 = 1128.91; +4/4 = 846.93 Observed mass (AMS 0.64X(Gly)): +3/3 = 1129.01; +4/4 = 847.06 Solvent used for the synthesis of PP 6 on Symphony X: DMF Mass of resin at beginning of synthesis after coupling of HMPB-Glycine linker: 200 mg. All amino acids used were Fmoc-protected except for the last amino acid (His) which was Boc-protected. Side chains protecting groups involved: tBu, Boc, Trt, Pbf: R = Arg(Pbf), W = Trp(Boc), E = Glu(OtBu), K = Lys(Boc), Q = Gln(Trt), Y = Tyr(tBu), S = Ser(tBu), D = Asp(OtBu), T = Thr(tBu), H = His(Trt) Molecular weight of protected PP 6: 5234,46 g/mol Molecular weight of unprotected PP 6: 3383,73 g/mol Table 14 Data synthesis of PP 6 polypeptide: HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVRGRG Table 14 Table 14 cont. Table 14 cont.
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