FIELD OF INVENTION:

This invention generally relates to a joineries mechanism for building system and method. Particularly, an interlocking system and method for constructing a stone structure or a stone building.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

For thousands of years, the stone was used in the construction of buildings. Quarried stones were piled on top of one another to create piers, columns, and walls. Entire cities were made of stone buildings with thatched roofs. As more sophisticated methods were developed for joining stones together, beautiful facades, window and door sills, columns, archways, and other accents were used in buildings. Stone was used as the primary building material for the homes of the well-off, churches, and large institutional buildings. Relative to the skill required to build, with logs and wood, the manpower and skill required to build a stone building were impressive. Essentially, stones had to be quarried, hewn, and then raised. After which it is placed and levelled. By the 19th and 20th centuries, architects began using different materials in construction, including cast iron and concrete for framing solutions and slabs, resulting in a decrease in the use of stone. Stone masons who understood the structural and physical characteristics of stone were replaced by factory workers as the need for inexpensive materials was expanded. These new materials allowed for skyscrapers to be designed and developed.

After these new building materials were introduced, architects used natural stone primarily for exterior cladding. However, today, architects and builders have once again begun embracing stone in the interiors and exteriors of buildings. This tradition of Stone Architecture has continued to the present era, with most of the important modern buildings in India like the Presidential House, Parliament House, and Supreme Court made from high quality sandstone of Rajasthan. The Baha'i House of Worship of New Delhi stands testimony to the relevance of marble in modern Indian architecture. Stones are still the mainstays of civil construction in India, with stones being used extensively in public buildings, hotels, and temples. It is increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the growing middle class of India. Natural stone, including slate and granite, is often used in high traffic areas. These areas typically used tumbled stone; however, polished stone can be used. Exterior applications of natural stone include cladding, driveway installations, columns, and chimneys. Approaches must be taken to prevent damage in exterior applications. Water damage, biological growth, and physical decay can occur if strategies are not used to protect against weathering. For centuries, architects and builders have relied on natural stone to create architectural masterpieces. These stone buildings have withstood the test of time. Today's architect understands that commercial and residential owners desire building materials that are environment friendly, maintenance free, durable, and long-lasting. This makes stone a “solid” choice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:

Disclosed are a system, method and/or an apparatus of an interlocking system and method for constructing a stone structure.

In one aspect, an interlocking system for constructing a stone structure, comprising, a footing stone, a strap beam, one or more stone columns, a stone plinth beam, a stone wall, a stone frame, a wooden door and a window, a stone capital, a ground floor roof stone beam, a ground floor roof stone slab, wherein the footing stone is provided for a shallow foundation to transfer a load to a stratum present in a shallow depth, the strap beam is placed on a footing stone edges with a grove in that an SS rod is provided in the edges of the strap beam to get locked to the footing stone, the stone columns are constructed from a stone with an SS rod inserted at a bottom center of the stone column that is placed on the footing stone top and that gets locked, the stone plinth beam is constructed at the ground floor level, and that is to be provided as tie beams at the plinth level and the stone plinth beam is constructed between the walls and strap beam, the interlocking grove or design being provided on top of the strap beam to act as a locking system between the strap beam top and plinth beam bottom, a plinth wall is placed on top of the strap beam by the interlocking mechanism, adjacent to that the column attached to the foundation to be moved vertically where the plinth wall gets locked to the column with a grove in column and gets attached, a first layer of the stone wall is attached to the stone plinth beam horizontally with interlocking mechanism, on that another layer of the stone is placed one above the other with interlock of stone walls, the grove being provided between the wall and the frame that gets overlapped and interlocked with each other, the walls, that are placed horizontally in the plinth beam gets attached to the vertical door or window stone frame, a stone frame is connected to the plinth beam, for which the wooden door frames and shutters are attached and the frame sides are supported to the wall to be interlocked, and from the top frame is attached to the beam that gets pressure from all sides to get interlocked, the windows are placed on top of the stone wall by interlocking method, based on the sill level height walls are placed horizontally and the top of the frames are interlocked with the walls or beam and on top of the column capital is placed by locking mechanism, the beam is placed on top of the capital that gets interlocked with the SS rod that is placed in the center of the capital, and beams edges get locked and the stone slab is laid on top with support of the beam on either side of the slab and rested on its edges and each slab interlocks with each other in a chain form and a screed is poured on top of the stone slab where in the flooring material is laid on top of the screed and the tongue and grove mechanism of interlocking system being provided for inter locking of the stone.

In another aspect, the footing stone consists of 2-way footing, 3 -way footing or 4-way footing and multiple ways wherein, the shallow foundation is a stone slab-on-grade foundation, where the weight of the structure is transferred to a soil through a stone all mix being added on the surface. The strap beam being provided to distribute the weight of either heavily or eccentrically loaded column footings to adjacent footings. The columns are in a rectangular, a circular, a polygonal, or any geometrical shape, a double height column and that taper towards the top or in uniform diameter and wherein, an engaged, attached, or embedded column is built into a wall that protrudes partially from it. The stone capital is the crowning member of a column that provides structural support for the horizontal member or arch or beam above and wherein the stone capital are in the form of two- way, three-way, four way, or any other geometrical shapes ways being done based on the number of beams resting on it and based on the structural or ornamental design requirement. The column to the first floor continues from the capital of the ground floor, where the slab ends at the periphery of the capital (multiple floors).

The methods, systems, and apparatus disclosed herein may be implemented in any means for achieving various aspects. Other features will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

Example embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: Figure 1 shows a stone construction structure with an interlocking system along with different portions, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 2 illustrates a structural view of shallow foundation having a footing stone for construction of structure, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 3 illustrates a structural view of strap beam stone arrangements for construction of structure, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 4 illustrates a joint mechanism or interlocking mechanism along with different parts of stone column, according to one or more embodiment.

Figure 5 illustrates a joint mechanism or interlocking mechanism along with a different parts of stone plinth beam, according to one or more embodiment.

Figure 6 illustrates a structural view of stone wall construction, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 7 illustrates a structural view of stone frames, doors and windows for construction of the stone structure, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 8 illustrates a structural view of stone capital, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 9 illustrates a structural view of ground floor roof stone beam, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 10 illustrates a structural view of ground floor roof stone slab, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 11 illustrates a sectional elevation showing all layers of joining details, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 12 illustrates a structural view of capital joinery system, according to one or more embodiments.

Figure 13 and Figure 14 illustrates a structural view of wall joinery system, according to one or more embodiments.

Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows. DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

A system and/or apparatus of an interlocking system and method for constructing a stone structure are disclosed. Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments.

The nature of the invention and the manner in which it works is clearly described in the complete specification. The invention has various embodiments and they are clearly described in the following pages of the complete specification. Before explaining the present invention, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The following detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show illustrations in accordance with example embodiments. These example embodiments are described in enough detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the present subject matter. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well- known methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. The embodiments can be combined, other embodiments can be utilized or structural and logical changes can be made without departing from the scope of what is claimed. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken as a limiting sense, and the scope is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Figure 1 shows a stone construction structure with an interlocking system along with different portions, according to one or more embodiments.

In one or more embodiments, the footing stone is provided for a shallow foundation to transfer a load to a stratum present in a shallow depth, the strap beam is placed on a footing stone edges with a grove in that an SS rod is provided in the edges of the strap beam to get locked to the footing stone. The stone columns are constructed from a stone with an SS rod inserted at a bottom center of the stone column that is placed on the footing stone top and that gets locked, the stone plinth beam is constructed at the ground floor level, and that is to be provided as tie beams at the plinth level and the stone plinth beam is constructed between the walls and strap beam. The interlocking grove or design being provided on top of the strap beam to act as a locking system between the strap beam top and plinth beam bottom. A plinth wall is placed on top of the strap beam by the interlocking mechanism, adjacent to that the column attached to the foundation to be moved vertically where the plinth wall gets locked to the column with a grove in column and gets attached.

In one or more embodiments, a first layer of the stone wall is attached to the stone plinth beam horizontally with interlocking mechanism, on that another layer of the stone is placed one above the other with interlock of stone walls. The grove being provided between the wall and the frame that gets overlapped and interlocked with each other. The walls that are placed horizontally in the plinth beam gets attached to the vertical door or window stone frame, a stone frame is connected to the plinth beam, for which the wooden door frames and shutters are attached and the frame sides are supported to the wall to be interlocked, and from the top frame is attached to the beam that gets pressure from all sides to get interlocked. The windows are placed on top of the stone wall by interlocking method, based on the sill level height walls are placed horizontally and the top of the frames are interlocked with the walls or beam and on top of the column capital is placed by locking mechanism. The beam is placed on top of the capital that gets interlocked with the SS rod that is placed in the center of the capital, and beams edges get locked and the stone slab is laid on top with support of the beam on either side of the slab and rested on its edges and each slab interlocks with each other in a chain form and a screed is poured on top of the stone slab where in the flooring material is laid on top of the screed and the tongue and grove mechanism of interlocking system being provided for inter locking of the stone.

In one or more embodiment, the footing stone consists of 2-way footing, 3-way footing or 4- way footing many ways and wherein, the shallow foundation is a slab-on-grade foundation, where the weight of the structure is transferred to a soil through a stone all mix being added on the surface. The strap beam being provided to distribute the weight of either heavily or eccentrically loaded column footings to adjacent footings. The columns are in a rectangular, a circular, a polygonal, or any geometrical shape, a double height column and that taper towards the top or in uniform diameter and wherein, an engaged, attached, or embedded column is built into a wall that protrudes partially from it. The stone capital is the crowning member of a column that provides structural support for the horizontal member or arch or beam above and wherein the stone capital are in the form of two- way, three-way, four way, or any other geometrical shapes ways being done based on the number of beams resting on it and based on the structural or ornamental design requirement. The column to the first floor continues from the capital of the ground floor, where the slab ends at the periphery of the capital.

In one or more embodiments, a method for constructing a structure, comprising the steps of, providing a footing stone for a shallow foundation to transfer a load to a stratum present in a shallow depth, placing a strap beam on a footing stone edges with a grove in that an SS rod is provided in the edges of the strap beam to get locked to the footing stone, constructing a stone column from a stone with an SS rod inserted at a bottom center of the stone column that is placed on the footing stone top and that gets locked, constructing a stone plinth beam at the foundation level or ground floor level, and that is to be provided as tie beams at the plinth level and the stone plinth beam is constructed between the walls and strip beam, providing an interlocking grove or design on top of the strap beam to act as a locking system between the strap beam top and plinth beam bottom, placing a plinth wall on top of the strap beam by the interlocking mechanism, adjacent to that the column attached to the foundation to be moved vertically where the plinth wall gets locked to the column with a grove in column and gets attached, attaching a first layer of the stone wall to the stone plinth beam horizontally with interlocking mechanism, on that another layer of the stone is placed one above the other with interlock of stone walls, providing a grove between the wall and the frame that gets overlapped and interlocked with each other, the walls, that are placed horizontally in the plinth beam gets attached to the vertical door or window stone frame, connecting a stone frame to the plinth beam, for which the wooden door frames and shutters are attached and the frame sides are supported to the wall to be interlocked, and from the top frame is attached to the beam that gets pressure from all sides to get interlocked, placing windows on top of the stone wall by interlocking method, based on the sill level height walls are placed horizontally and the top of the frames are interlocked with the walls, columns or the beam, placing the beam on top of the capital that gets interlocked with the SS rod that is placed in the center of the capital, and beams edges get locked and providing a stone slab that is being laid on top with support of the beam on either side of the slab and rested on its edges and each slab interlocks with each other in a chain form and a screed is poured on top of the stone slab and wherein, the stone slab to stone slab gets interlocked through tong and grove method. For example, the stones are selected from granite, basalt, sand stone, slate, limestone, marble and quartzite.

Figure 2 illustrates a structural view of shallow foundation having a footing stone for construction of structure, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 2 illustrates the shallow foundation, which is lowest part of the building or the stone structure has been used to transfer the load to a stratum present in a shallow depth. Shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the structure is transferred to the soil through compacted crushed rock mix placed at the surface.

Figure 3 illustrates a structural view of strap beam stone arrangements for construction of structure, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 3 illustrates the strap beam being used to distribute the weight of either heavily or eccentrically loaded column footings to adjacent footings. A strap footing is used in conjunction with columns that are located in the grid. It is a type of isolated footing, consisting of two or more column footings connected by a stone beam. The strap beam is placed on the footing stone edges with a grove where an SS rod is provided in the edges of the strap beam that gets locked through a provided specific shaped groove to the footing stone and the load is equally distributed.

Figure 4 illustrates a joint mechanism or interlocking mechanism along with different parts of stone column, according to one or more embodiment. Particularly, Figure 4 illustrates the stone column, which is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. Columns may be rectangular, circular, or polygonal in shape, they may taper towards the top or be of uniform diameter. An engaged, attached, or embedded column is built into a wall and protrudes partially from it. This type of column came to serve a decorative or structural purpose. The columns are typically constructed from stone, with an SS rod inserted at the bottom centre of the stone column which is placed on the footing stone top and gets locked. Types of stone columns used in the building are circular column, square column and double height column.

Figure 5 illustrates a joint mechanism or interlocking mechanism along with a different parts of stone plinth beam, according to one or more embodiment. Particularly, Figure 5 illustrates the stone plinth beam, which is a stone beam constructed between the wall and its foundation. Stone plinth beam is constructed at the foundation level or ground floor level, and it is considered as tie beams at the plinth level of reducing the effective height of the column. It is constructed between the walls and strip beam. It is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of cracks from the foundation into the wall. They will carry the wall load at the ground floor level to the column and act as a settlement controller. The plinth beam supports the vertical structural membranes in the building and increases its strength. The interlocking grove in specific shape is provided on top of the strap beam to act as a locking system between the strap beam top and plinth beam bottom. It is made to form the base for the wall which carries a load of walls and other structures. The stone door frame is inserted in the plinth wall by cut and lock method of stone which helps in the stone framework of the door. On top of the strap beam, the plinth wall is placed by the interlocking method, adjacent to that the column which is attached to the foundation will be moving vertically where the plinth wall gets locked to the column through provided grove in column and gets attached.

Figure 6 illustrates a structural view of stone wall construction, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 6 illustrates the internal external walls which are constructed by stone, where the first layer of the stone wall is attached to plinth beam horizontally with the interlocking method, on which the other layer of the stone is placed one above the other with interlocking of stone walls. The stone wall acts as a load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an active structural element of a building, which holds the weight of the elements above it, by conducting its weight to a foundation structure below it. .In the junction of door window stone frame, the grove between the wall and the frame is made which gets overlapped and interlocked with each other. The walls, which are placed horizontally in the plinth beam gets attached to the vertical door or window stone frame. Types of provided walls are single length wall, which is used in the bottom and top of the wall for it to bear the load and the short wall in which the wall is connected to a wall vertically, that generally used in the middle layer of the wall.

Figure 7 illustrates a structural view of doors and windows for construction of structure, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 7 illustrates the doors for which the stone frame is connected to the plinth beam and the wooden door frames and shutters are attached. Frame sides are supported to the wall and interlocked through provided specific shaped grooves. The top frame is attached to the beam, where it gets pressure from all sides and gets interlocked. The windows are placed on top of the stone wall by interlock method, based on the sill level height walls are placed horizontally and the top of the frames are interlocked with the walls or beam. Since the bottom is supported with a stone wall and the top is connected to a beam. For the stone frame, the wooden frame and doors is been fixed.

Figure 8 illustrates a structural view of stone capital, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 8 illustrates the stone capital architecture in which the crowning member of a column is provided as structural support for the horizontal member or arch or beam above. The stone capital is carved based on the design. Types of stone capitals are two-way capital, three-way capital and four- way capital. In two-way capital, the capital is projected on two sides to which the beam is supported and the load of the building is transferred. The projection of the capital is carved and treated as a design element. In three-way capital, the capital is to carry three direction loads of the stone beam. In four-way capital, the capital is projected in four directions that help in carrying the load of the beam from all four directions and transfers the load from capital to the column and then to the foundation. The capital not only acts as a load-bearing structure but also acts as a design element

Figure 9 illustrates a structural view of ground floor roof stone beam, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 9 illustrates the beam is placed on top of the capital that gets interlocked with column which is placed in the centre of the capital. Further, the beams edges are also get locked through provided grooves. Based on the column distance, the beam length varies. Carving on the beam can be done based on the design requirement.

Figure 10 illustrates a structural view of ground floor roof stone slab, according to one or more embodiments. Particularly, Figure 10 illustrates the stone slab is laid on top with support of the beam on either side of the slab and rested on its edges. Each slab interlocks with each other in a chain form. The column to the first floor continues from the capital of the ground floor, where the slab ends at the periphery of the capital. The column to the first floor is uninterrupted and continues from the space between slabs that rest on the capital as shown in the figure below. On top of the stone slab, the screed is poured from which all the services passes from one place to another. This screed member not only helps in passing the hardware elements, but also helps in laying the flooring material on top of the screen for the next floor (first floor). The columns on the first floor get continued from the capital of the floor below (ground floor) to the first floor adjacent to the slab and screed.

Figure 11 illustrates a sectional elevation showing all layers of joining details, according to one or more embodiments. The first-floor column is placed on top of the ground floor capital in such a way that the columns sit on top of the other. For example, the ground floor column is placed exactly on top of the first-floor column with the same size or it may get tapered as it goes top based on the load requirement and design.

For second floor slab layout, the slabs are placed horizontally with support to the beam, after placing the slabs one next to the other the stone projection and grove help in the interlock of the slabs holding the stone together and making it stable. On top of the slab, the screed is put where services are taken and connected to the building. On top of the screed, the flooring is laid based on the requirement. In this case, the floor is stopped till the second floor the columns or the walls won't be continued to the next floor, there won't be a grove for the column to be placed and it will be closed with the stone slab.

Figure 12 illustrates a structural view of capital joinery system. Figure 13 and Figure 14 illustrates a structural view of wall joinery system, according to one or more embodiments.

In one or more embodiments, the primary purpose of joinery is to hold the stone together strongly and securely and it can also be a decorative feature of the building structure in which the joinery is used.

In addition to the basic types of joinery, few more alternative junction details that can be used in construction. For example, two-way, three-way and four-way column beam joineries.

In one or more embodiments, the two-way column beam layout is typically L-shaped, and the beam intersection is at 90°. The loads transferred to the beams come from two directions. The interlocking system is equipped with a groove that helps secure the beam to the subsequent column. Two 45-degree angled stone beams adjoin to create a 90°angle. Since the surface area is greater at the point of contact, it is considered stronger than a basic butt joint. It is held and secured in its position with the help of adhesives and grooves that connects the columns and capitals to the beams. The extension of each segment sits on the ledge of the next beam to create an interlocking system. Using the principles of the tongue and groove, the v shaped protection at the edge of the beam sits into the groove of the corresponding beam. Ends of the beam is carved into a single curvilinear pattern, to fix like a puzzle. A double stepped pattern is engraved into the edge of each beam, to produce a strong interlocking bond. The recessed corner of the beam is fixed to the adjacent stone beam and flushed together to form the joinery. Similar to that of a tongue and groove joint a projection of one stone fit into the corresponding groove of the adjacent. This type of joint also prevents the sliding of stones. The tongue-and-groove joint consists of a centered tongue on one work piece that fits into a matching dado or groove in another work piece. A combination of the first two joinery, the two edges of the beams are fixed to each other through a 90° groove that secures into each other with a 45° slit at the outward edge. The two edges of the beams are fixed to each other through a v-type projection at centre of the edge to produce an intersection that secures into each other. The corner of one beam is carved into a curvilinear groove and laid over the groove of the second beam that forms an interlocking system. The two lengths of beams are connected at 90° by fixing a projected - square piece out of the main beam and flaring another piece in the second, the secondary beam which fits into the main beam. The two lengths of beams are connected at 90° by fixing a projected - square piece out of the secondary beam and flaring another piece in the second, the main beam which fits into the secondary beam.

In one or more embodiments, The Three-way column beam layout is typically T-shaped, and the beam intersection is at 90°. The loads transferred to the beams come from three directions, hence the name; in a three-way beam configuration, which is located at the peripheral of the structure. The interlocking system is equipped with a groove that helps secure the beam to the subsequent column. A protruding element is a carved into the edge of one beam that slides into the grove of the corresponding two beams in an interlocking method. An entire beam sits into the L-shaped groove made at the junction of the perpendicular beams. The edge of the gable- shaped beam is joined to the corresponding two beams which are symmetrically chiselled. The beam gets interlocked in the form of tongue and groove join method; the tongue is carved in the form of M which gets joined to the other two beams. The mirrored beams act as grove joint and the beam which pass in the centre between the other two beams act as a tongue joint, which is carved in form of T shape and holds the other two beam stiff. One piece of stone beam is cut with a tongue in semicircle form and the other two beams. A dove-tailed projection is carved at the edge of the perpendicular beam that stocks into the pin shaped grove formed symmetrically at the edges of the two consecutive beams.

REFERENCE NUMERALS:

Figure 1

1. Footing

2. Strap beam

3. Column

4. Plinth beam

5. Walls

6. Capital

7. Beam

8. Stone Slab

Figure 2: Figure 2.1: Image showing footing with grooving details of different ways of strap beam for placement.

Figure 2.2: Image showing joinery details with plan and section of footing and grove details on top of footing for strap beam placement. a) SS bar, b) SS bar, c) footing stone, d) footing grove for column and e) footing grove for strap beam

Figure 3: Figure 3.1: Plan showing different ways of joinery of strap beam. Figure 3.2: Plan, section, elevation joinery details of strap beam.

Figure 3.3: Sectional elevation showing joining details of strap beam to footing and column. a) Column, b) strap beam, c) SS bar, d) footing and e) SS bar

Figure 3.4: Strap beam plan and section. a) strap beam, b) SS bar, c) strap beam and d) SS bar

Figure 3.5: Plan showing Different ways of joining details to column. a) All 4 sides beam attaching column b) All 4 sides beam attaching column with different size c) 2-way beam d) 3 -way beam

Figure 4: Column layout and details. Figure 4.1: Plan showing different types, sizes, and shapes of columns placement. Figure 4.2: Image showing plan, elevation of column with different height, size and shapes.

Figure 4.3: Image showing placement of column to footing. a) SS bar and b) column

Figure 4.4 a) column, b) strap beam, c) SS bar, d) footing and e) SS bar

Figure 4.5: Plan showing different size, shape and design of column joined to strap beam. a) Rectangular column, b) Circular column and c) Square column

Figure 5: Plinth beam. Figure 5.1: Plan showing placement of plinth beam.

Figure 5.2: Different types of groves with joining details in plinth beam, Detail a and b showing grove with joining detail to strap beam and Detail c showing grove cut for the placement of stone frame into it.

Figure 5.2 a) Column, b) Stone frame, c) Grove cut for the placement of stone wall, d) Plinth beam and e) Strap beam

Figure 5.3: Joining grove elevation details of strap beam to plinth beam. a) Column, b) Stone frame, c) Grove for stone wall, d) Plinth beam and e) Strap beam

Figure 5.4: Detail showing plinth beam connecting strap beam and column a) Plinth beam and b) Strap beam Figure 5.5: Plinth beam connecting different ways and sizes column. a) Rectangular column(elongated) 4-way strap beam, b) 2-way, c) 3-way and d) 4-way

Figure 6: Wall layout. Figure 6.1 : Plan showing stone wall joining details.

Figure 6.2: Joinery details of stone wall to a) Stone column to stone wall, b) Stone frame to wall, c) Stone column to stone wall and brick wall, d) Stone column to different ways of wall connecting from different angles

Figure 6.3: Sectional elevation showing all the joining layout. a) Stone wall b) Stone column c) Plinth beam d) Strap beam e) Services line f) Footing stone g) Capital h) Beam

Figure 7: Door window joinery details

Figure 7.1 a) Stone beam b) Stone wall c) Wood door frame d) Glass e) Toughened glass f) Grills g) Stone frame

Figure 7.2 a) Stone frame, b) Stone wall, c) Stone column and d) Wooden Door /window to column

Figure 8: Column joining details. Figure 8.1 : Image showing placement and joining details of column.

Figure 8.2 a) upper floor column, b) SS bar, c) capital, d) SS bar and e) lower floor column

Figure 8.3 a) SS bar, b) SS bar, c) capital stone, d) SS bar and ejcapital stone

Figure 9: Image showing details of beam joining capital, column and other joining details.

Figure 9.1: Image showing, plan of beam layout placement in different ways.

Figure 9.2 a) upper floor column b) stone beam c) capital d) lower floor column e) SS bar f) SS bar

Figure 9.3: Image showing different ways of walls joining to column. Figure 9.4: Plan, section and elevation showing beam.

Figure 10: stone slab details. Figure 10.1 : Plan showing stone slab placement which is resting on beam. Figure 10.2: Types of joining details of slab in place of column, cut-out or other places. Figure 10.3: Details showing plan section and elevation of slab. Figure 10.4: Different types of stone slab joinery details.

Figure 11: Sectional elevation showing all layers of joining details

Figure 11.1(a) a) Stone slab 1, b) Stone slab 2, c) Stone beam, d) Capital, e) Lower-level column and f)Upper-level column

Figure 11.1(b) a) Stone door frame b) Screed c) Stone slab d) Upper-level column e) Stone beam f) Stone capital g) Lower-level column

Figure 11.2: Placement of column, capital and beam. a) Stone column, b) Beam and c) Capital

Figure 12: Joinery types a) 2-way L type capital with balcony wall, b) 2-way capital, c) 3 -way capital, d) Lower floor-capital and column, e)Upper floor- parapet wall and column, f) Circular column with 3 -way capital, rectangular column with 3 -way capital and j)Exterior projecting window

Figure 13: Figure 13.1: Plan and section showing level difference, different ways of beam joining the column.

Capital with level difference

A. Level difference inside or outside

B. Level difference

C. Same level capital a) Stone slab b) Beam c) Capital d) Lower column

Figure 13.2: Different types of capital based on design a) Upper column, b) Beam, c) Capital and d) Lower column Figure 13.3: Different types of beam interlocking system a) Stone slab, b) Stone beam, c) Upper stone column, d) Stone capital (with level difference) and e) Lower stone column

Figure 14: Different types of joining details of wall. Figure 14.1: Joinery details of wall to different parts a) wall stone as parapet wall b) stone slab c) brick wall d) finishes e) stone slab f) stone beam g) stone capital h) stone capital i) stone wall j) stone column k) plinth beam l) strap beam m) stone footing n) all mix concrete

Figure 14.2: Different types of wall joinery detail based on design.

Additionally, while the constructional and operational process described above and illustrated in the drawings is shown as a sequence of steps, this was done solely for the sake of illustration. Accordingly, it is contemplated that some constructional and operational steps may be added, some constructional steps may be omitted, the order of the constructional steps may be re-arranged, and/or some constructional steps may be performed simultaneously.

Although the present embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the various embodiments.