RELATED APPLICATION

[001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 63/291 ,031 filed December 17, 2021 ; the entire contents of Patent Application No. 63/291 ,031 are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[002] The compositions and methods disclosed herein relate to a chemical compound known as mescaline. Furthermore, the compositions, methods, and uses disclosed herein relate, in particular, to isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated derivatives of mescaline.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[003] The following paragraphs are provided by way of background to the present disclosure. They are not however an admission that anything discussed therein is prior art or part of the knowledge of a person of skill in the art.

[004] The biochemical pathways in the cells of living organisms may be classified as being part of primary metabolism, or as being part of secondary metabolism. Pathways that are part of a cell’s primary metabolism are involved in catabolism for energy production or in anabolism for building block production for the cell. Secondary metabolites, on the other hand, are produced by the cell without having an obvious anabolic or catabolic function. It has long been recognized that secondary metabolites can be useful in many respects, including as therapeutic compounds.

[005] Mescaline (chemical name 3,4,5 trimethoxyphenethylamine), for example, is a secondary metabolite that is naturally produced by certain cactus species belonging to a variety of genera within the plant family of Cactaceae. Cactus species which can produce mescaline include, for example, cactus species belonging to the genus Lophophora, including Lophophora williamsii (peyote) and Lophophora diffusa and cactus species belonging to the genus Echinopsis/Trichocereus, including Echinopsis pachanoi/Trichocereus pachanoi (also known as San Pedro), Echinopsis peruviana/Trichocereus peruvianus (also known as Peruvian torch), (Echinopsis lageniformis/Tnchocereus bndgesii/ (also known as Bolivian torch), and Echinopsis scopulicola/Trichocereus scopulicola.

[006] The interest of the art in mescaline is well established. Thus, for example, mescaline is a psychoactive compound and is therefore used as a recreational drug. Mescaline is also used in Native American religious ceremonies, and for spiritual purposes by Andean indigenous cultures. Furthermore, mescaline has been evaluated for its potential in the treatment of addictions, notably alcohol addiction (Bogenschutz, M.P. and Johnson M. W. (2016), Prog, in Neuro- Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiatry 64; 250- 258; Romeu, A.G. et al., (2017), Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2016 Aug; 24(4): 229-268).

[007] Although the toxicity of mescaline is low, adverse side effects, including, for example, panic attacks, paranoia, and psychotic states, sometimes together or individually referred to as “a bad trip”, are not infrequently experienced by mescaline users. Furthermore, mescaline can induce nausea and vomiting.

[008] There exists therefore a need in the art for improved mescaline compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[009] The following paragraphs are intended to introduce the reader to the more detailed description, not to define or limit the claimed subject matter of the present disclosure.

[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to mescaline and derivative compounds.

[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives.

[0012] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, in accordance with the teachings herein, a chemical compound or salt thereof having the chemical formula (I): wherein, Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are independently or simultaneously H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two or more of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(RS) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring.

[0013] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, one, two or three of X2, X3 and X4 can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group.

[0014] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, one, two or three of Xi, X3 and X4 can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group.

[0015] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, one, two or three of Xi, X2 and X3 can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group.

[0016] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, one, two or three of Xi, X3 and Xs can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group.

[0017] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, one, two or three of Xi, X2 and X4 can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group.

[0018] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one or two sulfate groups but does not contain a phosphate group.

[0019] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one or two phosphate groups but does not contain a sulfate group.

[0020] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain at least one sulfate group and at least one phosphate group.

[0021] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group and one phosphate group.

[0022] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain two sulfate groups and one phosphate group. [0023] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group and two phosphate groups.

[0024] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group.

[0025] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group, and at least one of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs is an O-alkyl group.

[0026] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group, and at least one of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs is an O-alkyl group, and Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 which are not a sulfate group, a phosphate group, or an O-alkyl group are a hydrogen atom.

[0027] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group, and one of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 is an O-alkyl group, and Xi , X2, X3, X4, and X5 which are not a sulfate group, a phosphate group, or an O-alkyl group, are a hydrogen atom.

[0028] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group, two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are an O- alkyl group, and Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 which are not a sulfate group, a phosphate group, or an O-alkyl group, are a hydrogen atom.

[0029] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group, wherein one of X2, X3, and X4 are a sulfate or phosphate group, two of X2, X3, and X4 are an O-alkyl group, and Xi and Xs are a hydrogen atom.

[0030] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group or one phosphate group, wherein one of X2, and X3, are a sulfate or phosphate group, two of X2, X3, and X4 are an O-alkyl group, and Xi and X5 are a hydrogen atom.

[0031] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one phosphate group, wherein one of X2, and X3, is a phosphate group, two of X2, X3, and X4 are an O-alkyl group, and Xi and X5 are a hydrogen atom.

[0032] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one sulfate group, wherein X3 is a sulfate group, X2, and X4 are an O-alkyl group, and Xi and X5 are a hydrogen atom. [0033] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one phosphate group, wherein X3 is a phosphate group, X2, and X4 are an O-alkyl group, and Xi and X5 are a hydrogen atom.

[0034] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, compound (I) can contain one phosphate group, wherein X2 is a phosphate group, X3, and X4 are an O-alkyl group, and Xi and X5 are a hydrogen atom.

[0035] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the O-alkyl group can be a (Ci-C6)-O-alkyl group.

[0036] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the O-alkyl group can be a (Ci-C3)-O-alkyl group.

[0037] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the O-alkyl group can be a methoxy group (-O-CH3).

[0038] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, when W is N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(Rs), the compound of formula (I) can include a counterbalancing anion to form a salt, wherein the salt is formed by the anion and the nitrogen atom (N ⁺ ).

[0039] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, when W is N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(Rs), in the compound of formula (I) the sulfate or the phosphate group can be an ionic sulfate or ionic phosphate group, and the compound of formula (I) can be a zwitterionic compound.

[0040] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, in the compound of formula (I), the phosphate or sulfate group can be an ionic phosphate or ionic sulfate group and forms a phosphate or sulfate salt counterbalanced by a cation.

[0041] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, in the compound of formula (I), the phosphate or sulfate group can be an ionic phosphate or ionic sulfate group and forms a phosphate or sulfate salt counterbalanced by a monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, or tetravalent cation.

[0042] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group forming a salt with a monovalent cation (Z ⁺ ), the formed salt having the formula: HPO Z ⁺ .

[0043] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group forming a salt with a monovalent cation (Z ⁺ ), the formed salt having the formula: (PO4 ^2- ) (Z ⁺ )2. [0044] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the sulfate group can be an ionic sulfate group forming a salt with a monovalent cation (Z ⁺ ), the formed salt having the formula: SCU- Z ⁺ .

[0045] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the monovalent cation (Z ⁺ ) can be selected from Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , NH4 ⁺ , tetra-n-butyl ammonium ([N(C4H9)4] ⁺ ), and triethyl ammonium (EtsNH4 ⁺ ).

[0046] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group forming a salt with a divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ), the formed salt having the formula: PO4 ² ' Z ²⁺ .

[0047] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group forming a salt with a divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ), the formed salt having the formula (HPO4')2 Z ²⁺ , wherein the second ionic phosphate group (HPO4‘) is a phosphate substituent of a second molecule of the compound having formula (I).

[0048] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the phosphate group can be an ionic sulfate group forming a salt with a divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ), the formed salt having the formula (SO4')2 Z ²⁺ , wherein the second ionic sulfate group (SO4-) is a sulfate substituent of a second molecule of the compound having formula (I).

[0049] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ) can be selected from Mg ²⁺ and Ca ²⁺ .

[0050] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the compound having formula (I) can be selected from the group of chemical compounds having a formula (III); (IV); or (V): wherein in chemical formula (V), Z ^+/2+ is a mono or divalent cation balancing the negatively charged sulfate group, forming a salt having the formula

(i) SO ₄ - Z ⁺ wherein Z ⁺ is a monovalent cation; or

(ii) (SO4')2 Z ²⁺ wherein Z ²⁺ is a bivalent cation, and wherein the second ionic sulfate group (SOU-) is a sulfate substituent of a second molecule of the compound having formula (V).

[0051] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, in compound (V), Z ⁺ can be selected from Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , NH4 ⁺ , tetra-n-butyl ammonium ([N(C4H9)4] ⁺ ), and triethyl ammonium (EtsNH4). [0052] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, in compound (V), Z ²⁺ can be selected from Mg ²⁺ and Ca ²⁺ .

[0053] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the chemical compound can be selected from (Vb); (V _c ); (Vd); (V _e ); (Vf); (V _g ); and (Vh):

[0054] In at least one embodiment, when W is N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(Rs), the compound of formula (I) can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

[0055] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations comprising isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives. Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, a pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulation comprising an effective amount of a chemical compound or salt thereof having the chemical formula (I): wherein, Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R ₄ and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R ₄ , and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R? and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier.

[0056] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of treatment of psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, the present disclosure further provides, in one embodiment, a method for treating a psychiatric disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a chemical compound or salt thereof having the chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X ₄ , and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X ₄ , and Xs are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi , X2, X3, X ₄ , and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R ₄ and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R ₄ , and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and R ₈ are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and R ₈ are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring, and wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is administered in an effective amount to treat the psychiatric disorder in the subject.

[0057] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, upon administration the compound having formula (I) can interact with a receptor in the subject to thereby modulate the receptor and exert a pharmacological effect.

[0058] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the receptor can be a 5- HTIA receptor, or a 5-HT2A receptor.

[0059] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the disorder can be a 5- HTIA receptor mediated disorder, or a 5-HT2A receptor mediated disorder.

[0060] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, upon administration the compound having formula (I) can interact with a 5-HTIA receptor and a 5-HT2A receptor in the subject to thereby modulate both the 5-HTIA receptor and the 5- HT ₂ A receptor and exert a pharmacological effect.

[0061] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, upon administration the compound having formula (I) can interact with a 5-HT2A receptor in the subject to thereby modulate the 5-HT2A receptor without modulating the 5-HTIA receptor and exert a pharmacological effect.

[0062] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, a method for modulating a receptor selected from 5-HTIA receptor, and a 5-HT2A receptor with a chemical compound or salt thereof having formula (I): wherein,

Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R ₄ and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R ₄ , and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R? and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring, under reaction conditions sufficient to modulate the 5-HTIA receptor, or 5-HT2A receptor.

[0063] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reaction conditions can be in vitro reaction conditions.

[0064] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reaction conditions can be in vivo reaction conditions, and the in vivo reaction conditions comprise administering an effective amount of the chemical compound to a human or animal subject possessing a 5-HT2A receptor and a 5-HTIA receptor, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor is modulated and the 5-HTIA receptor is not modulated.

[0065] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reaction conditions can be in vivo reaction conditions, and the in vivo reaction conditions comprise administering an effective amount of the chemical compound to a human or animal subject possessing a 5-HT2A receptor and a 5-HTIA receptor, wherein both the 5- HT2A and the 5-HTIA receptor are modulated.

[0066] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reaction conditions can be in vivo reaction conditions.

[0067] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to methods of making isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives. Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, a method of making isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives, the method comprising reacting a phosphor-oxidous compound or a sulfur-oxidous compound with a chemical compound having the formula (II): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a reactive group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a reactive group, and two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are H; and wherein

W is -CH2CH(CH ₃ )N(R ₄ )(R5) or -CH2CH(CH ₃ )N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or to thereby form the isopropylamine analogue of a phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivative, the formed isopropylamine analogue of a phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives having the chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring.

[0068] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reactive group can be a hydroxy group and the sulfur-oxidous compound can be a pyridinium sulfur trioxide or tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate.

[0069] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reactive group can be a hydroxy group and the phosphor-oxidous compound can be tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate or dibenzyl chlorophosphate.

[0070] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the method can comprise the performance of at least one of the chemical reactions depicted in FIG. 11 or FIG. 12, under reaction conditions sufficient to form the chemical compound having formula (I).

[0071] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the compound having chemical formula (I) can be a compound having the chemical formula (III): and the least one chemical synthesis reaction is selected from chemical reaction (d); (c) and (d); (b), (c), and (d); and (a), (b), (c), and (d), depicted in FIG. 11 , wherein the least one chemical synthesis reaction is conducted under reaction conditions sufficient to form the chemical compound having formula (III).

[0072] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the compound having chemical formula (I) can be a compound having the chemical formula (IV): and the least one chemical synthesis reaction is selected from chemical reaction (f); (e) and (f); (d), (e), and (f); (c), (d), (e), and (f); (b), (c), (d) (e), and (f); and (a), (b), (c), (d) (e), and (f), depicted in FIG. 12, wherein the least one chemical synthesis reaction is conducted under reaction conditions sufficient to form the chemical compound having formula (IV).

[0073] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the compound having chemical formula (I) can be a compound having the chemical formula (V _c ): and the least one chemical synthesis reaction is selected from chemical reaction (d); (c) and (d); (b), (c), and (d); and (a), (b), (c), and (d), depicted in FIG. 12, wherein the least one chemical synthesis reaction is conducted under reaction conditions sufficient to form the chemical compound having formula (V _c ).

[0074] In another aspect the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, a use of a chemical compound or salt thereof having chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring, in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulation.

[0075] In at least one embodiment, the manufacture can comprise formulating the chemical compound with an excipient, diluent, or carrier.

[0076] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, a use of a chemical compound or salt thereof having chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R ₄ and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R ₄ , and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R? and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring, together with a diluent, carrier, or excipient as a pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulation.

[0077] Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description, while indicating preferred implementations of the disclosure, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0078] The disclosure is in the hereinafter provided paragraphs described, by way of example, in relation to the attached figures. The figures provided herein are provided for a better understanding of the example embodiments and to show more clearly how the various embodiments may be carried into effect. The figures are not intended to limit the present disclosure.

[0079] FIG. 1 depicts the chemical structure of mescaline, and identifies a phenyl portion, comprising a substituted phenyl group, and an ethylamine portion of the compound.

[0080] FIG. 2 depicts a certain mescaline derivative prototype structure. The prototype structure contains a phenyl portion, comprising a substituted phenyl group, and an isopropylamine portion, as indicated. Carbon atoms have been numbered Ci, C2, C3, etc. to indicate their position in the phenyl portion or isopropylamine portion, respectively. Thus, for example, it will be clear from FIG. 2 that the isopropylamine chain extends from the Ci carbon of the phenyl group, and, for example, that the amine group extends from the C2 carbon of the isopropylamine portion. Furthermore, it is noted that certain compounds may be named in accordance with the same. Thus, for example, in 3,4,5 trimethoxyphenethylamine (mescaline) C3, C4, Cs are each bonded to a methoxy group. Mescaline derivatives comprising an isopropylamine side chain may be referred to herein as isopropylamine analogues of mescaline or mescaline derivatives.

[0081] FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 3G, 3H, 3I, 3J, and 3K depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropylamine mescaline derivatives, notably isopropylamine analogues of 3,4,5-X2,X3,X4-mescaline derivatives (FIGS. 3A, 3B), isopropylamine analogues of 2,4,5-XIXS,X4 mescaline derivatives (FIGS. 3C, 3D), isopropylamine analogues of 2,3,4-XIX2,XS mescaline derivatives (FIGS. 3E, 3F), isopropylamine analogues of 2,4,6-XI,X3,XS mescaline derivatives (FIGS. 3G, 3H), isopropylamine analogues of 2,3,5- X1.X2.X4 mescaline derivatives (FIGS. 3I, 3J), and 3,4,5-X2, sulfonyl, X4-mescaline derivatives (FIG. 3K). It is noted that in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 3G, 3H, 3I, 3J, and 3K, Xi, X2, X ₃ , X ₄ , and X ₅ are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, and 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group. Furthermore, (i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring (FIGS. 3A, 3C, 3E, 3G, 3I), or (ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein the positively charged nitrogen atom in compound is balanced by M a negatively charged anion (FIGS. 3B, 3D, 3F, 3H, 3 J), or by a negatively charged sulfate group (FIG. 3K).

[0082] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 4G, 4H, 4I, 4J, 4K, 4L, 4M, 4N, 40, 4P, 4Q, 4R, 4S, 4T, 4U, and 4V depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropylamine analogues of mescaline derivatives, notably, an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-sulfonyl-4,6-X3,Xs mescaline derivative (FIG. 4A), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-phospho-4,6-X3,Xs mescaline derivative (FIG. 4B), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-Xi,Xs-4-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 4C), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-Xi,Xs-4-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4D), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-Xi,X3-6-sulfonyl- mescaline derivative (FIG. 4E), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-Xi,Xs-6- phospho-mescaline derivative (FIG. 4F), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-di- sulfonyl-6-X5-mescaline derivative (FIG. 4G), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-di-phospho-6-Xs mescaline derivative (FIG. 4H), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-sulfonyl-4-X3 mescaline derivative (FIG. 4I), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-phospho-4-X3 mescaline derivative (FIG. 4J), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-Xi-4,6-di-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 4K), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-Xi-4,6-di-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4L), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-Xi-4-phospho-6-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 4M), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-Xi-4-sulfonyl-6-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4N), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-sulfonyl-4-X3- 6-phospho-mescaline derivative (FIG. 40), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2- phospho-4-X3-6-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 4P), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-6-tri-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4Q), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-6-tri-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 4R), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-sulfonyl-4,6-di-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4S), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-phospho-4-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 4T), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-di-sulfonyl-6-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4U), and an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-sulfonyl-4- phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 4V), wherein Xi, X3, and X5 are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group. Furthermore, (i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring.

[0083] FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5I, 5J, 5K, and 5L depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropylamine analogues of mescaline derivatives, notably, an isopropylamine analogue of a 4-sulfonyl-2,6-dihydroxy mescaline derivative (FIG. 5A), an isopropylamine analogue of a 4-phospho-2,6- di-hydroxy mescaline derivative (FIG. 5B), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6- di-methoxy-4-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 5C), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-methoxy-4-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 5D), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-acetoxy-4-sulfonyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 5E), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-acetoxy-4-phospho mescaline derivative (FIG. 5F), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative (FIG. 5G), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4- phospho-6-hydroxymescaline derivative (FIG. 5H), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-hydroxy-4-sulfonyl-6-propionyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 51), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-hydroxy-4-phospho-6-propionyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 5J), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-acetoxy-4-sulfonyl-6- propionyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 5K), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2- acetoxy-4-phospho-6-propionyl mescaline derivative (FIG. 5L). Furthermore, R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring.

[0084] FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, 6G, and 6H depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropyl analogues of mescaline derivatives, notably, an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs, are hydrogen atoms (FIG. 6A), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs, are hydrogen atoms (FIG. 6B), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs, are ethyl groups (FIG. 6C), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4- phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs, are methyl groups (FIG. 6D), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 is a hydrogen atom and Rs, is an ethyl group, (FIG. 6E), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 is a hydrogen atom and Rs, is a methyl group (FIG. 6F), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a piperidine group (FIG. 6G), and an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a piperidine group (FIG. 6H)

[0085] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 7E, 7F, 7G, and 7H depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropylamine mescaline derivatives, notably, an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re, R7 and Rs are hydrogen atoms (FIG. 7A), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re, R? and Rs are hydrogen (FIG. 7B), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6- hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re and R? are hydrogen atoms, and Rs is an ethyl group (FIG. 7C), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6- hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re and R? are hydrogen atoms, and Rs is an ethyl group (FIG. 7D), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6- hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re and R? are each ethyl groups, and Rs is a hydrogen atom (FIG. 7E), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho- 6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re and R? are each methyl groups, and Rs is a hydrogen atom (FIG. 7F), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4- sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re and R? are joined forming a piperidine group, wherein Rs is a hydrogen atom (FIG. 7G), and an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein Re and R? are joined forming a piperidine group, wherein Rs is a hydrogen atom (FIG. 7H). It is noted that the positively charged nitrogen in FIGS. 7A - 7H is counterbalanced by the negatively charged sulfate or phosphate groups.

[0086] FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 8F, 8G, 8H, 81, 8J, 8K, 8L, 8M, 8N, 80, 8P, 8Q, 8R, 8S, and 8T depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropylamine mescaline derivatives, notably and an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by an oxygen atom to form a morpholinyl ring (FIG. 8A), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4- phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by an oxygen atom to form a morpholinyl ring, (FIG. 8B), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl- 6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6- membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom to form a piperazine ring, (FIG. 8C), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom to form a piperazine ring (FIG. 8D), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group to form an N-methyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8E), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group to form an N-methyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8F), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6- hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group to form an N-acetyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8G), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy- 4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (togetherwith its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group to form an N-acetyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8H), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group, wherein a first carbon atom (togetherwith its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen atom and a second carbon atom are further joined to form an octohydropyrrolopyrazine (FIG. 81), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4- phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group, wherein a first carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen atom and a second carbon atom are further joined to form an octohydropyrrolopyrazine (FIG. 8J), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (togetherwith its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by an oxygen atom to form a morpholinyl ring (FIG. 8K), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by an oxygen atom to form a morpholinyl ring (FIG. 8L), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, to form a piperazine ring (FIG. 8M), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom to form a piperazine ring (FIG. 8N), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group to form an N-methyl- piperazine ring (FIG. 80), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group to form an N-methyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8P), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy- 4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group to form an N-acetyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8Q), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phosphate-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group to form an N-acetyl piperazine ring (FIG. 8R), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-sulfonyl-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group, wherein a first carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen atom and a second carbon atom are further joined to form an octohydropyrrolopyrazine (FIG. 8S), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-ethoxy-4-phospho-6-hydroxy mescaline derivative, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group, wherein a first carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen atom and a second carbon atom are further joined to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring to form an octohydropyrrolopyrazine (FIG. 8T).

[0087] FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, and 9G depict the chemical structures of certain example isopropylamine mescaline derivatives, notably, an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-hydroxy-4,6-X3, Xs mescaline derivative (FIG. 9A), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-XiXs-4-hydroxy mescaline derivative (FIG. 9B), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-Xi ,X3-6-hydroxy-mescaline derivative (FIG. 9C), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4-di-hydroxy-6-Xs-mescaline derivative (FIG. 9D), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,6-di-hydroxy-4-X3- mescaline derivative (FIG. 9E), an isopropylamine analogue of a 2-Xi-4,6-di- hydroxy-mescaline derivative (FIG. 9F), and an isopropylamine analogue of a 2,4,6-tri-hydroxy-mescaline derivative (FIG. 9G). Xi, X3 and Xs which are not a hydroxy group can be an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydrogen atom, or a glycosyloxy group. Furthermore, (i) R4 and Rs can be an alkyl group, an acyl group, or a hydrogen, atom, or R4 and Rs can be joined to from a heterocyclic ring.

[0088] FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C depict certain example synthesis pathways to make sulfate- and phosphate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivatives, notably an example synthesis of an example single sulfate- or phosphate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivative (FIGS. 10A and 10B). FIG. 10B further shows an example of synthesis method of an isopropylamine mescaline derivative with modifications on the amine group. FIG. 10C depicts an example synthesis of making example isopropylamine mescaline derivatives containing multiple sulfate or phosphate groups.

[0089] FIG. 11 depicts another example synthesis pathway for an example single phosphorylated mescaline derivative compound (denoted as compound 5) according to the present disclosure. Individual chemical reactions in the example synthesis pathway are denoted as (a), (b), (c), and (d).

[0090] FIG. 12 depicts another example synthesis pathway for another example single phosphorylated mescaline derivative compound (denoted as compound 8) and a single sulfonated mescaline derivative (denoted as compound 6) according to the present disclosure. Individual chemical reactions in the example synthesis pathway are denoted as (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f).

[0091] FIGS. 13A(i), 13A(ii), 13B, 13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, 13G, 13H, 131, 13J, 13K, 13L, 13M, 13N, and 130 depict various graphs representing certain experimental results, notably, graphs obtained in the performance of experimental assays to evaluate the efficacy of an example compound having chemical formula

(III), notably, a cell viability assay (FIGS. 13A(i) and 13A(ii)); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using 2C-B (positive control) (FIG. 13B); a radioligand 5- HTIA receptor binding assay using MDMA (positive control) (FIG. 13C); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using mescaline (positive control) (FIG. 13D); a radioligand 5-HT IA receptor binding assay using escaline (positive control) (FIG. 13E); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using proscaline (positive control) (FIG. 13F); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using tryptophan (negative control) (FIG. 13G); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using compound (III) (FIG. 13H); a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using 2C- B (positive control) (FIG. 131); a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using MDMA (positive control) (FIG. 13J); a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using mescaline (positive control) (FIG. 13K); a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using escaline (positive control) (FIG. 13L); a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using proscaline (positive control) (FIG. 13M); a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using tryptophan (negative control) (FIG. 13N); and a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using compound (III) (FIG. 130).

[0092] FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C depict various graphs representing certain experimental results, notably, graphs obtained in the performance of experimental assays to evaluate the efficacy of an example compound having chemical formula

(IV), notably, a cell viability assay (FIG. 14A); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using compound (IV) (FIG. 14B); and a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using compound (IV) (FIG. 14C). [0093] FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 15C depict various graphs representing certain experimental results, notably, graphs obtained in the performance of experimental assays to evaluate the efficacy of an example compound having chemical formula (Vc), notably, a cell viability assay (FIG. 15A); a radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assay using compound (V _c ) (FIG. 15B); and a radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assay using compound (V _c ) (FIG. 15C).

[0094] The figures together with the following detailed description make apparent to those skilled in the art how the disclosure may be implemented in practice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0095] Various compositions, systems or processes will be described below to provide an example of an embodiment of each claimed subject matter. No embodiment described below limits any claimed subject matter and any claimed subject matter may cover processes, compositions or systems that differ from those described below. The claimed subject matter is not limited to compositions, processes or systems having all of the features of any one composition, system or process described below or to features common to multiple or all of the compositions, systems or processes described below. It is possible that a composition, system, or process described below is not an embodiment of any claimed subject matter. Any subject matter disclosed in a composition, system or process described below that is not claimed in this document may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicant(s), inventor(s) orowner(s) do not intend to abandon, disclaim or dedicate to the public any such subject matter by its disclosure in this document.

[0096] As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms, such “a”, “an” and “the” include the plural reference and vice versa unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Throughout this specification, unless otherwise indicated, “comprise,” “comprises” and “comprising” are used inclusively rather than exclusively, so that a stated integer or group of integers may include one or more other non-stated integers or groups of integers.

[0097] Various compositions, systems or processes will be described below to provide an example of an embodiment of each claimed subject matter. No embodiment described below limits any claimed subject matter and any claimed subject matter may cover processes, compositions or systems that differ from those described below. The claimed subject matter is not limited to compositions, processes or systems having all of the features of any one composition, system or process described below or to features common to multiple or all of the compositions, systems or processes described below. It is possible that a composition, system, or process described below is not an embodiment of any claimed subject matter. Any subject matter disclosed in a composition, system or process described below that is not claimed in this document may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicant(s), inventor(s) orowner(s) do not intend to abandon, disclaim or dedicate to the public any such subject matter by its disclosure in this document.

[0098] When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and sub-combinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.” The term “about” when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range may vary between 1 % and 15% of the stated number or numerical range, as will be readily recognized by context. Furthermore, any range of values described herein is intended to specifically include the limiting values of the range, and any intermediate value or sub-range within the given range, and all such intermediate values and sub-ranges are individually and specifically disclosed (e.g., a range of 1 to 5 includes 1 , 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.90, 4, and 5). Similarly, other terms of degree such as “substantially” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the term it modifies. [0099] Unless otherwise defined, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the formulations described herein shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined solely by the claims.

[00100] All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Terms and definitions

[00101] The term “mescaline” refers to a chemical compound having the structure set forth in FIG. 1. It is noted that mescaline is also known in the art as 3,4,5 trimethoxyphenethylamine. It is further noted that mescaline includes a phenyl portion comprising a substituted phenyl group, and an ethylamine portion, as shown in FIG. 1.

[00102] The term “mescaline derivative prototype structure” refers to the chemical structure shown in FIG. 2. The mescaline derivatives disclosed herein include the mescaline derivative prototype structure shown in FIG. 2, wherein various atoms may be substituted, as herein described. It is noted that the prototype structure comprises a phenyl portion and an isopropylamine portion (instead of an ethylamine portion as is the case for mescaline, see: FIG. 1). Furthermore, it is noted that specific carbon atoms in the mescaline derivative prototype structure are numbered. In this respect, it is noted that specific carbon atoms in the phenyl portion of the prototype structure are numbered separately from the carbon atoms in the isopropylamine portion. Reference may be made herein to these numbered carbons, for example, Ci of the phenyl portion, C2 of the phenyl portion, or C3 of the isopropylamine portion, and so forth. It is noted that the isopropylamine chain extends from the Ci carbon atom of the phenyl portion of the prototype structure. It is further noted that, in general terms, disclosed herein are mescaline derivatives possessing a phenyl group which has been substituted with a sulfate group and/or a phosphate group. The mescaline derivatives disclosed herein can comprise a mescaline prototype derivative having formula: wherein,

Xi, X2, X3, X ₄ , and X5 are independently or simultaneously H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X ₄ , and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two or more of Xi, X2, X3, X ₄ , and X5 are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(iii) R ₄ and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R ₄ , and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R? and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring.

[00103] The term “sulfate group”, as used herein, refers to a molecule containing one atom of sulfur covalently bonded to four atoms of oxygen, and having the chemical formula SO ₄ ^2- . One of the oxygen atoms may be chemically bonded to another atom, resulting in the sulfate group having a single negative charge. Other entities bonded to the sulfate group may be referred to as sulfonated entities, e.g., a sulfonated mescaline derivative, and compounds bonded to the sulfate group may be said to carry a sulfonyl group.

[00104] The terms “phosphate group”, or “phospho group” as used herein, refers to a molecule containing one atom of phosphorus covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond), and having the chemical formula PO ₄ ^3- . One of the oxygen atoms may be chemically bonded to another atom, resulting in the phosphate group having a double negative charge (-OPOs ^2- ). Furthermore, one or two of the oxygen atoms may be bonded to a hydrogen atom to form HPO ₄ ^2- (and having a single negative charge when so bonded), or H2PO4 (and having no charge when so bonded), respectively. Other entities bonded to the phosphate group may be referred to as phosphorylated entities, e.g., a phosphorylated mescaline derivative, and compounds bonded to the phosphate group may be said to carry a phospho group.

[00105] The terms “hydroxy group”, and “hydroxy”, as used herein, refer to a molecule containing one atom of oxygen bonded to one atom of hydrogen, and having the chemical formula -OH. A hydroxy group through its oxygen atom may be chemically bonded to another entity.

[00106] The terms “glycosylated” or “glycosyl”, as used herein, refer to a saccharide group, such as a mono-, di-, tri- oligo- or a poly-saccharide group, which can be or has been bonded from its anomeric carbon either in the pyranose or furanose form, either in the a or the p conformation. When bonded through its anomeric carbon via an oxygen atom to another entity, the bonded saccharide group, inclusive of the oxygen atom, may be referred to herein as a “glycosyloxy” group. Example monosaccharide groups include, but are not limited to, a pentosyl, a hexosyl, or a heptosyl group. The glycosyloxy group may also be substituted with various groups. Such substitutions may include lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, carboxy, carboxyamino, amino, acetamido, halo, thio, nitro, keto, and phosphatyl groups, wherein the substitution may be at one or more positions on the saccharide. Included in the term glycosyl are further stereoisomers, optical isomers, anomers, and epimers of the glycosyloxy group. Thus, a hexose group, for example, can be either an aldose or a ketose group, can be of D- or L- configuration, can assume either an a- or p- conformation, and can be a dextro- or levo-rotatory with respect to plane-polarized light. Example glycosyloxy and glycosyl groups further include, glucosyl group, glucuronic acid group, a galactosyl group, a fucosyl group, a xylose group, an arabinose group, and a rhamnose group.

[00107] The term “alkyl group” refers to a hydrocarbon group arranged in a chain having the chemical formula -CnH2n+i. Alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl groups (-CH3), ethyl groups (-C2H5), propyl groups (-C3H7) and butyl groups (-C4H9).

[00108] The term “O-alkyl group” refers to a hydrocarbon group arranged in a chain having the chemical formula -O-CnH2n+i. O-Alkyl groups include, without limitation, O-methyl groups (-O-CH3), O-ethyl groups (-O-C2H5), O-propyl groups (-O-C3H7) and O-butyl groups (-O-C4H9).

[00109] The term “acyl group” refers to a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an alkyl group. The carbon atom further can be bonded to another entity. An acyl group can be described by the chemical formula: -C(=O)-CnH2n+i. Furthermore, depending on the carbon chain, length specific acyl groups may be termed a formyl group (n=0), an acetyl group (n=1), a propionyl group (n=2), a butyryl group (n=3), a pentanoyl group (n=4), etc.

[00110] The term “O-acyl group” refers to an acyl group in which the carbon atom is single bonded to an additional oxygen atom. The additional oxygen atom can be bonded to another entity. An O-acyl group can be described by the chemical formula: -O-C(=O)-CnH2n+i. Furthermore, depending on the carbon chain, length specific O-acyl groups may be termed an O-formyl group (n=0), an O-acetyl group (n=1), an O-propionyl group (n=2), an O-butyryl group (n=3), an O- pentanoyl group (n=4) etc.

[00111] The term “hetero”, as used herein (e.g., “heterocycle”, “heterocyclic”), refers to a saturated or partially saturated or aromatic cyclic group, in which one or more (for example, one or two) ring atoms are a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being C. Included are, for example, (C3-C20), (C3-C10), and (Cs-Ce) cyclic groups comprising one or two hetero atoms selected from O, S, or N.

[00112] The term “aryl group” refers to an aromatic ring compound in which at least one hydrogen compound has been removed from the aromatic ring to permit the bonding of a carbon atom in the aromatic ring to another entity. The aryl groups can optionally be a substituted Ce-Cu-aryl. The aryl group can further optionally be substituted Ce-C -aryl, or phenyl. Further aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, indanyl, or indenyl and the like.

[00113] The term “phosphor-oxidous compound” refers to a compound including at least one phosphorus atom and a plurality of oxygen atoms, which when reacted with a reactive group, such as a hydroxy group, can form a phosphate group, and include, for example, tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and phosphorus oxychloride/trimethylphosphate. [00114] The term sulfur-oxidous compound refers to a compound including at least one sulfur atom and a plurality of oxygen atoms, which when reacted with a reactive group, such as a hydroxy group, can form a sulfate group, and include, for example, pyridinium sulfur trioxide, and trimethylamine-sulfur trioxide.

[00115] The term “receptor”, as used herein, refers to a protein present on the surface of a cell (such as a human cell, for example, a central nervous system (CNS) cell, a hypothalamus cell, a neocortex cell), or in a cell not associated with a cellular surface (e.g., a soluble receptor) capable of mediating signaling to and/or from the cell, or within the cell and thereby affect cellular physiology. Example receptors include, 5-HTIA receptors, 5-HTI B receptors, 5-HT2A receptors, and “5- HT2B receptors”, and so on. In this respect, “signaling” refers to a response in the form of a series of chemical reactions which can occur when a molecule, including, for example, the mescaline derivatives disclosed herein, interacts with a receptor. Signaling generally proceeds across a cellular membrane and/or within a cell, to reach a target molecule or chemical reaction, and results in a modulation in cellular physiology. Thus, signaling can be thought of as a transduction process by which a molecule interacting with a receptor can modulate cellular physiology, and, furthermore, signaling can be a process by which molecules inside a cell can be modulated by molecules outside a cell. Signaling and interactions between molecules and receptors, including for example, affinity, binding efficiency, and kinetics, can be evaluated through a variety of assays, including, for example, assays known as receptor binding assays (for example, radioligand binding assays, such as e.g., [ ³ H]ketanserin assays may be used to evaluate receptor 5- HT ₂ A receptor activity), competition assays, and saturation binding assays, and the like.

[00116] The term “5-HT2A receptor”, as used herein, refers to a subclass of a family of receptors for the neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator serotonin. 5-HT2A receptors can mediate a plurality of central and peripheral physiologic functions of serotonin. Central nervous system effects can include mediation of hallucinogenic effects of hallucinogenic compounds.

[00117] The term “modulating 5-HT2A receptors”, as used herein, refers to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to alter the function of 5-HT2A receptors. A 5-HT2A receptor modulator may activate the activity of a 5-HT2A receptor, may activate or inhibit the activity of a 5-HT2A receptor depending on the concentration of the compound exposed to the 5-HT2A receptor, or may inhibit the activity of a 5- HT ₂ A receptor. Such activation or inhibition may be contingent on the occurrence of a specific event, such as activation of a signal transduction pathway, and/or maybe manifest only in particular cell types. The term “modulating 5-HT2A receptors,” also refers to altering the function of a 5-HT2A receptor by increasing or decreasing the probability that a complex forms between a 5-HT2A receptor and a natural binding partner to form a multimer. A 5-HT2A receptor modulator may increase the probability that such a complex forms between the 5-HT2A receptor and the natural binding partner, may increase or decrease the probability that a complex forms between the 5-HT2A receptor and the natural binding partner depending on the concentration of the compound exposed to the 5-HT2A receptor, and or may decrease the probability that a complex forms between the 5-HT2A receptor and the natural binding partner.

[00118] The term “5-HT2A receptor-mediated disorder”, as used herein, refers to a disorder that is characterized by abnormal 5-HT2A receptor activity. A 5-HT2A receptor-mediated disorder may be completely or partially mediated by modulating 5-HT2A receptors. In particular, a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated disorder is one in which modulation of 5-HT2A receptors results in some effect on the underlying disorder e.g., administration of a 5-HT2A receptor modulator results in some improvement in at least some of the subjects being treated.

[00119] The term “5-HTIA receptor”, as used herein, refers to a subclass of a family of receptors for the neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator serotonin. 5-HTIA receptors can mediate a plurality of central and peripheral physiologic functions of serotonin. Ligand activity at 5-HTIA is generally not associated with hallucination, although many hallucinogenic compounds are known to modulate 5-HTIA receptors to impart complex physiological responses (Inserra et al., 2020, Pharmacol. Rev. 73: 202).

[00120] The term “modulating 5-HTIA receptors”, as used herein, refers to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to alter the function of 5-HTi A receptors. A 5-HTIA receptor modulator may activate the activity of a 5-HTIA receptor, may activate or inhibit the activity of a 5-HTIA receptor depending on the concentration of the compound exposed to the 5-HTIA receptor, or may inhibit the activity of a 5- HTIA receptor. Such activation or inhibition may be contingent on the occurrence of a specific event, such as activation of a signal transduction pathway, and/or maybe manifest only in particular cell types. The term modulating 5-HTIA receptors,” also refers to altering the function of a 5-HTIA receptor by increasing or decreasing the probability that a complex forms between a 5-HTIA receptor and a natural binding partner to form a multimer. A 5-HTIA receptor modulator may increase the probability that such a complex forms between the 5-HTIA receptor and the natural binding partner, may increase or decrease the probability that a complex forms between the 5-HTIA receptor and the natural binding partner depending on the concentration of the compound exposed to the 5-HTi A receptor, and or may decrease the probability that a complex forms between the 5-HTIA receptor and the natural binding partner.

[00121] The term “5-HTIA receptor-mediated disorder”, as used herein, refers to a disorder that is characterized by abnormal 5-HTIA receptor activity. A 5-HTIA receptor-mediated disorder may be completely or partially mediated by modulating 5-HTIA receptors. In particular, a 5-HTIA receptor-mediated disorder is one in which modulation of 5-HTIA receptors results in some effect on the underlying disorder e.g., administration of a 5-HTIA receptor modulator results in some improvement in at least some of the subjects being treated.

[00122] The term “pharmaceutical formulation”, as used herein, refers to a preparation in a form which allows an active ingredient, including a psychoactive ingredient, contained therein to provide effective treatment, and which does not contain any other ingredients which cause excessive toxicity, an allergic response, irritation, or other adverse response commensurate with a reasonable risk/benefit ratio. The pharmaceutical formulation may contain other pharmaceutical ingredients such as excipients, carriers, diluents, or auxiliary agents.

[00123] The term “recreational drug formulation”, as used herein, refers to a preparation in a form which allows a psychoactive ingredient contained therein to be effective for administration as a recreational drug, and which does not contain any other ingredients which cause excessive toxicity, an allergic response, irritation, or other adverse response commensurate with a reasonable risk/benefit ratio. The recreational drug formulation may contain other ingredients such as excipients, carriers, diluents, or auxiliary agents.

[00124] The term “effective for administration as a recreational drug”, as used herein, refers to a preparation in a form which allows a subject to voluntarily induce a psychoactive effect for non-medical purposes upon administration, generally in the form of self-administration. The effect may include an altered state of consciousness, satisfaction, pleasure, euphoria, perceptual distortion, or hallucination.

[00125] The term “effective amount”, as used herein, refers to an amount of an active agent, pharmaceutical formulation, or recreational drug formulation, sufficient to induce a desired biological or therapeutic effect, including a prophylactic effect, and further including a psychoactive effect. Such effect can include an effect with respect to the signs, symptoms or causes of a disorder, or disease or any other desired alteration of a biological system. The effective amount can vary depending, for example, on the health condition, injury stage, disorder stage, or disease stage, weight, or sex of a subject being treated, timing of the administration, manner of the administration, age of the subject, and the like, all of which can be determined by those of skill in the art.

[00126] The terms “treating” and “treatment”, and the like, as used herein, are intended to mean obtaining a desirable physiological, pharmacological, or biological effect, and includes prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. The effect may result in the inhibition, attenuation, amelioration, or reversal of a sign, symptom orcause of a disorder, or disease, attributable to the disorder, or disease, which includes mental and psychiatric diseases and disorders. Clinical evidence of the prevention or treatment may vary with the disorder, or disease, the subject, and the selected treatment.

[00127] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable”, as used herein, refers to materials, including excipients, carriers, diluents, counterions or auxiliary agents, that are compatible with other materials in a pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulation and within the scope of reasonable medical judgement suitable for use in contact with a subject without excessive toxicity, allergic response, irritation, or other adverse response commensurate with a reasonable risk/benefit ratio.

[00128] The terms “substantially pure” and “isolated”, as may be used interchangeably herein describe a compound, e.g., a mescaline derivative, which has been separated from components that naturally accompany it. Typically, a compound is substantially pure when at least 60%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 98%, and most preferably at least 99% of the total material (by volume, by wet or dry weight, or by mole percent or mole fraction) in a sample is the compound of interest. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., in the case of polypeptides, by chromatography, gel electrophoresis or HPLC analysis.

General Implementation

[00129] As hereinbefore mentioned, the present disclosure relates to mescaline derivatives. In particular, the present disclosure provides novel isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives. In general, the herein provided compositions exhibit functional properties which deviate from the functional properties of mescaline. Thus, for example, the isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives, can exhibit pharmacological properties which deviate from mescaline, including, for example, with respect to interaction the derivatives with receptors, such as the 5-HTia receptor or 5-HT2a receptor. Furthermore, the isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives may exhibit physico-chemical properties which differ from mescaline. Thus, for example, the isopropylamine mescaline derivatives may exhibit superior solubility in a solvent, for example, an aqueous solvent. The isopropylamine mescaline derivatives in this respect are useful in the formulation of pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations. In one embodiment, the isopropylamine mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure can conveniently be synthetically produced. The practice of this method avoids the extraction of mescaline from cactus plants and the performance of subsequent chemical reactions to achieve the isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the growth of cactus plants can be avoided thus limiting the dependence on climate and weather, and potential legal and social challenges associated with the cultivation of cactus plants containing psychoactive compounds. The method can efficiently yield substantial quantities of isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives.

[00130] In what follows selected embodiments are described with reference to the drawings.

[00131] Initially example isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline derivatives will be described. Thereafter example methods of using and making the isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives will be described.

[00132] Accordingly, in one aspect the present disclosure provides derivatives of a compound known as mescaline of which the chemical structure is shown in FIG. 1. The derivatives herein provided are, in particular, isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline derivatives.

[00133] Thus, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides, in accordance with the teachings herein, in at least one embodiment, a chemical compound or salt thereof having chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are independently or simultaneously H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two (or more) of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3- 10-membered heterocyclic ring.

[00134] Thus, initially, it is noted that, in an aspect hereof, the present disclosure provides sulfonated and phosphorylated chemical compounds which are derivatives of mescaline, notably isopropylamine derivatives having chemical formula (I), wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and wherein additionally two (/.e., precisely two) of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H.

[00135] Thus, referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X2, X3 and X4 can be H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of X2, X3 and X4, can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group, bonded to carbon atoms C3, C4 and Cs, respectively. Furthermore, Xi and X5, in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms.

[00136] Referring to FIGS. 3C and 3D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi, X3 and X4 can be H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X3 and X4, can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group, bonded to carbon atoms C2, C4 and Cs, respectively. Furthermore, X2 and Xs in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms.

[00137] Referring to FIGS. 3E and 3F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi, X2 and X3 can be H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2 and X3, can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group, bonded to carbon atoms C2, C3 and C4, respectively. Furthermore, X4 and Xs in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms.

[00138] Referring to FIGS. 3G and 3H, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi, X3 and Xs can be H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X3 and Xs, can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group, bonded to carbon atoms C2, C4 and Cs, respectively. Furthermore, X2 and X4 in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms.

[00139] Referring to FIGS. 3I and 3J, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi, X2 and X4 can be H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2 and X4, can be a phosphate group or a sulfate group, bonded to carbon atoms C2, C3 and Cs, respectively. Furthermore, X3 and Xs in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms. [00140] It is noted that in the example compounds FIGS. 3B, 3D, 3F, 3H, and 3J the positive charge on the nitrogen atom is counterbalanced with an anion (M ^_ ). In some example embodiments, given that at least one Xi - Xs is a phosphate or sulfate group, the compounds of the present disclosure are zwitterionic, and a counterbalancing ion (M-) may not be required. Thus, referring to FIG. 3K, for example, shown therein is substantively the chemical compound of FIG. 3B wherein X3 has been selected to be a sulfate group. The chemical compound in FIG. 3K is a zwitterionic compound.

[00141] Referring next to FIG. 4A, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi can be a sulfate group. Furthermore, X3 and Xs can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group. Furthermore, X2 and X4 in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms.

[00142] Referring next to FIG. 4B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi can be a phosphate group. Furthermore, X3 and Xs can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group. Furthermore, X2 and X4 in this example embodiment are hydrogen atoms.

[00143] Referring next to FIG. 4C, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one embodiment, X3 can be a sulfate group. Furthermore, Xi and Xs can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00144] Referring next to FIG. 4D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 can be a phosphate group. Furthermore, Xi and Xs can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00145] Referring next to FIG. 4E, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xs can be a sulfate group. Furthermore, Xi and X3 can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00146] Referring next to FIG. 4F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xs can be a phosphate group. Furthermore, Xi and X3 can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group. [00147] Referring next to FIG. 4G, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi and X3 can each be a sulfate group. Furthermore, X5 can be selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00148] Referring next to FIG. 4H, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi and X3 can each be a phosphate group. Furthermore, X5 can be selected from a hydrogen atom, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00149] Referring next to FIG. 4I, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi and X5 can each be a sulfate group. Furthermore, X3 can be selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00150] Referring next to FIG. 4J, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi and X5 can each be a sulfate group. Furthermore, X3 can be selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00151] Referring next to FIG. 4K, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 and Xscan each be a sulfate group. Furthermore, Xi can be a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00152] Referring next to FIG. 4L, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 and X5 can each be a phosphate group. Furthermore, X3 can be a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00153] Referring next to FIG. 4M, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 can be a phosphate group, and Xs can be a sulfate group. Furthermore, Xi can be a hydrogen atom, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00154] Referring next to FIG. 4N, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 can be a sulfate group, and Xs can be a phosphate group. Furthermore, Xi can be a hydrogen atom, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00155] Referring next to FIG. 40, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi can be a sulfate group, and Xs can be a phosphate group. Furthermore, X3 can be a hydrogen atom, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00156] Referring next to FIG. 4P, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi can be a phosphate group, and Xs can be a sulfate group. Furthermore, X3 can be a hydrogen atom, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00157] Referring next to FIG. 4Q, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi, X3 and Xs can each be a phosphate group.

[00158] Referring next to FIG. 4R, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi, X3 and Xs can each be a sulfate group.

[00159] Referring next to FIG. 4S, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi can be a sulfate group, and X3 and Xs can each be a phosphate group.

[00160] Referring next to FIG. 4T, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, and Xi and X4 can be a phosphate group and X3 can each be a sulfate group.

[00161] Referring next to FIG. 4U, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Xi and X3 can be a sulfate group, and Xs can be a phosphate group.

[00162] Referring next to FIG. 4V, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, and Xi and Xs can be a sulfate group and Xs can each be a phosphate group.

[00163] It is noted that in the example compounds shown in FIGS. 4A - 4V, the ionic phosphate and sulfate groups include positively charged cations. Whether such cations are included in the chemical compounds of the present disclosure can depend on, for example, whether the compounds possess other positively charged substituents. Thus, for example, as herein described, depending on the selection of substituents, the nitrogen atom (N) of the ethylamino chains, in some embodiments, be positively charged. Such positive charge may obviate the need for a cation to counterbalance ionic sulfate of phosphate groups. It is further understood that instead of forming a salt, a covalent bond may be formed between a negatively charged oxygen atom of a phosphate or sulfate group and another atom, thus eliminating a negative charge. For example, the phosphate group may in other embodiments be HPCU- or H2PO4, instead of PO4 ² ' , as shown in FIGS. 4B, 4D, 4F, 4H, 4J, 4L, 4P - 4Q, 4S - 4V, orthe sulfate group in other embodiments, may be HSO4, instead of SO4; as shown in FIGS. 4A, 4C, 4E, 4G, 41, 4K, 4N - 4P, and 4R - 4V.

[00164] Thus, in some embodiments, the phosphate or sulfate group can be an ionic phosphate or sulfate group and can form a phosphate or sulfate salt counterbalanced by a cation. For example, the phosphate or sulfate group can be an ionic phosphate or ionic sulfate group and can form a phosphate or sulfate salt counterbalanced by a mono-valent, bi-valent, tri-valent, or tetra-valent cation.

[00165] In some embodiments, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group and can form a phosphate salt with a mono-valent cation (Z ⁺ ), including any pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent cation, the salt having the formula: HPCU- Z ⁺ . In other embodiments, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group and can form a phosphate salt with a mono-valent cation (Z ⁺ ), the phosphate salt having the formula: (PO4 ² ')(Z ⁺ )2.

[00166] In some embodiments, the sulfate group can be an ionic sulfate group and can form a sulfate salt with a monovalent cation (Z ⁺ ), including any pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent cation, the sulfate salt having the formula: SO4' Z ⁺ .

[00167] In some embodiment, a monovalent cation (Z ⁺ ) can be selected from Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , NH4 ⁺ , tetra-n-butyl ammonium ([N(C4H9)4] ⁺ ), and triethyl ammonium (Et ₃ NH ₄ ⁺ ).

[00168] In some embodiments, in an aspect, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group and can form a phosphate salt with a divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ), including any pharmaceutically acceptable divalent cation, the phosphate salt having the formula: PO4 ² ' Z ²⁺ .

[00169] In some embodiments, the phosphate group can be an ionic phosphate group and can form a phosphate salt with a divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ), the salt having the formula (HPO4')2 Z ²⁺ , wherein the second ionic phosphate group (/.e., the second of the two (HPCU groups) is a phosphate substituent of a second molecule of the compound having formula (I). Thus, such a salt, can for, example, have the chemical formula the formula (IV _a ):

[00170] In some embodiments, the sulfate group can be an ionic sulfate group and can form a sulfate salt with a divalent cation (Z ²⁺ ), the salt having the formula (SO4')2 Z ²⁺ , wherein the second ionic sulfate group (SO4‘) (/.e., the second of the two (SO ₄ -) groups) is a sulfate substituent of a second molecule of the compound having formula (I). Thus, such a salt, can for, example, have the chemical formula the formula (V _a ):

[00171] In one embodiment, a bivalent cation (Z ²⁺ ) can be selected from Mg ²⁺ and Ca ²⁺ .

[00172] In other embodiments, a trivalent cation (Z ³⁺ ), for example, a trivalent metallic cation, such as Cr ³⁺ or Fe ³⁺ , or tetravalent cation (Z ⁴⁺ ), for example, a tetravalent metallic cation, such as Ti ⁴⁺ or Si ⁴⁺ may be used to counterbalance ionic phosphate or sulfate groups.

[00173] It is further noted that in the example compounds shown in FIGS. 4A - 4V, Xi , X3 and X5 are bonded to carbon atoms C2, C4 and Ce, respectively. Furthermore, in these example compounds X2 and X4 are hydrogen atoms. In this respect, the example compounds shown in FIGS. 4A - 4V correspond with the compound shown in FIG. 3G. It is to be clearly understood, that, in this respect, FIGS. 4A - 4V represent example embodiments. Similarly, in further example embodiments, in accordance with the present disclosure, in each of the mescaline derivative compounds shown in FIGS. 3A - 3F, and 3H - 31 any one, any two, or any three of Xi, X2, X3, X4 and X5 can be a phosphate or sulfate group, wherein the Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs groups which are not a sulfate group or phosphate group, can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, and wherein two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a hydrogen atom.

[00174] Turning next to Xi, X2, X3, X4 and Xs, and continuing to refer to chemical formula (I), which are not phosphate groups or sulfate groups, in an aspect hereof, as noted these Xi, X2, X3, X4 and Xs groups can be a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group , a hydroxy group or a glycosyloxy group. O-alkyl groups include, without limitation, methoxy groups (-OCH3), ethanoxy groups (-OC2H5), propoxy groups (-OC3H7) and butanoxy groups (-OC4H9). O-acyl groups include, without limitation, acetoxy groups (-OCOCH3), propionyloxy groups (-OCOCH2CH3) and butyryloxy groups (-OCOCH2CH2CH3).

[00175] The glycosyl groups, in accordance with the present disclosure, can be any glycosyl group, including a mono-, di-, tri- oligo- or a poly-saccharide group, bonded from the anomeric carbon, either in the pyranose or furanose form, either in the a- or the p-conformation.

[00176] In some embodiments, the glycosyl group may also be substituted with various groups. Such substitutions may include lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, acyl, carboxy, carboxyamino, amino, acetamido, halo, thio, nitro, keto, and phosphatyl groups. Such substitutions may be at one or more positions on the saccharide.

[00177] In some embodiments, the glycosyl group is a D-glucosyl group, D- fructosyl group, D-mannosyl group, D-ribosyl group, D-talosyl groups, D-lyxosyl group, D-allosyl group, D-altrosyl group, D-gulosyl group, D-isosyl group, D- quinovosyl group, D-maltosyl group, D-cellobiosyl group, D-lactosyl group, D- maltotiosyl group, D-glucuronic acid group, D-galactosyl group, D-fucosyl group, D-xylosyl group, D-arabinosyl group, or a D-rhamnosyl group.

[00178] In some embodiments, the glycosyl group is an L-glucosyl group, L- fructosyl group, L-mannosyl group, L-ribosyl group, L-talosyl groups, L-lyxosyl group, L-allosyl group, L-altrosyl group, L-gulosyl group, L-isosyl group, L- quinovosyl group, L-maltosyl group, L-cellobiosyl group, L-lactosyl group, L- maltotiosyl group, L-glucuromc acid group, L-galactosyl group, L-fucosyl group, L- xylosyl group, L-arabinosyl group, or a L-rhamnosyl group.

[00179] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5A, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi and Xs are each a hydroxy group.

[00180] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a phosphate group, and Xi and X5 are each a hydroxy group.

[00181] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5C, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi and Xs are each a methoxy group.

[00182] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a phosphate group, and Xi and X5 are each a methoxy group.

[00183] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5E, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi and Xs are each an acetoxy group.

[00184] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a phosphate group, and Xi and Xs are each an acetoxy group.

[00185] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5G, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi is an ethoxy group, Xs is a hydroxy group.

[00186] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5H, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi is an ethoxy group, Xs is a hydroxy group.

[00187] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5I, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi is a hydroxy group and Xs is a propoxy group.

[00188] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5J, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a phosphate group, and Xi is a hydroxy group and Xs is a propoxy group.

[00189] Thus, referring next to FIG. 5K, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, X3 is a sulfate group, and Xi is an acetoxy group and Xs are each a propoxy group. X3 is a phosphate group, and Xi is an acetoxy group and Xs are each a propoxy group.

[00190] Referring to the compound having the chemical formula (I), it is noted that in the compounds shown in FIGS. 5A- 5L, Xi, X3 and Xs are bonded to carbon atoms C2, C4 and Ce, respectively. Furthermore, X2 and X4 are hydrogen atoms. In this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 5A - 5L correspond with the compound shown in FIG. 3G. Furthermore, in the compounds shown in FIGS. 5A - 5L, X3 is a sulfonyl or a phosphate group. In this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 5A - 5L correspond with the compound shown in FIGS. 4C and 4D. It is to be clearly understood, that, in this respect, FIGS. 5A - 5L represent example embodiments. Similarly, in further example embodiments, in accordance with the present disclosure, in each of the mescaline derivative compounds shown in FIGS. 3A - 3F, and 3H - 3I any one, any two, or all three of Xi , X2, X3, X4 and X5 can be phosphate group or sulfate group, wherein Xi, X2, X3, X4 and X5 groups which are not a phosphate group or sulfate group, can be independently selected from a hydroxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, or a glycosyloxy group. Furthermore, similarly, in further example embodiments, in accordance with the present disclosure, in each of the mescaline derivative compounds shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4E - 4F, any one of Xi, X3, and X5 can be independently selected from a hydroxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group or a glycosyloxy group.

[00191] Turning next to W in the chemical compound having formula (I), in one embodiment, W can be -N(R4)(Rs), and R4 and Rs can be independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring.

[00192] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 6A and 6B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are each a hydrogen atom.

[00193] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 6C and 6D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are each an ethyl group or methyl group, respectively.

[00194] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 6E and 6F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 is a hydrogen atom and Rs is a methyl group. [00195] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 6G and 6H, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are joined together and form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring (piperidine ring). It is noted that in embodiments in which W is N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(Rs), the compounds of the present disclosure may be zwitterionic, due to the presence of a negative charge on the phosphate or sulfate group (and the positive charge on the nitrogen atom). Thus, for example, compounds, (III) and (IV) herein are zwitterionic compounds.

[00196] Continuing to refer to the compound having chemical formula (I), in a further embodiment, W can be -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(Rs), and Re, R7 and Rs can independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring. In one embodiment, when W is N ⁺ (Re)(R7)(Rs), the compound of Formula (I) includes a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

[00197] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 7A and 7B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Re, R7 and Rs are each a hydrogen atom.

[00198] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 7C and 7D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Re and R7 are each a hydrogen atom, and Rs, is an ethyl group.

[00199] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 7E and 7F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Re and R7 are each an ethyl group, and Rs, is a hydrogen atom group.

[00200] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 7G and 7H, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, in one embodiment, Re and R7 are joined together and form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring (piperidine ring), and Rs is a hydrogen atom.

[00201] It is noted that the example chemical compounds shown in FIGS. 7A-7H, the positively charged nitrogen atom in the phenylisopropylamine chain is not counterbalanced by an exogenous cation. Instead, the positively charged nitrogen atom is counterbalanced by the ionic phosphate or sulfate groups these compounds possess. [00202] It is noted that the negatively charged anions and positively charged cations (which may be denoted herein as M' (see: e.g., FIGS. 3H - 3J) and Z ⁺ (see: e.g., FIGS. 6G - 6H), respectively), can vary in different embodiments provided by the present disclosure. In one embodiment, for any compounds of the formula (I) having anionic or cationic charges, the corresponding counterion (cation or anion) is a pharmaceutically acceptable ion. Suitable cations include a potassium ion (K ⁺ ), sodium ion (Na ⁺ ), calcium ion (Ca ²⁺ ), magnesium ion (Mg ²⁺ ), ammonium ion (NH4 ⁺ ), tetra-n-butyl ammonium ion ([N(C4H9)4] ⁺ ), or triethyl ammonium ion (EtsNH4 ⁺ ), for example. Suitable anions include a chloride ion (Cl' ), fluoride ion (F'), hydroxide ion (OH'), bromide ion (Br), iodide ion (l ^_ ), sulfate ion (SO4 ² '), nitrate ion (NOs'), acetate ion (CHsCOO'), formate ion (HCOO'), fumarate ion, ('OOC(CH=CH)COO'), or carboxylate ion (COO'), for example.

[00203] Referring to the compound having the chemical formula (I), it is noted that in the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H, Xi, X3 and Xs are bonded to carbon atoms C2, C4 and Ce, respectively. Furthermore, X2 and X4 are hydrogen atoms. In this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H correspond with the compound shown in FIG. 3G and FIG. 3H, respectively. Furthermore, in the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H, X3 is a sulfate group or a phosphate group. In this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H correspond with the compounds shown in FIG. 4C and FIG. 4D. Furthermore, in the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H Xi is an ethoxy group and X5 is a hydroxyl group. In this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H correspond with the compound shown in FIGS. 5G and 5H. It is to be clearly understood, that, in this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 6A - 6H and 7A - 7H represent example embodiments. Similarly, in further example embodiments, in accordance with the present disclosure, in each of the mescaline derivative compounds shown in FIGS. 3A - 3F, and 3H - 3I any one, any two, or all three of Xi , X2, X3, X4 and X5 can be phosphate or sulfate groups, wherein the Xi, X2, X3, X4 and X5 groups which are not a sulfate group, can be independently selected from a hydroxy group, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group or a glycosyloxy group. Furthermore, similarly, in further example embodiments, in accordance with the present disclosure, in each of the mescaline derivative compounds shown in FIGS. 4A - 4B, and 4E - 4V, any one of Xi, X3, and Xs can be independently selected from a hydroxy group, an O- alkyl group, an O-acyl group or a glycosyloxy group.

[00204] As hereinbefore noted, and referring again to the compound having chemical formula (I), and substituent W therein, in some embodiments, W can be -N(R4)(RS), and the R4 and Rs groups are joined to form a heterocyclic ring, or W can be -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(Rs), and two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring. In some further example embodiments, the R4 and Rs groups or two of Re, R7 and Rs can be joined together to form a 4-10-membered heterocyclic ring (counting the nitrogen atom), wherein one or more carbons in the ring may be substituted with O, or NRe, wherein R9 is a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl, aryl, or acyl group.

[00205] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8A and 8B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by an oxygen atom, forming a morpholinyl ring.

[00206] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8C and 8D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, forming a piperazine ring.

[00207] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8E and 8F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group, forming an N-methyl piperazine. It is noted that, the methyl group represents an example of an alkyl group. In other embodiments the nitrogen atom may be bonded to other alkyl groups.

[00208] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8G and 8H, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group, forming an N-acetyl piperazine. It is noted that, the acetyl group represents an example of an acyl group. In other embodiments the nitrogen atom may be bonded to other acyl groups.

[00209] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 81 and 8J, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, wherein R4 and Rs are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring wherein a first carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen atom and a second carbon atom are further joined to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring, forming an octohydropyrrolopyrazine. It is noted that, the 5-membered heterocyclic group represents an example of an aryl group. In other embodiments the nitrogen atom may be bonded to other aryl groups.

[00210] In further example embodiments, Re and R? are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring, and Rs is a hydrogen atom. Phospho compounds (such as those shown in, for example, FIGS. 8L, 8N, 8P, 8R, and 8T) further include a negatively charged anion (Z ⁺ ) balancing the doubly negatively charged phospho group. In sulfonyl compounds (such as those shown in, for example, FIGS. 8K, 8M, 80, 8Q, and 8S) The positively charged nitrogen atom is counterbalanced by the negatively charge sulfonyl group. Example embodiments in this respect are shown in FIGS. 8K - 8T. As in similar other embodiments disclosed herein, the positively charged cation can vary in different embodiments, and includes a potassium ion, a sodium ion, and an ammonium ion, for example.

[00211] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8K and 8L, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Re and R? are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by an oxygen atom, forming a morpholinyl ring, and Rs is a hydrogen atom.

[00212] Thus, referring next to FIG. 8M and 8N, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Re and R? are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom forming a piperazine ring, and Rs is a hydrogen atom.

[00213] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 80 and 8P, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Re and R? are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to a methyl group, forming an N-methyl piperazine ring, and Rs is a hydrogen atom. It is noted that, the methyl group represents an example of an alkyl group. In other embodiments the nitrogen atom may be bonded to other alkyl groups.

[00214] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8Q and 8R, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Rs and R7 are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and a carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom bonded to an acetyl group, forming an N-acetyl piperazine ring, and Rs is an N-acetyl piperazine ring. It is noted that, the acetyl group represents an example of an acyl group. In other embodiments the nitrogen atom may be bonded to other acyl groups.

[00215] Thus, referring next to FIGS. 8S and 8T, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (I), in one example embodiment, Rs and R7 are joined forming a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, a first carbon atom (together with its hydrogen atoms, relative to piperidine) is substituted by a nitrogen atom, and the nitrogen atom and a second carbon atom are further joined to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring, forming an octohydropyrrolopyrazine, and Rs is a hydrogen atom. It is noted that, the 5-membered heterocyclic group represents an example of an aryl group. In other embodiments the nitrogen atom may be bonded to other aryl groups.

[00216] Next, in order to further exemplify the mescaline derivative compounds that are provided in accordance with the present disclosure, examples compounds in accordance with formula (I) are provided. These include compounds having the chemical formula: (III); (IV); and (V), as hereinafter depicted.

[00217] Thus, in an example embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound having chemical formula (III):

[00218] In a further example embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound having chemical formula (IV):

[00219] In a further example embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound having chemical formula (V): wherein, Z ^+/2+ is a mono or divalent cation balancing the negatively charged sulfate group, forming a salt having the formula

SO ₄ - Z ⁺ wherein Z ⁺ is a monovalent cation; or

(SO4 )2 Z ²⁺ , ion wherein Z ²⁺ is a bivalent cation, and wherein the second ionic sulfate group (SO4-) is a sulfate substituent of a second molecule of the compound having formula (V).

[00220] In further example embodiments, the present disclosure provides a chemical compound selected from (Vb); (V _c ); (Vd); (V _e ); (Vf); (V _g ); and (Vh):

[00221] Thus, to briefly recap, the present disclosure relates to phosphorylated or sulfonated mescaline derivatives. The present disclosure provides, in particular, a chemical compound or salt thereof having formula (I): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(RS) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring.

[00222] In one embodiment, one, two or three of Xi, X2, X3, X4, or Xs is phosphate group or a sulfate group.

[00223] In one embodiment, Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs, can be independently or simultaneously a hydrogen atom, a glycosyloxy group, a phosphate group or sulfate group, a -0-(Ci-C2o)-alkyl group, a (Ci-C2o)-0-acyl group (e.g., -O-(C=O)- (Ci-C2o)-alkyl), or a hydroxy group.

[00224] In another embodiment, Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs, can be independently or simultaneously a hydrogen atom, a glycosyloxy group, a phosphate group or sulfate group, a -0-(Ci-Cio)-alkyl group, a (Ci-Cw)-O-acyl group (e.g., -O-(C=O)- (C1-C1 o)-alkyl), or a hydroxy group.

[00225] In another embodiment, Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs, can be independently or simultaneously, a hydrogen atom, a glycosyloxy group, a phosphate group or sulfate group, a -O-(Ci-Cs)-alkyl group, a (Ci-Cs)-O-acyl group (e.g., -O-(C=O)- (Ci-Cs)-alkyl), or a hydroxy group.

[00226] In another embodiment, Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs, can be independently or simultaneously a hydrogen atom, a glycosyloxy group, a phosphate group or sulfate group, a -O-(Ci-C3)-alkyl group (-OC3H7 (O-propyl; propoxy); -OC2H5 (O- ethyl; ethoxy); or -OCH3 (O-methyl; methoxy), a (Ci-Csj-O-acyl group (e.g., -O- (C=O)-(Ci-C ₃ )-alkyl) (-O-C(=O)-C ₂ H ₅ (O-propionyloxy); -O-C(=O)-CH ₃ (O-acetyl); or -O-C(=O)H (O-formyl)), or a hydroxy group.

[00227] In one embodiment, R4, Rs, Re, R7, or Rs can be independently or simultaneously an alkyl group, (Ci-C2o)-alkyl group, (Ci-Cw)-alkyl group, (Ci-Ce)- alkyl group, or (Ci-C ₃ )-alkyl group, -CH2-CH2-CH ₃ (propyl); -CH2-CH ₃ (ethyl); or - CH ₃ (methyl)).

[00228] In another embodiment, R4, Rs, Re, R7, or Rs can be independently or simultaneously an acyl group, (Ci-C2o)-acyl group (e.g. -C=0)-(Ci-C2o)-alkyl), (Ci-Cw)-acyl group (e.g. -(C=0)-(Ci-Cio)-alkyl), (Ci-Ce)-acyl group (e.g., -(C=O)- (Ci-Ceo)-alkyl), or (Ci-C ₃ )-O-acyl group (e.g. -(C=O)-(Ci-C ₃ )-alkyl) (-C(=O)-C2Hs (propanoyl; propionyl); -C(=O)-CH ₃ (ethanoyl; acetyl); -C(=O)H (methanoyl; formyl)).

[00229] In another embodiment, R4 and Rs, or any two of Re, R7, and Rs, can be a joined together to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring, a 3-9-membered heterocyclic ring, or a 3-6-membered heterocyclic ring, or a 5-6-membered ring.

[00230] In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) Xi or X ₃ can be a phosphate group or sulfate group, and the compound of formula (I) can have a single a phosphate group or sulfate group,

[00231] In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) can possess a single a phosphate group or sulfate group, and X2 orX ₃ can be a phosphate group or sulfate group, and two of X ₂ , X ₃ , and X4 can be an O-alkyl group.

[00232] In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) can possess a single a phosphate group or sulfate group, and X ₂ can be a phosphate group or sulfate group, and X ₃ and X4 can be an O-alkyl group.

[00233] In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) can possess a phosphate group or sulfate group, and X ₃ can be a phosphate group or sulfate group, and X ₂ and X4 can be an O-alkyl group.

[00234] In one embodiment, the O-alkyl group can be independently or simultaneously selected from an O-(Ci-C6)-alkyl group, an O-(Ci-C ₃ )-alkyl group, or a methoxy group (OCH ₃ ).

[00235] Example compounds, in accordance with example embodiments, in his respect, include each of compounds (III); (IV); (V); (Vb); (V _c ); (Vd); (V _e ); (Vf); (V _g ); and (V _h ). [00236] The isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated or sulfonated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure may be used to prepare a pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulation. Thus, in one embodiment, the present disclosure further provides in another aspect, pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations comprising isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivatives. Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides in a further embodiment a pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulation comprising a chemical compound having chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(R ₅ ) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10- membered heterocyclic ring, together with a diluent, carrier, or excipient.

[00237] The pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulations may be prepared as liquids, tablets, capsules, microcapsules, nanocapsules, trans-dermal patches, gels, foams, oils, aerosols, nanoparticulates, powders, creams, emulsions, micellar systems, films, sprays, ovules, infusions, teas, decoctions, suppositories, etc. and include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline derivative compound together with an excipient. The term “excipient” as used herein means any ingredient other than the chemical compound of the disclosure. As will readily be appreciated by those of skill in art, the selection of excipient may depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient on solubility of the chemical compounds of the present disclosure and methods for their preparation will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such compositions and methods for their preparation may be found, for example, in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, 22nd Edition (Pharmaceutical Press and Philadelphia College of Pharmacy at the University of the Sciences, 2012).

[00238] The pharmaceutical and drug formulations comprising the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure may be administered orally. Oral administration may involve swallowing, so that the compound enters the gastrointestinal tract, or buccal or sublingual administration may be employed by which the compound enters the blood stream directly from the mouth. Formulations suitable for oral administration include both solid and liquid formulations.

[00239] Solid formulations include tablets, capsules (containing particulates, liquids, microcapsules, or powders), lozenges (including liquid-filled lozenges), chews, multi- and nano-particulates, gels, solid solutions, liposomal preparations, microencapsulated preparations, creams, films, ovules, suppositories, and sprays. [00240] Liquid formulations include suspensions, solutions, syrups, and elixirs. Such formulations may be employed as fillers in soft or hard capsules and typically comprise a carrier, for example, water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methylcellulose, or a suitable oil, and one or more emulsifying agents and/or suspending agents. Liquid formulations may also be prepared by the reconstitution of a solid, for example, from a sachet.

[00241] Binders are generally used to impart cohesive qualities to a tablet formulation. Suitable binders include microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, sugars, polyethylene glycol, natural and synthetic gums, polyvinylpyrrolidone, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. [00242] Tablets may also contain diluents, such as lactose (monohydrate, spray-dried monohydrate, anhydrous and the like), mannitol, xylitol, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, microcrystalhne cellulose, starch, and dibasic calcium phosphate di hydrate.

[00243] Tablets may also optionally comprise surface active agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80. When present, surface active agents may comprise from 0.2% (w/w) to 5% (w/w) of the tablet.

[00244] Tablets may further contain lubricants such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, and mixtures of magnesium stearate with sodium lauryl sulfate. Lubricants generally comprise from 0.25% (w/w) to 10% (w/w), from 0.5% (w/w) to 3% (w/w) of the tablet.

[00245] In addition to the isopropylamine analogue of a sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivative, tablets may contain a disintegrant. Examples of disintegrants include sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, lower alkylsubstituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, pregelatinized starch and sodium alginate. Generally, the disintegrant will comprise from 1 % (w/w) to 25% (w/w) or from 5% (w/w) to 20% (w/w) of the dosage form.

[00246] Other possible auxiliary ingredients include antioxidants, colourants, flavouring agents, preservatives, and taste-masking agents.

[00247] For tablet dosage forms, depending on the desired effective amount of the chemical compound, the chemical compound of the present disclosure may make up from 1 % (w/w) to 80 % (w/w) of the dosage form, more typically from 5% (w/w) to 60% (w/w) of the dosage form.

[00248] Exemplary tablets contain up to about 80% (w/w) of the chemical compound, from about 10% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w) binder, from about 0% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w) diluent, from about 2% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w) disintegrant, and from about 0.25% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w) lubricant.

[00249] The formulation of tablets is discussed in “Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets”, Vol. 1 - Vol. 3, by CRC Press (2008).

[00250] The pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations comprising the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure may also be administered directly into the blood stream, into muscle, or into an internal organ. Thus, the pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations can be administered parenterally (for example, by subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, intrathecal, intraventricular, intracranial, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection). Parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions which may contain excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents (in one embodiment, to a pH of from 3 to 9), but, for some applications, they may be more suitably formulated as a sterile non-aqueous solution or as a dried form to be used in conjunction with a suitable vehicle such as sterile water.

[00251] Formulations comprising the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure for parenteral administration may be formulated to be immediate and/or modified release. Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release. Thus, the chemical compounds of the disclosure may be formulated as a solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic liquid for administration as an implanted depot providing modified release of the active compound. Examples of such formulations include drug-coated stents and poly(dl- lactic-coglycolic)acid (PGLA) microspheres.

[00252] The pharmaceutical or recreational drug formulations of the present disclosure also may be administered topically to the skin or mucosa, i.e., dermally or transdermally. Example pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations for this purpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams, ointments, dusting powders, cosmetics, oils, eye drops, dressings, foams, films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibres, bandages and microemulsions. Liposomes may also be used. Example carriers include alcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Penetration enhancers may be incorporate (see: for example, Finnin, B. and Morgan, T.M., 1999 J. Pharm. Sci, 88 (10), 955-958).

[00253] Other means of topical administration include delivery by electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis and microneedle or needle-free (e.g., Powderject™, Bioject™, etc.) injection.

[00254] Pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid pharmaceutical compositions can contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Pharmaceutical compositions in pharmaceutically acceptable solvents can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions can be inhaled directly from the nebulizing device, or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face mask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder pharmaceutical compositions can be administered, e.g., orally or nasally, from devices that deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

[00255] In further embodiments, in which the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline compounds of present disclosure are used as a recreational drug, the compounds may be included in compositions such as a food or food product, a beverage, a food seasoning, a personal care product, such as a cosmetic, perfume or bath oil, or oils (both for topical administration as massage oil, or to be burned or aerosolized). The chemical compounds of the present disclosure may also be included in a “vape” product, which may also include other drugs, such as nicotine, and flavorings.

[00256] It is noted that upon administration to a subject of the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure, the compounds may be metabolized by the subject, and converted into other chemical entities. Thus, for example, the compounds may be hydrolyzed, and phosphate or sulfate groups may be removed from the compounds, for example, by an endogenously present phosphatase or sulfatase.

[00257] The pharmaceutical formulations comprising the chemical compounds of the present disclosure may be used to treat a subject, and in particular to treat a psychiatric disorder in a subject. Accordingly, the present disclosure includes in a further embodiment, a method for treating a brain neurological disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a chemical compound or salt thereof having chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(RS) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3- 10-membered heterocyclic ring, together with a diluent, carrier, or excipient.

[00258] Thus, it will be clear that the phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivative compounds may be used as a pharmaceutical or recreational drug. Accordingly, in another aspect the present disclosure provides, in at least one embodiment, a use of a chemical compound or salt thereof having a chemical formula (I): wherein,

Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi , X2, X3, X4, and Xs are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(RS) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(RS); (i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3- 10-membered heterocyclic ring, as a recreational drug or pharmaceutical drug, including as a pharmaceutical drug to treat a brain neurological disorder.

[00259] Brain neurological disorders include psychiatric disorders that may be treated for example, neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, global development delay, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); bipolar and related disorders, such as mania, and depressive episodes; anxiety disorder, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias (natural events, medical, animal, situational, for example), panic disorder, and separation anxiety disorder; stress disorders, such as acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and reactive attachment disorder; dissociative disorders, such as dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder; somatoform disorders, such as somatic symptom disorders, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, and factitious disorder; eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, rumination disorder, pica, and binge-eating disorder; sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence, breathing-related sleep disorders, parasomnias, and restless legs syndrome; disruptive disorders, such as kleptomania, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder; depressive disorders, such as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and depressive disorder caused by another medical condition, for example, psychiatric and existential distress within life-threatening cancer situations (ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 4: 553-562; J. Psychiatr. Res. 137: 273-282); substance-related disorders, such as alcohol-related disorders, cannabis related disorders, inhalant-use related disorders, stimulant use disorders, and tobacco use disorders; neurocognitive disorders, such as delirium; schizophrenia; compulsive disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania disorder, excoriation disorder, substance/medication induced obsessive-compulsive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder related to another medical condition; and personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Brain neurological disorders further include headache disorders, including migraines, including, for example, aural migraine, non-aural migraine, menstrual migraine, chronic migraine, vestibular migraine, abdominal migraine, hemiplegic migraine, and other headache disorders.

[00260] In an aspect, the compounds of the present disclosure may be used to be contacted with a receptor to thereby modulate the receptor. Such contacting includes bringing a compound of the present disclosure and receptor together under in vitro conditions, for example, by introducing the compounds in a sample containing a receptor, for example, a sample containing purified receptors, or a sample containing cells comprising receptors. In vitro conditions further include the conditions described in Example 1 hereof. Contacting further includes bringing a compound of the present disclosure and receptor together under in vivo conditions. Such in vivo conditions include the administration to an animal or human subject, for example, of a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure, when the compound Is formulated together with a pharmaceutically active carrier, diluent, or excipient, as hereinbefore described, to thereby treat the subject. Upon having contacted the receptor, the compound may activate the receptor or inhibit the receptor.

[00261] In one embodiment, the reaction conditions can be in vivo reaction conditions, and the in vivo reaction conditions comprise administering an effective amount of the chemical compound to a human or animal subject possessing a 5- HT2A receptor and a 5-HTIA receptor, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor is modulated and the 5-HTIA receptor is not modulated.

[00262] In a further embodiment, the reaction conditions can be in vivo reaction conditions, and the in vivo reaction conditions comprise administering an effective amount of the chemical compound to a human or animal subject possessing a 5-HT2A receptor and a 5-HTIA receptor, wherein both the 5-HT2A and the 5-HTIA receptor are modulated.

[00263] In an aspect hereof, receptors with which the compounds of the present disclosure may be contacted include, the HT2A or HTi A receptors. Although the mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure may bind to a variety of receptors, 5-HT2A and 5-HTIA receptors are considered to be particularly relevant because in vitro agonism of mescaline, and certain mescaline derivatives at these receptors has been correlated with key effects of drug action(s). For example, the mescaline derivative and therapeutic agent 3,4-methylenedioxy- methamphetamine (MDMA) is a 5-HT2A receptor agonist (Simmler et al., 2013, British J. Pharmacol. 168: 458), and this effect is thought to be responsible for the MDMA-induced mesolimbic dopamine release (Dunlap et al., 2018, ACS Chem. Neurosci. 9: 2408).

[00264] Furthermore, it is known to the art that activation of the HT2A receptor, by serotonergic psychedelic compounds is generally useful in treating neuropsychiatric indications (Casey et al., 2022, Biochem. Pharmacol. 200: 115028).

[00265] Furthermore, MDMA is also a 5-HTIA receptor agonist (Simmler et al., 2013, British J. Pharmacol. 168: 458; mescaline, Rickli et al., 2016, Eur. Neuropharm. 26: 1327) and even micromolar in vitro Kivalues for MDMA at 5-HTiA appear to be physiologically relevant. MDMA administration results in a postsynaptic upregulation of the 5-HTIA receptor in the cortex and hypothalamus that is noticeable 1 week after acute administration (Inserra et al., 2020, Pharmacol. Rev. 73: 202). Furthermore, MDMA is a therapeutic agent used in U.S. -based clinical trials for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and other neuropathologies (Dunlap et al., 2018, ACS Chem. Neurosci .9: 2408).

[00266] Other pertinent compounds known to the art include mescaline, and certain mescaline derivatives 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), escahne, and proscahne. Mescaline s effects are attributed in large part to its action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist, although mescaline binds in a similar concentration range to 5-HT IA prompting recent consideration of 5-HT IA as an additional key target (Cassels and Saez-Briones, 2018, ACS Chem. Neurosci. 9: 2448).

[00267] As is known to those of skill in the art, assays for determining receptor binding of a given compound include ligand competition assays with an established radiolabeled ligand, resulting in a Ki value. Additional assays may be performed wherein positive and negative controls with pre-determined Ki values are titrated to cell cultures with engineered ‘receptor response systems.’

[00268] Thus, in a further aspect, the condition that may be treated in accordance herewith can be any receptor mediated disorder, including, for example, an HT2A receptor-mediated disorder or HTIA receptor-mediated disorder. Such disorders include, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD, for example.

[00269] In one embodiment, upon administration the compound having formula (I) can interact with a 5-HTIA receptor and a 5-HT2A receptor in the subject to thereby modulate both the 5-HTIA receptor and the 5-HT2A receptor and exert a pharmacological effect.

[00270] In one embodiment, upon administration the compound having formula (I) can interact with a 5-HT2A receptor in the subject to thereby modulate the 5-HT2A receptor without modulating the 5-HTIA receptor and exert a pharmacological effect.

[00271] In some embodiments, upon having contacted a receptor, the compound may modulate the receptor. However, at the same time other receptors may not be modulated. For example, a compound may activate or inhibit a first receptor, however the compound may at the same time not modulate a second receptor, or upon having contacted a first receptor and a second receptor, the compound may modulate the first receptor, however the compound may at the same time not modulate the second receptor.

[00272] T urning now to methods of making the isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure, it is initially noted that the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure may be prepared in any suitable manner, including by any organic chemical synthesis methods, biosynthetic methods, or a combination thereof.

[00273] One suitable method of to making the isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline derivatives of the present disclosure initially involves selecting and obtaining or preparing a precursor compound of an isopropylamine analogue of a phosphorylated or sulfonated mescaline derivative compound and a phosphor-oxidous or a sulfur-oxidous compound and reacting the precursor compound and the phosphor-oxidous compound or sulfur-oxidous compound to obtain an isopropylamine analogue of a phosphorylated and sulfated mescaline derivative of the present disclosure. Suitable precursor compounds include compounds comprising the prototype structure shown in FIG. 2, including, for example, in an embodiment, a chemical compound having the formula (II): wherein,

Xi , X2, X ₃ , X ₄ , and Xs are H, a reactive group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X ₃ , X ₄ , and Xs are a reactive group, and two of Xi, X2, X ₃ , X ₄ , and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -CH2CH(CH ₃ )N(R ₄ )(R5) or -CH ₂ CH(CH ₃ )N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R8);

(i) R ₄ and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R ₄ , and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R? and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; [00274] In some embodiments the reactive group can be a hydroxy group.

[00275] Examples of suitable chemical reactions that may be performed in accordance herewith are depicted in FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 11, and 12, and are hereinafter further detailed, including in the Example section.

[00276] The precursor compound of the isopropylamine analogue of a sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivative (e.g., the compound having chemical formula (II)) may be provided in a more or less chemically pure form, for example, in the form of a hydroxy-containing mescaline derivative preparation having a purity of at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least 99.9%. The precursor compound of the sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivative mescaline derivative may be chemically synthesized or obtained from a fine chemical manufacturer.

[00277] T urning now to the phosphor-oxidous compounds and sulfur-oxidous compounds of the present disclosure, in general, in accordance herewith any phosphor-oxidous compounds and sulfur-oxidous compounds may be selected, obtained, or prepared, for example, using a suitably protected phenolic derivative which is then subjected to either a phosphorylation or sulfation on the available hydroxyl group(s) on the benzene ring. Suitable sulfur-oxidous compounds that may be used in this respect include, for example, pyridinium sulfur trioxide and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, and suitable phosphorus-oxidous compounds that may be used in this respect include, for example, tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate, and dibenzyl chlorophosphite.

[00278] Thus, initially, in an aspect hereof, a precursor compound of an isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivative is provided, and the precursor compound of the isopropylamine analogue of a sulfonated or phosphorylated mescaline derivative and sulfur-oxidous or phosphor-oxidous compound are contacted to react in a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of an isopropylamine analogue of a phosphorylated or sulfonated mescaline derivative compound.

[00279] The phosphor-oxidous compound or sulfur-oxidous compound may be provided in a more or less chemically pure form, for example, in the form of a phosphate or sulfate compound preparation having a purity of at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least 99.9%. The phosphor-oxidous compound or sulfur-oxidous compound may be chemically synthesized or obtained from a fine chemical manufacturer.

[00280] In various embodiments, one, two or three of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 in compound (II) can be reactive hydroxy groups, O-alkyl groups, or hydrogen atoms.

[00281] In one embodiment, one, two or three of X2, X3 and X4 in compound (II) can be a reactive hydroxy group, wherein when (i) one of X2, X3, and X4, is an hydroxy group, the other two of X2, X3 and X4 are independently selected from a glycosyloxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, and each of Xi and X5 are a hydrogen atom, (ii) when two of X2, X3, and X4, are an hydroxy group, the other one of X2, X3 and X4 is selected from a glycosyloxy group an O-alkyl group, an O- acyl group, and each of Xi, and Xs are a hydrogen atom, and (iii) when three of X2, X3, and X4, are an hydroxy group, each of Xi, and Xs are a hydrogen atom.

[00282] In one embodiment, one, two or three of Xi, X3 and X4 in compound (II) can be a reactive hydroxy group, wherein when (i) one of Xi, X3, and X4, is an hydroxy group, the other two of Xi, X3 and X4 are independently selected from a glycosyloxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, and each of X2 and Xs are a hydrogen atom, (ii) when two of Xi, X3, and X4, are an hydroxy group, the other one of Xi, X3 and X4 is selected from a glycosyloxy group an O-alkyl group, an O- acyl group, and each of X2, and Xs are a hydrogen atom, and (iii) when three of Xi, X3, and X4, are an hydroxy group, each of X2, and Xs are a hydrogen atom.

[00283] In one embodiment, one, two or three of Xi, X2 and X3 in compound (II) can be a reactive hydroxy group, wherein when (i) one of Xi, X2, and X3, is an hydroxy group, the other two of Xi, X2 and X3 are independently selected from a glycosyloxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, and each of X4 and Xs are a hydrogen atom, (ii) when two of Xi, X2, and X3, are an hydroxy group, the other one of Xi, X2 and X3 is selected from a glycosyloxy group an O-alkyl group, an O- acyl group, and each of X4, and Xs are a hydrogen atom, and (iii) when three of Xi, X2, and X3, are an hydroxy group, each of X4, and Xs are a hydrogen atom.

[00284] In one embodiment, one, two or three of Xi, X3 and Xs in compound (II) can be a reactive hydroxy group, wherein when (i) one of Xi, X3, and Xs, is an hydroxy group, the other two of Xi, X3 and Xs are independently selected from a glycosyloxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, and each of Xi and Xs are a hydrogen atom, (ii) when two of Xi, X3, and Xs, are an hydroxy group, the other one of Xi, X3 and X5 is selected from a glycosyloxy group an O-alkyl group, an O- acyl group, and each of X2, and X4 are a hydrogen atom, and (iii) when three of Xi, X3, and Xs, are an hydroxy group, each of X2, and X4 are a hydrogen atom.

[00285] In one embodiment, one, two or three of Xi, X2 and X4 in compound (II) can be a reactive hydroxy group, wherein when (i) one of Xi, X2, and X4, is an hydroxy group, the other two of Xi, X2 and X4 are independently selected from a glycosyloxy group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, and each of X3 and X5 are a hydrogen atom, (ii) when two of Xi, X2, and X4, are an hydroxy group, the other one of Xi, X2 and X4 is selected from a glycosyloxy group an O-alkyl group, an O- acyl group, and each of X3, and X5 are a hydrogen atom, and (iii) when three of Xi, X2, and X4, are an hydroxy group, each of X3, and X5 are a hydrogen atom.

[00286] Continuing to refer to the compound having chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, R4 and Rs can independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring.

[00287] Continuing to refer to the compound having chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, R4 and Rs can each be a hydrogen atom (Wthus being NH2), or R4 and Rs can each be an oxygen atom (W thus being NO2), or R4 and Rs can each be a nitrogen atom ((W thus being N3).

[00288] Continuing to refer to the compound having chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, Re, R7 and Rs can independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring.

[00289] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reactive group can be a hydroxy group and the sulfur-oxidous compound can be a pyridinium sulfur trioxide.

[00290] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reactive group can be a hydroxy group and the phosphor-oxidous compound can be tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate.

[00291] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reactive group can be a hydroxy group and the sulfur-oxidous compound can be a pyridinium sulfur trioxide, and R4 and Rs in the chemical compound having formula (II) can both be H, O, or N. [00292] In at least one embodiment, in an aspect, the reactive group can be a hydroxy group and the phosphor-oxidous compound can be tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate, and R4 and Rs in the chemical compound having formula (II) can both be H, O, or N.

[00293] In one embodiment, in compound (II), R4 or Rs, or any two of Re, R7, or Rs groups can be joined together to form a 4-10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein one or more carbons in the ring may be substituted with O, or NR9, wherein R9 is a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl, aryl, or acyl group.

[00294] Referring next to FIGS. 9A - 9G, shown therein are example hydroxy-containing mescaline derivatives.

[00295] Thus, referring next to FIG. 9A, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, Xi can be a reactive hydroxy group. Furthermore, R2 and R3 can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00296] Referring next to FIG. 9B, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, X3 can be a reactive hydroxy group. Furthermore, R1 and R3 can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00297] Referring next to FIG. 9C, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, Xs can be a reactive hydroxy group. Furthermore, R1 and R2 can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00298] Referring next to FIG. 9D, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, Xi and X3 can each be a reactive hydroxy group. Furthermore, R3 can be selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00299] Referring next to FIG. 9E, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, Xi and Xs can each be a reactive hydroxy group. Furthermore, R1 can be selected from a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group.

[00300] Referring next to FIG. 9F, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, X3 and Xs can each be a hydroxy group. Furthermore, R1 can be a hydrogen atom, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group. [00301] Referring next to FIG. 9G, and the chemical compound having the chemical formula (II), in one embodiment, Xi, X3 and Xs can each be a reactive hydroxy group.

[00302] It is noted that in the compounds shown in FIGS. 9A - 9G, Xi, X3 and Xs, in the chemical compound having chemical formula (II), are bonded to carbon atoms C2, C4 and Ce, respectively. Furthermore, X2 and X4 are hydrogen atoms. In this respect, the compounds shown in FIGS. 9A - 9G can be understood to correspond with the compound shown in FIG. 3G. It is further noted that the hydroxy-containing derivates shown in FIGS. 9A - 9G may be used to make the isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonate mescaline derivatives shown in FIGS. 4A - 4V, respectively. It is to be clearly understood, that, in this respect, FIGS. 9A - 9G represent example embodiments. Similarly, in further example embodiments, in accordance with the present disclosure, mescaline derivative compounds shown in FIGS. 3A - 3F, and 3H - 3I may be selected, wherein any one, any two, or all three of Xi, X3 and X5 can be reactive hydroxy groups, wherein the Xi, X3 and X5 groups which are not a hydroxy group, can be independently selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an acyl group. Any thus selected hydroxy-containing mescaline derivatives may all be used to make isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives in accordance with the present disclosure.

[00303] Referring now to FIG. 10A, shown therein is an example of chemical synthesis of monosulfate- or monophosphate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivatives using 2-bromo-5-tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy-1 ,3- dimethoxybenzene (10A-1) as a starting material. A treatment with n-butyllithium can regio-selectively introduce a substituted phenyllithium intermediate via lithiumhalogen exchange. The obtained reactive organolithium can then be quenched with 1 ,2-epoxypropane to afford the corresponding 5-tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy-2- (2-hydroxypropyl)-1 ,3-dimethoxybenzene (10A-2). The alcohol can then be activated via a O-mesylation with methansulfonyl chloride in the presence of pyridine to afford the corresponding mesylate (10A-3) which can be subsequently displaced with an azide, to provide the desired 2-(2-azidopropyl)-5-tert- butyldiphenylsilyloxy-1 ,3-dimethoxybenzene (10A-4). The O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl protecting group of compound (10A-4) can then be removed by a treatment with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride to provide the corresponding phenol derivative (10A-5). With the availability of the phenol functionality, an O-monosulfation can be carried out by treating with sulfur trioxide - pyridine complex to provide an intermediate whose counter cation can be exchanged with sodium using a resin such as Amberlite IR-120 (Na ⁺ ), and finally the azide functional group can be reduced via a hydrogenation to provide the desired monosulfate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivative (10A-6). Similarly, using the phenol derivative (10A-5) as a substrate, a monophosphorylation can be carried out via the reaction with tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate to install a O,O-dibenzylphosphate group (10A-7). The O-benzyl protecting groups and the side chain azido functionality can be further reduced via a catalytic hydrogenation. After subjecting the intermediate to a cation exchange with a resin such as Amberlite IR-120 (Na ⁺ ), the desired O-phosphate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivative (10A-8) can be obtained.

[00304] Referring now to FIG. 10B, shown therein is an example of chemical synthesis of monosulfate- or monophosphate-functionalized N,N-disubstituted isopropylamine mescaline derivatives using 2-bromo-5-benzyloxy-1 ,3- dimethoxybenzene (10B-1 ) as a starting material. A treatment with n-butyllithium can regio-selectively introduce a substituted phenyllithium intermediate via lithiumhalogen exchange. The obtained reactive organolithium can then be quenched with 1 ,2-expoxypropane to provide the corresponding 5-benzyloxy-2-(2- hydroxypropyl)-1 ,3-dimethoxybenzene (10B-2). The alcohol can then be activated via an O-mesylation with methansulfonyl chloride in the presence of pyridine to provide the corresponding mesylate (10B-3) which can be subsequently displaced with a substituted amine such as N,N-dimethylamine, to provide the desired 2-(2- N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-benzyloxy-1 ,3-dimethoxybenzene (10B-4). The O- benzyl protecting group of compound (10B-4) can then be removed by a catalytic hydrogenation to afford the corresponding phenol derivative (10B-5). With the availability of the phenol functionality, an O-monosulfation can be carried out by treating with sulfur trioxide - pyridine complex to provide an intermediate whose counter cation can be exchanged with sodium using a resin such as Amberlite IR- 120 (Na ⁺ ) to provide the desired monosulfate-functionalized N,N-dimethyl isopropylamine mescaline derivative (10B-6). Similarly, using the phenol derivative (10B-5) as a substrate, a monophosphorylation can be carried out via the reaction with tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate to install a O,O-dibenzylphosphate group (10B-7). The O-benzyl protecting groups and the side chain azido functionality can be further reduced via a catalytic hydrogenation. After subjecting the intermediate to a cation exchange with a resin such as Amberlite IR-120 (Na ⁺ ), the desired O-phosphate-functionalized N,N-dimethyl isopropylamine mescaline derivative (10B-8) can be obtained.

[00305] Referring now to FIG. 10C, shown therein is an example of chemical synthesis of disulfate- or diphosphate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivatives using 2,4,6-hihydroxybenzaldehyde (10C-1) as a starting material. A treatment with two equivalents of tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride can regio- selectively introduce two O-silyl protecting groups to provide the corresponding

2.4-di-tert-butyldiphenylsiloxy-6-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10C-2). The remaining hydroxyl group can be alkylated such as reacting with iodoethane in the presence of potassium carbonate. The obtained fully protected benzaldehyde (10C-3) can then be subjected to a condensation with nitroethane to provide a E,Z-mixture of nitroalkene products (10C-4). The conjugated nitroalkene functionality can then be reduced with sodium borohydride to provide the corresponding 2-(2-nitropropyl)-

3.5-di-tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy-1 -ethoxybenzene (10C-5). The two O-tert- butyldiphenylsilyl protecting groups of compound (10C-5) can then be removed by a treatment with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride to provide the corresponding phenol derivative (10C-6). With the availability of the two hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring, a O,O-disulfonation can be carried out by treating with sulfur trioxide - pyridine complex to provide an intermediate whose counter cation can be exchange with sodium using a resin such as Amberlite IR-120 (Na ⁺ ), and finally the nitro functional group can be reduced via a hydrogenation to afford the desired disulfate-functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivative (10C-7). Similarly, using the phenol derivative (10C-6) as a substrate, a O,O-diphosphorylation can also be carried out via the reaction with an excess of tetra-O-benzyl pyrophosphate to install two O,O-dibenzylphosphate groups (10C-8). All of the O-benzyl protecting groups and the side chain nitro functionality can be further reduced via a catalytic hydrogenation. After subjecting the intermediate to a cation exchange with a resin such as Amberlite IR-120 (Na ⁺ ), the desired diphosphate- functionalized isopropylamine mescaline derivative (10C-9) can be obtained.

[00306] Thus, furthermore, in accordance with the foregoing, in an aspect, disclosed herein are methods of making a compound having chemical formula (I):

wherein,

Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are independently or simultaneously H, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, an O-alkyl group, an O-acyl group, a hydroxy group, or a glycosyloxy group, wherein 1 to 3 of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are a phosphate group or a sulfate group, and two (or more) of Xi, X2, X3, X4, and Xs are H; and wherein

W is -N(R ₄ )(RS) or -N ⁺ (R6)(R7)(R ₈ );

(i) R4 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or R4, and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3-10-membered heterocyclic ring; or

(ii) Re, R7 and Rs are independently or simultaneously H, an alkyl group, or an acyl group, or any two of Re, R7 and Rs are joined together, along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, to form a 3- 10-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein the method involves performing at least one of the chemical synthesis reactions depicted in FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 11, or 12.

[00307] Referring next to FIG. 11 , in one embodiment the compound having formula (I) can be a compound having chemical formula (III): and the least one chemical synthesis reaction is selected from chemical reaction (d); (c) and (d); (b), (c), and (d); and (a), (b), (c), and (d) depicted in FIG. 11. In general, the reactions can be conducted under the conditions identified in FIG. 11 , and as described in further detail in Example 1 , however, as will be readily understood to those of skill in the art, the reaction conditions may be modified, to establish other conditions sufficient to conduct the noted reactions and obtain the desired product or intermediate product. Thus, for example, temperatures, reaction times, and other conditions may be varied, for example, by evaluating the obtained compounds under a series of different conditions (e.g., different temperatures, reaction times etc.), and selecting a preferred condition.

[00308] Referring next to FIG. 12, in one embodiment the compound having formula (I) can be a compound having chemical formula (IV): and the least one chemical synthesis reaction is selected from chemical reaction f); (e) and (f); (d), (e), and (f); (c), (d), (e), and (f); (b), (c), (d) (e), and (f); and (a), (b), (c), (d) (e), and (f) depicted in FIG. 12. In general, the reactions can be conducted under the conditions identified in FIG. 12, and as described in further detail in Example 2, however, as will be readily understood to those of skill in the art, the reaction conditions may be modified, to establish other conditions sufficient to conduct the noted reactions and obtain the desired product or intermediate product. Thus, for example, temperatures, reaction times, and other conditions may be varied, for example, by evaluating the obtained compounds under a series of different conditions (e.g., different temperatures, reaction times etc.), and selecting a preferred condition.

[00309] Referring next to FIG. 13, in one embodiment the compound having formula (I) can be a compound having chemical formula (V _c ):

and the least one chemical synthesis reaction is selected from chemical reaction (d); (c) and (d); (b), (c), and (d); and (a), (b), (c), and (d) depicted in FIG. 12. In general, the reactions can be conducted under the conditions identified in FIG. 12, and as described in further detail in Example 3, however, as will be readily understood to those of skill in the art, the reaction conditions may be modified, to establish other conditions sufficient to conduct the noted reactions and obtain the desired product or intermediate product. Thus, for example, temperatures, reaction times, and other conditions may be varied, for example, by evaluating the obtained compounds under a series of different conditions (e.g., different temperatures, reaction times etc.), and selecting a preferred condition.

[00310] The reactions may be conducted in any suitable reaction vessel (e.g., a tube, bottle). Suitable solvents that may be used are polar solvents such as, for example, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, toluene, and so-called participating solvents such as acetonitrile and diethyl ether. Further suitable solvents that may be used are for example, water, alcohol (such as methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane, acetone, N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or a combination of solvents. Suitable temperatures may range from, for example, e.g., from about - 78 °C to about 100 °C. Furthermore, catalysts, also known as promoters, may be included in the reaction such as iodonium dicollidine perchlorate (IDCP), any silver or mercury salts, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMS-triflate, TMSOTf), or trifluoronmethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid, TfOH), N-iodosuccinimide, methyl triflate. Furthermore, reaction times may be varied. As will readily be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the reaction conditions may be optimized, for example, by preparing several phosphate or sulfate containing compound preparations and hydroxy-containing mescaline derivative preparations and reacting these in different reaction vessels under different reaction conditions, for example, different temperatures, using different solvents etc., evaluating the obtained phosphorylated or sulfonated mescaline derivative reaction product, adjusting reaction conditions, and selecting a desired reaction condition. Further general guidance regarding appropriate reaction conditions for performing sulfonation and phosphorylation reactions may be found in e.g., U. Pradere, et al., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9154-9218; W. Kozak, et a!., Asian J. Org. Chem. 2018, 7,314 -323.

[00311] It will now be clear form the foregoing that novel isopropylamine analogues of phosphorylated and sulfonated mescaline derivatives are disclosed herein, as well as methods of making isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline derivatives. The isopropylamine analogues of sulfonated and phosphorylated mescaline compounds may be formulated for use as a pharmaceutical drug or recreational drug.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 - Synthesis and analysis of a first phosphorylated isopropylamine mescaline derivative

[00312] Referring to FIG. 11 , to a mixture of 4,5-dimethyl-3- hydroxybenzyaldehyde 1 (2.00 g, 11 mmol) and nitroethane (1.58 mL, 22 mmol) was added ammonium acetate (719 mg, 9.33 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 95°C and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc/hex 1 :2). After 1 h, TLC showed full consumption of the starting material. The reaction was quenched by water and then extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (40 g, EtOAc/hex 10:90 to 20:80) to afford the desired product 2 as a neon yellow solid (1.32 g, 50%) (see: chemical reaction (a) in FIG. 11). LRMS-HESI: calculated 240.09 m/z for [M+H] ⁺ ; found 240.09. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCIs) 5 8.01 (t, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.75 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 6.56 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.90 (s, 1 H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.49 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H).

[00313] To a mixture of compound 2 (290 mg, 1.21 pmol) in dry THF (20 ml) was added Diisopropylamine (68.0 pL, 485 pmol) at -78°C, followed by the addition of n-Butylhthium (2.5 M in hexanes, 582 pL, 1.45 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes before the addition of tetrabenzyl pyrophosphate (783 mg, 1.45 mmol) . The mixture was then stirred at -10°C (ice/salt bath) and warmed up to room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by saturated aq. NH4CI solution and then extracted with dichloromethane (3 x25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by FC on silica gel (12 g, EtOAc/hex 0:100 to 80:20) to afford the desired product 3 as a pale-yellow solid (403 mg, 67% yield) (see: chemical reaction (b) in FIG. 11). LRMS-HESI: calculated 522.12 m/z for [M+Na] ⁺ ; found 522.12. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 7.91 (q, J = 0.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.44 - 7.30 (m, 11 H), 6.93 (t, J = 1 .7 Hz, 1 H), 6.78 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.24 - 5.17 (m, 4H), 3.92 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 6H), 2.34 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H).

[00314] To the solution of compound 3 (25.5 mg, 51 .1 pmol) in dry methanol (2 mL) and THF (1 mL) was added sodium borohydride (2.9 mg, 76.6 pmol). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc/Hex 1 :2). The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was directly purified by FC on silica gel (4 g, 20 to 30% EtOAc/Hex) to provide the desired compound 4 as a white solid (15.2 mg, 59%) (see: chemical reaction (c) in FIG. 11). LRMS-HESI: calculated 524.16 m/z for [M+Na] ⁺ ; found 524.16. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 7.48 - 7.30 (m, 10H),

6.68 (t, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 6.52 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.19 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.2 Hz, 4H),

4.68 (dt, J = 7.7, 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.91 - 3.78 (m, 6H), 3.21 (dd, J = 14.1 , 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.87 (dd, J = 14.1 , 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 1.52 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H).

[00315] To a mixture of compound 4 (30.0 mg, 59.8 pmol) in MeOH (3 mL) was added Pd/C 10% wt. (12.7 mg). The mixture was vigorously stirred under hydrogen (balloon) at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction was filtered off to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and further dried in vacuo. The resulting compound was then dissolved in DI water and lyophilized to provide the desired product 5 (14.5 mg, 83%) as a white solid (see: chemical reaction (d) in FIG. 11). LRMS-HESI: calculated 292.09 m/z for [M+H] ⁺ ; found 292.08. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) 5 6.80 (s, 1 H), 6.66 (s, 1 H), 3.81 - 3.70 (m, 6H), 3.52 (hept, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 2.77 (ddt, J = 37.5, 14.2, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1 .28 - 1.16 (m, 3H). [00316] It is noted that product 5 corresponds with chemical compound (III): set forth herein.

Assessment of cell viability upon treatment of a mescaline derivative.

[00317] To establish suitable ligand concentrations for competitive binding assays, PrestoBlue assays were first performed. The PrestoBlue assay measures cell viable activity based on the metabolic reduction of the redox indicator resazurin and is a preferred method for routine cell viability assays (Terrasso et al., 2017, J Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 83: 72). Results of these assays were conducted using both control ligands (e.g., 2C-B (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine), MDMA, mescaline, etc.) and novel derivative, in part as a pre-screen for any remarkable toxic effects on cell cultures up to concentrations of 1 mM. A known cellular toxin (Triton X-100, Pyrgiotakis G. et a/., 2009, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 37: 1464-1473) was included as a general marker of toxicity, whereas DMSO was included as a non-toxic control. Drug-induced changes in cell health within simple in vitro systems such as the HepG2 cell line are commonly adopted as first- line screening approaches in the pharmaceutical industry (Weaver et al., 2017, Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 13: 767). HepG2 is a human hepatoma that is most commonly used in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity studies (Donato et al., 2015, Methods Mol Biol 1250: 77). Herein, HepG2 cells were cultured using standard procedures using the manufacture’s protocols (ATCC, HB-8065). Briefly, cells were cultured in Eagle’s minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and grown at 37°C in the presence of 5% CO2. To test the various compounds with the cell line, cells were seeded in a clear 96-well culture plate at 20,000 cells per well. After allowing cells to attach and grow for 24 hours, compounds were added at 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, and 1 mM. Methanol was used as vehicle, at concentrations 0.001 , 0.01 , 0.1 , and 1 %. As a positive control for toxicity, Triton X-100 concentrations used were 0.0001 , 0.001 , 0.01 and 0.1 %. Similarly, DMSO was added percent-wise up to 1 % (v/v) as a negative control. Cells were incubated with compounds for 48 hours before assessing cell viability with the PrestoBlue assay following the manufacture’s protocol (ThermoFisher Scientific, P50200). PrestoBlue reagent was added to cells and allowed to incubate for 1 hour before reading. Absorbance readings were performed at 570 nm with the reference at 600 nm on a SpectraMax iD3 plate reader. Non-treated cells were assigned 100% viability. FIGS. 13 (i), and 13 (ii) show results for phenylalkylamine compounds 2C-B (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) (Panel A), MDMA (Panel B), mescaline (Panel C), non-toxic DMSO (Panel D), and the toxic control compound Triton X100 (Panel E). Data acquired for the derivative having chemical formula (III) is displayed as “(III)” on the x-axis in Panel F.

Radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assays.

[00318] SPA beads (RPNQ0011 ), radiolabeled 8-hydroxy-DPAT [propyl-2,3- ring-1 ,2,3- ³ H] (NET929250UC), membranes containing 5HTIA (6110501400UA), and isoplate-96 microplate (6005040) were all purchased from PerkinElmer (www.perkinelmer.com). Radioactive binding assays were carried out using the Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA). For saturation binding assays, mixtures of 10 pg of membrane containing HTIA receptor was pre-coupled to 1 mg of SPA beads at room temperature in a tube rotator for 1 hour in binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI pH 7.4, 10 mM MgSO4, 0.5 mM EDTA, 3.7% glycerol, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 10 pM pargyline HCI). After pre-coupling, the beads and membrane were aliquoted in an isoplate-96 microplate with increasing amounts of 8-hydroxy-DPAT [propyl-2,3- ring-1 ,2,3- ³ H] (0.1525 nM to 5 nM) and incubated for two hours at room temperature in the dark with shaking. After incubation, the samples were read on a MicroBeta 2 Microplate Counter. Non-specific binding was carried out in the presence of 100 pM of metergoline (M3668-500MG, Sigma). Equilibrium binding constant for 8-hydroxy-DPAT (KD) was determined from saturation binding curve using one-site saturation binding analysis from GraphPad PRISM software (Version 9.2.0). All test compounds were dissolved to 100 mM in DMSO, and dilutions were carried out in assay buffer. Competition binding assays were performed using 0.5 nM hot 8-hydroxy-DPAT and different concentrations of DMSO (up to 1 %), tryptophan (3 nM to 1 mM), or unlabelled test compounds (3 nM to 1 mM) similar to the saturation binding assay. Ki values were calculated from the competition displacement data using the competitive binding analysis from GraphPad PRISM software. 2C-B, MDMA and mescaline were used as positive controls since they are phenylalkylamine-type molecules with relatively strong (2C- B; Rickli et al., 2015, Neuropharmacology 99: 546) or more moderate (MDMA, Simmler et a/., 2013, British J. Pharmacol. 168: 458; mescaline, Rickli et al., 2016, Eur. Neuropharm. 26: 1327) 5-HTIA receptor binding activities, respectively. Escaline and proscaline were included in this study for comparative purposes, for although their 5-HTIA receptor binding mode(s) are understudied they are established mescaline-type hallucinogens with therapeutic potential (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1990. PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. 1 ^st ed., Transform Press). FIGS. 13B, 13C, and 13D show the competition binding curves for 2C-B, MDMA and mescaline, respectively, as positive controls (binding). FIGS. 13E and 13F show the competition binding curves for escaline and proscaline, respectively, for comparative purposes. FIG. 13G shows the competition binding curve for tryptophan as a negative control (no significant binding, as indicated by a Ki value >1000 pM). The competition binding curve for compound with formula (III), designated “III” in FIG. H reveals no significant binding to the 5-HTIA, as evidenced by a Ki value > 1000 pM.

Radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assays.

[00319] Assays for determining receptor binding of a given compound include ligand competition assays with an established radiolabeled ligand, resulting in a value. Additional assays may be performed wherein positive and negative controls with pre-determined values are titrated to cell cultures with engineered ‘receptor response systems.’

[00320] Results of these cellular assays, e.g., whether or not a response is observed in cell lines with the target receptor, can provide certain information regarding the overall strength of receptor activation, although negative results in these artificial systems do not necessarily correlate with in vivo impact. To address this caveat, a variety of positive controls (MDMA, 2C-B, mescaline, escaline, proscahne) with established receptor binding and known in vivo efficacy profiles are included in cellular assays.

Activity at 5-HT2A receptor was assessed as described as follows. Evaluation of drug binding is an essential step to characterization of all drug-target interactions (Fang, 2012, Exp. Opin. Drug Discov. 7:969). The binding affinity of a drug to a target is traditionally viewed as an acceptable surrogate of its in vivo efficacy (Nunez et al., 2012, Drug Disc Today 17: 10). Competition assays, also called displacement or modulation binding assays, are a common approach to measure activity of a ligand at a target receptor (Flanagan, 2016, Methods Cell. Biol. 132: 191). In these assays, standard radioligands acting either as agonists or antagonists are ascribed to specific receptors. In the case of G protein-coupled receptor 5-HT2A, [ ³ H]ketanserin is a well-established antagonist used routinely in competition assays to evaluate competitive activity of novel drug candidates at the 5-HT2A receptor (Maguire et a/., 2012, Methods Mol Biol 897: 31). Thus, to evaluate activity of novel mescaline derivatives at the 5-HT2A receptor, competition assays using [ ³ H]ketanserin were employed as follows. SPA beads (RPNQ0010), [ ³ H]ketanserin (NET1233025UC), membranes containing 5-HT2A (ES-313- M400UA), and isoplate-96 microplate (6005040) were all purchased from PerkinElmer. Radioactive binding assays were carried out using Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA). For saturation binding assays, mixtures of 10 ug of membrane containing 5-HT2A receptor was pre-coupled to 1 mg of SPA beads at room temperature in a tube rotator for 1 hour in binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI pH7.4, 4 mM CaCl2, 1 mM ascorbic acid, 10 mM pargyline HCI). After pre-coupling, the beads and membrane were aliquoted in an isoplate-96 microplate with increasing amounts of [ ³ H]ketanserin (0.1525 nM to 5 nM) and incubated for two hours at room temperature in the dark with shaking. After incubation, the samples were read on a MicroBeta 2 Microplate Counter (Perkin Elmer). Determination of non-specific binding was carried out in the presence of 20 mM of spiperone (S7395-250MG, Sigma). Equilibrium binding constants for ketanserin (Kd) were determined from saturation binding curves using the ‘one-site saturation binding analysis’ method of GraphPad PRISM software (Version 9.2.0). Competition binding assays were performed using fixed (1 nM) [ ³ H]ketanserin and different concentrations of unlabeled test compounds (3 nM to 1 mM) similar to the saturation binding assay. Ki values were calculated from the competition displacement data using the competitive binding analysis from GraphPad PRISM software. Tryptophan was included as a negative control as it has no activity at the 5-HT2A receptor. In contrast, 2C-B and MDMA were used as positive controls since they are phenylalkylamine-type molecules with relatively strong (Marcher-Rorsted et al., 2020, ACS Chem. Neurosci. 11 : 1238) or more moderate (Simmler et al., 2013, British J. Pharmacol. 168: 458) 5-HT2A receptor binding activities, respectively. Mescaline was included as an additional positive control with established binding activity at the 5-HT2A receptor (Rickli et al., 2016, Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 26: 1327). Escaline and proscaline were included in this study for comparative purposes, for although their 5-HT2A receptor binding mode is understudied they are established mescaline-type hallucinogens known to induce head-twitch responses in mice (Halberstadt et al., J. Psychopharm. 33: 406). Mouse head-twitch response has been correlated with 5-HT2A receptor engagement (Halberstadt, 2015, Behav. Brain Res. 277: 99). Specific binding in counts per minute (cpm) was calculated by subtracting non-specific binding from total binding. Specific binding (pmol/mg) was calculated from pmol of [ ³ H]ketanserin bound per mg of protein in the assay. The Kd was calculated by fitting the data with the one-site binding model of PRISM software (version 9.2.0). FIGS. 131, 13J, and 13K show the competition binding curves for 2C-B, MDMA and mescaline, respectively, as positive controls (binding). FIGS. 13L and 13M show the competition binding curves for escaline and proscaline, respectively, for comparative purposes. FIG. 13N shows the competition binding curve for tryptophan as a negative control (no binding). The competition binding curve for compound with formula (III), designated “(III)” in FIG. 130, reveals binding compared to the negative control.

Example 2 - Synthesis and analysis of a second phosphorylated isopropylamine mescaline derivative

[00321] Referring to FIG. 12, to a dry flask, 3,5-dimethoxy-4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 1 , (2.00 g, 8.95 mmol) was added and the flask was purged with nitrogen and kept under nitrogen. Acetic anhydride (4.32 mL, 44.8 mmol) was added to the flask and the solution was stirred for 10 min at room temperature. 1-Methyhmidazole (NMI) (360 pL, 4.48 mmol) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. Then, the reaction was cooled down to 0°C and water (5 mL) was added portion-wise. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 mL). The organic layers were combined and washed with a saturated aq. NaHCOs solution followed by water and brine. The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to afford the crude product, 2 (1.10 g, 49 %) as a colourless solid (see: chemical reaction (a) in FIG. 12). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCIs) 5 6.45 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H). [00322] Compound 2 (1.08 g, 4.28 mmol) was dissolved into MeOH (16.9 mL). As the solid dissolved, the solution was deoxygenated using a stream of argon (balloon). After 30 minutes, potassium carbonate (592 mg, 4.28 mmol) was added. After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, no more starting material was observed via TLC (UV, 1 :1 EtOAc/Hex). The mixture was poured into a separatory funnel containing 0.1 M aq. HCI (80 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL), all organic layers were combined, washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The resulting yellow oil was subjected to purification by FC on silica gel (12 g, EtOAc/Hex 20:80 to 80:20) and the product, 3 (808 mg, 90 %), was obtained as a yellow oil (see: chemical reaction (b) in FIG. 12). ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 56.42 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H).

[00323] Under nitrogen atmosphere, methyl ketone 3 (808 mg, 3.84 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (27.1 mL) followed by the addition of acetic acid (550 pL, 9.61 mmol). The mixture was stirred for a few minutes before the addition of azetidine, 4, (545 pL, 7.69 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated up to 60°C and stirred for 3h. At this point the reaction was cooled to RT and sodium cyanoborohydride (763 mg, 11 .5 mmol) was added to the mixture and stirring was continued at room temperature. After 18 hours, the mixture was added to a separatory funnel containing 15 mL DCM and 15 mL water. Saturated aq. NaHCOs was added to the mixture to adjust the aqueous pH to ~8. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 x 15 mL). All organic layers were combined, washed with water, brine and dried (MgSO4). After concentration, a yellow oil was isolated as the crude material. This was subjected to FC on silica gel (12 g, MeOH/DCM 0: 100 to 10:90) to provide a white solid as the desired product, 5 (570 mg, 59 %) (see: chemical reaction (c) in FIG. 12). LRMS-HESI: calculated 252.16 m/z for [M+H] ⁺ ; observed 252.16. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 5 6.42 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 6H), 3.48- 3.44 (m, 4H), 2.86 (dd, J = 13.5, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.73-2.65 (m, 1 H), 2.40 (dd, J = 13.4, 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.18 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.00 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H).

[00324] To a mixture of compound 5 (100 mg, 374 pmol) in dry THF (10 ml) was added diisopropylamine (21.5 pL, 150 pmol) at -78°C, followed by the dropwise addition of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes) (194 pL, 486 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes before the addition of tetrabenzyl pyrophosphate (249 mg, 449 mmol). The mixture was then stirred at -10°C (ice/salt bath) and warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 1 to 2 hours. The reaction was quenched by saturated aq. NH4CI (5 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by FC on silica gel (4 g, MeOH/DCM 10:90) to afford the desired product 7 as a pale-yellow oil (89 mg, 47% yield) (see: chemical reaction (e) in FIG. 12). LRMS-HESI: calculated 512.23 m/z for [M+H] ⁺ ; found 512.29.

[00325] To a solution of compound 7 (30.0 mg, 59.8 pmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added 22.5 mg of Pd/C (10% wt.). The mixture was vigorously stirred under hydrogen (balloon) at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction was filtered off to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and further dried in vacuo. The resulting compound was then dissolved in deionized water and then lyophilized to provide the desired product 8 (26 mg, 89%) as a white foamy solid (see: chemical reaction (f) in FIG. 12). LRMS-HESI: calculated 332.13 m/z for [M+H] ⁺ ; found 332.16. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) 5 6.53 (s, 2H), 4.07 (q, J = 9.3 Hz, 4H), 3.46 (dt, J = 9.4, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 2.85 (dd, J = 13.4, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.71 - 2.47 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 1 H), 1 .11 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H).

[00326] It is noted that product 8 corresponds with chemical compound (IV): set forth herein.

Assessment of cell viability upon treatment of a psilocin derivative.

[00327] Cell viability was assessed as described for Example 1 , except the compound with formula (IV) was evaluated in place of the compound with formula (III). Data acquired for the derivative having chemical formula (IV) is displayed as “(IV)” on the x-axes in FIG. 14A.

Radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assays.

[00328] Activity at 5-HTIA receptor was assessed as described for Example 1 , except the compound with formula (IV) was evaluated in place of the compound with formula (III). FIG. 14B shows radioligand competition assay results for compound with formula (IV), depicted on the x-axis as “(IV)”. Results demonstrate receptor modulation compared to negative control.

Radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assays.

[00329] Activity at 5-HT2A receptor was assessed as described for Example 1 , except the compound with formula (IV) was evaluated in place of the compound with formula (III). FIG. 14C shows radioligand competition assay results for compound with formula (IV), depicted on the x-axis as “(IV)”. Results demonstrate receptor modulation compared to negative control.

Example 3 - Synthesis and analysis of a first sulfonated isopropylamine mescaline derivative

[00330] Referring to FIG. 12, and Example 2, chemical compound 5 was prepared as described in Example 2 (see also: chemical reactions (a), (b), and (c) in FIG. 12). Thereafter, compound 5 (30.0 mg, 119 pmol), triethylamine (174 pL, 1 .24 mmol) and DCM (3.36 mL) were added to a reaction vial. Argon was bubbled through the mixture for a few minutes before the addition of sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (198 mg, 1.22 mmol). Reaction was then heated at 40°C overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and was purified by FC on silica gel (4 g, MeOH/DCM 20:80 with 5% EtsN) to afford chemical compound 6 as a white solid (8.50 mg, 16%). (see: chemical reaction (d) in FIG. 12). LRMS-HESI: calculated 332.12 m/z for [M+H] ⁺ ; observed 332.30. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) 5 6.75 (s, 2H), 4.23 (dt, J = 12.6, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.97 - 3.88 (m, 1 H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 3.71 - 3.62 (m, 1 H), 3.47 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.20 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.05 (ddd, J = 16.3, 8.0, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (dt, J = 14.6, 4.7 Hz, 1 H), 2.65 (dd, J = 13.8, 5.2 Hz, 1 H), 1.94 - 1 .82 (m, 2H), 1 .35 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1 .31 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 9H).

[00331] It is noted that product 6 corresponds with chemical compound (V _c ): set forth herein.

Assessment of cell viability upon treatment of a psilocin derivative.

[00332] Cell viability was assessed as described for Example 1 , except the compound with formula (Vc) was evaluated in place of the compound with formula (III). Data acquired for the derivative having chemical formula (Vc) is displayed as “(Vc)” on the x-axes in FIG. 15A.

Radioligand 5-HTIA receptor binding assays.

[00333] Activity at 5-HTIA receptor was assessed as described for Example 1 , except the compound with formula (Vc) was evaluated in place of the compound with formula (III). FIG. 15B shows radioligand competition assay results for compound with formula (Vc), depicted on the x-axis as “(Vc)”. Results demonstrate receptor modulation compared to negative control.

Radioligand 5-HT2A receptor binding assays.

[00334] Activity at 5-HT2A receptor was assessed as described for Example 1 , except the compound with formula (Vc) was evaluated in place of the compound with formula (III). FIG. 15C shows radioligand competition assay results for compound with formula (Vc), depicted on the x-axis as “(Vc)”. Results demonstrate no significant binding to the 5-HT2A receptor, as evidenced by a Ki value > 1000 pM.