BROEKAERT WILLEM (FR)
FERRY NICOLAS (FR)
GLOSSOP MELANIE (FR)
GIBSON KARL (FR)
WO2017212019A1 | 2017-12-14 | |||
WO2021005210A1 | 2021-01-14 | |||
WO2011082285A1 | 2011-07-07 | |||
WO1999067215A1 | 1999-12-29 | |||
WO2017212019A1 | 2017-12-14 | |||
WO2021005210A1 | 2021-01-14 | |||
WO2021089856A1 | 2021-05-14 |
US20040180855A1 | 2004-09-16 | |||
US20040147502A1 | 2004-07-29 | |||
US6335324B1 | 2002-01-01 |
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CLAIMS 1. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector comprising a moiety according to formula (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein N* is a nitrogen atom of an amino group of an amino acid residue of the AAV vector's capsid; ----- r epresents the point of attachment to the AAV vector's capsid; Z is a functional moiety comprising a cell-type specific ligand, a labelling agent, a steric shielding agent, a drug moiety or combinations thereof; L is a linker, which preferably comprises up to 1000 carbon atoms and which is preferably in the form of a chemical chain which optionally comprises heteroatoms and/or cyclic moieties; R1, R1’, R2 and R2’ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; or R1 and R1’ or R2 and R2’, together with their intervening atoms, may come together of form an optionally substituted spiro-fused ring; or R1 and R2, together with their intervening atoms, may form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl or heteroaryl ring having 0-2 heteroatoms independently selected form nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; preferably R1, R1’, R2 and R2’ are hydrogen. 2. The AAV vector according to claim 1, wherein at least one N* is a nitrogen atom of an amino group of a lysine residue of the AAV vector's capsid. 3. The AAV vector according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein Z comprises or consists of a cell-type specific ligand selected from the group consisting of saccharides, hormones, peptides, proteins or functionally active fragments thereof, membrane receptors or functionally active fragments thereof, antibodies or functionally active fragments thereof, spiegelmers, nucleic acid or peptide aptamers, vitamins, and drugs. 4. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein Z is a saccharide selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof. 5. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of mannose, galactose, fucose, desosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, S6-galactose, S6-N-acetylgalactosamine, glucuronic acid, P6-galactose and P1-galactose. 6. The AAV vector according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein Z comprises or consists of a steric shielding agent selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, pHPMA, and polysaccharides. 7. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein L comprises an optionally substituted group comprising saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C2-C40 hydrocarbon chains, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, pHPMA, PLGA, polymers of alkylene diamines, and combinations thereof. 8. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein L comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG), comprising 2 to 40 ethylene glycol monomers. 9. The AAV vector according to claim 8, wherein L further comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups. 10. The AAV vector according to claim 8, wherein L further comprises a phenyl. 11. The AAV vector according to claim 8 or claim 10, wherein L further comprises a 1,2,3-triazolyl. 12. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising a moiety according to formula (IIa) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L1 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group; L2 is an optionally substituted heteroaryl group; and L3 is a linker, which preferably comprising up to 1000 carbon atoms and which is preferably in the form of a chemical chain which optionally comprises heteroatoms and/or cyclic moieties. 13. The AAV vector according to claim 12, wherein L1 is optionally substituted phenyl. 14. The AAV vector according to claim 12 or claim 13, wherein L2 is an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl aryl group comprising 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 15. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein L2 is triazolyl. 16. The AAV vector according to any one of claims claim 1 to 6, comprising a moiety according to formula (IIc): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R3, R3’, R4 and R4’ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR, -NR2, -CN, -SR or an optionally substituted group selected from C1-6 alkyl or a 3- to 7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, aryl, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected form nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; preferably R3, R3’, R4 and R4’ are hydrogen; or R3 and R4, or R3’ and R4’, together with their intervening atoms, may form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl or heteroaryl ring having 0-2 heteroatoms independently selected form nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; each R is independently selected from hydrogen or C1–6 alkyl; and each is independently a single or double bond. 17. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein L3 is an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C2-C40 hydrocarbon chains, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, pHPMA, PLGA, polymers of alkyl diamines and combinations thereof; preferably L3 is polyethylene glycol. 18. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein L3 is a polyethylene glycol (PEG), comprising from 2 to 40 ethylene glycol monomers. 19. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein L3 is PEG3, PEG4, or PEG5. 20. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising a moiety according to formula (IIe) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integer ranging from 1 to 20; preferably n is ranging from 3 to 5; more preferably n is 3. 21. The AAV vector according to claim 1, comprising: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 22. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein said AAV vector is selected from the group consisting of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, pseudotypes, chimeras, and variants thereof; preferably the AAV vector is selected from the group consisting of AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9. 23. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein said AAV vector comprises at least one transgene, and the transgene is optionally under control of a promoter. 24. The AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein said AAV vector comprises at least one transgene comprising the cDNA from a GBA gene, preferably from a human GBA gene, and the transgene is optionally under control of a promoter. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 24 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. 26. An AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 24 or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 25, for use as a diagnostic agent and/or a medicament, preferably in gene therapy. 27. A method of manufacturing of an AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 24 comprising the step of incubating an AAV with a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, under conditions suitable to obtain the AAV vector according to any one of claims 1 to 24. 28. A compound of formula (Ia): or a salt thereof, wherein Z is a functional moiety comprising a cell-type specific ligand, a labelling agent, a steric shielding agent, a drug moiety or combinations thereof; L1 is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group; L2 is an optionally substituted heteroaryl group; and L3 is a linker, which preferably comprises up to 1000 carbon atoms and which is preferably in the form of a chemical chain which optionally comprises heteroatoms and/or cyclic moieties; and R1, R1’, R2 and R2’ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or an optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl; or; R1 and R1’ or R2 and R2’, together with their intervening atoms, may come together of form an optionally substituted spiro-fused ring; or R1 and R2, together with their intervening atoms, may form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl or heteroaryl ring having 0-2 heteroatoms independently selected form nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; preferably R1, R1’, R2 and R2’ are hydrogen. 29. The compound according to claim 28, wherein L1 is optionally substituted phenyl. 30. The compound according to claim 28 or claim 29, wherein L2 is an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl aryl group comprising 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 31. The compound according to claim 28, of formula (Ic) or a salt thereof, wherein R3, R3’, R4 and R4’ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, -OR, -NR2, -CN, -SR or an optionally substituted group selected from C1–6 alkyl or a 3- to 7-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, aryl, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected form nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; preferably R3, R3’, R4 and R4’ are hydrogen; and each is independently a single or double bond. 32. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 31, wherein L3 is an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C2-C40 hydrocarbon chains, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, pHPMA, PLGA, polymers of alkyl diamines and combinations thereof; preferably L3 is polyethylene glycol. 33. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 32, wherein L3 is a polyethylene glycol (PEG), comprising from 2 to 40 ethylene glycol monomers. 34. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 33, wherein L3 is PEG3, PEG4, or PEG5. 35. The compound according to claim 28, of formula (IIe) or a salt thereof, wherein n is an integer ranging from 1 to 20; preferably n is ranging from 3 to 5; more preferably n is 3. 36. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 35, wherein Z comprises or consists of a cell-type specific ligand selected from the group consisting of saccharides, hormones, peptides, proteins or functionally active fragments thereof, membrane receptors or functionally active fragments thereof, aptamers, antibodies or functionally active fragments thereof, ScFv, spiegelmers, peptide aptamers, vitamins and drugs. 37. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 36, wherein Z is a saccharide selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and derivatives thereof. 38. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 37, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of mannose, galactose, fucose, desosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, S6-galactose, S6-N-acetylgalactosamine, glucuronic acid, P6-galactose and P1-galactose. 39. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 28 to 38 to manufacture a modified AAV vector. |
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0235] In an illustrative embodiment, the AAV vector of the invention comprises a moiety selected from: Table 1′
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein N* is a nitrogen atom of an amino group of an amino acid residue of the AAV vector's capsid. [0236] In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the invention is selected from (1)- AAV2, (2)-AAV2, (3)-AAV2, (4)-AAV2, (7)-AAV2, (8)-AAV2, (9)-AAV2, (1)-AAV5, (1)-AAV8, (3)-AAV8, and (1)-AAV9. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the invention is selected from (1)-AAV2, (2)-AAV2, (3)-AAV2, (4)-AAV2, (1)-AAV5, (1)- AAV8, (3)-AAV8, and (1)-AAV9. The nomenclature used herein, e.g., “(1)-AAV2”, refers to an AAV vector of serotype AAV2 which is modified with moiety (1), resulting in (1)-AAV2. The same nomenclature is used for the other AAV serotypes and modifying groups. [0237] In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the invention is (1)-AAV2 comprising at least one transgene comprising the cDNA from a GBA gene, preferably a human GBA gene, optionally the transgene is under control of a at least one regulatory element, preferably of a promoter as defined above, more preferably of a CAG promoter. [0238] An exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. [0239] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene encodes an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an amino acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. [0240] In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the invention is not an AAV vector comprising moiety (1), resulting in (1)-AAV. Method for preparing lactam modified AAV vectors [0241] In some embodiments, this invention further relates to methods of manufacturing of an AAV vector according to the invention. In some embodiments, a method of the present invention comprises incubating the AAV vector with a compound comprising a lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group in conditions suitable for reacting said lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group with at least one amino group of an amino acid residue of the capsid of the AAV vector so as to open the lactam (e.g., β-lactam) and form a covalent bond. [0242] In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing of an AAV vector according to the invention comprises the step of incubating an AAV with a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , R 2’ , L and Z are as herein defined and described in classes and subclasses herein; under conditions suitable to obtain at least one moiety of formula (II): wherein ----- , N*, R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , R 2’ , L and Z are as defined above and described in classes and subclasses herein. [0243] In some embodiments, suitable conditions to obtain at least one moiety of formula (II) include those suitable for reacting a β-lactam with an amine of an amino acid residue of the capsid of the AAV vector. [0244] In some embodiments, an AAV vector is incubated with a compound comprising a lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group (e.g., a compound of formula (I)) in conditions suitable to promote the formation of a covalent bond between an amino group of an amino acid residue of the capsid of the AAV vector and said lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group without impairing the structural integrity of said AAV. [0245] In some embodiments, an incubation can be performed in an aqueous buffer having a pH ranging from 5.5 to 10, preferably from 7 to 10, e.g. from 9 to 10, such as 9.3. In some preferred embodiments, the pH is 9.3. [0246] In some embodiments, an incubation buffer can be selected from TRIS buffer, borate buffer, Hepes buffer, acetate buffer, phosphate buffer e.g. PBS, or Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (dPBS). In some preferred embodiments, the buffer is TRIS buffer. [0247] In some embodiments, an incubation can last from several minutes to several hours, for instance from 5 min to 6 hours, e.g. from 3 to 5 hours. In some preferential embodiments, the incubation is about 4 hours. In some embodiments, the incubation is ended when a sufficient yield of coupling is achieved. [0248] In some embodiments, the temperature of incubation is typically from 4 °C to 50 °C. In some preferential embodiments, the incubation is performed at room temperature, i.e. at a temperature from 18 °C to 30 °C, e.g. at around 20°C. In some embodiments, the incubating solution can be stirred. [0249] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the compound comprising the lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group to the AAV vector may be from 1.10 5 to 1.10 7 , e.g. 1.10 6 to 5.10 6 . In some preferential embodiments, there is a 3.10 6 equivalents molar excess of the lactam (e.g., β-lactam). [0250] In some embodiments, a method of the invention may comprise one or several additional steps prior to, or after the step of incubation as described above. [0251] For instance, in some embodiments, a method of the invention may comprise a preliminary step of providing or producing an AAV vector to be modified. In some embodiments, a method of the invention may also comprise a preliminary step of providing or preparing the compound comprising a lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group (e.g., a compound of formula (I)). [0252] In some embodiments, a method of the invention may also comprise one or several additional steps following the step of incubation, such as: - a step of removing the unreacted compound comprising a lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group (e.g., a compound of formula (I)) at the end of the incubation step, e.g. by dialysis or tangential flow filtration, and/or - a step of collecting the chemically modified AAV particles, and/or - a step of purifying the AAV vector, and/or - a step of recovering the AAV vector, and/or - a step of formulating and/or packaging the AAV vector. Compounds comprising lactam groups [0253] In some embodiments, the invention further relates to compounds comprising a lactam (e.g., β-lactam) group used to obtain the AAV vectors of the invention. [0254] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I): or a salt thereof, wherein Z, L, R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , and R 2’ are as defined and described in classes and subclasses above and herein. [0255] In some embodiments, a provided compound is of formula (Ia): or a salt thereof, wherein Z, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , and R 2’ are as defined and described in classes and subclasses above and herein. [0256] In some embodiments, a provided compound is of formula (Ib): or a salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , R 2’ , R 3 , R 3’ , R 4 , R 4’ L 2 , L 3 and Z are as defined and described in classes and subclasses above and herein. [0257] In some embodiments, a provided compound is of formula (Ic): or a salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , R 2’ , R 3 , R 3’ , R 4 , R 4’ , L 3 , Z, and are as defined and described in classes and subclasses above and herein. [0258] In some embodiments, a provided compound is of formula (Id): or a salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , R 2’ , R 3 , R 3’ , R 4 , R 4’ , L 3 and Z are as defined and described in classes and subclasses above and herein. [0259] In some embodiments, a provided compound is of formula (Ie):
or a salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 1’ , R 2 , R 2’ , R 3 , R 3’ , R 4 , R 4’ and Z are as defined and described in classes and subclasses above and herein; and n is an integer ranging from 1 to 20; preferably n is ranging from 3 to 5; more preferably n is 3. [0260] In some embodiments, a compound is selected from a compound of Table 2, or a salt thereof Table 2 [0261] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), or (Ie), or salts thereof, provided that the compound is not compound (1). [0262] It will be appreciated, that compounds of formula (I) can be manufactured by methods known by one skilled in the art. [0263] In the case of compounds of formula (I) comprising a triazole, a step of click chemistry can be used to provide the compound. As an illustration, one can refer to the synthesis of lactam linkers (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (9) described in the Example section. Uses of provided AAV vectors [0264] In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention can be used as a research tool. In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention can be used as a medicament, for instance in gene therapy as vectors for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA. In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention can be used in a diagnostic means, e.g. as an imaging agent. In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention can be used as a combination of both a therapeutic and diagnostic tool, e.g., theragnostic use. Modifications of biological functionalities and/or properties of AAV vectors [0265] In some embodiments, chemical modifications of the capsid of an AAV vector may modify one, or several, of its biological functionalities and/or properties. In some embodiments, biological functionalities and/or properties can depend on the nature of functional moiety Z which is introduced to modify the AAV vector in the present invention. In some embodiments, one or more biological properties of a modified AAV vector can be altered compared to the unmodified AAV vector, such as: - a modified selectivity of the AAV vector towards a specific organ, tissue, and/or cell type (e.g. an increased selectivity or a shifted selectivity from one tissue/organ/cell to another); and/or - a modified immunoreactivity of the AAV vector, e.g. a decreased immunogenicity of the AAV vector and/or a decreased affinity for neutralizing antibodies, and/or said AAV vector triggers an altered humoral response when administered in vivo, e.g. does not generate AAV-directed neutralizing antibodies; and/or - an increased infectivity efficiency of the AAV vector; and/or - an increased transduction efficacy of the AAV vector towards a specific cell, tissue, and/or organ; and/or - a reduced cellular toxicity when transducing cells in culture; and/or - an induced cellular targeted mortality of cancer cells; and/or - enabling the visualization/monitoring of the AAV vector upon in vivo administration or upon modification of cells in vitro; and/or - enabling theragnostic applications; e.g. combining a therapeutic agent and a diagnostic agent. [0266] In some embodiments, when the AAV vector is used as a medicament, e.g. as a gene vector for gene therapy, such modified properties may result in an improvement in the therapeutic index of the AAV vector. In some embodiments, an improvement in the therapeutic index of the AAV vector can result from decreases in the relative dose of AAV to administer to the subject in order to achieve the sought therapeutic effect, such a reduction in dosage can decrease the relative toxicity of the AAV therapeutic regime. [0267] In some embodiments, an AAV vector of the present invention shows a preferential tropism for an organ or cell selected from liver, heart, brain, joints, retina, and/or skeletal muscle. In some embodiments, an AAV vector of the invention shows a preferential tropism for cultured cells selected from, but not limited to, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, neurons, motor neurons, retinal pigmented cells, photoreceptors, chondrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), and/or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Uses and method for transducing cells [0268] In some embodiments, the present invention relates to an AAV vector according to the present invention, for use in transducing a cell of a subject. [0269] By “transducing a cell” it is herein referred to delivering a nucleic acid into a cell. The transduced nucleic acid of interest may be of any type and is selected depending on the sought effect. In some embodiments, when the AAV vector according to the present invention is used for transducing a cell, it comprises a transgene. [0270] In some embodiments, for example, an AAV vector can comprise an exogenous gene expression cassette. In some embodiments, said cassette may comprise a promoter, a gene of interest, and a terminator. In some embodiments, as an additional or alternative example, an AAV vector of the invention may comprise a DNA template for homologous recombination in cells. In some embodiments, such an AAV vector can be used in combination with gene editing tools, for promoting homologous recombination in targeted cells. In some embodiments, the gene editing tools can be of any type, and encompass, without being limited to, CRISPR and its associated systems (including without limitation a Cas protein such as a Cas9 protein, or fusion protein thereof, a crRNA and tracrRNA, the latter two being either separate or linked together in a single gRNA), TALEN, Zinc Finger Nuclease, meganuclease, as well as RNA and DNA encoding said gene editing proteins and their associated systems. [0271] In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to use of an AAV vector according to the present invention for transducing a cell of a subject. [0272] In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method for transducing a cell of a subject, comprising administering an AAV vector according to the present invention to said subject. [0273] In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method of delivering a transgene to a cell, the method comprising contacting a cell with an AAV vector according to the invention, i.e. an AAV vector comprising a functional moiety covalently linked to an amino group of the AAV vector's capsid via a moiety resulting from the reaction of a compound comprising a β-lactam moiety with said amino group, and the transgene to be expressed in the contacted cell. [0274] In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method for delivering a transgene into a cell of a subject, comprising administering an AAV vector according to the present invention comprising said transgene to said subject. [0275] In some embodiments, the present invention further relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transducing a cell, comprising contacting said cell with an AAV vector according to the invention. In some embodiments, the cell may be from a subject (e.g., a patient). In some embodiments, after transduction, the cell may be transplanted to a subject in need thereof (e.g., the patient, and/or another subject). [0276] In some embodiments, an AAV vector can be administered to a cell in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. In some embodiments, the cell may be derived from a mammal (e.g., humans, non-human primates, cows, mice, sheep, goats, pigs, rats, etc.) In some embodiments, the cell may be derived from a human. In some embodiments, the cell may be, but is not limited to, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myocytes, neurons, motor neurons, retinal pigmented cells, photoreceptors, chondrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). [0277] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention specifically transduce any or several of the following cells: neurons (such as, e.g., pyramidal neurons, Purkinje neurons, spindle neurons, medium spiny neurons, and/or interneurons [e.g., Golgi cells, Lugaro cells, basket cells, stellate cells, candelabrum cells, unipolar brush cells, granule cells, Renshaw cells, 1a inhibitory neurons, 1b inhibitory neurons, parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, CCK-expressing interneurons, VIP-expressing interneurons, SOM-expressing interneurons, cholinergic interneurons, tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons, calretinin-expressing interneurons, or nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons]), oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, radial glia cells and/or pituicytes. [0278] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention specifically transduce any or several of the following cells: neurons (such as, e.g., pyramidal neurons, Purkinje neurons, spindle neurons, medium spiny neurons, and/or interneurons [e.g., Golgi cells, Lugaro cells, basket cells, stellate cells, candelabrum cells, unipolar brush cells, granule cells, Renshaw cells, 1a inhibitory neurons, 1b inhibitory neurons, parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, CCK-expressing interneurons, VIP-expressing interneurons, SOM-expressing interneurons, cholinergic interneurons, tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons, calretinin-expressing interneurons, or nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons]). [0279] In some embodiments, AV vectors according to the present invention do not specifically transduce one or more (or all) of the following cells: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, radial glia cells and/or pituicytes. [0280] In some embodiments, an AAV vector according to the present invention can target a large variety of cells, tissues, and/or organs for treatment and/or prophylactic intervention. For example, in some embodiments, AAV vectors targets encompass, but are not limited to, hepatocytes; cells of the retina; i.e. photoreceptors, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), Müller cells; cells of the inner ear (e.g., inner and/or outer hair cells, Hensen's cells, Deiter's cells, pillar cells, inner phalangeal cells, border cells, etc.); muscle cells, i.e. myoblasts, satellite cells; cells of the central nervous system (CNS), i.e. neurons, glial cells; cells of the heart; cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS); osteoblasts; tumor cells; blood cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells; hematopoietic cells including hematopoietic stem cells; induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and the like. Examples of tissues and organs which can be targeted by AAV include, eye, retina, ear, liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, brain, spine, bone, connective tissue, heart, kidney, lung, lymph node, mammary gland, myelin, prostate, testes, thymus, thyroid, trachea, and the like. In some embodiments, preferred cell types are hepatocytes, retinal cells, muscle cells, cells of the CNS, cells of the PNS and/or hematopoietic cells. In some embodiments, preferred tissues and/or organs are liver, muscle, heart, eye, and/or brain. [0281] In some embodiments, an AAV described herein is considered to target cells of the CNS if it targets one or more cell types that include retinal cells; in some embodiments, targeting retinal cells is not considered to represent CNS targeting. Use in gene therapy [0282] In some embodiments, an AAV vector described herein may be particularly useful in gene therapy, e.g., to deliver a therapeutic nucleic acid of interest to a subject. [0283] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present invention also relates to an AAV vector according to the present invention, for use in gene therapy. [0284] In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method of gene therapy in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an AAV vector according to the present invention to said subject. [0285] In some embodiments, an AAV of the invention can be delivered by any appropriate route to the subject. In some embodiments, appropriate administration routes encompass, without being limited to, inhalational, topical, intra-tissue (e.g. intramuscular, intracardiac, intrahepatic, intrarenal), conjunctical (e.g. intraretinal, subretinal), mucosal (e.g. buccal, nasal), intra-articular, intravitreal, intracranial, intravascular (e.g. intravenous), intraventricular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, and intralymphatic routes. In some embodiments, the route of administration is selected depending on the targeted tissue and/or organ, namely, depending on the tissue and/or organ in which transduction is sought. [0286] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administered by intraspinal and/or intracerebral administration. [0287] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administrated intraspinally. In some embodiments, intraspinal administration comprises or consists of intrathecal and epidural administration. In some embodiments, intraspinal administration comprises or consists of intrathecal administration. [0288] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administrated intracerebrally. [0289] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administered intracerebrally, wherein the intracerebral administration is at a site selected from the group comprising or consisting of: striatum (such as, e.g., putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, external globus pallidus and/or internal globus pallidus), thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, parenchyma, cerebrum, medulla, deep cerebellar nuclei (such as, e.g., substantia nigra, dentate, emboliform, globose and/or fastigii nucleus), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meninges, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, subarachnoid cisterns (such as, e.g., cisterna magna, pontine cistern, interpeduncular cistern, chiasmatic cistern, cistern of lateral cerebral fossa, superior cistern and/or cistern of lamina terminalis), subarachnoid space, cortex, septum, pons, and/or cerebellum. [0290] In some embodiments, AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administrated intrastriatally (i.e., in the striatum, such as, e.g., in the putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, external globus pallidus and/or internal globus pallidus), intrathalamically (i.e., in the thalamus), intracisternally (i.e., in the subarachnoid cisterns, such as, e.g., in the cisterna magna, pontine cistern, interpeduncular cistern, chiasmatic cistern, cistern of lateral cerebral fossa, superior cistern and/or cistern of lamina terminalis; preferably in the cisterna magna). [0291] In some embodiments, an AAV vector according to the present invention is to be administered intraparenchymally. [0292] In some embodiments, an AAV vector according to the present invention is to be administrated intrastriatally, intrathalamically, intracisternally or intrathecally. [0293] In some embodiments, an AAV vector according to the present invention is to be administrated intrastriatally or intrathalamically. [0294] In some embodiments, an AAV vector according to the present invention is not administered intracerebroventricularly, for example, as described in International Application WO2021/089856, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [0295] In some embodiments, conditions to be treated by administration of an AAV vector of the invention can be of any type. For example, in some embodiments, a condition to be treated may be selected from communicable diseases, and inherited as well as acquired genetic disorders. In some embodiments, genetic disorders of interest encompass but are not limited to genetic muscle disorders such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, leukodystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), hemophilia, sickle disease, and inherited retinal dystrophy. In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention can also be used for treating disorders such as, but not limited to, cancers, arthritis, arthrosis, congenital and acquired cardiac diseases, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease, and infectious diseases (e.g., such as hepatitis C). [0296] In some preferred embodiments, AAV vectors described herein can be particularly useful for preventing and/or treating an ophthalmic disease. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present invention also relates to AAV vectors according to the present invention, for use in the prevention and/or treatment of an ophthalmic disease. In some embodiments, the present invention further relates to the use of AAV vectors according to the present invention, for the manufacture of a medicament for prevention and/or treatment of an ophthalmic disease. In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method of preventing and/or treating an ophthalmic disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering AAV vectors according to the present invention to said subject. [0297] In some preferred embodiments, an AAV vector described herein may also be particularly useful for preventing and/or treating a CNS disease. “Central nervous system” or “CNS” refers to both the brain and the spinal cord and contrasts with the “peripheral nervous system” or “PNS” which excludes the brain and the spinal cord. In some embodiments, the eye and in particular the retina is not considered to be part of the CNS. In some embodiments, the eye and in particular the retina can be considered to be part of the PNS. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present invention also relates to modified AAV vectors according to the present invention, for use in the prevention or treatment of a CNS disease. In some embodiments, the present invention further relates to use of modified AAV vectors according to the present invention, for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of a CNS disease. In some embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method of preventing and/or treating a CNS disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering modified AAV vectors according to the present invention to said subject. [0298] In some embodiments, a brain tissue may be or include the striatum, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the parietal cortices, the hippocampus and/or the globus pallidus. In some embodiments, the CNS site may be in the striatum. In some embodiments, the CNS site may be in the thalamus. In some embodiments, the CNS site may be in the cisterna magna. [0299] As used herein, the terms “prevent”, “preventing” and “prevention” refer to prophylactic and preventative measures, wherein the object is to reduce the chances that a subject will develop a given disease over a given period of time. Such a reduction may be reflected, e.g., in a delayed onset of at least one symptom of the disease in the subject. [0300] As used herein, the terms “treating” or “treatment” or “alleviation” refer to therapeutic treatment, excluding prophylactic or preventative measures; wherein the object is to slow down (lessen) a given disease. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disease as well those suspected to have the disease. A subject is successfully “treated” for a given disease if, after receiving a therapeutic amount of an AAV vector according to the present invention, said subject shows observable and/or measurable reduction in or absence of one or more of the following: one or more of the symptoms associated with the disease; reduced morbidity and mortality; and/or improvement in quality of life issues. The above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the targeted disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician. [0301] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a mammal, preferably a human. In some embodiments, a subject may be a “patient”, i.e., a warm-blooded animal, more preferably a human, who/which is awaiting the receipt of, or is receiving medical care or was/is/will be the object of a medical procedure, or is monitored for the development of a disease. A “mammal” refers here to any mammal, including humans, non-human primates, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, rabbits, etc. Preferably, the mammal is a primate, more preferably a human. Composition [0302] In some embodiments, the present invention further relates to a composition comprising AAV vectors according to the invention. In some embodiments, AAV vectors in the composition according to the present invention comprises at least one transgene. [0303] In some embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an AAV vector according to the invention and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. [0304] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable”, when referring to vehicles, excipients, carriers, and/or preservatives, is meant to define molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a subject, preferably a human. For human administration, pharmaceutical compositions should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, and general safety and purity standards as required by regulatory offices, such as, for example, FDA Office or EMA. [0305] In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, excipients, carriers and preservatives that may be used in these compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, proteins (such as, e.g., serum albumin, gelatin, immunoglobulins and the like), buffer substances (such as, e.g., phosphates, citrates or other organic acids, and the like), amino acids (such as, e.g., glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, lysine and the like), antioxidants (such as, e.g., ascorbic acid and the like), chelating agents (such as, e.g., EDTA), sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes (such as, e.g., protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate and the like), hydrophilic polymers (such as, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene- polyoxypropylene block polymers and the like), cellulose-based substances (such as, e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose), polyacrylates, waxes, nonionic surfactants (such as, e.g., Tween, pluronics, polyethylene glycol and the like), wool fat, and suitable combinations thereof. [0306] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprises vehicles which are pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation intended for injection into a subject. In some embodiments, these may be in particular isotonic, sterile, saline solutions (monosodium or disodium phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium chloride and the like or mixtures of such salts), or dry, especially freeze-dried compositions which upon addition, depending on the case, of sterilized water or physiological saline, permit the constitution of injectable solutions. [0307] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprise one or more agents that promote the entry of an AAV vector described herein into a mammalian cell, such as, e.g., natural and/or synthetic polymers, such as poloxamer, chitosan, cyclodextrins, dendrimers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymers, and the like. [0308] In some embodiments, AAV vectors comprising at least one transgene according to the present invention is comprised as part of a medicament. In some embodiments, the invention thus relates to a medicament comprising AAV vectors comprising at least one transgene according to the present invention. Transgene/disease combinations [0309] As described above, AAV vectors according to the present invention may comprise at least one transgene, selected in view of the intended use of an AAV vector. Examples of transgenes that can be useful for treatment of ophthalmic diseases or CNS diseases are provided hereafter. In some embodiments, an eye is not considered to be a “CNS” site. In some embodiments, an eye can be considered a “PNS” site. [0310] In some embodiments, ophthalmic diseases include inherited retinal diseases. In some embodiments, inherited retinal diseases include, but are not limited to, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa, retinitis punctata albescens, choroideremia, Stargardt disease, fundus flavimaculatus, fundus albipunctatus, retinal dystrophies, choroidal dystrophies, cone dystrophies, cone-rod dystrophies, rod-cone dystrophies, macular dystrophies, macular degeneration, basal laminar drusen, night blindness, Aland Island eye disease, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Newfoundland rod-cone dystrophy, Ogushi disease, vitreoretinopathy, vitreoretinochoroidopathy, bestrophinopathy, Wagner syndrome, Norrie disease, and microphthalmia. In some embodiments, ophthalmic diseases include communicable diseases, such as infectious diseases (e.g., viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.). In some embodiments, an ophthalmic disease includes an injury. In some embodiments, an ophthalmic disease includes an auto-immune disease. In some embodiments, an ophthalmic disease includes a cancer. [0311] In some embodiments, genes involved with inherited retinal diseases include, but are not limited to, ABCA4, ADAM9, AGBL5, AHR, AIPL1, APOE, ARHGEF18, ARL2BP, ARL3, ARL6, BBS2, BEST1, C2ORF71, C8orf37, CACNA1F, CAPN5, CDHR1, CEP290, CEP78, CERKL, CFH, CHM, CLCC1, CLRN1, CNGA1, CNGB1, COL2A1, CRB1, CRB2, CRX, CTNNB1, CX3CR1, DHDDS, DHX38, EFEMP1, ELOVL4, EYS, FAM161A, FBN2, FSCN2, FZD4, GDF6, GUCA1A, GUCA1B, GUCY2D, HGSNAT, HK1, HMCN1, HRG4, HTRA1, IDH3A, IDH3B, IFT140, IFT172, IFT43, IMPDH1, IMPG2, KCNJ13, KIAA1549, KIF3B, KIZ, KLHL7, LCA5, LRAT, LRP5, MAK, MERTK, MYO7A, NDP, NEK2, NMNAT1, NR2E3, NRL, PDE6A, PDE6B, PDE6G, PITPNM3, POMGT1, PRCD, PROM1, PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, PRPH2, RAXL1, RBP3, RBP4, RD3, RDH12, RDH5, REEP6, RGR, RHO, RIMS1, RLBP1, RP1, RP1L1, RP2, RP4, RP7, RP9, RP10, RP11, RP12, RP13, RP14, RP17, RP18, RP19, RP20, RP25, RP26, RP27, RP28, RP30, RP31, RP32, RP33, RP35, RP36, RP37, RP38, RP39, RP40, RP41, RP42, RP43, RP44, RP45, RP46, RP47, RP48, RP49, RP50, RP51, RP53, RP54, RP55, RP56, RP57, RP58, RP59, RP60, RP61, RP62, RP64, RP65, RP66, RP67, RP68, RP69, RP70, RP71, RP72, RP73, RP74, RP75, RP76, RP77, RP78, RP79, RP80, RP81, RP82, RP83, RP84, RP85, RP86, RP87, RP88, RP89, RP90, RPE65, RPE87, RPGR, RPGRIP1, SAG, SEMA4A, SLC7A14, SNRNP200, SPATA7, TOPORS, TSPAN12, TTC8, TULP1, USH2A, VCAN, ZNF408, and ZNF513. [0312] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is a CNS infectious disease, a CNS degenerative disease, a CNS auto-immune disease, a CNS tumor disease, a cerebrovascular disease, a CNS injury, or a CNS structural defect. [0313] In some embodiments, a CNS disease includes, but is not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, Canavan's Disease, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), alpha-mannosidosis, aspartylglucosaminuria, Batten disease, beta-mannosidosis, cystinosis, Danon disease, Fabry disease, Farber disease, fucosidosis, galactosialidosis, Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease, metachromic leukodystrophy, a mucopolysaccharidosis (such as any of Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome A, B, C or D, Morquio syndrome B, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, Sly syndrome or Natowicz syndrome), spinocerebellar ataxia, adrenoleukodystrophy, Angelman syndrome, or epilepsy. [0314] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is selected from the group comprising or consisting of acid lipase disease, acid maltase deficiency, acid storage disease, acquired epileptiform aphasia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Adie's pupil, Adie's syndrome, adrenoleukodystrophy, agnosia, Aicardi syndrome, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome disorder, Alexander disease, Alpers' disease, alternating hemiplegia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), anencephaly, aneurysm, Angelman syndrome, angiomatosis, anoxia, antiphospholipid syndrome, aphasia, apraxia, arachnoiditis, Arnold-Chiari malformation, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADC deficiency), aspartylglucosaminuria, Asperger syndrome, ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome), ataxias and cerebellar or spinocerebellar degeneration, attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder, autism, autonomic dysfunction, Barth syndrome, Batten disease, Becker's myotonia, Behcet's disease, Bell's palsy, Bernhardt-Roth syndrome, Binswanger's disease, Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, Brown-Sequard syndrome, bulbospinal muscular atrophy, CADASIL, Canavan's disease, causalgia, cavernomas, cavernous angioma, central cervical cord syndrome, central cord syndrome, central pontine myelinolysis, ceramidase deficiency, cerebellar degeneration, cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebral beriberi, cerebral gigantism, cerebral palsy, cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS), cholesterol ester storage disease, chorea, choreoacanthocytosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), chronic orthostatic intolerance, chronic pain, Cockayne syndrome type II, Coffin-Lowry syndrome, colpocephaly, congenital myasthenia, corticobasal degeneration, cranial arteritis, cree encephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Cushing's syndrome, cystinosis, cytomegalic inclusion body disease, dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome, Dandy-Walker syndrome, Danon disease, Dawson disease, De Morsier's syndrome, Dejerine-Klumpke palsy, dementia, dentate cerebellar ataxia, dentatorubral atrophy, dermatomyositis, developmental dyspraxia, Devic's syndrome, diffuse sclerosis, dysautonomia, dysgraphia, dyslexia, dysphagia, dyspraxia, dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, dyssynergia cerebellaris progressiva, epilepsy (such as, e.g., Amish infantile epilepsy syndrome [AIES], benign familial infantile seizures [BFIS], benign familial neonatal seizures [BFNS], childhood absence epilepsy [CAE], childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy [COEE], Dravet syndrome [DS], early infantile epileptic encephalopathy [EIEE], familial adult myoclonic epilepsy [FAME], familial febrile seizures [FFS], familial focal epilepsy with variable foci [FFEVF], familial infantile myoclonic epilepsy [FIME], familial temporal lobe epilepsy [FTLE], focal epilepsy and speech disorder [FESD] with or without mental retardation, generalized epilepsy and paroxysmal dyskinesia [GEPD], generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus [GEFS+], idiopathic generalized epilepsy [IGE], juvenile absence epilepsy [JAE], juvenile myoclonic epilepsy [JME], myoclonic-atonic epilepsy [MAE], nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy [NFLE], progressive myoclonic epilepsy [PME], pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase deficiency [PNPOD], pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy [EPD] and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy [SMEI]), Fabry disease, Fahr's syndrome, familial dysautonomia, familial hemangioma, familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, familial periodic paralyses, familial spastic paralysis, Farber's disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, Fisher syndrome, floppy infant syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, frontotemporal dementia, fucosidosis, galactosialidosis, Gaucher disease, generalized gangliosidosis, Gerstmann's syndrome, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, giant axonal neuropathy, giant cell arteritis, giant cell inclusion disease, globoid cell leukodystrophy, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, glycogen storage disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, GM2 gangliosidosis (Tay-Sachs disease), Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, hemicrania continua, hemiplegia alterans, hereditary spastic paraplegia, heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, Holmes- Adie syndrome, holoprosencephaly, Hughes syndrome, Huntington's disease, hydranencephaly, hydromyelia, hypercortisolism, immune-mediated encephalomyelitis, inclusion body myositis, incontinentia pigmenti, infantile hypotonia, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, iniencephaly, Isaac's syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Keams-Sayre syndrome, Kennedy's disease, Kinsbourne syndrome, Kleine-Levin syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS), Kliiver-Bucy syndrome, Korsakoff's amnesic syndrome, Krabbe disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment, lateral medullary syndrome, Leigh's disease, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Levine-Critchley syndrome, Lewy body dementia, lipoid proteinosis, lissencephaly, locked-in syndrome, Lou Gehrig's disease, lupus, Lyme disease, Machado-Joseph disease, macrencephaly, alpha-mannosidosis, beta-mannosidosis, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Menkes disease, meralgia paresthetica, metachromatic leukodystrophy, microcephaly, Miller Fisher syndrome, Moebius syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type I-H (Hurler syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type I-H/S (Hurler-Scheie syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type IS (Scheie syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type III-A (Sanfilippo syndrome A), mucopolysaccharidosis type III-B (Sanfilippo syndrome B), mucopolysaccharidosis type III-C (Sanfilippo syndrome C), mucopolysaccharidosis type III-D (Sanfilippo syndrome D), mucopolysaccharidosis type IV-B (Morquio syndrome B), mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (Sly syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type IX (Natowicz syndrome), multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis, narcolepsy, neuroacanthocytosis, neurofibromatosis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, neurosarcoidosis, Niemann-Pick disease, Ohtahara syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, opsoclonus myoclonus, O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome, pantothenate kinase- associated neurodegeneration, paraneoplastic syndromes, paresthesia, Parkinson's disease, paroxysmal choreoathetosis, paroxysmal hemicrania, Parry-Romberg syndrome, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Pena Shokeir II syndrome, periventricular leukomalacia, phytanic acid storage disease, Pick's disease, piriformis syndrome, polymyositis, Pompe disease, post-polio syndrome, posterior cortical atrophy, primary dentatum atrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, primary progressive aphasia, prion diseases, progressive hemifacial atrophy, progressive locomotor ataxia, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, prosopagnosia, Ramsay Hunt syndrome I, Ramsay Hunt syndrome II, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Refsum disease, Rett syndrome, Reye's syndrome, Riley-Day syndrome, Sandhoff disease, Schilder's disease, Seitelberger disease, Shy-Drager syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, spasticity, spina bifida, spinal muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia, spinocerebellar atrophy, spinocerebellar degeneration, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, striatonigral degeneration, Sturge-Weber syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, tauopathy, Tay-Sachs disease, thoracic outlet syndrome, thyrotoxic myopathy, tic douloureux, Todd's paralysis, trigeminal neuralgia, tropical spastic paraparesis, Troyer syndrome, vascular dementia, Von Economo's disease, Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), Von Recklinghausen's disease, Wallenberg's syndrome, Werdnig-Hoffman disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, West syndrome, Whipple's disease, Williams syndrome, Wilson disease, Wolman's disease, X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, Zellweger syndrome, multiple sclerosis atrophy, Lewis body dementia (LBD), and Angelman syndrome. [0315] In some particular embodiments, a CNS disease is Parkinson's disease or Gaucher disease. In some particular embodiments, a CNS disease is Parkinson's disease. In some particular embodiments, a CNS disease is Gaucher disease. [0316] In some embodiments, genes involved in CNS diseases include, but are not limited to, 3R tau, 4R tau, AARS, ABCD1, ACOX1, ADGRV1, ADRA2B, AGA, AGER, ALDH7A1, ALG13, ALS2, ANG, ANXA11, APP, ARHGEF9, ARSA, ARSB, ARV1, ASAH1, ASPA, ATN1, ATP10A, ATP13A2, ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, BAX, BCL-2, BDNF, BICD2, C9orf72, CACNA1A, CACNA1H, CACNB4, CASR, CCNF, CDKL5, CERS1, CFAP410, CHCHD10, CHD2, CHMP2B, CHRNA2, CHRNA4, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CLCN2a, CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN8, CNTN2, CPA6, CSTB, CTNS, CTSA, CTSD, DAO, DCTN1, DEPDC5, DMD, DNAJB2, DNM1, DOCK7, DRD2, DYNC1H1, EEF1A2, EFHC1, EGLN1, EPHA4, EPM2A, ERBB4, FGF12, FIG4, FRRS1L, FTL, FUCA1, FUS, FXN, GAA, GABRA1, GABRB1, GABRB3, GABRD, GABRG2, GAL, GALC, GALNS, GBA, GFAP, GLA, GLB1, GLE1, GLT8D1, GNAO1, GNS, GOSR2, GPR98, GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIK1, GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2D, GSTM1, GUF1, GUSB, HCN1, HGSNAT, HNRNPA1, HTT, HYAL1, IDS, IDUA, IGHMBP2, IL-1, IT15, ITPA, JPH3, KCNA2, KCNB1, KCNC1, KCNMA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, KCNT1, KCTD7, LAL, LAMP2, LGI1, LMNB2, LRRK2, MAN2B1, MAN2B2, MAN2C1, MANBA, MATR3, MBD5, MFSD8, NAGA, NAGLU, NECAP1, NEFH, NEK1, NEU1, NHLRC1, NPC1, NPC2, NR4A2, NTRK2, OCA2, OPTN, PARK2, PARK7, PCDH19, PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX10, PEX11B, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX26, PFN1, PINK1, PLCB1, PNPO, PON1, PON2, PON3, PPARGC1A, PRDM8, PRICKLE1, PRKN, PRNP, PRPH, PRRT2, PSAP, S106β, SCARB2, SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A, SCN8A, SCN9A, SCN9Ab, SETX, SGSH, SIGMAR1, SIK1, SKP1, SLC1A1, SLC1A2, SLC2A1, SLC6A1, SLC9A6, SLC12A5, SLC13A5, SLC25A12, SLC25A22, SLCA17A5, SMN1, SMPD1, SNCA, SNRPN, SOD1, SPG11, SPTAN1, SQSTM1, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL5, STX1B, STXBP1, SYP, SYT1, SZT2, TAF15, TARDBP, TBC1D24, TBCE, TBK1, TBP, TITF-1, TREM2, UBA5, UBE1, UBE3A, UBQLN2, UCH-L1, UNC13A, VAPB, VCP, VPS35, WWOX, and XBP1. [0317] In some particular embodiments, the gene involved in CNS diseases is the GBA gene, preferably the human GBA gene. [0318] An exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. [0319] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene encodes an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an amino acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. [0320] In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention are capable of effectively transducing certain areas of the brain, including the striatum, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the parietal cortices, the hippocampus and/or the globus pallidus. Thus, in some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention are of great interest for targeting the striatum, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the parietal cortices, the hippocampus and the globus pallidus, and/or for treating diseases affecting the striatum, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the parietal cortices, the hippocampus and the globus pallidus. [0321] In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention are particularly suited for treating diseases of the striatum, the substantia nigra, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the globus pallidus, the parietal cortices, and/or the hippocampus, such diseases include, but are not limited to, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis atrophy, Lewis Body Dementia (LBD), progressive supranuclear palsy and Angelman syndrome. In some embodiments, a CNS disease is selected from the group consisting of Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis atrophy, Lewis body dementia (LBD), progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal dementia and Angelman syndrome. [0322] In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention are capable of effectively transducing neurons. Thus, in some embodiments, a CNS disease is a neurological disease or a disease affecting neurons. [0323] In some embodiments, AAV vectors of the present invention are capable of effectively transducing neurons involved in the control of motor function. Thus, in some embodiments, a CNS disease is a disease affecting motor function. Non-limiting examples of diseases affecting motor function include, but are not limited to, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. [0324] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Alzheimer's disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of 3R tau, 4R tau, AGER, APP, BAX, BCL-2, CHRNA7, DRD2, GFAP, GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIK1, GRIN1, IL-1, SLC1A1, SYP and SYT1. [0325] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Parkinson's disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ATP13A2, BDNF, EGLN1, GBA, GSTM1, LRRK2, NR4A2, NTRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, PRKN, S106β, SKP1, SNCA, VPS35 and UCH-L1. [0326] In some particular embodiments, a CNS disease is Parkinson's disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene comprising the cDNA from the GBA gene, preferably from the human GBA gene. [0327] An exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. [0328] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene encodes an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an amino acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. [0329] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Huntington's disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ATN1, ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, FTL, HTT, IT15, JPH3, PRNP, SLC2A3, TBP, TITF-1 and XBP1. [0330] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Friedreich's ataxia, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the FXN gene. [0331] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Canavan's Disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the ASPA gene. [0332] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is muscular dystrophy, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of the DMD gene. [0333] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is spinal muscular atrophy, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of BICD2, CHCHD10, DNAJB2, DYNC1H1, IGHMBP2, SIGMAR1, SMN1, TBCE, VAPB and UBE1. [0334] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ALS2, ANG, ANXA11, ATXN2, C9orf72, CHMP2B, CFAP410, CHCHD10, CCNF, DAO, DCTN1, EPHA4, ERBB4, FIG4, FUS, GLE1, GLT8D1, HNRNPA1, MATR3, NEFH, NEK1, OPTN, PFN1, PON1, PON2, PON3, PPARGC1A, PRPH, SETX, SIGMAR1, SMN1, SOD1, SPG11, SQSTM1, TAF15, TARDBP, TBK1, TREM2, UBQLN2, UNC13A, VAPB and VCP. [0335] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is alpha-mannosidosis, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of MAN2B1, MAN2B2 and MAN2C1. [0336] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is aspartylglucosaminuria, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the AGA gene. [0337] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Batten disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN8, CTSD and MFSD8. [0338] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is beta-mannosidosis, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the MANBA gene. [0339] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is cystinosis, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the CTNS gene. [0340] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Danon disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the LAMP2 gene. [0341] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Fabry disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the GLA gene. [0342] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Farber disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the ASAH1 gene. [0343] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is fucosidosis, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the FUCA1 gene. [0344] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is galactosialidosis, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the CTSA gene. [0345] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Gaucher disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the GBA gene. [0346] In some particular embodiments, a CNS disease is Gaucher disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene comprising the cDNA from the GBA gene, preferably from the human GBA gene. [0347] An exemplary nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. [0348] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence of the cDNA of the human GBA gene encodes an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an amino acid sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or more sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. [0349] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Krabbe disease, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of GALC and PSAP. [0350] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is metachromic leukodystrophy, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of the ARSA gene. [0351] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is a mucopolysaccharidosis (such as any of Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome A, B, C or D, Morquio syndrome B, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, Sly syndrome or Natowicz syndrome), and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ARSB, GAA, GALNS, GLB1, GNS, GUSB, HGSNAT, HYAL1, IDS, IDUA, LAL, NAGA, NAGLU, NEU1, NPC1, NPC2, SGSH, SLCA17A5 and SMPD1. [0352] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is spinocerebellar ataxia, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ATXN1, ATXN2 and ATXN3. [0353] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is adrenoleukodystrophy, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ABCD1, ACOX1, PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX10, PEX11B, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19 and PEX26. [0354] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is Angelman syndrome, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of ATP10A, MBD5, OCA2, SLC9A6, SNRPN and UBE3A. [0355] In some embodiments, a CNS disease is epilepsy, and an AAV vector of the present invention has at least one transgene, wherein the transgene comprises cDNA of a gene selected from the group comprising or consisting of AARS, ADGRV1, ADRA2B, ALDH7A1, ALG13, ARHGEF9, ARV1, CACNA1A, CACNA1H, CACNB4, CASR, CDKL5, CERS1, CHD2, CHRNA2, CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CLCN2a, CNTN2, CPA6, CSTB, DEPDC5, DNM1, DOCK7, EEF1A2, EFHC1, EPM2A, FGF12, FRRS1L, GABRA1, GABRB1, GABRB3, GABRD, GABRG2, GAL, GNAO1, GOSR2, GPR98, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2D, GUF1, HCN1, ITPA, KCNA2, KCNB1, KCNC1, KCNMA1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, KCNT1, KCTD7, LGI1, LMNB2, NECAP1, NHLRC1, PCDH19, PLCB1, PNPO, PRDM8, PRICKLE1, PRRT2, SCARB2, SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A, SCN8A, SCN9A, SCN9Ab, SIK1, SLC12A5, SLC13A5, SLC1A2, SLC25A12, SLC25A22, SLC2A1, SLC6A1, SPTAN1, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL5, STX1B, STXBP1, SZT2, TBC1D24, UBA5, and WWOX. [0356] One skilled in the art will recognize that a gene may have multiple transcriptional and/or translational isoforms, and that a transgene comprising a cDNA of a gene described herein encompasses the potential use of transcriptional variants and/or splice variants of a target gene. Regimen [0357] In some embodiments, modified AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administered to a subject in need thereof in a therapeutically effective amount. [0358] In some embodiments, modified AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administrated at a dose ranging from about 10 8 viral genomes (vg) to about 10 15 vg, such as from about 10 8 vg to about 10 14 vg, from about 10 8 vg to about 10 13 vg, from about 10 8 vg to about 10 12 vg, from about 10 8 vg to about 10 11 vg, from about 10 8 vg to about 10 10 vg, from about 10 8 vg to about 10 9 vg, from about 10 9 vg to about 10 15 vg, from about 10 9 vg to about 10 14 vg, from about 10 9 vg to about 10 13 vg, from about 10 9 vg to about 10 12 vg, from about 10 9 vg to about 10 11 vg, from about 10 9 vg to about 10 10 vg, from about 10 10 vg to about 10 15 vg, from about 10 10 vg to about 10 14 vg, from about 10 10 vg to about 10 13 vg, from about 10 10 vg to about 10 12 vg, from about 10 10 vg to about 10 11 vg, from about 10 11 vg to about 10 15 vg, from about 10 11 vg to about 10 14 vg, from about 10 11 vg to about 10 13 vg, from about 10 11 vg to about 10 12 vg, from about 10 12 vg to about 10 15 vg, from about 10 12 vg to about 10 14 vg, from about 10 12 vg to about 10 13 vg, or from about 10 13 vg to about 10 15 vg. [0359] The term “vector genome”, abbreviated as “vg”, refers to one or more polynucleotides comprising a set of the polynucleotide sequences of a vector, e.g., a viral vector. A vector genome may be encapsidated in a viral particle. Depending on the particular viral vector, a vector genome may comprise single-stranded DNA, double- stranded DNA, or single-stranded RNA, or double-stranded RNA. A vector genome may include endogenous sequences associated with a particular viral vector and/or any heterologous sequences inserted into a particular viral vector through recombinant techniques (e.g., a transgene). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid titer of a viral vector may be measured in terms of vg/mL. Methods suitable for measuring this titer are known in the art, and include, e.g., quantitative PCR. [0360] As used herein, the term “about”, when set in front of a numerical value, means that said numerical value is approximate and small variations would not significantly affect the practice of the disclosed embodiments. Such small variations are, e.g., of ± 1%, ± 2%, ± 3%, ± 4%, ± 5%, ± 6%, ± 7%, ± 8%, ± 9%, ± 10% or more. [0361] In some embodiments, modified AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administrated at a dose of about 1×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 2×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 2.75×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 3×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 4×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 5×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 6×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 7×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 8×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 9×10 8 vg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 1×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 2×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 3×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 4×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 5×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 6×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 7×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 8×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 9×10 9 vg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 1×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 2×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 3×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 4×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 5×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 6×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 7×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 8×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 9×10 10 vg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 1×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 2×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 3×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 4×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 5×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 6×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 7×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 8×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 9×10 11 vg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 1×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 2×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 3×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 4×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 5×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 6×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 7×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 8×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 9×10 12 vg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 1×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 2×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 3×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 4×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 5×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 6×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 7×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 8×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 9×10 13 vg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 1×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 2×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 3×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 4×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 5×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 6×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 7×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 8×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 9×10 14 vg ± 0.5×10 14 , about 1×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 2×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 3×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 4×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 5×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 6×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 7×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , about 8×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 , or about 9×10 15 vg ± 0.5×10 15 . [0362] In some embodiments, modified AAV vectors according to the present invention are to be administrated at a dose of about 1×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 2×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 3×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 4×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 5×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 6×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 7×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 8×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 9×10 6 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 6 , about 1×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 2×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 3×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 4×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 5×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 6×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 7×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 8×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 9×10 7 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 7 , about 1×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 2×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 3×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 4×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 5×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 6×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 7×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 8×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 9×10 8 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 8 , about 1×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 2×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 3×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 4×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 5×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 6×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 7×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 8×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 9×10 9 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 9 , about 1×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 2×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 3×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 4×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 5×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 6×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 7×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 8×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 9×10 10 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 10 , about 1×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 2×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 3×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 4×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 5×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 6×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 7×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 8×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 9×10 11 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 11 , about 1×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 2×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 3×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 4×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 5×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 6×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 7×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 8×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 9×10 12 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 12 , about 1×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 2×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 3×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 4×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 5×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 6×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 7×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 8×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , about 9×10 13 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 13 , or about 1×10 14 vg/kg ± 0.5×10 14 . [0363] In some embodiments, the dose of modified AAV vectors required to achieve a desired effect or a therapeutic effect will vary based on several factors including, but not limited to, the specific route of administration, the level of gene, RNA or protein expression required to achieve a therapeutic effect, the specific disease being treated, and the stability of the gene, RNA, and/or protein product. A person skilled in the art can adjust dosing and/or determine a dose range to treat a particular subject and/or a particular disease based on the aforementioned factors, as well as other factors that are well known in the art. [0364] In some embodiments, the volume of modified AAV vectors administered to a subject will also depend, among other things, on the size of the subject, the dose of the AAV vector required to obtain therapeutic effect, the concentration of the AAV vector, and the proposed route of administration. [0365] In some embodiments, the rate of administration of AAV vectors delivered to a subject will also depend, among other things, on the size of the subject, the dose of the AAV vector required to obtain therapeutic effect, the concentration of the AAV vector, the volume of the AAV vector solution, and the proposed route of administration. For example, in some embodiments, for intracerebral administration, a rate of administration ranging from about 0.1 µL/min to about 1 µL/min or from about 1 µL/min to about 5 µL/min or from about 5 µL/min to about 10 µL/min can be used. [0366] In some embodiments, the rate of administration of AAV vectors administered to a subject is of about 0.1 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.2 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.3 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.4 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.5 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.6 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.7 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.8 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, about 0.9 µL/min ± 0.05 µL/min, 1 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 2 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 3 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 4 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 5 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 6 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 7 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 8 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, about 9 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min, or about 10 µL/min ± 0.5 µL/min. [0367] In some embodiments, the total dose or total volume of AAV vectors may be administered continuously (i.e., wherein the total dose or total volume of modified AAV vectors is injected in a single shot or infusion); or discontinuously (i.e., wherein fractions of the total dose or total volume of AAV vectors are injected with intermittent periods between each shot, preferably with short intermittent periods such as periods of time of 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, or 5 minutes between each shot or infusion). Kits [0368] The present invention also relates to kits and kits-of-parts, for: - transducing a cell of a subject; and/or - delivering a transgene to a subject; and/or - preventing and/or treating a disease in a subject. [0369] In some embodiments, the kits or kits-of-parts comprise one or more AAV vectors and/or compositions according to the present invention. [0370] In some embodiments, the kits or kits-of-parts further comprise a device for delivery of one or more AAV vectors and/or compositions according to the present invention. [0371] In some embodiments, the kits further include instructions for delivery of one or more AAV vectors and/ or compositions according to the present invention. In some embodiments, kits comprise instructions for preventing and/or treating a targeted disease, using the compositions, and/or methods described herein. [0372] In some embodiments, kits described herein may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and/or package inserts with instructions for performing any methods described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0373] Figure 1 is a schematic representation illustrating the coupling between a compound comprising a lactam (e.g., β-lactam) according to the invention and a AAV surface-exposed primary amine. [0374] Figures 2A, 3A, 4A, 5, 6A, 7, 8, 9A, 10A, 11, 12 and 13 are SDS-PAGE gels with silver staining evidencing AAV capsid integrity. 10 12 vg of AAV2-eGFP, AAV5-eGFP, AAV8-eGFP, or AAV9-eGFP were added to a solution of lactam linkers (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (8) or (9) (3E6 eq) in TBS buffer (pH 9.3) and incubated for 4 h at 20°C. 10 10 vg of each coupling was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. VP1, VP2 and VP3 are the three proteins constituting the AAV capsid. Capsid protein molecular weight is indicated at the right of the images according to a protein ladder. FIG. 2A: AAV2 incubated with linker (1); FIG. 3A: AAV2 incubated with linker (2); FIG. 4A: AAV2 incubated with linker (3); FIG. 5: AAV2 incubated with linker (4); FIG. 6A: AAV8 incubated with linker (1); FIG. 7: AAV8 incubated with linker (3); FIG. 8: AAV2 incubated with linker (5); FIG. 9A: AAV5 incubated with linker (1); and FIG. 10A: AAV9 incubated with linker (1). FIG. 11: AAV2 incubated with linker (7). FIG.12 AAV2 incubated with linker (8). FIG. 13: AAV2 incubated with linker (9). [0375] Figures 2B, 3B, 4B, 6B, 9B, and 10B are western blot analysis. 10 12 vg of AAV2-eGFP, AAV5-eGFP, AAV8-eGFP, or AAV9-eGFP were added to a solution of lactam linkers (1), (2) or (3) (3E6 eq) in TBS buffer (pH 9.3) and incubated for 4 h at 20°C. 10 10 vg of each coupling was analyzed by Western blot using Concanavalin-HRP (ConA) or biotinylated lectins RCA1 and UEA1 to detect VP proteins coupled to their linker. FIG. 2B: AAV2 incubated with linker (1), ConA staining; FIG. 3B: AAV2 incubated with linker (2), RCA1 staining; FIG. 4B: AAV2 incubated with linker (3), UEA1 staining; FIG.6B: AAV8 incubated with linker (1), ConA staining; FIG.9B: AAV5 incubated with linker (1), ConA staining; FIG.10B: AAV9 incubated with linker (1), ConA staining. [0376] Figure 14 are graphs showing quantitative analyses of the striatal and nigral volumes in the mouse right brain hemisphere that are positive for GFP 48 days after a single, unilateral intrastriatal injection of 5.5E8 vg of either AAV2, (1)-AAV2, or (7)-AAV2 vectors. Bars represent the group mean; circles, triangle, and square dots represent the individual animal values. FIG.14A: Percent volume of striatum expressing GFP. FIG. 14B: Percent volume of substantia nigra expressing GFP. [0377] Figure 15 are two immunohistochemistry photographs, showing the GFP staining of mouse brain slices at the striatal, thalamic, and nigral levels, 48 days after a single injection of AAV2 or (1)-AAV2 in the right striatum. FIG.15A: immunohistochemistry photograph of mouse brain slices at the striatal level. FIG.15B: immunohistochemistry photograph of mouse brain slices at the thalamic level. FIG.15C: immunohistochemistry photograph of mouse brain slices at the nigral level. [0378] Figure 16 is a graph showing fluorimetric determination of glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzymatic activity following transduction of HEK293 cells with either AAV2.GBA1, (1)-AAV2.GBA1, or Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1. EXAMPLES [0379] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. [0380] The following abbreviations are used: ACN: Acetonitrile; AgOTf: Silver (I) trifluoromethanesulfonate; DBU: 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; DCM: Dichloromethane; DIAD: Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate ; DMF: Dimethylformamide; DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline; EtOAc: Ethyl acetate; EtOH: Ethanol; MeOH: Methanol; n-BuLi: n-Butyllithium; TBS: Tris buffered saline; THF: Tetrahydrofuran; TMSOTf: Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. I. SYNTHESIS OF COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I) I.1. MATERIAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS Materials [0381] Solvents, reagents and starting material were purchased and used as received from commercial sources, unless otherwise specified. [0382] The intermediates and compounds described below were named using ChemBioDraw® Ultra version 12.0 (Perkin Elmer). Analytical methods [0383] HPLC Apparatus: HPLC – Shimadzu Nexera-i LC-2040C 3D with DAD detector; Column: Gemini-NX 3 µ C18 (4.6x50 mm), 110Å, column no. OOB-4453-EO; HPLC-1 conditions: Wavelength: 200.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; 283.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; Flow: 0.5 ml/min; Column temperature: 30°C; Injection volume: 1.0 µl; Elution: gradient with mobile phase A, water, and mobile phase B, acetonitrile. Table 3 – HPLC-1 conditions Sample preparation: Dissolve sample in ACN to obtain final concentration 0.5 mg/ml. HPLC-2 conditions: Wavelength: 200.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; 283.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; Flow: 0.5 ml/min; Column temperature: 45°C; Injection volume: 1.5 µl; Elution: gradient with mobile phase A, water with 0.1% formic acid, and mobile phase B, acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. Table 4 – HPLC-2 conditions Sample preparation: Dissolve sample in ACN to obtain final concentration 0.5 mg/ml. HPLC-3 conditions: Wavelength: 205.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; 283.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; Flow: 0.5 ml/min; Column temperature: 30°C; Injection volume: 1.0 µl; Elution: gradient with mobile phase A, water, and mobile phase B, acetonitrile. Table 4a – HPLC-3 conditions Sample preparation: Dissolve sample in H 2 O/ACN (1:1) to obtain final concentration 0.25 mg/ml. [0384] LC/MS Apparatus: Shimadzu LCMS-2020 Single Quadrupole Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer; Column: Acquity UPLC 1.8 µm C18 (2.1 x 50 mm), 100 Å, column no. 186003532; UHPLC conditions: Wavelength: 220.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; 254.0 nm ± 4.0 nm; Flow: 0.5 ml/min; Column temperature: 25°C; Autosampler temperature: 20°C; Injection volume: 1 µl; Elution: gradient with mobile phase A, water with 0.1% formic acid, and mobile phase B, acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. Table 5 – LC/MS conditions MS conditions: Mass range: 100 – 1500 m/z ; Ionization: alternate ; Scan speed: 15000 u/sec. Sample preparation: Dissolve sample in ACN to obtain final concentration 0.25 mg/ml. [0385] Flash Chromatography Conditions-1: Apparatus: Pure C-850 FlashPrep, BÜCHI; Column: PF-15-C18-F0080, Puriflash, 15 µm; Conditions: Wavelength: 200 nm; 254 nm and ELSD detector; Flow: 30 ml/min; Elution: gradient with mobile phase A, water, and mobile phase B, acetonitrile. Table 6 – Chromatography conditions-1 Sample preparation: The crude material was dissolved in H 2 O/ACN. Conditions-2: Apparatus: Puriflash XS 420, Interchim; Column: PF-RP-HP-F0040, Puriflash, 15 µm; Conditions: Wavelength: 220 nm; 254 nm; Flow: 30 ml/min; Elution: gradient with mobile phase A, water, and mobile phase B, acetonitrile. Table 6a – Chromatography conditions-2 Sample preparation: The crude material was dissolved in H 2 O/ACN (1:1). I.2. SYNTHESIS OF BUILDING BLOCKS Building Block 1 (BB1): 2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethan-1-ol [0386] A mixture of 2-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol (1 eq., 5.0 g) and sodium azide (1 eq., 1.9 g) in dry DMF (30 mL) was stirred at 90 °C overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with THF (10 mL) and stirred for 15 min. The resulting suspension was filtered, the cake was washed with THF, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver the product as a yellow oil (5.1 g, yield 98%). LC/MS (6 min): RT = 1.79 min, found [M+H] + 176.00; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 3.73 – 3.60 (m, 8H), 3.57 (dd, J = 5.5, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (s, 1H). Building Block 3 (BB3): 1-(4-ethynylbenzoyl)azetidin-2-one [0387] A mixture of 4-ethynylbenzoic acid (1eq., 1.0 g) and SOCl 2 (3 eq., 12.2 g/7.4 mL) was kept under reflux overnight, next was concentrated under vacuum to give an orange solid. 2-Azetidinone (1 eq., 0.43 g) was dissolved in THF (20 mL), the solution was cooled down to -78°C, and 2M solution of nBuLi in hexane (1 eq., 3.04 mL) was dropwise added. The resulting suspension was stirred at -78 °C for 15 minutes, and next treated dropwise with a solution of 4-ethynylbenzoyl chloride in THF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, and was quenched with an aqueous NH 4 Cl solution. The product was extracted with DCM (2x50mL), the organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/EtOAc as an eluent (100:0->80:20-> 50:50) to deliver 0.45 g (yield: 37%) of the product as a yellow solid. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 2.76 min, found [M+H] + 199.70; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 4.46 (s, 1H), 3.66 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (t, J = 5.5 Hz,2H). I.3. PREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I) Compound (1): 1-(4-(1-(2-(2-(2-(((3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)et hyl)-1H-1,2,3- triazol-4-yl)benzoyl)azetidin-2-one [0388] Step 1: [3,4,5,6-tetrakis(acetyloxy)oxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 5.0 g) was dissolved in dry DCM (50 mL) under argon atmosphere, morpholine (4 eq., 1.6 g) was added, and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then washed twice with 2M HCl (2x50 mL), water (50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was dissolved in dry DCM (50 mL) under argon atmosphere, the solution was cooled down to 0°C, and treated with trichloroacetonitrile (10 eq., 16.7 g/11.6 mL). After being stirred for 1h at 0°C, DBU (0.2 eq., 0.35 g/0.35/mL) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1h, and next at room temperature for 1h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the brown oily residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/ EtOAc (1:1) as eluent to yield the product (4.3 g, yield 68.8%) as an yellowish oil. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 10.15 (s, 1H), 6.22 (s, 1H), 5.33 – 5.16 (m, 3H), 4.26 – 3.96 (m, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.12 – 1.86 (m, 9H). [0389] Step 2: To a suspension of [3,4,5-tris(acetyloxy)-6-[(2,2,2- trichloroethanimidoyl)oxy]oxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 4.34 g) and molecular sieves 4 Å (to keep the reaction mixture anhydrous) in dry DCM (40 mL) under argon atmosphere was added BB1 (1.5 eq., 0.53 g) at room temperature. The mixture was cooled down to -25 o C, and TMSOTf (1.1 eq., 2.15 h/1.75 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at -25 o C for 1 h, and then was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (60 mL), DCM (100 mL) was added, the phases were separated, and the organic phase was washed with water (100 mL), brine (50 mL), and dried over MgSO 4 . The resulting suspension was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/EtOAc (1:1) as eluent to deliver 1.8 g of the product (yield 59%) as an colorless oil. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.82 – 5.64 (m, 3H), 5.28 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78 – 4.64 (m, 1H), 4.55 – 4.42 (m, 2H), 4.25 – 4.16 (m, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J = 5.1, 2.2 Hz, 9H), 3.85 – 3.75 (m, 2H), 2.48 (ddd, J = 34.4, 15.5, 1.6 Hz, 12H). [0390] Step 3: [3,4,5-Tris(acetyloxy)-6-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} oxan-2- yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 0.3 g) was dissolved in 7N NH 3 in MeOH (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness, and the crude product was used for the next step without further purification (200 mg, yield quantitative). [0391] Step 4: To a solution of 2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-6- (hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol (1 eq., 0.2 g) in THF/MeOH (3 mL/1 mL) were added BB3 (1.1 eq., 0.130 g), copper (I) acetate (0.25 eq., 0.018 g), and L-ascorbic acid (1.1 eq., 0.126 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 1h. Then, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase flash column chromatography (Column FP-ID-C18, H 2 O:ACN, starting from H 2 O 100% to ACN 100%) to deliver 94.2 mg (yield: 27.8%) of the product (1) as a white solid foam. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 2.11 min, found [M+H] + 537.15 ; LC/MS (12 min): RT = 4.59min, found [M+H] + 537.3; HPLC-1 purity: 99.14% (200nm), 99.25% (283nm); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.05 – 7.91 (m, 4H), 4.74 (dd, J = 8.9, 4.5 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (dd, J = 6.6, 3.4 Hz, 4H), 4.45 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.73 – 3.38 (m, 15H), 3.12 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H). Compound (2): 1-(4-(1-(2-(2-(2-(((3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)et hyl)-1H-1,2,3- triazol-4-yl)benzoyl)azetidin-2-one [0392] Step 1: To a suspension of [3,4,5-tris(acetyloxy)-6-bromooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 5.0 g) and molecular sieves 4Å (to keep the reaction mixture anhydrous) in dry DCM (100 mL) under argon atmosphere was added BB1 (1.5 eq., 3.1 g) and AgOTf (1.4 eq., 1.75 g) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulting suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/EtOAc (1:1) as eluent to deliver 2.5 g of the product (yield 40%) as a yellow oil. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 5.25 (dd, J = 3.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dd, J = 10.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (dd, J = 10.4, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.22 – 4.13 (m, 1H), 4.04 (dd, J = 6.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.86 – 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.67 – 3.47 (m, 9H), 3.39 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.00 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 6H), 1.91 (s, 3H). [0393] Step 2: [3,4,5-tris(acetyloxy)-6-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} oxan-2- yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 2.0 g) was dissolved in 7N NH 3 in MeOH (15 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 72h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness, and the crude product was used for the next step without further purification (1.33 g, yield quantitative). [0394] Step 3: To a solution of 2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-6- (hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol (1 eq., 0.344 g) in THF/MeOH (3 mL/1 mL) were added BB3 (1.1 eq., 0.217 g), copper (I) acetate (0.05 eq., 0.006 g), and L-ascorbic acid (1.1 eq., 0.192 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 1h. Then, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase flash column chromatography (Column FP-ID-C18, H 2 O:ACN, starting from H 2 O 100% to ACN 100%) to deliver 29 mg (Y: 5.5%) of the product as a white solid foam. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 2.06 min, found [M+H] + 537.25 ; LC/MS (12 min): RT = 3.123 min, found [M+H] + 537.3; HPLC-1 purity: 98.51% (200nm), 98.80% (283nm); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.01 – 7.93 (m, 4H), 4.85 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (dt, J = 11.1, 5.4 Hz, 3H), 4.37 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (t, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (pd, J = 7.8, 6.5, 4.2 Hz, 9H), 3.27 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H). Compound (3): 1-(4-(1-(2-(2-(2-(((3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-1H-1 ,2,3-triazol-4- yl)benzoyl)azetidin-2-one
[0395] Step 1: A suspension of anhydrous sodium acetate (1 eq., 2.5 g) and acetic anhydride (60 mL) was refluxed for 5 min, next L-(-)- fucose (1 eq., 5.0 g) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. The hot solution was poured on an ice water, and the mixture was extracted with DCM (200 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (300 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to deliver the product as a brown oil (8.5 g, yield 83.7%). 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform- d) δ 5.62 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dd, J = 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.23 – 5.19 (m, 1H), 5.01 (dd, J = 10.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J = 6.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.15 – 1.91 (m, 20H), 1.16 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). [0396] Step 2: 2,3,5-tris(acetyloxy)-6-methyloxan-4-yl acetate (1 eq., 8.5 g) was dissolved in dry DCM (90 mL) under argon atmosphere, morpholine (4 eq., 8.9 g) was added, and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then washed with 2M HCl (2x90 ml), water (100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was dissolved in dry DCM (60 mL) under argon atmosphere, the solution was cooled down to 0°C, and treated with trichloroacetonitrile (10 eq., 24.4 g/16.9 mL). After being stirred for 1h at 0°C, DBU (0.2 eq., 0.51 g/0.51 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1h, and next at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the brown oily residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/ EtOAc (1:1) as eluent to yield the product (5.42 g, yield 65.2%) as a yellowish oil. [0397] Step 3: To a suspension of 3,5-bis(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-6-[(2,2,2- trichloroethanimidoyl)oxy]oxan-4-yl acetate (1 eq., 5.42 g) and molecular sieves 4Å (to keep the reaction mixture anhydrous) in dry DCM (60 mL) under argon atmosphere was added BB1 (1.5 eq., 3.28 g) at room temperature. The mixture was cooled down to -25 o C, and TMSOTf (1.1 eq., 3.05 g/2.48 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at -25 o C for 1h, and then was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (80 mL), next DCM (100 mL) was added, the phases were separated, and the organic phase was washed with water (100 mL), brine (50 mL), and dried over MgSO 4 . The solution was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/EtOAc (1:1) as eluent to deliver 0.87 g of the product (yield 15.0%) as an colorless oil. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.27 – 5.15 (m, 2H), 5.09 – 4.98 (m, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.03 – 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.82 – 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.74 – 3.62 (m, 9H), 3.41 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.23 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). [0398] Step 4: 3,5-bis(acetyloxy)-2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-6- methyloxan-4-yl acetate (1 eq., 0.87 g) was dissolved in 7N NH 3 in MeOH (12 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness, and the crude product was used for the next step without further purification (700 mg, yield quantitative). [0399] Step 5: To a solution of 2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-6-methyloxane- 3,4,5-triol (1 eq., 0.200 g) in THF/MeOH (3 mL/1 mL) were added BB3 (1.1 eq., 0.136 g), copper (I) acetate (0.05 eq., 0.004 g), and L-ascorbic acid (1.1 eq., 0.121 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 1h. Then, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase flash column chromatography (Column FP-ID-C18, H 2 O:ACN, starting from H 2 O 100% to ACN 100%) to deliver 51 mg (Y: 15.7%) of the product as a white solid foam. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 2.16 min, found [M+H] + 521.25; LC/MS (12 min): RT 3.271 min, found [M+H] + 521.4; HPLC-1 purity: 99.08% (200nm), 99.01% (283nm); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.01 – 7.92 (m, 4H), 4.63 – 4.56 (m, 3H), 4.52 – 4.48 (m, 1H), 4.42 – 4.38 (m, 1H), 3.88 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (q, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.64 – 3.38 (m, 12H), 3.13 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.04 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). Compound (4): 1-(4-(1-(2-(2-(2-(((3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6- methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-1H-1 ,2,3-triazol-4- yl)benzoyl)azetidin-2-one [0400] Step 1: A solution of erythromycin (1 eq., 46 g) in EtOH (2500 mL)-6N HCl (16 vol, 740 mL) was refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the liquid was decanted from a dark insoluble material. The solution was washed with chloroform (6 x 2000 mL). The aqueous ethanolic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove ethyl alcohol. 1-Butanol (1000 mL) was added followed by water (500mL). The phases were separated, the aqueous layer was washed with 1-butanol (4 x 1000 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with water (1000 mL). All aqueous layers were combined, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. The oily residue was dissolved in EtOH (10mL), and diethyl ether was added (200mL) to form a precipitate. The solid was filtered, washed with diethyl ether, and dried to give desosamine hydrochloride (6.6g, Y=60%) as a white solid. LC/MS (6 min): No UV absorbance detected (lack of chromophore), the mass detected on the positive ionization, RT = 0.45 min, found [M+H] + 175.75 (a free base); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.73 (d, J = 41.8 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (s, 0.5H), 6.70 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 0.5H), 6.01(s, 0.5H), 5.62 (s, 0.5H), 5.00 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 0.5H), 4.38 (dd, J = 7.3, 3.0 Hz, 0.5H), 4.04 (ddd, J = 11.4, 6.2, 2.2 Hz, 0.5H), 3.60 (qd, J = 6.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 0.5H), 2.77 – 2.64 (m, 6H), 2.05 – 1.93 (m, 1H), 1.40 (qd, J = 11.9, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (dd, J = 17.0, 6.2 Hz, 3H). [0401] Step 2: To a solution of Bu 3 P (1 eq., 8.2 mL) in toluene (20 vol., 150 mL) at -30 °C was dropwise added DIAD (1 eq., 6.7 g) under argon atmosphere The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min., and desosamine hydrochloride (1 eq., 7.0 g) was added. The mixture was stirred at -30 °C for 45 min, next 2-mercaptopyridine (1 eq., 3.7 g) was added, and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 16h. The reaction was filtered through a pad of Celite, the pad was washed with DCM, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was treated with toluene (100mL), the mixture was stirred for 20min at room temperature, and the solid was filtered off, washed with toluene (3 x 100mL), and dried to deliver the product (4.29g, yield=48%) as an orange solid. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 1.48 min, found [M+H] + 269.65; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d4) δ 8.61 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87 – 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.66 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (s, 6H), 2.00 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (q, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H). [0402] Step 3: A suspension of anhydrous sodium acetate (1 eq., 0.82 g) in acetic anhydride (12 vol., 32 mL) was refluxed for 5 min. To this suspension was added 4-(dimethylamino)-6-methyl-2-(pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanyl)oxan-3- ol (1 eq., 2.69 g) and the reaction was kept under reflux for 1h. The hot solution was poured on ice water (100 mL), basified with solid NaHCO 3 , and the product was extracted with DCM (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH, 0-10% MeOH) to give the product (1.21g, yield=39%) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 1.84 min, found [M+H] + 312.00; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.66 (dd, J = 8.1, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (dt, J = 6.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 0.35H), 5.62 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 0.65H), 5.06 (dd, J = 11.2, 5.2 Hz, 0.35H), 4.83 (t, J = 10.1 Hz, 0.65H), 4.00 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 0.35H), 3.77 – 3.65 (m, 0.65H), 3.01 – 2.84 (m, 1H), 2.20 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 6H), 1.92 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 3H), 1.82 (dd, J = 13.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (q, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (dd, J = 6.1, 4.7 Hz, 3H). [0403] Step 4: A suspension of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (3 eq., 2.60 g) and molecular sieves (4Å, 0.16g) in dry DCM was cooled to at 0°C in darkness (wrapping with aluminum foil). A solution of 4-(dimethylamino)-6-methyl- 2-(pyrimidin-2- ylsulfanyl)oxan-3-yl acetate (1 eq., 1.05 g) and BB1 (2 eq., 1.18 g) in dry DCM was next added (total DCM: 40 vol., 42 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2h at 0°C, and then was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (50mL) till pH 8, the mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, and the phases were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 x 50mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH, 0-5% MeOH) to give the product as a yellow solid (498 mg, yield=33%). LC/MS (6 min): No UV absorbance detected (lack of chromophore), the mass detected on the positive ionization, RT = 1.74 min, found [M+H] + 333.10; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.24 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 – 3.79 (m, 1H), 3.69 – 3.50 (m, 10H), 3.40 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (s, 6H), 1.86 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (q, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3H). [0404] Step 5: To a solution of 2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-4- (dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-3-ol (1 eq., 0.170 g) in THF/DMF (6 mL/1 mL) were added BB3 (1.1 eq., 0.112 g), L-ascorbic acid (1.1 eq., 0.109 g), and copper (I) acetate (0.25 eq., 0.016 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 1h. Then, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase column chromatography (Column FP-ID-C18, H 2 O: ACN, starting from H 2 O 100% to ACN 100%) to give the product (53 mg, yield=19.5%) as a white solid foam. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 1.89 and 2.08 min (two peaks), found [M+H] + 532.40; LC/MS (12 min): RT = 3.15 min, found [M+H] + 532.4; HPLC-2 purity: 89.52% (200nm), 93.02% (283nm); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Acetonitrile-d3) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 4H), 4.63 – 4.58 (m, 2H), 4.23 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.89 – 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.71 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (ddt, J = 11.8, 6.1, 2.9 Hz, 8H), 3.41 – 3.34 (m, 1H), 3.32 – 3.23 (m, 1H), 3.09 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (s, 6H), 1.46 (q, J = 12.0 Hz, 2H), 1.23 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H). Compound (5): [0405] Step 1: To a solution of BB1 (1 eq., 0.125g) in THF/DMF (4.4 ml/0.6 ml) were added BB3 (1.1 eq., 0.156 g), L-ascorbic acid (1.1 eq., 0.152 g), and copper (I) acetate (0.25 eq., 0.022 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 2h. Then, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase column chromatography (Column PF-RP-HP-F0040, H2O: ACN, starting from ACN 5% to 100%) to give the product (141 mg, Y: 53%) as a white solid foam. LC/MS (6 min): RT = 2.25, found [M+H] + 374.75; LC/MS (12 min): RT = 3.33 min, found [M+H] + 375.2; HPLC-3 purity: 97.93% (205nm), 98.91% (283nm); 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Acetonitrile- d3) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 4H), 4.59 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.64 – 3.53 (m, 6H), 3.50 – 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.09 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (s, 1H). Compound (6): N-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-{2-[2-(2-{4-[4-(2- oxoazetidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}ethoxy )ethoxy]ethoxy}oxan- 3-yl]acetamide [0406] Step 1: β-D-Glucosamine pentaacetate (10 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in DCE (75 vol, 750 mL) at room temperature. TMSOTf (4.6 mL, 1.0 eq.) was added, the mixture was stirred at 50°C for 30 min, cooled down and treated with triethylamine (2.7eq., 9.7 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, then filtered through a short plug of silica gel, and washed with ethyl acetate. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using DCM/MeOH as an eluent (100:0 -> 90:10) to deliver 5 g of product as a colorless oil (Yield: 59%). 1 H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.94 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (ddd, J = 9.2, 2.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.20 – 4.08 (m, 3H), 3.57 (dt, J = 8.9, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.07 – 2.02 (m, 9H). [0407] Step 2: To a suspension of [6,7-bis(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-3aH,5H,6H,7H,7aH- pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]oxazol-5-yl]methyl acetate (4.0 g, 1.0 eq.) and molecular sieves 4Å (to keep the reaction mixture anhydrous) in dry DCM under argon atmosphere was added BB1 (6.4g, 1.5 eq.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, then H 2 SO 4 (4 drops, 1.0 eq.) was added dropwise and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution, DCM (50 mL) was added, the phases were separated, and the organic phase was washed with water (100 mL), brine (100 mL), and dried over MgSO 4 . The solution was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using Hex/EtOAc as an eluent (1:1) to deliver 3 g of the product as a yellow solid (yield: 62%). LC/MS (6min) RT = 2.55 min, found [M+H] + 505.15 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.91 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J = 10.5, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (t, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (dd, J = 12.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 – 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.88 – 3.62 (m, 3H), 3.53 (dt, J = 4.3, 2.2 Hz, 8H), 3.39 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H). [0408] Step 3: [3,4-Bis(acetyloxy)-6-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-5- acetamidooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (2.5g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in 7N NH3 in MeOH (33mL, 15 vol.) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness, and the crude product was used for the next step without further purification (1.6 g, yield: 95%). 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.65 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.85 – 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.67 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J = 5.7, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 3.56 – 3.45 (m, 8H), 3.44 – 3.35 (m, 4H), 3.09 – 3.03 (m, 2H), 1.75 (s, 3H). [0409] Step 4: To a solution of N-(2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-4,5- dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl)acetamide (0.592g, 1.0 eq.) in MeOH (2mL)/THF (6mL) were added BB3 (0.343g, 1.0 eq.), L-ascorbic acid (0.333g, 1.1g), and copper (I) acetate (0.024g, 0.25g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 3 h. Then, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by reversed phase column chromatography (Column PF-15-C18-F0080, H2O: ACN, starting from H 2 O 100% to ACN 100%) to give 450mg of the product as a white solid foam (yield: 44%). LC/MS (6 min) RT = 2.04 min, found [M+H]+ 578.30; RT = 2.04 min, found [M+H] + 578.30; HPLC-1 purity: 98.76% (200nm), 98.71% (284nm).RT = 6.37 min, found [M+H]+ 578.2; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 4H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (s, 1H), 4.30 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (dt, J = 9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (q, J = 5.5 Hz, 3H), 3.56 – 3.40 (m, 9H), 3.27 (ddd, J = 10.1, 8.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (q, J = 4.8, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (s, 3H). Compound (7): sodium (3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-{2-[2-(2-{4-[4-(2-oxoazetidine-1- carbonyl)phenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} oxan-2-yl)methyl sulfate [0410] Step 1 & 2: as described for compound (2) [0411] Step 3: To a solution of 2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-6- (hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol (1 eq., 0.309 g) in THF/MeOH (3 mL/1 mL) were added BB3 (1.1 eq., 0.182 g), copper (I) acetate (0.05 eq., 0.006 g), and L-ascorbic acid (1.1 eq., 0.161 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 1h. Then, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase flash column chromatography (Column FP-ID-C18, H 2 O:ACN, starting from H 2 O 100% to ACN 100%) to deliver 283 mg (Y: 57.5%) of the product as a white solid foam. LC/MS (6 min) RT = 1.99 min, found [M+H]+ 537.35. [0412] Step 4: To a solution of 1-[4-(1-{2-[2-(2-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}ethoxy)-ethoxy]ethyl}-1H-1,2,3- triazol-4-yl)benzoyl] azetidin-2-one (1 eq., 0.283 g) in dry DMF was added SO3Py (0.097 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Then, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Gemini-NX 5 µm C18, H2O:ACN:TFA, starting from H2O 85% to ACN 95%). The appropriate fractions were combined, neutralized by TEA, evaporated under reduced pressure, dissolved in water, and passed through Dowex 50WX4 Na+-form to deliver 50 mg (Y: 14%) of the product as a white solid foam; LC/MS (6 min) RT = 1.94 min, found [M-Na]- 615.30; LC/MS (12 min) RT = 2.803min, found [M-Na]- 615.3; HPLC purity: 93.54% (200nm), 94.56% (283nm); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.04 – 7.90 (m, 4H), 4.83 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.85 – 3.73 (m, 3H), 3.68 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.62 – 3.46 (m, 9H), 3.25 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H). Compound (8): [(5-acetamido-3,4- dihydroxy-6-{2-[2-(2-{4-[4-(2-oxoazetidine-1- carbonyl)phenyl]- 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}oxan-2- yl)methoxy]sulfonic acid [0413] Step 1: [3,4,6-Tris(acetyloxy)-5-acetamidooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 10 g) was dissolved in DCE ( 75 vol., 750 mL) at room temperature. Then, TMSOTf (1 eq., 4.6mL) was added, the mixture was stirred at 50°C for 30 min, cooled down, and treated with triethylamine (2.7 eq., 9.7 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, then filtered through a short plug of silica gel, and washed with ethyl acetate. The crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using DCM/MeOH as an eluent (100:0 -> 90:10) to deliver 2.6 g of the product as a colorless oil (yield 31%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 5.99 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (t, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (dd, J = 7.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 – 4.15 (m, 2H), 4.10 (dd, J = 10.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 – 3.96 (m, 1H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.06 (dd, J= 5.5, 1.1 Hz, 9H). [0414] Step 2: To a suspension of [6,7-bis(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-3aH,5H,6H,7H,7aH- pyrano[3,2-d][1,3]oxazol-5- yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 2.6 g) and molecular sieves 4Å (to keep the reaction mixture anhydrous) in dry DCM under argon atmosphere was added BB1 (1.5 eq., 2.1 g) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, then H2SO 4 was added dropwise and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO 3 solution, DCM (50 mL) was added, the phases were separated, and the organic phase was washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 mL), and dried over MgSO4. The solution was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using DCM/MeOH as an eluent (100:0 -> 95:5) to deliver 2.2 g of the product as a yellow solid (yield 55%). LC/MS (6 min) The mass detected on the positive ionization, RT = 2.5 min, found [M+H]+ 505.25; 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.79 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (dd, J = 11.2, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 3.94 – 3.74 (m, 2H), 3.63 – 3.50 (m, 8H), 3.40 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.00 (s, 3H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.77 (s, 3H). [0415] Step 3: [3,4-Bis(acetyloxy)-6-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-5- acetamidooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 2.2 g) was dissolved in 7N NH3 in MeOH (15 vol., 33 ml) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness, and 1.62 g of the crude product was used for the next step without further purification (yield: 98%). LC/MS 6min) The mass detected on the positive ionization, RT = 1.54 min, found [M+H]+ 378.70, [M-H]- 376.50. 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.60 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.60 – 4.53 (m, 2H), 4.48 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83 – 3.67 (m, 2H), 3.65 – 3.55 (m, 4H), 3.51 – 3.36 (m, 6H), 3.31 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 3H), 1.80 (s, 3H). [0416] Step 4: To a solution of N-(2-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-4,5- dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl)acetamide (1 eq., 0.300 g) in THF (35 vol., 0.5 mL)/DMF ( 5 vol., 1.5mL) were added BB3 (1 Eq., 0.174g), L-ascorbic acid (1.1 Eq., 0.169 g), and copper (I) acetate (0.25 Eq., 0.024 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 2h. Then, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by reversed phase column chromatography (Column FP-ID-C18, H2O: ACN, starting from H2O 100% to ACN 100%) to give 342 mg of the product as a white solid foam ( yield: 74%). LC/MS (6 min) RT = 2.0 min, found [M+H]+ 578.35.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.03 – 7.88 (m, 4H), 7.61 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (dd, J =5.9, 3.8 Hz, 4H), 4.51 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.80 – 3.61 (m, 5H), 3.57 – 3.37 (m, 10H), 3.28 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (s, 3H). [0417] Step 5: To a solution of N-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-{2-[2-(2-{4-[4- (2-oxoazetidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1yl}etho xy)ethoxy]ethoxy} oxan- 3-yl]acetamide (1 eq., 0.340 g) in dry DMF was added SO3Py (1.15 Eq, 0,108 g) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC (PF- RP-AQ-F0120, H2O:ACN, starting from H2O 95% to ACN 100%). The appropriate fractions were combined, evaporated under reduced pressure, dissolved in water, and passed through Dowex 50WX4 Na+-form to deliver 23mg of the product as a white solid foam (Yield 6%). LC/MS (6 min) RT = 1.88, found [M+H]+ 657.50, [M-H]- 655.45. LC/MS (12 min) RT = 2.85 min, found [M-H]- 656.5. HPLC purity-1: 96.91% (200nm), 97.46% (283nm).1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.72 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 – 7.87 (m, 4H), 7.59 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69 – 4.46 (m, 4H), 4.25 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.94 – 3.65 (m, 8H), 3.64 – 3.40 (m, 10H), 3.12 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 3H). Compound (9): Sodium 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-{2-[2-(2-{4-[4-(2-oxoazetidine-1- carbonyl)phenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} oxane-2-carboxylate [0418] Step 1: To a suspension of methyl 3,4,5-tris(acetyloxy)-6-bromooxane-2- carboxylate (1 eq., 4.0 g) and molecular sieves 4Å (to keep the reaction mixture anhydrous) in dry DCM under argon atmosphere was added BB1 (1.5 eq., 2.65 g) and AgOTf (1.4 Eq, 3.62g) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulting suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/EtOAc (1/1) as eluent to deliver 2.0 g of the product as a yellow oil (yield 40.4%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 5.34 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.01 – 4.86 (m, 2H), 4.79 (dd, J = 9.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.86 – 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.64 – 3.48 (m, 12H), 3.39 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 2.00 –1.95 (m, 9H). [0419] Step 2: To a solution of 3,4,5-Tris(acetyloxy)-6-{2-[2-(2-azidoethoxy) ethoxy]ethoxy}oxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (1 eq., 1.0 g) in MeOH (15ml) was added about 2M NaOH solution (10mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure to dryness, the residue was dissolved in H2O and acidified with 1N HCl solution to pH = 4. Water was removed under reduced pressure, and the crude product was used for the next step without further purification (calculated on the azide: 700 mg, yield quantitative). [0420] Step 3: To a solution of 6-{2-[2-(2-Azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-3,4,5 trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid (1 eq., 0.921 g) in THF (9mL) /MeOH (3mL) were added BB3, copper (I) acetate (0.8 eq., 0.262g), and L-ascorbic acid (1.7 eq., 0.804g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 °C for overnight. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Gemini-NX 5 µm C18, H2O:ACN:TFA, starting from ACN 15% to ACN 95%). The appropriate fractions were combined, neutralized with TEA, evaporated under reduced pressure, dissolved in water, and passed through Dowex 50WX4 Na+-form to deliver 45 mg of the product as a white solid foam (yield 3.1%). LC/MS (6min) RT = 1.78 min, found [M+H]+ 551.30 (a free acid) . LC/MS (12min) RT = 3.123min, found [M+H]+ 551.4 (a free acid). HPLC purity: 96.51% (200nm), 97.32% (283nm).1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.04 – 7.88 (m, 4H), 4.98 – 4.87 (m, 2H), 4.61 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dt, J = 25.8, 5.2 Hz, 4H), 3.68 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (dt, J = 9.1, 5.3 Hz, 9H), 3.13 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 3H), 2.95 (s, 1H). II. SYNTHESIS OF AAVs [0421] AAVs were generated by coupling the lactam linkers of the invention to at least one AAV surface-exposed primary amine, as schematically represented on Figure 1. II.1. Production and purification of AAVs Production and Purification [0422] AAVs were produced and purified according to well-known techniques in the art. Quality control [0423] Quality of the AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9 batches was assessed by titration (qPCR using the LightCycler 480 from Roche, ddPCR using the QX200 from Bio-Rad, and ELISA). [0424] A purity check was performed on a 10% SDS PAGE gel using silver staining: only VP1, VP2 and VP3 proteins in the correct stoichiometry of 1:1:10 were detectable, indicating a purity of the AAV preparation of over 95%. [0425] Integrity of the packaged vector genome was also assessed on a 0.8% agarose gel stained with gel red: only a single sharp band about 3.2 kb was found, which corresponds to the size of the packaged vector genome, hence demonstrating its integrity in the AAV particles. [0426] Endotoxin levels in the final products were determined using the Endosafe ® - nexgen-PTS™ spectrometer (Charles River Laboratories). All samples passed the test with a detection threshold of 0.5 EU/mL. [0427] Finally, functional tests were carried out in U87-MG cells, transduced with the AAV vectors (AAV2-eGFP; AAV5-eGFP; AAV8-eGFP; AAV9-eGFP) with MOI 1000, 10000 and 100000. Total gDNA was isolated from each well and Cp values as direct measure of the vector copies (vg)/cell were determined by qPCR using eGFP-specific PCR primers. II.2. Coupling of compounds comprising β-lactam to AAVs Materials [0428] Compounds (1)-(5), (7)-(9) were obtained as detailed above in example I.3. [0429] The following AAVs, obtained as detailed in example II.1, were used: - AAV2-eGFP: 1.0×10 13 vg/mL in DPBS + Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , 0.001% Pluronic F68 at pH 7.4; - AAV5-eGFP: 1.0×10 13 vg/mL in DPBS + Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , 0.001% Pluronic F68 at pH 7.4; - AAV8-eGFP: 1.0×10 13 vg/mL in DPBS + Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , 0.001% Pluronic F68 at pH 7.4; - AAV9-eGFP: 1.0×10 13 vg/mL in DPBS + Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , at pH 7.4. Table 7 – Other material and reagents: Methods [0430] The coupling of the lactam linkers on AAVs capsids was carried out with a 3.0E6 fold molar excess of the linker in a total reaction volume of 1 mL. The final concentration of AAVs was 1.0E12 vg/mL. [0431] The Lactam Compounds were brought to room temperature before being weighed into 1.5 mL reaction tube and dissolved in the suitable volume of buffer TBS, pH 9.3. [0432] The AAVs were thawed at 20 °C 1 h before the coupling reactions are set up. [0433] The coupling reactions were set up in 2.0 ml polypropylene reaction tubes The reaction tubes were gently shaken on an orbital shaker in horizontal position for 4h at 20°C. [0434] Formulation/filtration: removal of free linkers. For each coupling mixture one PD MidiTrap G-25 column is required. The columns are equilibrated 5 times with 4 ml of formulation buffer (DPBS, Ca2+, Mg2+, 0.001% F68). The coupling reactions mixtures are loaded onto the columns and the samples are allowed to enter the bed. Elution of the rAAVs occurs with 1.5 ml formulation buffer. 5 fractions at 0.3 ml are collected dropwise in 1.5 ml PP-tubes. Fractions 2-5 are pooled and qPCR titer is determined for each pooled fraction. Pooled fractions are then sterile filtrated using Acrodisc PP, PES, 0.2 μM 1 cm 2 . The filtrated fractions were frozen at -80°C in aliquots of 50 μL. II.3. Characterization of AAVs II.3.a. Titration of Vector Genones (vg) [0435] For all coupling reactions quantitative real time PCT (qPCR) titers were determined using a LightCycler 480 (Roche) for samples taken after the formulation/filtration step, see Table 8. The high values of % input in the last column of Table 8 show that very few losses were sustained during the coupling. Table 8 – qPCR titers II.3.b. Analysis of coupling by SDS-PAGE and Lectin WB Purpose [0436] The purity and integrity of the obtained AAV vectors was evaluated by silver staining of SDS-PAGE gels. The efficacy of the coupling of the saccharide moieties on the AAVs was further studied by western blot analysis using various lectin stainings which bind selectively to the respective coupled saccharides. Method [0437] VP proteins corresponding to 1.0×10 10 vg of rAAV after coupling were compared to VP proteins of the original AAV as negative control by SDS-PAGE (10% PAA gel) and subsequent silver staining. Gel was migrated up to MW 32 kDa. [0438] Additional identical gels were used for Western Blotting (WB) and subsequent detection of linkers coupled to VP proteins using lectin staining: Concanavalin-HRP (ConA) or biotinylated lectins RCA1 and UEA1. [0439] The analysis of the couplings by silver stain and WB was performed on frozen samples. [0440] Successful coupling should result in a shift of the VP proteins towards higher molecular mass, and specific lectin staining (when applicable). Results [0441] Results are presented on Figures 2-13 and summarized in Table 9 below. Table 9 ND: not determined Conclusion [0442] Mobility shifts and/or specific lectin staining were observed for all modified AAVs, evidencing effective coupling of Lactam compounds on AAVs. II.3.c. Infectivity assay (U87-MG glioblastoma cells) [0443] In case SDS-PAGE show the expected mobility shift of the VP proteins, it was tested if infectivity of the AAVs can be observed. For this purpose U87-MG cells were transduced at MOIs 10.000 and 100.000. Transduced cells were analyzed 72h after transduction via monitoring of transduced (eGFP-positive) and non-transduced cell population by fluorescence microscopy. [0444] Representative bright field and fluorescence pictures were taken from the transduced cells, showing that U87-MG cells were efficiently transduced by all the AAVs (data not shown). III. IN VIVO EVALUATION OF AAVs III.1 Evaluation of the transduction properties of three AAV vectors in the mouse brain [0445] The objective of the study was to investigate the transduction properties of three recombinant AAV2 vectors expressing GFP (AAV2, (1)-AAV2, and (7)-AAV2) in the mouse brain following a single, unilateral intrastriatal injection. Materials Animals [0446] Eight (8) adult male C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus), purchased from Janvier Labs. Test items [0447] “AAV2” is a recombinant AAV2 vector comprising an unmodified capsid and carrying a CAG-eGFP expression cassette. [0448] “(1)-AAV2” is a recombinant AAV2 vector comprising a modified capsid with surface-bound mannose linkers and carrying a CAG-eGFP expression cassette. [0449] “(7)-AAV2” is a recombinant AAV2 vector comprising a modified capsid with surface-bound 6-O-sulfated galactose linkers and carrying a CAG-eGFP expression cassette. Methods Test items [0450] (1)- and (7)-AAV2 were produced as described in section II above. Briefly, mannose and 6-O-sulfated galactose linkers were covalently attached to the primary amines of lysine residues exposed at the surface of the AAV2 capsid after a 4-hour co- incubation of the linkers with the AAV2 vectors in Tris buffer pH 9.3 at 20°C, and a dialysis of the mix against buffered saline sterile solution (BSSS) + 0.001% Pluronic ® F68 to remove free molecules that did not bind to the AAV capsid. Study design [0451] Eight (8) mice underwent stereotactic surgery and were randomly injected with the test items into the right striatum, according to Table 10 below. Table 10 – Treatment schedule. Surgical procedures [0452] Buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg; 10 mL/kg, s.c.) was given as an analgesic before and after surgery. The animals were placed individually in an anesthetic chamber supplied with a continuous flow of oxygen (1.5 L/min) and 3 % isoflurane, and upon loss of consciousness, were stabilized in a stereotactic frame (Kopf) with the head fixed into position with ear bars. The skin of the skull was incised to allow for the unilateral injection of one of the test items using a glass pipette, at the coordinates described in Table 11. For an atlas of the mouse brain, see Paxinos & Franklin, 2019. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates (5 th ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc. Table 11 – Injection coordinates. AP: anterior-posterior; ML: medial-lateral; DV: dorsal-ventral. [0453] Animals were allowed to recover for 48 days before euthanasia was carried out. Ex Vivo Analysis Euthanasia and tissue processing [0454] At the end of the in vivo phase, animals were euthanized, and tissue were collected. Euthanasia was performed in accordance with European Veterinary Medical Association guidelines. [0455] At termination, the brain of each animal was quickly removed and fixed in paraformaldehyde (PFA; 4 %). After 3 days, the tissues were cryoprotected in 20 % sucrose solution (in 0.1 M PBS) at 4°C overnight, then frozen for sectioning into 50 μm thick coronal sections using a cryostat. Free-floating sections were placed in PBS azide and stored at 4°C. GFP Immunohistochemistry [0456] Definition of the percentage of transduced brain volume in the regions of interest was made based upon GFP immunohistochemistry. One in every four sections was used for immunohistochemistry. [0457] Tissue sections were taken from the refrigerator and left to adjust to room temperature. After thorough rinsing with PBS, endogenous peroxidase activity and antigenic sites were blocked by a 10-min incubation in peroxidase-blocking solution (Dako, S2023) followed by a 30-min incubation in PBS, 2 % BSA, 0.3 % Triton X-100 and 0.01 % thimerosal, respectively. [0458] Sections were then exposed first to a polyclonal anti-GFP antibody (Ab3080, Merck), diluted 1:1000 in PBS containing 0.2 % BSA, 0.3 % Triton X-100 and 0.01 % thimerosal, and next to the Envision+ anti-rabbit HRP-tagged secondary antibody (Dako, K4011) diluted in the same buffer. After thorough rinsing with PBS, HRP was reacted with the DAB+ substrate (Dako) for approximately 30 seconds. The chromogenic reaction was stopped by several washes with PBS. [0459] Sections were then mounted onto slides and counterstained with a Nissl stain. The slides were digitized using a PannoramicScan II (3DHISTECH, Hungary) at a ×20 magnification with an extended mode in which 5-layer focus is automatically acquired and then flatten. [0460] The regions of the right hemisphere corresponding to the striatum and the substantia nigra were digitally drawn using the MERCATOR software (Mercator, Explora Nova, La Rochelle, France) on 10 and 6 sections, respectively. [0461] The total and GFP-positive volumes of these 2 brain structures were determined based on a threshold detection method, using the formula V = ΣS td where “ΣS” is the sum of surface areas; “t” is the average section thickness; and “d” is the number of slices between two consecutives analyzed sections measured. [0462] The percentage of transduced brain volume in each region of interest was then calculated. Results [0463] Immunohistochemically-stained brain slices of G1 and G2 groups are shown in Figure 14. The percentages of right striatum and right substantia nigra volumes with a positive GFP-staining are provided for each vector in Table 12 below and in Figure 14A and 14B. Table 12 – Mean percentages of GFP-positive striatal and nigral volumes (right hemisphere only) 48 days post intrastriatal injection. Conclusions [0464] The objective of the study was to investigate the transduction properties of three recombinant AAV2 vectors expressing GFP (AAV2, (1)-AAV2, and (7)-AAV2) in the mouse brain following a single, unilateral intrastriatal injection in the right hemisphere. [0465] All three AAV vectors drove the expression of GFP and the extent of GFP staining in specific brain structures (volumes) was used as an indicator of the ability of each vector to transduce brain cells. [0466] Both (1)-AAV2 and (7)-AAV2 vectors outperformed the AAV2 vector in the striatum and the substantia nigra of the right hemisphere when delivered in the parenchyma (striatum), covering 70% and 56% of the right striatum and 52% and 48% of the right substantia nigra, respectively, when AAV2 only transduced 39% of the same regions. (1)-AAV2 achieved the largest coverage of both the striatal and nigral structures (striatum: 70% for (1)-AAV2 vs 56% for (7)-AAV2 vs 39% for AAV2; substantia nigra: 52% for (1)-AAV2 vs 48% for (7)-AAV2 vs 39% for AAV2). [0467] Besides the measurements in striatal and nigral regions, the (1)-AAV2 vector showed the best transduction properties, both in terms of distribution and transgene expression levels, considering the whole brain. After a single administration in the right striatum, many brain structures of both the right and left hemisphere, which were not or poorly transduced by the AAV2 vector, showed a positive signal for (1)-AAV2-driven GFP expression. In particular, large portions of the cortex and the hippocampus were intensely stained (Figure 15). IV. IN VITRO EVALUATION OF A TEST CANDIDATE: AAV2-GBA1 [0468] The objective of the study was to determine the glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity in HEK293 cells transduced with recombinant AAV2 vectors expressing the GBA1 gene (AAV2.GBA1, (1)-AAV2.GBA1 or Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1). [0469] GBA1 codes for GCase, a lysosomal enzyme that converts glucosylceramide into glucose and ceramide. Mutations in the GBA1 gene are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease and Gaucher disease. Materials Test items [0470] “AAV2.GBA1” (also referred to as “AAV2” in Fig. 16) is a recombinant AAV2 vector comprising an unmodified capsid and carrying a CAG-GBA expression cassette. [0471] “(1)-AAV2.GBA1” (also referred to as “(1)-AAV2” in Fig. 16) is a recombinant AAV2 vector comprising a modified capsid with surface-bound mannose beta-lactam linkers (more particularly with the compound (1) as described in Table 1 or 2) and carrying a CAG-GBA expression cassette. [0472] “Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1” (also referred to as “Man-NCS-AAV2” in Fig. 16) is a recombinant AAV2 vector comprising a modified capsid with mannose isothiocyanate linkers and carrying a CAG-GBA expression cassette. Methods Test items [0473] AAV2.GBA1, (1)-AAV2.GBA1 and Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1 were produced as described above in section “II. SYNTHESIS OF AAVs” or in WO2017/212019. [0474] Briefly, mannose with either beta-lactam or isothiocyanate linkers were covalently attached to the primary amines of lysine residues exposed at the surface of the AAV2.GBA1 capsids after a 4-hour co-incubation of the linkers with the AAV2.GBA1 vectors in Tris buffer pH 9.3 at 20°C. Coupled vectors (1)-AAV2.GBA1 and Man-NCS- AAV2.GBA1 were formulated in buffered saline sterile solution (BSSS) + 0.001% Pluronic ® F68 using a PD MidiTrap G-25 desalting column to remove free molecules that did not bind to the AAV capsid. AAV2.GBA1 was formulated in D -PBS + Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ + 0.001% Pluronic ® F68. Gcase activity assay [0475] HEK293 cells were seeded. On day 2, they were transduced with vectors carrying the GBA1 gene (AAV2.GBA1, (1)-AAV2.GBA1 or Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1) at a MOI of 10 6 (one well/condition). 96 hours post-transduction, for each well, supernatant was collected (1 mL) and dry cell pellet were prepared. Both were stored at -80°C until GCase activity assay was performed. [0476] Dry cell pellets were homogenized in NaCl 0.9 % and sonicated. Then, protein concentration was determined using a Pierce BCA Protein Assay in cell pellets and supernatants. 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU) served as a calibrator and a dilution range was prepared in stop solution (glycine buffer, pH 10.5). GCase activity was measured in samples using 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucopyranoside substrate in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) supplemented with sodium taurocholate hydrate at 37°C for 30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding stop solution, and substrate fluorescence was measured (excitation wavelength = 355 nm; emission wavelength = 460 nm) with a fluorimeter (Mithras LB 940 BERTHOLD Technologies). All samples and calibrators were run in triplicates. Results [0477] For each well, GCase activity was measured in the supernatant (secreted GCase) and in the cellular pellet (non-secreted GCase). The total GCase activity per condition, being the sum of activities in both the supernatant and the pellet, is also reported. The total GCase activity was 624.3 nmol/h/well vs 384.6 nmol/h/well vs 276.1 nmol/h/well for (1)-AAV2.GBA1, AAV2.GBA1 and Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1 vectors respectively. In the supernatant, enzymatic activity was 517.4 nmol/h/well vs 315.5 nmol/h/well vs 218.1 nmol/h/well; in the pellet enzymatic activity was 106.9 nmol/h/well vs 69.1 nmol/h/well vs 58.0 nmol/h/well for the three vectors respectively. Conclusion [0478] (1)-AAV2.GBA1 outperformed AAV2.GBA1 and Man-NCS-AAV2.GBA1 vectors with higher GCase activities measured in both the supernatant and the pellet. [0479] These results are promising and demonstrate the unexpected superiority of AAV vectors comprising a lactam-linked moiety.
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