LC-MS/MS-BASED METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING PROTEINS

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This Application claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application

No. 62/468,331, filed 7 March 2017, which is incorporated herein for all purposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] This Application contains a Sequence Listing, which is incorporated herein for all purposes.

FIELD

[0003] The embodiments described herein provide methods, assays, and compositions for characterizing the stability and quantity of target proteins, particularly recalcitrant target proteins.

BACKGROUND

[0004] There remains a need for methods and assays that characterize the stability and quantity of target proteins, particularly recalcitrant transgenic proteins or membrane-associated proteins not easily characterized by current approaches.

SUMMARY

[0005] The embodiments described herein provide novel techniques to characterize the stability (digestibility) and quantity of target proteins using high sensitivity LC-MRM-MS. For example, food, feed, and environmental risk assessments require a full evaluation of transgenic proteins, including protein stability and expression levels within plant tissues and seeds.

Antibodies are not always useful for characterizing transgenic proteins because, for example, the amount of target protein in a practical sample may deceed detection levels; the amount of target protein may deceed amounts required to raise antibodies; or the target protein may not provide selective or sensitive epitopes. Indeed, the similarity of certain enzymatic proteins leads to nonspecific antibody cross-reactions. Additionally, antibodies are not always useful for

characterizing many membrane proteins because tight membrane associations mask epitopes, and such membrane proteins are often expressed at low levels. Because the present embodiments utilize total protein extractions with minimal processing, the LC-MS/MS methods described herein can be scaled-up, allowing for high throughput. The present embodiments thus provide advantageous alternative approaches for evaluating recalcitrant target proteins. [0006] The present embodiments provide LC-MS/MS based methods to evaluate target proteins, including transgenic or membrane proteins, such as recalcitrant transgenic membrane- associated proteins expressed in transgenic canola.

[0007] An aspect of the present embodiments provides for characterization of the expression, stability (as digestibility), and quantity of transgenic membrane-associated proteins in plant tissues and seeds. At least one embodiment provides a method to assess the in vitro digestibility of transgenic, membrane-associated proteins using a simulated gastric fluid (SGF) proteolytic degradation by pepsin, in combination with a dual pepsin-trypsin degradation assay, employing mass spectrometry to directly monitor precise degradation products.

[0008] In one embodiment of the method, target proteins are digested with pepsin, followed by complete digestion with trypsin. The decline of tryptic peptides can be used as a proxy for intact protein, and the appearance and disappearance of peptic peptides can be used to indicate the in vitro digestibility of the target protein. This time-course comparison provides detailed stability characterization of the target protein. This approach is particularly advantageous when characterizing recalcitrant/intractable proteins.

[0009] In at least one embodiment, the dual pepsin and pepsin/trypsin protein digestibility assays can be used as one aspect of the overall allergenicity assessment of newly introduced proteins into genetically modified crops. The methods described herein provide additional evidence in a weight-of-evidence approach to predicting the allergenic potential of a

target protein.

[0010] At least one embodiment provides an assay for determining the quantity of target protein(s) in various tissues of a transgenic organism, such as plants, using peptide markers in a known quantity of total protein with spiked internal standard and direct LC-MS/MS analysis. For example, the methods described herein can be used to characterize recalcitrant transgenic, membrane associated proteins expressed in tissues and seed of transgenic canola. In a particular embodiment, the methods described herein can be used to characterize the transgenic enzyme of Brassica that produce significant levels of omega-3 long-chain (>C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (co3LCPUFA).

[0011] At least one embodiment provides a method for characterizing the stability of a target protein comprising the steps of: subjecting a target protein to pepsin digestion, obtaining a time- course of samples from the pepsin digestion, subjecting a portion of each time-course sample to trypsin digestion, obtaining a time-course of samples from the pepsin-trypsin digestion, collecting LC-MS/MS data for each pepsin and pepsin-trypsin sample; and determining from the LC-MS/MS data the kinetics of target protein digestion and the susceptibility to proteolysis of specific regions of the target protein. [0012] At least one embodiment provides a method for quantifying a target protein comprising the steps of: subjecting a target protein to trypsin digestion, selecting a peptides to act as a proxy for the target protein, generating light and heavy synthetic versions of the selected proxy peptide, obtaining LC-MS/MS data for synthetic light and heavy versions of the proxy peptide, obtaining LC-MS/MS data for the trypsin-digested target protein, and determining from the LC-MS/MS data the concentration of the proxy peptide, wherein the concentration of the proxy peptide correlates with the amount of target protein.

[0013] More specifically, for example, metabolic engineering of co3LCPUFA in oilseed crops requires expression of several transgenic fatty acid desaturases and elongases that exhibit both high sequence homology and membrane association. Applying the LC-MS/MS-based method to such transgenic plants, as described herein, demonstrated that seed-specific promoters correctly limited expression of transgenes to developing and mature seed, and that the enzymatic proteins were present at low levels (ng target per mg total protein). By examining specific peptides (unique to the target transgenic proteins), this approach provides highly selective and sensitive measurement of recalcitrant and, in this case, membrane proteins. The LC-MS/MS based methods described herein are widely applicable to food, feed, and environmental safety assessment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates an example transgenic biosynthesis pathway engineered into Brassica (canola). More specifically, seven recombinant enzymes expressed in canola convert oleic acid (OA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): two fatty acid desaturases from yeast

(A12-Desaturase and co3/A15-Desaturase), two elongases from microalgae (A6-Elongase and A5-Elongase), and three "front-end" desaturases from microalgae (A6-Desaturase,

A5-Desaturase, and A4-Desaturase).

[0015] FIG. 2 shows amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides in the biosynthetic enzymes of FIG. 1. Using a variety of host expression systems, the recombinant enzymes were characterized by LC-MS/MS after tryptic digestion, and tryptic peptide embodiments were selected to quantify proteins in transgenic plant tissues and seeds. Bold text: example peptides identified with >95% confidence; bold italics: example peptides identified with 50-95% confidence; regular text: peptides identified with <50% confidence; italics: not detected. Solid and dashed underline are used to distinguish adjacent fully tryptic peptides (6-20 amino acids in length).

[0016] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are chromatograms reflecting quality control of synthetic Lackl-A12D peptide. FIG. 3A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS total ion chromatogram ("TIC") of Lackl-A12D peptide GSSSNTEQEVPK (amino acid residues ["aa"] 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2) 5.38 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value of 631.79 ^2"1" for the peak at 5.38 min matches theoretical m/z value 631.79 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel)

MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence, theoretical m/z values are shown (inset).

FIG. 3B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of GSSSNTEQEV*PK (aa 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2) at 5.39 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value of 634.80 ²⁺ for peak at 5.38 min matches theoretical m/z value 634.80 ²⁺ ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence, theoretical m/z values are shown (inset).

[0017] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are chromatograms reflecting quality control of Picpa-co3D peptide. FIG. 4A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of Picpa-co3D peptide IPFYHAR

(aa 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l) at 8.34 min, no other significant peaks detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value of 452.24 ^2"1" for peak at 8.34 min matches theoretical m/z value 452.24 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values are shown (inset). FIG. 4B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of peptide IPFYHA*R (aa 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l) at 8.36 min, no other significant peaks detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value for peak at 8.36 min of 454.25 ^2"1" matches theoretical m/z value 454.25 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values are shown (inset).

[0018] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are quality control chromatograms for Micpu-A6D peptide. FIG. 5A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of Micpu-A6D peptide DASTAPVDLK (aa 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3) at 7.96 min, no other significant peaks detected; (middle panel) determined m z value for the peak at 7.96 min of 508.76 ^2"1" matches theoretical m/z value 508.76 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum revealing the correct peptide sequence and the theoretical m/z values are shown (inset). FIG. 5B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of peptide D ASTAPVDL* K (aa 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3) at 7.94 min. No other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) the determined m/z value for the peak at 7.94 min of 512.27 ^2"1" is shown and matches the theoretical m/z value 512.27 ²⁺ ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum revealing the correct peptide sequence and the theoretical m/z values (inset).

[0019] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are chromatograms showing quality control of Pyrco-A6E peptide. FIG. 6A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of Pyrco-A6E peptide GQDPFLLK

(aa 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4) at 10.64 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value for peak at 10.64 min of 459.26 ^2"1" is shown and matches theoretical m/z value of 459.26 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values are shown (inset). FIG. 6B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of peptide GQDPFLL*K (aa 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4) at 10.63 min; no other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value for peak at 10.64 min of 462.76 ^2"1" is shown and matches theoretical m/z value of 462.76 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset).

[0020] FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are quality control chromatograms for Pavsa-A5D peptide. FIG. 7A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of Pavsa-A5D peptide AYDVTNFVK (aa 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) at 10.14 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) determined m/z value for peak at 10.14 min of 528.77 ^2"1" matches the theoretical m/z value 528.77 ^2"1" ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset). FIG. 7B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of peptide AYDVTNFV*K (aa 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) at 10.18 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (second panel) determined m/z value of 531.77 ^2"1" for peak at 10.18 min matches theoretical m/z value 531.77 ²⁺ ; (third panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset).

[0021] FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B are quality control chromatograms of Pyrco-A5E peptide. FIG. 8A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of Pyrco-A5E peptide SQPFGLK (aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6) at 8.44 min, no other significant peaks detected; (middle panel) determined m/z values for the peak at 8.44 min, 388.72 ²⁺ and 776.43 ¹⁺ , match the theoretical m/z values: 388.72 ²⁺ and 776.43 ¹⁺ ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset). FIG. 8B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of peptide SQPFGL*K (aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6) at 8.46 min, no other significant peaks detected; (second panel) determined m/z values for peak at 8.46 min, 392.22 ²⁺ and 783.45 ¹⁺ , match theoretical m/z values 392.22 ²⁺ and 783.43 ¹⁺ ; (third panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset).

[0022] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are quality control chromatograms of Pava-A4D peptide.

FIG. 9A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of Pavsa-A4D peptide LAPLVK (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7) at 8.36 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (second panel) determined m/z values for the peak at 8.36 min, 320.72 ²⁺ and 640.44 ¹⁺ , match theoretical m/z values: 320.72 ²⁺ and 639.44 ^1"1" (representing <1 ppm mass error respectively); (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum revealing correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset). FIG. 9B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC show the LAPLV*K (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7) peptide at 8.35 min, no other significant peaks were detected; (middle panel) determined m/z values for peak at 8.35 min, 323.73 ²⁺ and 646.45 ¹⁺ , match theoretical m/z values 323.73 ²⁺ and 645.45 ¹⁺

(representing <1 ppm mass error respectively); (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset).

[0023] FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are chromatograms showing quality control for marker peptide, R. FIG. 10A: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC of peptide TEPQTPQEWIDDLER (SEQ ID NO: 8) at 13.45 min; (middle panel) determined m/z values for the peak at 13.45 min, 619.63 ³⁺ and 928.95 ²⁺ , match theoretical m/z values 619.63 ³⁺ and 928.94 ²⁺ ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum revealing correct peptide sequence (bottom panel) and theoretical m/z values (inset). FIG. 10B: (top panel) LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC show the TEPQTPQEWIDDL*ER (SEQ ID NO:8) peptide at 13.46 min, three peaks were detected at 10.25, 10.67 and 11.39 min caused by artef actual modification of Trp; (second panel) determined m/z values for the peak at 13.46 min, 621.97 ³⁺ and 932.46 ²⁺ , match theoretical m/z values 621.96 ³⁺ and 932.44 ²⁺ ; (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum of correct peptide sequence and theoretical m/z values (inset).

[0024] FIG. 11 shows quality control chromatograms of IS peptide: (top panel)

LC-ESI-MS/MS TIC showing the IS peptide WEGEPPSK (aa 274-281 of SEQ ID NO:7) at 8.35 min, and no other significant peaks were detected; (second panel) determined m/z values for the peak at 8.35 min: 476.75 ^2"1" and 952.48 ^3"1" are shown and match the theoretical m/z values: 476.742 ^"1" and 952.47 ^1"1" (representing <0.01 ppm mass error respectively); (bottom panel) MS/MS spectrum revealing the correct peptide sequence and the theoretical m/z values are shown (inset).

[0025] FIG. 12A presents graphs that provide justification for use of cubic (3rd order polynomial) fit for interpolation of peptide concentration. The dashed black line is a point-to- point graph through the plotted standards. The data for the ratio of the MRM peak area

(analyte/IS) (see Table 13) was noted to deviate from a linear relationship above 1,000 fmol on- column, R2 = 0.9664 (A). Plotting a reduced peptide range improved the goodness of fit, R2 = 0.9984 (B). The A4D peptide LAPLVK was observed with an MS response requiring an extended concentration range (up to 4,000 fmol). The cubic fit provided a better interpolation with a goodness of fit of R2 = 0.9993 (C). The dashed gray lines indicate the peptide amount that would be determined using the two models at two examples of experimentally determined MS responses. FIG. 12B shows calibration curves for quantifier peptides for each enzyme in an example transgenic pathway that biosynthesizes DHA in transgenic plants. Panels:

(A) Lackl-A12D; (B) Picpa-co3D; (C) Micpu-A6D; (D) Pyrco-A6E; (E) Pavsa-A5D;

(F) Pyrco-A5-E; and (G) Pavsa-A4D.

[0026] FIG. 13 shows detection of Lackl-A12D peptide GSSSNTEQEVPK (aa 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2) in transgenic canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard

GSSSNTEQEVP*K (aa 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2) spiked into developing embryo protein background from wild- type ("WT") canola (2 pmol on-column); (B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo protein from transgenic canola; (D) heavy labeled reference standard GS S S NTEQE VP* K (aa 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2) spiked into mature seed protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed protein from WT canola; (F) mature seed protein from transgenic canola. [0027] FIG. 14 shows detection of Picpa-co3D peptide IPFYHAR (aa 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l) in transgenic canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard IPFYHA*R spiked into developing embryo protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column);

(B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo protein from DHA canola; (D) heavy labelled reference standard IPFYHA*R (aa 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l) spiked into mature seed protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed protein from WT canola; (F) mature seed from transgenic canola.

[0028] FIG. 15 shows detection of Micpu-A6D peptide DASTAPVDLK (residues 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3) in transgenic canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard

DASTAPVDL*K (aa 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3) spiked into developing embryo protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo protein from transgenic canola; (D) heavy labeled reference standard D ASTAPVDL* K (aa 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3) spiked into mature seed protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed protein from WT canola; (F) mature seed protein from transgenic canola.

[0029] FIG. 16 shows detection of Pyrco-A6E peptide GQDPFLLK (aa 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4) in transgenic canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard GQDPFLL*K (aa 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4) spiked into developing embryo protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo from transgenic canola; (D) heavy labeled reference standard GQDPFLL*K (aa 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4) spiked into mature seed background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed from WT canola; (F) mature seed from transgenic canola.

[0030] FIG. 17 shows detection of Pavsa-A5D peptide AYDVTNFVK (aa 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) in transgenic canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard AYDVTNFV*K (aa 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5) spiked into developing embryo protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo protein from transgenic canola; (D) heavy labeled reference standard AYDVTNFV*K (aa 37-45 of SEQ ID NO: 5) spiked into mature seed protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed protein from WT canola; (F) mature seed protein from

transgenic canola.

[0031] FIG. 18 shows detection of Pyrco-A5E peptide SQPFGLK (aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6) in transgenic canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard SQPFGL*K (aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO: 6) spiked into developing embryo protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo protein from transgenic canola; (D) heavy labeled reference standard SQPFGL*K (aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO: 6) spiked into mature seed protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed protein from WT canola; (F) mature seed protein from transgenic canola.

[0032] FIG. 19 shows detection of Pavsa-A4D peptide LAPLVK (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7) in canola. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard LAPLV*K (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7) spiked into developing embryo protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on- column); (B) developing embryo protein from WT canola; (C) developing embryo protein from transgenic canola; (D) heavy labeled reference standard LAPLV*K (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7) spiked into mature seed protein background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column); (E) mature seed protein from WT canola; (F) mature seed protein from transgenic canola.

[0033] FIG. 20 shows Pavsa-A4D was not detected in transgenic canola TG15 whole plant. The Pavsa-A4D was most abundant of the seven transgene products detected in seed, but undetected canola TGI 5 whole plant. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard spiked into WT canola protein; (B) WT canola protein; (C) transgenic canola protein.

[0034] FIG. 21 shows Pavsa-A4D was not detected in transgenic canola TG35 whole plant. The Pavsa-A4D was most abundant of the seven transgene products detected in seed, but undetected canola TG35 whole plant. Panels: (A) heavy labeled reference standard spiked into WT canola protein; (B) WT canola protein; (C) transgenic canola protein.

[0035] FIG. 22 shows Pavsa-A4D was not detected in transgenic canola TG65 root. The Pavsa-A4D was most abundant of the seven transgene products detected in canola seed, but undetected in TG65 root. Panels: (A) heavy labeled reference standard spiked into WT canola protein; (B) WT canola protein; (C) transgenic canola protein.

[0036] FIG. 23 shows that Pavsa-A4D was not detected in transgenic canola TG65 flower. The Pavsa-A4D was most abundant of the seven transgene products detected in seed, but undetected canola TG65 flower. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard spiked into WT canola protein; (B) WT canola protein; (C) transgenic canola protein.

[0037] FIG. 24 shows that Pavsa-A4D was not detected in transgenic canola TG65 tissues. The Pavsa-A4D was most abundant of the seven transgene products detected in seed, but undetected in other canola TG65 tissues. Panels: (A) Heavy labeled reference standard spiked into WT canola protein; (B) WT canola protein; (C) transgenic canola protein.

[0038] FIG. 25 shows expression of marker, R, in canola seed. Panel (A): heavy labeled reference standard TEPQTPQEWIDDL*ER (SEQ ID NO: 8) spiked into developing embryo background from WT canola (2 pmol on-column). Detection of trace levels of R in transgenic canola plant parts, Panels: (B) developing seed; (C) mature seed; (D) whole plant (TG15); (E) whole plant (TG35); (F) root (TG65); (G) flower (TG65), and other tissue (TG65). [0039] FIG. 26 depicts western blot analysis of marker R expressed in transgenic plants. Left part shows total proteins from Nicotiana benthamiana leaf (Benth). WT: WT, untreated;

Tr: transient expression of marker protein for 5 days. Middle part shows total proteins from WT canola. Right part shows total protein from transgenic canola. M: molecular weight marker in kDa indicated to the left of the gel. Lanes 15, 35, and 79 represents canola materials of TG15 (whole plant), TG35 (whole plant) and TG79 (developing seed). 20 μg of protein was loaded in each lane, and subsequently developed with anti-R antibody (Sigma) at a 1 : 1000 dilution.

[0040] FIG. 27A and FIG. 27B are schemes showing the specificity of proteolytic enzymes used in the Examples, in which the substrate has amino acid residues at positions Pn, P4, etc., to Pm' , (also #1 to #8 in the N- to C-terminal direction). FIG. 27A shows a trypsin cleavage site K (lysine) or R (arginine) at position PI. The amino acid P (proline) in position Ρ (#5) hinders proteolysis. FIG. 27B shows pepsin cleavage sites at both sides of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids, F (phenylalanine), L (leucine), W (tryptophan), and Y (tyrosine). Amino acids K, R, and H (histidine) at position P3 (#2) hinder proteolysis, while amino acid P at P3 (#2), or P4 (#1) promotes proteolysis. The images were created using WebLogo. See Crooks et al.,

WebLogo: A sequence logo generator, 14 Genome Res. 1188 (2004).

[0041] FIG. 28A and FIG. 28B present theoretical digestion curves that could be generated using LC-MS and the proposed digestibility assay: FIG. 28A: theoretical digestion curves for pepsin; ·, solid line: rapid and complete digestion; T , broken line: slow and complete digestion; o, solid line: rapid but incomplete digestion; v, broken line: slow but incomplete digestion. FIG. 28B: theoretical digestion curves for trypsin post-pepsin; ·, broken line: undigestible protein;■. broken line: partially digestible protein; T , solid line: digestible protein.

[0042] FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B presents photos showing characterization of His-Pavsa-A4D protein expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. FIG. 29A: SDS-PAGE of total proteins from baculovirus infected cells. FIG. 29B: Western blot analysis of His-Pavsa-A4D developed with anti His-tag antibody (1: 1000 dilution). M: protein markers with molecular weight indicated aside; lane 1 : total pellet protein; lane 2: total protein in supernatant.

[0043] FIG. 30A is a theoretical pepsin cleavage map of Pavsa-A4D. The potential pepsin cleavage sites are shown in underlined bold, and pepsin cleaves at both the amino and carboxyl sides of these residues. FIG. 30B shows protein sequence coverage of Pavsa-A4D obtained after pepsin digestion. Bold: peptides identified with >95% confidence; bold italics: peptides identified with 50-95% confidence; underlined: peptides identified with <50% confidence; plain: not detected. Wave underlined (both figures) is the N-terminal His-tag and protease cleavage site followed by M of native Pavsa-A4D in the fusion protein. FIG. 30C shows the theoretical trypsin cleavage map of Pavsa-A4D. The potential trypsin cleavage sites are indicated in underlined bold font. Trypsin cleaves at the carboxyl side of the bold residues. FIG. 30D shows protein sequence coverage obtained after trypsin digestion. Bold: peptides identified with >95% confidence; bold italics: peptides identified with 50-95% confidence; underlined: peptides identified with <50% confidence; plain: not detected. Wave underlined (both figures) indicates the N-terminal His-tag and protease cleavage site followed by the M of the native Pavsa-A4D in the fusion protein.

[0044] FIG. 31 A, Panels (A)-(H), shows LC-MRM-MS analysis of pepsin proteolytic fragments. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage relative to the maximum peak area observed during pepsin digestion. The experimental control was time 0 with no pepsin addition. The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-terminus. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. Arrows indicate a subsequent cleavage to yield a secondary cleavage variant; error bars denote SD; potential sites for secondary pepsin cleavage are: Panel (A): F; (C): F, F (D): YLL; (E): W, W, L; (F): L, LL; (G): L, L; (H): L; Control: time 0, no pepsin. FIG. 31B shows Quantification of the tryptic peptide products of HislO::Pavsa-A4D after combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. The trypsin data has been presented as the mean percentage (n=5 replicate digests) reduction relative to the experimental control at 0 min (no pepsin addition, measured as MRM peak area, sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-terminus. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. Error bars denote SD; potential sites for secondary pepsin cleavage are: Panel (A): F; (B): L, Y; (C): F, LF (D): F, L, YL, L; (E): F, Y; (F): Y, L; (G): L, L; (H): Y, L. FIG. 31C is the sequence of

Pavsa-A4D peptides selected for antibody production (GenScript, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA). Peptides used to raise polyclonal antibodies are underlined, and the peptide for both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies is double-underlined.

[0045] FIG. 32A and FIG. 32B are photographs showing gel characterization of

His-Pyrco-A5E protein expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. FIG. 32A: SDS-PAGE of total proteins from baculovirus infected cells. FIG. 32B B: western blot analysis of

His-Pyrco-A5E with anti- His-tag antibody (1 : 1000 dilution). MW: protein markers with molecular weights indicated.

[0046] FIG. 33A shows a theoretical pepsin cleavage map of Pyrco-A5E protein, in which potential pepsin cleavage sites are underlined. FIG. 33B shows the protein sequence coverage obtained after pepsin digestion. Bold: peptides identified with >95% confidence; italics: peptides identified with 50-95% confidence; underlined: peptides identified with <50% confidence; grey: not detected; wave underlined is the N-terminal His-tag and protease cleavage site followed by M of native Pyrco-A5E in the fusion protein. FIG. 33C shows the theoretical trypsin cleavage map of Pyrco-A5E protein, in which the potential trypsin cleavage sites are underlined.

FIG. 33D shows the protein sequence coverage obtained after trypsin digestion. Bold: peptides identified with >95% confidence; italics: peptides identified with 50-95% confidence;

underlined: peptides identified with <50% confidence; grey: not detected; wave underlined is the N-terminal His-tag and protease cleavage site followed by M of native Pyrco-A5E in the fusion protein. The two peptides identified in bold (>95% confidence) were not fully tryptic (cleaved at K/R).

[0047] FIG. 34 is a chromatograph showing manual verification of the peptide-spectrum match for the single Pyrco-A5E tryptic peptide: SQPFGLK (residues 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6).

[0048] FIG. 35 Panels (A) to (H) are graphs showing LC-MRM-MS analysis of

His-Pyrco-A5E pepsin proteolytic fragments. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage relative to the maximum peak area observed during pepsin digestion. Experimental control: time 0, no pepsin. The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-termini. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. Arrows indicate a subsequent cleavage to yield a secondary cleavage variant. The potential sites for secondary pepsin cleavage within the sequence, per Panel, are (A): YF; (B): Y; (C): F, L, and L; (D): F and L; (E): LF and L; (F): W; (G): L and Y;

(H): F (expected cleavage); or Panel (G): LL (potentially hindered). Error bars: SD.

[0049] FIG. 36 is a graph showing quantification of the single tryptic peptide product of His- Pyrco-A5E after combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. LC-MRM-MS analysis of the single trypsin proteolytic fragment that was detected. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage reduction relative to the experimental control (time 0, no pepsin). The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) is denoted above the graph, in which the potential sites for pepsin cleavage are F and L.

[0050] FIG. 37 shows peptides of Pyrco-A5E selected for antibody production.

Italicized: peptides for polyclonal antibodies; underlined: peptide for both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

[0051] FIG. 38A and FIG. 38B are photographs characterizing His-GFP-Picpa-co3D protein expressed in E. coli C41. Molecular weight markers and 5 xL of His-GFP-Picpa-co3D were run on NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gels. FIG. 38A: SDS-PAGE stained with coomassie blue;

FIG. 38B: western blot developed with anti His-tag antibody (1: 1000 dilution). MW: protein markers with molecular weights indicated.

[0052] FIG. 39A shows the theoretical pepsin cleavage map for Pica-co3D. The potential pepsin cleavage sites are underlined. FIG. 39B presents amino acid sequence coverage obtained after pepsin digestion. Bold: peptides identified with >95% confidence; italics: peptides identified with 50%-95% confidence; underlined: peptides identified with <50% confidence; grey: not detected; wave underlined includes all amino acids from the N-terminus to "...GGS" and shows the N-terminal His-GFP region followed by the second amino acid residue of native Picpa-co3D (i.e., no M) in the fusion protein. FIG. 39C shows the theoretical trypsin cleavage map, in which potential trypsin cleavage sites are underlined. FIG. 39D depicts protein sequence coverage obtained after trypsin digestion. Bold: peptides identified with >95% confidence; italics: peptides identified with 50%-95% confidence; grey: not detected; wave underlined is the N-terminal His-GFP region followed by the second amino acid of native Picpa-co3D (i.e., no methionine) in the fusion protein.

[0053] FIG. 40 shows chromatographs presenting quantification of His-GFP-Picpa-co3D peptides of after pepsin digestion and LC-MRM-MS analysis of pepsin proteolytic fragments. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage relative to the maximum peak area observed during pepsin digestion. The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-termini. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) is denoted above each graph. Arrows indicate a subsequent cleavage to yield a secondary cleavage variant. Potential sites for secondary pepsin cleavage within the sequence are

Panel (A): F, Y, L; (B): F, Y; (C): L; (E): Y, LL, F; (F): Y, LL; (G): F, YW, F; (H): Y, F, F. Experimental control: time 0 with no pepsin; error bars: SD.

[0054] FIG. 41 shows chromatographs presenting LC-MRM-MS analysis of pepsin proteolytic fragments of His-GFP- Picpa-co3D cleavage variants produced after pepsin digestion. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage relative to the maximum peak area observed during pepsin digestion. The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-termini. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) is denoted above each graph. Arrows indicate a subsequent cleavage to yield a secondary cleavage variant. The potential sites for secondary pepsin cleavage are: Panel (A): Y, LL, F; (B) LL, F; (C): Y, LL; (D): LL; (E): Y, LL. Control: time 0, no pepsin.

[0055] FIG. 42 shows chromatographs presenting quantification of the tryptic peptides of His-GFP-Picpa-co3D after combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. The trypsin data has been presented as the mean percentage (n=5 replicate digests) reduction relative to the experimental control at 0 min (no pepsin, measured as MRM peak area, sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-termini. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) is denoted above each graph. The potential sites for pepsin cleavage of these peptide sequences are Panel (A): L; (B): F; (C): F, F; (D): Y; (G): W, W; (H): F, Y, F (expected cleavage) or (E): L (potentially hindered) font. Error bars denote standard deviation (SD).

[0056] FIG. 43 shows peptides selected for antibody production. Italicized: peptides for polyclonal antibodies; underlined: peptide for both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.

[0057] FIG. 44 presents data from quantification of the peptide products of

Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D after pepsin digestion. LC-MRM-MS analysis of pepsin proteolytic fragments. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage relative to the maximum peak area observed during pepsin digestion. The experimental control was time 0 with no pepsin addition. The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-terminus. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. Arrows indicate a subsequent cleavage to yield a secondary cleavage variant. The potential sites for pepsin cleavage of these peptide sequences are Panels (A): Y, L; (B): Y, L; (C): F; (F): F; (G): L; (H): YL, L (expected cleavage) or (E): L, L, Y; (G): F; (H): L, Y; (I): YF; (J): Y (potentially hindered). The error bars denote SD.

[0058] FIG. 45 presents data from quantification of the tryptic peptide products of

Hisio::Pavsa-A5D after combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. The trypsin data has been presented as the mean percentage (n=5 replicate digests) reduction relative to the experimental control at 0 min (no pepsin addition, measured as MRM peak area, sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-terminus. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. The potential sites for pepsin cleavage of these peptide sequences are: Panels (A): Y, Y, L; (C): F; (F): F, F; (G): F, L; (H): L, L, L, F; (J): L, L; (K): L, Y; (L): F, L (expected cleavage) or (B): Y: (C): Y; (D): Y, Y; (E) L; (F): L; (G): Y; (I): WL; (J): Y; and (L): YF (potentially hindered). Error bars denote standard deviation (SD).

[0059] FIG. 46 shows quantification of the peptide products of HislO: :Pyrco-A6E after pepsin digestion. LC-MRM-MS analysis of pepsin proteolytic fragments. The response in the LC-MS system (measured as peak area) was converted to a percentage relative to the maximum peak area observed during pepsin digestion. The experimental control was time 0 with no pepsin addition. The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-terminus. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. Arrows indicate a subsequent cleavage to yield a secondary cleavage variant. The potential sites for secondary pepsin cleavage are Panels (A): F, L; (B): Y; (C): W, L: (D): W, L; (E): L, L; (F): F, L; (G): Y; (I): L; (J): Y, Y; (K): Y, Y, F; (L): YY (expected cleavage), or (G): Y; (I): F (potentially hindered) font within the sequence; error bars denote SD. [0060] FIG. 47 shows quantification of the tryptic peptide products of HislO::Pyrco-A6E after combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. The trypsin data has been presented as the mean percentage (n=5 replicate digests) reduction relative to the experimental control at 0 min (no pepsin addition, measured as MRM peak area, sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). The peptides are graphed in order from protein N- to C-terminus. The peptide sequence (and calculated molecular weight) are denoted above each graph. The potential sites for pepsin cleavage of these peptide sequences are: Panels (A): FLL; (B): L, Y; (C): FY; (D): Y, W, Y (expected cleavage) or (B): Y; (C): W; (D): F (potentially hindered) font; error bars denote SD.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] All patents and other publications identified are expressly incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents are based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.

[0062] As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms include the plural reference and vice versa unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Throughout this specification, unless otherwise indicated, "comprise," "comprises" and "comprising" are used inclusively rather than exclusively, so that a stated integer or group of integers may include one or more other non- stated integers or groups of integers. The term "or" is inclusive unless modified, for example, by "either." Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about," which is generally + 1% to + 10%, depending on context as determined by one of skill in the art.

[0063] Unless otherwise defined, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the formulations described herein shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined solely by the claims. [0064] The embodiments described herein provide novel techniques to quantify and characterize target membrane proteins using high sensitivity LC-MRM-MS. In particular, transgenic proteins of the co3LCPUFA synthesis pathway cloned into Brassica, and often associated with membranes in vivo, are currently not adequately characterized by antibodies as used, for example, in traditional western blot analysis. Regarding the characterization of protein content and function, solubilization (using detergents to replace the lipid of the membrane), and purification can increase levels of protein, but dissociation from membranes typically eliminates desaturase or elongase activity, likely due to a requirement for other proteins co-localized in the membrane, as well as cofactors, some as yet unknown. The present approach can be used to analyze recalcitrant proteins directly, without first enriching for membrane fractions, such as microsomes, or separating/enriching putative target proteins by electrophoresis, before employing the LC-MS/MS system. See Skinner et al., 64 J. Ag. Food Chem. 5251 (2016). Thus, in comparison with current LC-MS/MS detection, the present embodiments provide high throughput methods that enable analysis of many samples. Additionally, membrane or microsomal enrichment may exclude characterization of proteins that are not captured in a specific cell fraction. For example, "debris" discarded after initial centrifugation of cell lysates at 12k x g may contain target proteins: supposed ER protein, A4-desaturase, was detected in the 15k x g pellet and would have been excluded from the subsequent 100k x g microsomal pellet. See Skinner et al., 2016.

[0065] The method described herein was employed to characterize seven transgenic enzymes - fatty acid desaturases and elongases - that provided a biosynthetic pathway to convert oleic acid to DHA. More specifically, metabolic engineering of the co3LCPUFA, like

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5co3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6co3), in oil crops involved in the transgenic expression of several fatty acid desaturases and elongases in co3LCPUFA biosynthesis pathway. The transgenic enzymes (FIG. 1) consisted of Lachancea kluyveri A12-desaturase (Lackl-A12D; Watanabe et al., 68 Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 721 (2004)); Pichia pastoris co3-/A15-desaturase (Picpa-co3D; Zhang et al., 25 Yeast 21 (2008)); Micromonas pusilla A6-desaturase (Micpu-A6D; Petrie et al., 12 Metab. Eng. 233 (2010b)); Pyramimonas cordata A6-elongase (Pyrco-A6; Petrie et al., 12 Mar. Biotechnol. 430 (2010a)); Pavlova salina A5-desaturase (Pavsa-A5D; Zhou et al., 68 Phytochem. 785 (2007)); P. cordata A5-elongase (Pyrco-A5E; Petrie et al., 2010a); and P. salina A4-desaturase (Pavsa-A4D; Zhou et al., 2007). The enzymes were each expressed independently under control of seed-specific promoters and other appropriate genetic regulatory regions.

[0066] The functionalities and activities of these enzymes have been demonstrated in different heterologous expression systems including transgenic Arabidopsis, Camelina, and Brassica seeds. Petrie et al., PLoS One 7: e49165 (2012); Petrie et al., PLoS One 9: e85061 (2014). Based on the sequence similarity and functionality, these seven proteins can be classified into three groups, (1) yeast acyl-CoA type fatty acid desaturases including Lackl-A12D and Picpa-co3D that introduce a double bond at the Δ12 and Δ15 positions, respectively; (2) algae fatty acid elongases including Pyrco-ΔόΕ and Pyrco-A5E that add two carbons to the carboxyl end of fatty acids; and (3) algae "front-end" fatty acid desaturases that introduce a double bond between an existing double bond and the carboxyl end of fatty acids including Micpu-A6D, Pavsa-A5D and Pavsa-A4D. Zhou et al., 2007. Although the engineered DHA synthesis pathway genes were under the control of seed-specific promoters, other tissues in addition to seed were also assessed as described herein.

[0067] The likelihood of allergic oral sensitization to a protein is first affected by the stability of the protein to gastrointestinal digestion. Astwood et al., 14 Nature Biotechnol. 1269 (1996). Full evaluation of each transgenic protein, including expression levels and protein stability, provides valuable information when assessing allergenic potential using a weight of evidence approach. These transgenic co3LCPUFA enzymes are tightly associated with membranes and expressed at low levels, however, hampering characterization by traditional means such as immunoassays. The present embodiments provide LC-MS/MS based methods to evaluate membrane proteins. An aspect of the present embodiments assesses the in vitro digestibility of the fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes introduced into co3LCPUFA-producing canola by digesting with pepsin.

[0068] In vitro digestion models are used widely to assess the nutritional value of ingested proteins based on their amino acid bioavailability. The correlation between protein allergenicity and protein stability in an in vitro pepsin digestion assay has been reported previously. Astwood et al., 1996. When proteins are found to be highly digestible, the potential for systemic exposure is reduced. The current safety assessment strategy (Codex, 2003) is based on a weight-of- evidence approach recognizing that no single endpoint can predict human allergenicity potential. Based on this strategy, a number of factors are evaluated in the context of genetic plants: the gene source, determining the similarity of amino acid sequence of the newly expressed protein to known allergens, the abundance of the protein in the crop and the digestibility of the protein to in vitro digestion.

[0069] Protein quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, has been applied to clinical laboratory studies. Rauh, 883 J. Chromatog. B, 59 (2012); Gillette & Carr, 10 Nat. Meth. 28 (2013). Current analysis of proteins by MRM is based on detection of peptides derived from proteolytic digestion of the target protein, typically by trypsin. The measurement of tryptic peptides in a complex sample matrix may be achieved by adding a known concentration of an isotope-labelled peptide isomer as an internal standard (IS) to the sample before analysis. The labeled peptide isomer (referred to as "heavy") contains an amino acid labelled with the stable isotopes, typically ¹⁵ N or ¹³ C, resulting in a mass increase compared to that of the native peptide isomer (referred to as "light"). When subjected to chromatographic separation, the heavy and light peptides show nearly identical elution profiles, allowing the detection of the light peptides (analytes) in the matrix background. When subjecting the peptides to MS/MS under conditions of collision-induced dissociation, the light and heavy peptides also undergo an identical fragmentation mechanism (transition) providing an additional level of quality control in confirming the peptide identity.

[0070] Upon digestion with pepsin alone, there are a number of scenarios that may occur (FIG. 28A). The simplest is when the protein is rapidly digested to produce fully peptic fragments in which the response increases rapidly, reaching a maximum and creating a plateau (filled circle). The second involves the slow digestion that does not reach a plateau within the experimental duration (filled triangles). This scenario is difficult to judge for completeness as LC-MS monitors the peptide response (peptide peak intensity or area). The third involves a rapid, but incomplete digestion that may appear to be complete as judged by the plateau in peptide response (empty circles). Lastly, slow and incomplete digestion may be observed (hollow triangles).

[0071] By employing trypsin post-pepsin (see FIG. 28B), it is possible to judge the completeness of the digestion by comparison to an experimental control (time 0, no pepsin added) wherein the tryptic peptides liberated appear at the maximum value (in this instance as the MRM peak area). If the protein is not digested, then no decrease in peptide response will be observed (circles, dashed line). If the protein is partially digested, a partial decrease in the peptide response will be observed (squares, dotted line). If the protein is completely digested, the peptide response will drop to zero within the experiment duration (triangles, solid line).

[0072] Thus, by examining the pepsin proteolytic fragments, the breakdown of a protein could be monitored, but it is noted that determining whether degradation had reached completion is a difficult task. To overcome this deficiency, the tryptic peptide products were used as a proxy for intact protein, wherein in the absence of pepsin, the amount of tryptic peptide was equivalent to 100% of protein being present. In the presence of pepsin (at varying time points during digestion), the level of tryptic peptides would be expected to decrease for peptides that contained a pepsin cleavage site. In this way the complete degradation of the protein can be monitored.

[0073] In one specific embodiment, transgenic enzymes of the co3LCPUFA pathway were digested with pepsin for 0 minutes to 60 minutes, followed by complete trypsin digestion, while collecting samples at timed intervals. The decline of tryptic peptides was used as a proxy for intact protein, and the appearance and disappearance of peptic peptides was used to indicate the in vitro digestibility of transgenic proteins. Additionally, the level of tryptic peptide markers in a known quantity of total protein was quantified using a spiked internal standard (IS). By examining specific peptides (unique to the target transgenic proteins), this approach provides highly selective and sensitive measurement of the target membrane proteins.

[0074] A similar principle employing LC-MS/MS was used to quantify each target protein in different plant tissues and seed. Applying the LC-MS/MS based method in transgenic plants demonstrated that seed-specific promoters correctly directed expression of transgenes only in developing and mature seed, in which seed the transgenic proteins were present at low levels (ng target/mg protein).

[0075] More specifically, in some embodiments, calibration curves were generated in which the analyte concentration was varied, and a defined amount of IS was spiked into the standards. The response of the mass spectrometer was the integrated peak area for each MRM transition. The top three MRM transitions were summed (for both analyte and IS). The ratios of (summed analyte peak area)/(summed IS peak area) were plotted against the known analyte concentration. The endogenous peptide response was determined and the concentration interpolated from the calibration curve, thus allowing the quantification of the peptide as fmol target peptide per 100 μg total protein. This value was converted to a ng equivalent per mg total protein based on the molecular mass of each target protein.

[0076] Using protein extracts from a variety of sources including total protein extracts from canola and recombinant proteins expressed in either yeast, bacterial or baculovirus expression systems, the peptides liberated after tryptic digestion were assessed. The co3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes were thus characterized, allowing selection of peptides as biomarkers of each protein for quantification. The amino acid sequences of the enzymes are given in FIG. 2, in which fully tryptic peptides, potentially useful as peptide markers, are underlined. FIG. 2 presents the score, protein sequence coverage (at 95% confidence), and number of detected peptides for each enzyme. Peptides were excluded as markers, where possible, if they contained methionine (M, commonly modified by oxidation), or contained adjacent dibasic sites (KK, KR, RK, RR, which inhibit cleavage), thus limiting variability in digestion efficiency. Peptides were selected for use in protein quantification according to, for example, (a) size amenable to

LC-MS/MS analysis (6 to 20 amino acids), and (b) highest signal intensity consistently detected (in multiple digests).

[0077] Protein extracts from a variety of sources including total protein extracts from canola, recombinant proteins expressed in either yeast, bacterial or baculovirus expression systems were used. The proteins were either provided in-solution or as excised gel slices. Gel bands were digested. See Byrne et al., 12 Proteomics 1 (2012). The solutions were subjected to filter- assisted sample preparation (FASP). Wisniewski et al., 6 Nature Meth. 359 (2009); Colgrave et al., 1370 J. Chromatog. A 105 (2014).

[0078] Proteolytic ally digested proteins were analyzed with chromatographic separation using a nano HPLC system directly coupled to a mass spectrometer, and software used for protein identification. See, Shilov et al., 6 Mol. Cell Proteom. 1638 (2007). Tandem mass spectrometry data was searched against in silico tryptic digests of a database comprising the transgenic proteins, using parameters defined as iodoacetamide modified for cysteine alkylation and trypsin as the digestion enzyme.

[0079] Total protein extracts from co3LCPUFA transgenic canola tissues or seed or from recombinant proteins expressed in yeast, bacterial, or baculovirus expression systems were first analyzed by non-targeted LC-MS for detection of the tryptic peptides generated for each target protein, e.g., desaturase or elongase, of the co3LCPUFA pathway. Total protein from Nicotiana benthamiana leaf with a transiently expressed marker protein was also used for detection of the tryptic peptides of the marker protein. After searching all generated data against the custom protein database, two peptides were selected from each target protein as proxies for use in quantification. The selection of peptides was based on the criteria: good MS response (high intensity); where possible, absence of amino acids within the peptide sequence that are likely to be modified (for example, oxidation of methionine) or miscleaved (presence of dibasic residues at either terminus); specific/unique to the target protein; and of a size amenable to LC-MS (~6 to 20 amino acids in length). For each selected peptide, both the endogenous (light) peptides and ¹⁵ N and ¹³ C labelled (heavy) peptides were synthesized.

[0080] The peptides liberated after tryptic digestion were assessed using protein extracts from a variety of sources including total protein extracts from canola or recombinant proteins expressed in either yeast, bacterial or baculovirus expression systems. The co3LCPUFA biosynthetic enzymes were thus characterized, allowing selection of peptides as biomarkers of each protein for quantification. See FIG. 2.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Peptide Selection

[0081] Target Proteins - All seven transgenic biosynthesis pathway enzymes expressed in co3LCPUFA canola were targeted for characterization, including quantification of protein content in various tissues of transgenic canola across the growing season. [0082] Using protein extracts from a variety of sources including total protein extracts from canola or recombinant proteins expressed in either yeast, bacterial or baculovirus expression systems, peptides liberated after tryptic digestion were assessed. The protein sequences are given in FIG. 2 wherein fully tryptic peptides potentially useful as peptide markers are underlined. The figure provides the score, protein sequence coverage (at 95% confidence) and number of detected peptides for each target protein. Peptides were excluded as markers, where possible, if they contained methionine (M), which is commonly modified by oxidation, or contained adjacent dibasic sites (KK, KR, RK, RR), which commonly cause missed cleavage and hence variability in digestion efficiency. Peptides were selected, ideally, for size amenable to

LC-MS/MS analysis: 6-20 amino acids in length. Peptides that (a) gave the highest signal intensity and (b) were detected consistently in multiple digests, were selected for peptide synthesis for protein quantification.

[0083] Selection of Peptides for Quantification - The total protein extracts from DHA canola seed or from recombinant proteins expressed in either yeast, bacterial, or baculovirus expression systems were analyzed by non-targeted LC-MS for detection of the tryptic peptides generated for each target protein (i.e., desaturase or elongase of the co3LCPUFA biosynthesis pathway). Total protein from N. benthamiana leaf with transiently expressed R was also used for detection of the tryptic peptides of R protein. After searching all generated data against the custom protein database, two peptides were selected from each target protein as proxies to be used for quantification. The selection of peptides was based on several criteria: (a) good MS response (high intensity), (b) absence of amino acids within a peptide sequence likely to be modified (for example, oxidation of methionine) or miscleaved (presence of dibasic residues at either terminus), (c) amino acids specific/unique to the target protein, and (d) of a size amenable to LC-MS (-6-20 amino acids in length). For each selected peptide, both the endogenous (light) peptides and ¹⁵ N and ¹³ C labelled (heavy) peptides were synthesized.

[0084] Based on the preliminary results from both the quality control assessment and determination of linearity of response for the synthetic peptides, the peptide with optimal performance characteristics (e.g., high signal intensity, good chromatographic properties) for each protein was selected as the protein proxy for quantification. The final selected peptides for the DHA synthesis pathway enzymes (see FIG. 1) are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Peptides used for protein quantification of the DHA biosynthesis pathway enzymes

MW Light MW Heavy

Protein Light Peptide Sequence Heavy Peptide Sequence

Peptide (Da) Peptide (Da)

Lackl-A12D GSSSNTEQEVPK ¹ 1261.58 GSSSNTEQEV*PK ¹ 1267.58

Picpa-co3D IPFYHAR ² 902.48 IPFYHA*R ² 906.48 Table 2. Peptides used for protein quantification of the DHA biosynthesis pathway enzymes

MW Light MW Heavy

Protein Light Peptide Sequence Heavy Peptide Sequence

Peptide (Da) Peptide (Da)

Micpu-A6D DASTAPVDLK ³ 1015.52 DASTAPVDL*K ³ 1022.52

Pyrco-ΔόΕ GQDPFLLK ⁴ 916.50 GQDPFLL*K ⁴ 923.50

Pavsa-A5D AYDVTNFVK ⁵ 1055.53 AYDVTNFV*K ⁵ 1061.53

Pyrco-A5E SQPFGLK ⁶ 775.42 SQPFGL*K ⁶ 782.42

Pavsa-A4D LAPLVK ⁷ 639.43 LAPLV*K ⁷ 645.44

IS WEGEPPSK ⁸ 951.46

Additional peptides for use in protein quantification:

Lackl-A12D GSSSNTEQEVPK ¹ 1261.58 GSSSNTEQEVPK* ¹ 1269.58

Lackl-A12D NINNCGVGAAEK ⁹ 1189.3 NINNC ^[CAM] GVGAAEK ⁹ 1245.56

Lackl-A12D NINNCGVGAAEK ⁹ 1189.3 NINNC ^[CAM] GVGAAEK* ⁹ 1253.56

Picpa-co3D DILDAIPK ¹⁰ 883.50 DILDAIPK* ¹⁰ 891.50

Picpa-co3D IPFYHAR ² 902.48 IPFYHAR* ² 912.48

Micpu-A6D ALPSRPAEIK ¹¹ 1081.29 ALPSRPAEIK* ¹¹ 1088.63

Micpu-A6D DASTAPVDLK ³ 1015.52 DASTAPVDLK* ³ 1023.52

Pyrco-ΔόΕ GQDPFLLK ⁴ 916.50 GQDPFLLK* ⁴ 924.50

Pavsa-A5D AYDVTNFVK ⁵ 1055.53 AYDVTNFVK* ⁵ 1063.53

Pyrco-A5E SQPFGLK ⁶ 775.42 SQPFGLK* ⁶ 783.42

Pavsa-A4D LAPLVK ⁷ 639.43 LAPLVK* ⁷ 647.43

Pavsa-A4D WEGEPISK ⁸ 945.04 WEGEPISK* ⁸ 952.46

* Amino acid residues labeled with isotope ¹⁵ N or ¹³ C. Heavy peptides were used as reference standards for determining the correct retention time and fragmentation pattern.

'GSSSNTEQEVPK: residues 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2; ¾PFYHAR: aa 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l;

3DASTAPVDLK: aa 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3; ⁴ GQDPFLLK: aa 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4;

5AYDVTNFVK: aa 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5; ⁶ SQPFGLK: aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6; ⁷ LAPLVK: aa 403- 408 of SEQ ID NO:7; ⁸ WEGEPISK: aa 274-281 of SEQ ID NO:7; ⁹ NINNCGVGAAEK: aa 405-416 of SEQ ID NO:2, [CAM] is carbamidomethylated Cys; ¹⁰ DILDAIPK: (aa 51-58 of SEQ ID NO: l);

"ALPSRPAEIK: residues 106-115 of SEQ ID NO:3.

[0085] Synthesis of Peptides - Selected peptides were synthesized at Creative Proteomics (Shirley, N.Y., US) at 99% purity. The amount of each synthesized peptide was determined by high sensitivity amino acid analysis (AAA) at the Australian Proteomics Analysis Facility (Sydney, AU). All samples were analyzed in duplicate. The calculated amount of amino acid ^g/mL) was based on the amino acid residue mass in the protein (molecular weight minus H2O). Using the determined concentrations, stock solutions were prepared at 100 pmol^L. The purity of synthesized peptides was analyzed by LC-MS. Dilutions equivalent to ~5 pmol^L were prepared in aqueous solution (1% formic acid) and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Any peptides showing significant contamination including the presence of the truncated, modified or synthesis by-products were excluded from further analysis.

[0086] The purity of synthesized peptides was analyzed by LC-MS, and the results are shown in FIG. 3 to FIG. 11. In each figure, the top panel shows the total ion chromatogram (TIC) for the light (A) and heavy (B) peptide, in blue (MS) and pink (MS/MS). The middle panel shows the determined m/z values for the light (A) and heavy (B) peptide. The bottom panel shows the MS/MS spectrum of the correct amino acid sequence, and the theoretical m/z values are shown in the insert.

[0087] The concentrations of the synthetic peptides were determined by high sensitivity amino acid analysis and results were expressed as averages of duplicate measurements (Tables 3-11). The calculated amount of amino acid ^g/mL) is based on the amino acid residue mass in the protein (molecular weight minus ¾0). Using the determined concentrations, stock solutions were prepared at 100 pmol^L peptide.

'SQPFGLK: residues 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6

[0088] As depicted in FIG. 12A, a linear regression model was unsuitable for quantitation of A4D peptide LAPLVK. Examining two experimentally determined MS responses it was noted that the interpolated results differed from the graphical interpretation. Using the linear regression model (Figure 3 A), the segregant 14E-0368-04-03 mature seed with a peak area ratio of 1.083 would yield an amount of 1,345 fmol and the NS-B50027-4 seed with a peak area ratio of 2.642 would yield 3,115 fmol. Comparing this to the cubic regression model which would yield amounts of 1,836 and 3,307 fmol, it was apparent that the segregant 14E-0368-04-03 seed amount was underestimated (by 27% and 6% respectively). The analytical parameters for quantitation of canola peptides wherein limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) are given in femtomoles for the non-linear regression model with the adjusted ULOQ, the standard deviation of the residuals (Sy.x), and the sum-of-the-squares (SS) are listed in Table A:

Example 2. Sample preparation

[0089] All seven biosynthesis pathway enzymes expressed in the co3LCPUFA producing transgenic canola were targeted for quantification in various tissues and seed of transgenic canola throughout the growing season in separate planting locations.

[0090] Collection of Canola Samples - Wild-type (WT) and transgenic canola were planted at field trial sites. The tissues that were sampled for both WT and transgenic plants at each site are listed in Table B. The sampling times represent specific growth stages of canola allowing for various tissue types, including leaves, roots, pods, and reproductive tissues. See Lancashire et al., 119 Annals Appl. Biol. 561 (1991). The plant tissues harvested were maintained in dry ice to keep frozen, and transferred into -80°C freezer until further processing.

[0091] Total Protein Extraction from Canola - The collected samples (previously stored at -80°C) were ground with mortar and pestle into fine powder with liquid nitrogen; all samples were maintained frozen on dry ice during the process. To avoid cross contamination, WT samples were processed first, then transgenic samples, in the order: TG15, TG35, TG65 root, TG other tissues, TG flower, TG79, and lastly TG90. Total protein was extracted from multiple aliquots of 100 mg in 2 mL plastic tubes in order to obtain more than 1 mg of total protein. Each tube was filled with 1 mL of 10% TCA in acetone and vortexed, then sonicated at frequency of 25% amplitude for 20 sec using a digital probe sonicator (Branson, St. Louis, Mo., US). Samples were centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 3 min at 4°C. The supernatant was removed by careful decanting. The pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of 0.1 M ammonium acetate (NH ₄ CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) in 80% MeOH, mixed by vortexing, and centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 3 min at 4°C. The supernatant was discarded by careful decanting. The pellet was then resuspended in 1 mL 80% acetone, vortexed until the pellet was fully dispersed, and centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 3 min at 4°C. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet air dried to remove the residual acetone.

[0092] The air-dried pellet was re-suspended in 0.6 mL of UltraPure buffer-saturated phenol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., US) and 0.6 mL freshly prepared SDS buffer (30% sucrose, 2% SDS, 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 0.1 M DTT), mixed thoroughly, and incubated for 5 min at room temp. The samples were then centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 5 min at room temp. The upper phenol phase was transferred to a new 2 mL tube, and 1 mL of 0.1 M NH ₄ CH ₃ C0 ₂ in 80% MeOH was added. The proteins were precipitated at -20°C overnight. Samples were centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 5 min at 4°C. The supernatant was carefully discarded, and the pellet was washed with 100% MeOH, then washed with 80% acetone. The proteins were pelleted by centrifuging at 16,000 x g for 5 min at 4°C. The final protein pellet was left to air dry. [0093] Canola Protein Digestion - The proteins extracted from different plant tissue or seed were dissolved in UA buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5). Protein estimations were performed using a microtiter Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad Labs., Hercules, Calif., US), following the reagent manufacturer instructions (version: Lit 33 Rev C). Samples were diluted in water over three dilutions, in duplicate, and measurements were made at 595 nm using a SpectraMax Plus. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard was used in the linear range

0.05 mg/mL to -0.5 mg/mL. The BSA standard concentration was determined by high sensitivity AAA at a commercial laboratory (Australian Proteomics Analysis Facility, Sydney, AU). Blank-corrected standard curves were run in duplicate. Linear regression was used to fit the standard curve.

[0094] Protein Samples - Protein samples were stored at -80°C prior to processing.

Protein was subjected to FASP, wherein the protein extract (250 μg) in UA buffer was applied to a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filter (Millipore, Sydney, AU) and diluted to 200 with UA buffer before centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein on the filter was washed with two 200 volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). To reduce the protein on the filter, DTT (100 mM, 100 μί) was added and the solution incubated at room temp for 50 min with shaking. The filter was washed with two 200 μΐ, volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min).

[0095] To alkylate the cysteine residues, iodoacetamide (IAM) (50 mM, 100 μί) was applied to the protein on the filter with incubation for 20 min at room temp in the dark. The filter was washed with two 200 μΐ, volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0) by two consecutive

wash/centrifugation cycles. Then, 25 μg sequencing grade porcine trypsin (Promega Corp., Alexandria, AU) (0.125 μg trypsin^L in 200 μΐ. of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , 1 mM CaCl ₂ ) was added to the protein on the 10 kDa MWCO filters and incubated for 16 hr at 37 °C in a wet chamber. The filters were then transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and the filtrate (digested peptides) collected following centrifugation (20,800 x g, 10 min). The filters were washed with 200 μΐ, of 100 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 and the filtrates combined and lyophilized. The resultant peptides were resuspended in 62.5 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid containing 0.04 pmol^L of the IS peptide WEGEP SK (aa 274-281 of SEQ ID NO:7) and 25 μΐ, (equivalent to -100 μg of total protein and 1 pmol of IS) was analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

[0096] Sample Preparation for LC-MS Method Development - Protein extracts from a variety of sources, including total protein extracts from canola, recombinant proteins expressed in either yeast, bacterial or baculovirus expression systems, were tested. Proteins were either provided in solution or as excised gel slices. The solutions were subjected to FASP as described previously. See Colgrave et al., 2014; Colgrave et al., 147 J. Proteom. 169 (2016). Gel bands were digested as described previously. Byrne et al., 2012.

Example 3. LC-MS Analysis

[0097] Preliminary LC-MS Analysis - Proteolytically digested proteins were analyzed with chromatographic separation (2%/min linear gradient of 2%-40% acetonitrile) using a nanoflow HPLC system (Prominence Nano, Shimadzu Corp., Rydalmere, Australia) directly coupled to a TripleTOF 5600+ MS/MS system (AB SCIEX LLC, Redwood City, Calif., US). ProteinPilot Software v4.0 (AB SCIEX) with the Paragon Algorithm (Shilov et al., 2007) was used for protein identification. Tandem mass spectrometry data was searched against an in silico tryptic digest database comprising the transgenic proteins. The search parameters were defined as

iodoacetamide modified for cysteine alkylation and trypsin as the digestion enzyme.

[0098] LC-MRM-MS Quantification - A series of standards (n=4 replicates) comprising a double blank (no analyte, no IS), a blank (IS only) and seventeen standards containing a known, but varied amount (0.08 to 5,000 fmol) of each peptide and 1 pmol of the IS peptide

(WEGEPPSK, aa 274-281 of SEQ ID NO:7) were analyzed by LC-MRM-MS. The data were acquired using the Analyst 1.6.3 software on a QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS/MS system (AB SCIEX). The data were imported into MultiQuant v3.0 (AB SCIEX) and the peak areas for each of five monitored MRM transitions were integrated. The peak area of each of the top three MRM transitions (quantifiers) was summed and the remaining two MRM transitions were used as qualifiers (allowing confirmation of peptide identification by assessment of retention time (RT) and the order of intensity of the MRM transitions). Using preliminary data, the best-performing peptide per protein was selected as the proxy for each enzyme based on criteria such as chromatographic performance (good peak shape), intensity in MS, free from interference (as assessed in sample matrix). Heavy peptides were spiked into pooled (n = 6) WT or transgenic canola samples of each tissue and these served as reference standards for determining the correct retention time (RT, min) and MRM transition order. The heavy peptide WEGEPI*SK

(aa 274- 28 of SEQ ID NO:7) derived from Pavsa-A4D was selected as an IS based on its high MS response, reproducible detection, and excellent chromatographic performance (elution at 3.2 min with -1.6 sec peak width at half-maximum).

[0099] LC-MRM-MS Quantification of Canola Proteins - The extracted and digested protein samples representing five growth stages (seven samples) from two growing sites, comprising both WT and transgenic canola (n = 3 replicates, total 84 samples) containing the spiked IS were analyzed by LC-MRM-MS alongside aqueous peptide standards. An aliquot (25 μί,) of aqueous standard or canola peptide extract were chromatographically separated on a Nexera UHPLC (Shimadzu) and analyzed on a QTRAP 6500+ mass spectrometer. See Colgrave et al., 2014. Quantification was achieved using scheduled MRM scanning experiments using a 120 sec- detection window for each MRM transition and a 0.3 sec cycle time. Peaks were integrated using MultiQuant v3.0 (AB SCIEX) in which all three transitions were required to co-elute at the same retention time (RT, min) with a signal-to-noise (S/N) >3 for detection and a S/N >5 for quantification. The graphs showing the calibration curves for the synthetic peptides were generated in GraphPad Prism v6 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif., US). The sum of the peak area for the top three MRM interference-free transitions for each targeted light peptide was compared to sum of MRM peak area of the IS peptide to generate a MRM response ratio. The amount of each target peptide (as fmol per 100 μg total protein) was determined by interpolation from the appropriate calibration curve. The amount of protein detected in these samples was then calculated based on the protein molecular mass, by conversion to a ng equivalent per mg total protein.

[0100] Development of Quantitative LC-MRM-MS Method - Using the data collected from the tryptic digests of the enzymes in the transgenic co3LCPUFA biosynthetic pathway, the peptide mass, and hence precursor mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio, was determined. Subsequently, five fragment ions were selected that were representative of the target peptide. Together, the Ql m/z and Q3 m/z are termed the "MRM transition," and the MRM transitions are presented in Table 12A for the light peptides, and Table 12B for the heavy peptides, heavy peptides were used as reference standards for qualitative assessment. Additional transitions information is in Table 13.

Table 12A. M] ¾M transitions o ^' light peptides (analytes)

Protein Peptide RT Ql m/z z Q3 m/z Fragment CE

GSSSNTEQEVPK 729.380 y6+ 32.0

A12D (aa 16-26 of SEQ 1.62 631.797 2+ 944.468 y8+ 28.0

ID NO:2) 1019.428 bl0+ 28.0

IPFYHAR 546.278 y4+ 27.2 co3D (aa 351 358 of SEQ 3.56 452.245 2+ 693.347 v5+ 27.2

ID NO:l) 395.703 y6++ 23.2

DASTAPVDLK 571.345 y5+ 23.9

Α6Ό (aa 30-39 of SEQ 3.63 508.767 2+ 642.382 y6+ 23.9

ID NO:3) 743.430 y7+ 21.9

GQDPFLLK 260.197 v2+ 28.5

Δ6Ε (aa 83-90 of SEQ 5.07 459.258 2+ 617.402 y5+ 21.5

ID NO:4) 732.429 y6+ 19.5

AYDVTNFVK 608.34 v5+ 22.9

Α5Ό (aa 37-45 of SEQ 4.85 528.772 2+ 707.409 y6+ 22.9

ID NO:5) 822.436 v7+ 22.9

SQPFGLK 216.098 b2+ 18.9

Δ5Ε 3.84 388.719 2+

(aa 66-72 of SEQ 317.218 v3+ 26.9

Table 13. Additional Transitions

Ql m/z Q3 m/z Peptide Name CE

476.737 451.281 IS.XR2-d4D.WEGEPI*SK.+2y4 28

476.737 580.324 IS.XR2-d4D.WEGEPI*SK.+2y5 26

476.737 637.346 IS.XR2-d4D.WEGEPI*SK.+2y6 24

476.737 766.388 IS.XR2-d4D.WEGEPI*SK.+2y7 26 Table 13. Additional Transitions

Ql m/z Q3 m/z Peptide Name CE

476.737 502.193 IS.XR2-d4D.WEGEPI*SK.+2b4 20

452.245 383.215 XRl-w3D.IPFYHAR.+2y3 27.2

452.245 546.278 XRl-w3D.IPFYHAR.+2y4 27.2

452.245 693.347 XRl-w3D.IPFYHAR.+2y5 27.2

452.245 790.399 XRl-w3D.IPFYHAR.+2y6 23.2

452.245 395.703 XRl-w3D.IPFYHAR.+2y6++ 23.2

442.76 244.17 XRl-w3D.DILDAIPK.+2y2 20.7

442.76 428.29 XRl-w3D.DILDAIPK.+2y4 20.7

442.76 528.27 XRl-w3D.DILDAIPK.+2b5 20.7

442.76 543.31 XRl-w3D.DILDAIPK.+2y5 20.7

442.76 656.4 XRl-w3D.DILDAIPK.+2y6 20.7

320.723 185.128 XR2-d4D.LAPLVK.+2b2 14

320.723 246.181 XR2-d4D.LAPLVK.+2y2 22

320.723 359.265 XR2-d4D.LAPLVK.+2y3 22

320.723 456.318 XR2-d4D.LAPLVK.+2y4 14

320.723 527.355 XR2-d4D.LAPLVK.+2y5 14

338.175 272.172 XR2-d4D.VHHGFYPR.+3y2 18.2

338.175 582.304 XR2-d4D.VHHGFYPR.+3y4 20.2

338.175 639.325 XR2-d4D.VHHGFYPR.+3y5 18.2

338.175 578.283 XR2-d4D.VHHGFYPR.+3b5 16.2

506.759 776.384 XR2-d4D.VHHGFYPR.+2y6 25.8

528.772 235.108 XR3-d5D.AYDVTNFVK.+2b2 22.9

528.772 350.135 XR3-d5D.AYDVTNFVK.+2b3 22.9

528.772 608.34 XR3-d5D.AYDVTNFVK.+2y5 22.9

528.772 707.409 XR3-d5D.AYDVTNFVK.+2y6 22.9

528.772 822.436 XR3-d5D.AYDVTNFVK.+2y7 22.9

401.227 243.13 XR3-d5D.ELVIGDR.+2b2 18.7

401.227 342.2 XR3-d5D.ELVIGDR.+2b3 18.7

401.227 460.251 XR3-d5D.ELVIGDR.+2y4 18.7

401.227 559.32 XR3-d5D.ELVIGDR.+2y5 18.7

401.227 672.4 XR3-d5D.ELVIGDR.+2y6 18.7

388.719 216.098 XR4-d5E.SQPFGLK.+2b2 18.9

388.719 260.197 XR4-d5E.SQPFGLK.+2y2 26.9

338.719 317.218 XR4-d5E.SQPFGLK.+2y3 26.9

388.719 464.287 XR4-d5E.SQPFGLK.+2y4 26.9

388.719 561.34 XR4-d5E.SQPFGLK.+2y5 18.9

631.797 729.38 XR5-dl2D.GSSSNTEQEVPK.+2y6 32

631.797 830.425 XR5-dl2D.GSSSNTEQEVPK.+2y7 30

631.797 944.468 XR5-dl2D.GSSSNTEQEVPK.+2y8 28

631.797 1031.5 XR5-dl2D.GSSSNTEQEVPK.+2y9 32

631.797 1019.428 XR5-dl2D.GSSSNTEQEVPK.+2blO 28

623.796 475.251 XR5 -d 12D.NINNC [CAM] GVGAAEK.+2y5 29.6

623.796 631.341 XR5 -d 12D.NINNC [CAM] GVGAAEK.+2y7 29.6

623.796 791.372 XR5-dl 2D.NINNC [CAM] GVGAAEK.+2y 8 29.6

623.796 905.415 XR5 -d 12D.NINNC [CAM] GVGAAEK.+2y9 29.6

623.796 1019.458 XR5 -d 12D.NINNC [CAM] G VG A AEK.+2y 10 29.6

459.258 260.197 XR6-d6E.GQDPFLLK.+2y2 28.5

459.258 373.281 XR6-d6E.GQDPFLLK.+2y3 27.5 Table 13. Additional Transitions

Ql m/z Q3 m/z Peptide Name CE

459.258 520.349 XR6-d6E.GQDPFLLK.+2y4 27.5

459.258 617.402 XR6-d6E.GQDPFLLK.+2y5 21.5

459.258 732.429 XR6-d6E.GQDPFLLK.+2y6 19.5

577.834 234.145 XR6-d6E.VIWIFYVSK.+2y2 33.3

577.834 496.277 XR6-d6E.VIWIFYVSK.+2y4 33.3

577.834 643.345 XR6-d6E.VIWIFYVSK.+2y5 29.3

577.834 756.429 XR6-d6E.VIWIFYVSK.+2y6 27.3

577.34 942.508 XR6-d6E.VIWIFYVSK.+2y7 25.3

361.217 400.735 XR7-d6D.ALPSRPAEIK.+3y7++ 21.3

361.217 449.261 XR7-d6D.ALPSRPAEIK.+3y8++ 15.3

361.217 557.329 XR7-d6D.ALPSRPAEIK.+3y5 21.3

541.322 822.447 XR7-d6D.ALPSRPAEIK.+2b8 29.5

541.322 897.515 XR7-d6D.ALPSRPAEIK.+2y8 29.5

508.767 474.292 XR7-d6D.DASTAPVDLK.+2y4 29.9

508.767 571.345 XR7-d6D.DASTAPVDLK.+2y5 23.9

508.767 642.382 XR7-d6D.DASTAPVDLK.+2y6 23.9

508.767 743.43 XR7-d6D.DASTAPVDLK.+2y7 21.9

508.767 901.499 XR7-d6D.DASTAPVDLK.+2y9 27.9

619.627 647.299 XR8-PAT.TEPQTPQEWIDDLER.+3y5 29.7

619.627 650.812 XR8-PAT.TEPQTPQEWIDDLER.+3yl0++ 27.7

619.627 813.892 XR8-PAT.TEPQTPQEWIDDLER.+3yl2++ 25.7

928.937 946.463 XR8-PAT.TEPQTPQEWIDDLER.+2y7 50.5

928.937 1300.617 XR8-PAT.TEPQTPQEWIDDLER.+2ylO 48.5

761.933 458.272 XR8-PAT.SVVAVIGLPNDPSVR.+2y4 36.3

761.933 784.395 XR8-PAT.SVVAVIGLPNDPSVR.+2y7 36.3

761.933 897.479 XR8-PAT.SVVAVIGLPNDPSVR.+2y8 36.3

761.933 954.5 XR8-PAT.SVVAVIGLPNDPSVR.+2y9 36.3

761.933 1067.584 XR8-PAT. S VVA VIGLPNDPS VR.+2y 10 36.3

[0101] Validation of Protein Quantification by LC-MRM-MS - The MS responses (peak area) of the light peptides (analytes) were measured and plotted relative to the amount of peptide loaded onto the LC-MS system. All peptides gave a linear response over the range 0 fmol to 1,250 fmol, with the exception of the Pavsa-A4D peptide LAPLV*K (aa 403-408, SEQ ID NO:7), for which the linear range extended to 2,500 fmol as shown in FIG. 12B. The analytical parameters for quantification of canola peptides, wherein limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) are given in fmol, and listed in Table 14.

Table 14. Analytical parameters for quantification of canola peptides

Protein Peptide Sequence LOD LLOQ ULOQ m b R ²

Lackl-A12D GSSSNTEQEVPK ¹ 0.31 0.31 1,250 7.088e-5 -0.0004562 0.9980

Picpa-co3D IPFYHAR ² 0.61 1.22 1,250 0.0003545 -0.003352 0.9974

Micpu-A6D DASTAPVDLK ³ 0.08 0.15 1,250 0.006326 -0.002506 0.9989

Pyrco-ΔόΕ GQDPFLLK ⁴ 0.08 0.31 1,250 0.001400 -0.007894 0.9989 Table 14. Analytical parameters for quantification of canola peptides

LOD, limit of detection; LLOQ, lower limit of quantification; ULOQ, upper limit of quantification; m, slope or gradient; b, y-intercept; R ² , linear regression. Units in fmol loaded on- column.

'GSSSNTEQEVPK: residues 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2; ² IPFYHAR: residues 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l ; ³ DASTAPVDLK: residues 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3; ⁴ GQDPFLLK: residues 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4; ⁵ AYDVTNFVK: residues 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5; ⁶ SQPFGLK: residues 66-72 of SEQ ID

NO:6; ⁷ LAPLVK: residues 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7.

[0102] Levels of the co3LCPUFA Biosynthesis Pathway Enzymes in Transgenic Canola - LC-MRM-MS quantification confirmed that none of the target peptides were detected in total protein extracts from WT canola obtained at all seven sampling points at five growth stages collected from two field trial sites. Further, none of the target peptides were detected in total protein extracts in the non-seed tissues of transgenic co3LCPUFA canola obtained from the seven sampling points at five growth stages collected from two field trial sites (Table 15).

[0103] All seven peptides representing the co3LCPUFA biosynthesis pathway enzymes were detected in developing or mature seeds of transgenic canola, and were quantified as shown in Table 16.

Table 16. Transgenic protein quantification in developin 3, and mature canola seed

Developing seed (TG79) Mature seed (TG90)

Protein Peptide Sequence

Site A Site B Site A Site B

Pyrco-A5E SQPFGLK ⁶ ND ND 64.1 + 38.7 89.7 + 15.7

Pavsa-A4D LAPLVK ⁷ 974.6 + 296.6 888.7 + 629.1 1500 + 408.7 1470 + 313.7

The amount of peptide detected is reported in units of fmol/100 μg total protein, as mean + SD, n=4. ND, not detected. 'GSSSNTEQEVPK: residues 16-26 of SEQ ID NO:2; ² IPFYHAR: residues 351-358 of SEQ ID NO: l; ³ DASTAPVDLK: residues 30-39 of SEQ ID NO:3; ⁴ GQDPFLLK: residues 83-90 of SEQ ID NO:4; ⁵ AYDVTNFVK: residues 37-45 of SEQ ID NO:5; ⁶ SQPFGLK: residues 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6; ⁷ LAPLVK: residues 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7.

[0104] The Pyrco-A5E and Pyrco-A6E proteins revealed the lowest protein abundance in the transgenic canola (ranging from 64-90 fmol). The Pyrco-A5E was below the limit of detection in developing seeds, and the Pyrco-A6E protein was below the limit of detection in mature seeds. Pavsa-A4D was present in the highest amount of the seven enzymes, with up to 1,500 fmol in mature seeds. Based on the molecular mass of each protein, the level of each transgenic protein was determined (on a per mg total protein basis) as shown in Table 17. Specifically, the lowest protein was Pyrco-A5E at 20/mg total protein, and highest Pavsa-A4D 740 ng/mg total proteins. All the detected peptides were confirmed, as shown in FIG. 13-FIG. 19.

[0105] The seed-specific expression of the co3LCPUFA biosynthesis pathway enzymes was confirmed by examining a range of plant tissues. There was no detection of the target peptides in the non-seed tissues of the transgenic canola. The Pavsa-A4D protein was the most abundant among the seven transgene products detected in developing seed or mature seed, thus was chosen as a representative protein as depicted in FIG. 20-FIG. 24. There was no detection of the Pavsa-A4D peptide LAPLVK (aa 403-408, SEQ ID NO:7) in TG15 whole plant, TG35 whole plant, TG65 root, TG65 flower, or the other tissues of TG65.

[0106] Protein content was detected and quantified in transgenic canola for all seven enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. The enzymes driving co3LCPUFA production, expressed under control of seed-specific promoters, were detected only in developing seed and mature seed, and present in low levels (20-740 ng/mg total protein). Conversely, none of the co3LCPUFA pathway enzymes were detected in other tissues of transgenic canola, regardless of the sampling time. Finally, no transgenic proteins were detected in WT canola tissues or seed.

[0107] Detection of Selection Marker protein - Low level expression (below the limit of detection) of a selection marker gene (R) was confirmed in canola, as shown in FIG. 25, wherein a trace amount of marker protein (R) was detected in all tested tissues. The highest R signal intensity was detected for whole plant stages TGI 5 and TG35 (FIG. 25D-FIG. 25E). The low expression of R in test plants was also supported by western blot analysis using anti-R antibody (FIG. 26). Transiently-expressed R protein, at an expected size, was detected in total protein of transgenic N. benthmiana leaf, but not in total protein of WT N. benthmiana leaf. No specific R band was detected in transgenic canola TGI 5 whole plant, TG35 whole plant, or TG79 developing seed, suggesting that the amount of R deceeded the detectable level of the western blot assay.

Example 4. In vitro stability of Pavlova salina A4-desaturase (Pavsa-A4D)

[0108] This Example provides assessment of the in vitro digestibility of Pavsa-A4D protein in SGF containing pepsin, in combination with a novel pepsin-trypsin assay employing state-of- the-art mass spectrometric approaches to monitor the precise degradation products. The extent of protein digestion was evaluated by the appearance and disappearance of peptic peptide products, and the disappearance of tryptic peptide products as a proxy for intact protein. Because no single method can predict the allergenicity of a protein, the allergenic potential of a protein is determined by a weight of evidence approach. Protein digestibility is one aspect of the overall allergenicity assessment that is conducted for proteins newly expressed in genetically modified crops

[0109] The results of this Example show that Pavsa-A4D, a recalcitrant integral membrane protein, was readily digestible in pepsin or trypsin. In a particular embodiment, the results provided herein demonstrate that upon incubation in pepsin and analyzed using LC-MS/MS, >80% of full-length Pavsa-A4D protein was digested within 10 min, and >93% of full-length Pavsa-A4D protein was digested within 60 min. In another embodiment, the results provided herein demonstrate that upon incubation in pepsin and analyzed using LC-MS/MS, 99% of full- length Pavsa-A4D protein was digested within 10 min, and 99.6% of full-length Pavsa-A4D protein was digested within 60 min when analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Rapid digestion of the full- length protein is one of many factors that indicate transgenic protein safety.

[0110] The co3LCPUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosa- hexaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5co3; DPA, 22:5co3; and DHA, 22:6co3, respectively) are widely recognized for their beneficial roles in human health, particularly those related to cardiovascular and inflammatory health. EPA, DPA and DHA are sourced primarily from wild-caught fish oils and algal oils, with algae being the initial producer in the marine food web. Marine sources are under pressure, however, from increasing demand for co3LCPUFA by aquaculture, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.

[0111] Additional sources of these fatty acids were produced by engineering land-based oilseed crops to convert native fatty acids to marine-type co3LCPUFA in seed oil. For example, canola is a commonly grown oilseed with 67 million metric tons (MMT) of rapeseed produced globally in 2015/16, and transgenic canola (Brassica napus) lines that produce significant amounts of co3LCPUFA, including DHA, in seed oil have been developed. As noted above, seven fatty acid desaturases and elongases were introduced into canola in a single expression vector to provide the synthesis pathway for the conversion of oleic acid (OA) to DHA. See, e.g. , WO 2010/057246.

[0112] Briefly, the A4-desaturase gene used in the transgenic co3LCPUFA canola was cloned from alga P. salina, codon optimized (see, e.g. , WO 2010/057246), fused with a His-tag and a PreScission Protease cleavage site (SLEVLFQjGP) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (GE Healthcare, Parramatta, AU ), cloned into baculovirus pFastBac vector (Invitrogen, Germany), expressed in the Sf9 insect cell line, and then purified as follows: about 100 mg of insect cell pellet expressing His-Pavsa-A4D was resuspended in 500 of lysis buffer (lx phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with imidazole, DTT and PMSF). The final lysis buffer contained 140 mM NaCl, 27 mM KC1, 10 mM Na2HP04, 1.8 mM KH2P04, 20 mM imidazole, 10 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF). The cells were sonicated using a Branson Probe Sonicator (Emerson Elec. Co.,

St. Louis, Mo., US) and centrifuged at 21,700 x g for 30 min at 4°C. The pellet protein and leftover protein in supernatant were assessed by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis using a mouse anti-His-tag antibody (1: 1000 dilution). The proteins were stored at -80°C freezer until assay time.

[0113] Digestibility assays employed two enzymes: trypsin and pepsin. Trypsin is a serine protease that is found in the digestive system. Trypsin cleaves polypeptide chains at the carboxyl side of the basic amino acids lysine (K) or arginine (R), but its cleavage is hindered by the presence of proline as the preceding amino acid (Ρ position, FIG. 27 A). Pepsin is a protease produced in the stomach and is efficient at cleaving, in a non-specific manner, the peptide bonds adjacent to aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), tryptophan (W) and leucine (L) (FIG. 27B). Histidine (H), lysine (K) and arginine (R) at the P3 position act to hinder proteolysis, while proline (P) at P3 or P4 positions promotes proteolysis. [0114] Two test systems, pepsin digestion (representing simulated gastric fluid (SGF)) and a combined pepsin-trypsin digestion, were utilized independently to test the stability of the His- Pavsa-A4D protein. SGF contained the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to an acidic pH 1.2, using a highly purified form of pepsin. The SGF was formulated so that an enzyme:protein ratio of 3: 1 would be present in the digestion reactions. The digestion of the Pavsa-A4D protein was monitored by LC-MS/MS. The pepsin digestibility assay protocol described herein references the protocol standardized by the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) in a multi-laboratory test and the results demonstrated that the in vitro pepsin digestion assay is reproducible when a common protocol is followed. Thomas et al., 39 Reg. Tox.

Pharm. 87 (2004). Sequencing grade porcine trypsin and a highly purified form of pepsin (Catalog #V195A; specific activity >2,500 units/mg) were purchased from Promega (Madison, Wis., US). Mouse anti-His antibody (Catalog #A7058) was purchased from Sigma- Aldrich (Sydney, AU).

[0115] SGF was represented by the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to an acidic pH 1.2. The digestion was performed for 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min, with 0 min (no pepsin added) as the control, each with five replicates. Because of filtering and washing five replicates after pepsin digestion, the earliest practical time point was 5 min from the addition of pepsin. The increased abundance of targeted peptic peptides was used as indicator of the protein digestibility. Additionally, the SGF digestion at the time points as above was followed by 16 hr digestion with trypsin, designated as the combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. The relative abundance of tryptic peptides compared to the abundance of peptides in no pepsin (0 min) followed by trypsin digestion provided an indicator of the protein digestibility.

[0116] For pepsin digestion, thirty μg of protein (30 μί, n = 30 comprising five replicate digestions and six time-points) were applied to a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off filter (Millipore, Australia), and washed twice with 200 volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ (pH 8.0) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The pH was lowered by two consecutive

wash/centrifugation steps with acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 1.2) . Numerous acids may be used to acidify buffer and achieve a low pH (i.e., pH~1.2 to pH~3.0) in which pepsin is active, such as HC1, acetic acid, or citric acid. The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes, and 90 μg pepsin (150 μΐ,, 0.6 μg/mL in acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 1.2) added to obtain an enzyme:protein ratio of 3: 1. The replicate tubes were incubated at 37°C for five time- points (5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). Pepsin was not applied to the 0 time -point, which served as an experimental control for acid hydrolysis. The digestion was stopped by the addition of 200 μΐ, of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.0, which irreversibly inactivated the pepsin. The 10 kDa filters were immediately centrifuged (20,800 x g, 15 min) and the filtrates containing digested peptides were collected. The filters were washed twice with 200 of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.0, and the filtrates combined and lyophilized, then stored at -80°C until further analysis. For LC-MS, the peptic peptides were resuspended in 12 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid and run on the QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS system and quantified.

[0117] For the dual pepsin-trypsin digestion, 10 kDa filters from each time point were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and the residual protein was reduced with 200 of 50 mM DTT, 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.5, on mixer at 600 rpm for 45 min prior to centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein was alkylated with 200 μΐ. of 50 mM IAM, 50 mM

(NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.5, in the dark for 20 min prior to centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min).

The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes, and 2 μg trypsin (200 μί,

0.01 μg/mL in 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , pH 8.5, and 1 mM CaCl ₂ ) was added to obtain an enzyme:protein ratio of -1 : 15. Replicate tubes were incubated at 37°C for 16 hr. After incubation, the filters were centrifuged (20,800 x g, 15 min) and the filtrates containing digested peptides were collected. The filters were washed twice with 200 μί of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.5, and the filtrates combined, lyophilized, and stored at -80°C until further analysis. For LC-MS, the tryptic peptides were resuspended in 12 μΐ _^ of 1% formic acid and run on a

QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS and quantified.

[0118] For 60 min pepsin digestion, His-Pavsa-A4D protein was diluted in UA buffer to -1.3 μg/μL. An aliquot of the protein extract (equivalent to -200 μg) was subjected to filter- assisted sample preparation (FASP). See Wisniewski et al., 2009. The protein extract was applied to a 10 kDa MWCO filter (Millipore), washed with two 200 μΐ, volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.0, by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The pH was adjusted with acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 1.2) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and 600 μg pepsin (200 μΐ,, 3 μg/μL in 50 mM acidified (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 1.2) was added to obtain an enzyme:protein ratio of 3: 1. The filters were incubated with the pepsin for 60 min at 37°C, then transferred to clean tubes. The filtrates (containing the digested peptides) were collected following centrifugation (20,800 x g, 10 min). The filters were washed with 200 μΐ, of 100 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 and the filtrates combined and lyophilized, then stored at -20°C until further analysis. For LC-MS/MS, the resultant peptides were reconstituted in 12.5 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid and a 10 μΐ, aliquot analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

[0119] For trypsin digestion, the His-Pavsa-A4D protein was diluted in UA buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5) to -1.3 μg/μL. The protein was reduced by addition of 100 mM DTT with incubation on a shaker for 50 min at room temp. An aliquot of the protein extract (equivalent to -300 μg) was subjected to FASP. Wisniewski et al., 2009. The protein extract was applied to a 10 kDa MWCO filter, washed with two 200 volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was then exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.0, by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. Then, 30 sequencing grade porcine trypsin, at a concentration of 1 μg/μL in 100 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, was added to the protein on the 10 kDa filter and incubated for 16 hr at 37°C in a wet chamber. Each filter was then transferred to a fresh centrifuge tube, and the filtrate containing the digested peptides collected following centrifugation (20,800 x g, 10 min). Filters were washed with 200 μί of 100 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, and the filtrates combined and lyophilized. The tryptic peptides were subsequently resuspended in 30 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid (FA) and a 12 μΐ _^ aliquot analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

[0120] Proteolytic ally digested (either pepsin or trypsin) proteins were analyzed with chromatographic separation (2%/min linear gradient from 2%-40% acetonitrile) using a nano HPLC system (Shimadzu Sci., Rydalmere, AU) coupled directly to a TripleTOF 5600 MS (AB SCIEX). See Colgrave et al, 2014. ProteinPilotTM 4.0 software (AB SCIEX) with the Paragon Algorithm was used for protein identification. Shilov et al, 2007. Tandem mass spectrometry data was searched against in silico tryptic digests of a custom-built database. The database (76,110 sequences) comprised the Noctuidae and Baculovirus proteins of the Uniprot-KB database (v2015/l l) appended with the transgenic protein, and searched additionally against a database of contaminant proteins (known as the common repository of adventitious proteins). The search parameters were defined as: (1) no modification to cysteine and pepsin as the digestion enzyme; or (2) iodoacetamide modified for cysteine alkylation and trypsin as the digestion enzyme. Additional modifications and cleavages have been defined previously.

Colgrave et al., 2014. The database search results were manually curated to yield protein identifications using a 1% global false discovery rate (FDR) determined by the in-built FDR tool within ProteinPilot software. Tang et al., 7 J. Proteome Res. 3661 (2008).

[0121] Either 5 μΐ, of native peptic peptides (Table 18) or reduced and alkylated tryptic peptides (Table 19) were chromatographically separated on a Nexera UHPLC (Shimadzu) and analyzed on a QTRAP 6500+ mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX). Colgrave et al., 2014.

Quantification was achieved using scheduled MRM scanning experiments using a 60 sec detection window for each MRM transition and a 0.2 sec cycle time. Peaks were integrated using MultiQuant v3.0 (AB SCIEX) wherein all three transitions were required to co-elute at the same retention time (RT, min) with a signal-to-noise (S/N)>3 for detection and a S/N>5 for quantification. The graphs showing digestibility of the Pavsa-A4D protein were generated in GraphPad Prism v6 software. [0122] For the tryptic data, peptide summaries generated by ProteinPilot software were used to select peptides that yielded intense peaks and were fully tryptic, i.e., no unusual or missed cleavages. For the pepsin data, peptide summaries generated by ProteinPilot were used to select peptides that (a) yielded intense peaks, (b) were consistently observed in the replicate digests, and (c) were present after 30 min and 60 min incubation with pepsin. As pepsin is non-specific, many of these peptide products were overlapping or contained missed cleavages. MRM transitions (Tables 18 and 19) were determined for each peptide where the precursor ion (Ql) m/z and the fragment ion (Q3) m/z values were determined from the data collected in the discovery experiments. Three transitions were used per peptide (with eight peptides from Pavsa-A4D), wherein the peak area of the three MRM transitions were summed.

[0123] Allergenic reactions require that a protein or protein fragment simultaneously bind to two IgE molecules in order to induce mast cell degranulation (Lack et al, 2002). This IgE binding places theoretical limits on the peptide size of between 1500 and 3500 Da. The complete digestion of a protein by a single enzyme is difficult to judge, especially when employing a non-specific enzyme such as pepsin. Although it is possible to judge the disappearance of the intact protein on a gel or by western blotting techniques, the protein may be hydrolyzed once (cleaved at a single site), or multiple times, often yielding small and overlapping fragments. Gel analysis using various staining or antibody techniques can typically detect peptides larger than -3,000 Da. Solely employing gel analysis in order to judge the completeness of digestion requires a high level of purity. When employing antibodies, the hydrolysis of a protein by a proteolytic enzyme may result in cleavage of the epitope, thus rendering antibody-based detection methods unsuitable. Likewise, cleavage of a protein at a single site may yield two protein fragments in which only one fragment contains the epitope while the other fragment does not. In that instance, large protein fragments may evade detection.

[0124] By using LC-MS/MS analysis, the peptide products resulting from both pepsin and trypsin digestions can be determined qualitatively and quantitatively. LC-MS analysis can simultaneously monitor peptides spanning the entire protein length that are generated by proteolytic digestion. The combined pepsin trypsin approach to analyze digestibility, as in this Example, mimics the typical mammalian digestive system that exposes food proteins to both pepsin (stomach) and trypsin (intestine) enzymes in transit through the gut.

[0125] The concentration of total Pavsa-A4D protein extracted was estimated

at -5.7 mg/mL, as total protein from the precipitated pellet and supernatant were assessed by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 29 A). The protein was also transferred to PVDF membrane and confirmed with western blot using an anti His-tag antibody. The expected molecular weight (MW) of the His-Pavsa-A4D fusion protein is 51 kDa (see SEQ ID NO: 16). A specific protein band close to 50 kDa was detected in the protein pellet, but very low levels were detected in the supernatant (FIG. 29B), suggesting good recovery of intact protein by protein precipitation.

[0126] As depicted in FIG. 27A, pepsin results in cleavage at Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), and Leu (L) resulting in hundreds of possible Pavsa-A4D peptide fragments in which missed cleavages are commonly observed. In silico analysis of the Pavsa-A4D protein digested by pepsin suggested the theoretical pepsin cleavage map shown in FIG. 30A. In this Example, the peptide fragments of His-Pavsa-A4D persisting after pepsin digestion for 60 min were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS, as shown in FIG. 30B. The fully tryptic peptide product, FHVGSLASTEEPVAADEGYLQLCAR (residues 88-112 of SEQ ID NO:7) was not detected in this digest (representative sequence coverage shown); but this peptide was detected in an alternate digest and as such was included in the MRM method.

[0127] Trypsin is comparatively specific, and digestion results in cleavage at Lys (K) and Arg (R) resulting in thirty-seven possible Pavsa-A4D peptide fragments, of which twenty-two were in the mass range suited to LC-MS/MS analysis. See FIG. 30C. In this Example, the Pavsa-A4D peptide fragments present after trypsin digestion (for 16 hr) were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS as shown in FIG. 30D.

[0128] To assess the digestibility of the His-Pavsa-A4D protein, a targeted LC-MS/MS method was developed based on the use of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry (MS). See Lange et al., 4 Mol. Syst. Biol. 222 (2008). Both the appearance and the increase of the peptic peptides during the time course of pepsin digestion were used as the evidence of the protein digestibility. Moreover, the rapid decline of the tryptic peptides subsequent to pepsin digestion served as confirmation of the protein digestibility.

[0129] In order to select peptides to quantify by this method, the digestion products resulting from both pepsin and trypsin digestion were characterized. Peptides that were identified with 95% confidence and that yielded intense signals in the MS were selected for relative quantification. Eight peptides that spanned the length of the His-Pavsa-A4D protein were selected from the digestion of the His-Pavsa-A4D protein, and are summarized in Table 18 and Table 19.

Table 18. Peptide MRM transitions for Pavsa-A4D pepsin products

Pavsa-A4D sequence: ¹ "

MP P S AAKQMGAS T GVHAGVTD S SAFTRKDVADRPDLT I VGD SVYDAKAFRSEHPGGAHFVS LF GGRD AT

EAFMEYHRRAWPKSRMSRFHVGSLASTEEPVAADEGYLQLCARIAKMVPSVSSGFAP ASYWVKAGLILG SAIALEAYMLYAGKRLLPSIVLGWLFALIGLNIQHDANHGALSKSASVNLALGLCQDWIG GSMILWLQE HWMHHLHTNDVDKDPDQKAHGALRLKPTDAWSPMHWLQHLYLLPGETMYAFKLLFLDISE LA/MWRWEG EPISKLAGYLFMPSLLLKLTFWARFVALPLYLAPSVHTAVCIAATVMTGSFYLAFFFFIS HNFEGVASV GPDGSITSMTRGASFLKRQAETSSNVGGPLLATLNGGLNYQIEHHLFPRVHHGFYPRLAP LVKAELEAR

GIEYKHYPTIWSNLASTLRHMYALGRRPRSKAE (SEQ ID NO:7)

RT, retention time (min); Ql m/z, precursor ion mass-to-charge ratio (m/z); z, charge state; Q3 m/z, fragment ion m/z; CE, collision energy in V.

b Pavsa-A4D sequence with mapped peptic peptides (underlined). For pepsin, different cleavage variants were observed owing to the incomplete digestion and these peptides have been differentiated by single or double underline.

n t e sequence, t ese ave een erent ate y s ng e or ou e un er ne.

[0130] Digestibility of His-Pavsa-A4D in SGF was assessed by LC-MRM-MS method as described above. Characterization and quantification of the targeted peptic peptides showed the rapid degradation of His-Pavsa-A4D. Pepsin digestion data shown in FIG. 31 A as the mean of five replicate digests relative percentage of the maximum detected MRM peak area (sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min).

[0131] Four of the peptides characterized and quantified after pepsin digestion of His- Pavsa-A4D were cleavage variants (FIG. 31 A) The black arrows in FIG. 31A Panels (A)→(B), and (G)→(H) indicate that the peptide denoted in the left panel was cleaved further by pepsin to yield the peptide in the right panel. All the peptic peptides monitored were produced rapidly (<15 min), and many reached an equilibrium over this time frame. The peptic peptides monitored may not represent the fully cleaved final product, however, because pepsin is relatively non-specific. In some cases, a decrease in peptide amount was noted over time. For example, PRLAPLVKAEL (aa 401-411, SEQ ID NO:7) (FIG. 31(C)) decreased after 5 min, and its product APLVKAEL (aa 404-411, SEQ ID NO:7) increased from 10 min-15 min before also decreasing. Additionally, APLVKAEL (aa 404-411, SEQ ID NO:7) could be cleaved further to yield even smaller peptide fragments that were not monitored, e.g., LVKAEL/VKAEL

(aa 406-411, SEQ ID NO:7/(aa 407-411, SEQ ID NO:7). Several other examples of pepsin proteolysis products containing missed cleavages (indicated by underlined font in peptide sequence), therefore susceptible to further degradation, were monitored (FIG. 31 A, Panels (A), (C)-(H)). In fact, only one Pavsa-A4D peptide, TRKDVADRPDL (aa 26-36, SEQ ID NO:7), contains no predicted secondary cleavage site (FIG. 30B). The appearance of these peptides in the digest is taken as evidence of the degradation and therefore digestibility of the Pavsa-A4D protein. Six of the eight peptides monitored reached a peak at 5 min. The remaining two peptides had reached 70% of maximum response by 5 min and peaked by 30 min during the pepsin time course (FIG. 30C). These two peptides were located in the central region of the intact Pavsa-A4D protein (Table 18).

[0132] The rapid degradation of the His-Pavsa-A4D protein, demonstrated by the rapid increase of peptic peptides, was further demonstrated by rapid decline of tryptic peptides in trypsin digestion after pepsin digestion (combined pepsin-trypsin digestion). The tryptic peptides monitored after the pepsin digest show a rapid decline in the first 5-10 min and then a further decline over the remainder of the 60 min duration experiment (FIG. 3 IB). The summed MRM peak area of the tryptic peptides without pepsin digestion (0 min) as the undigested control. The summed MRM peak area of the tryptic peptides, after digestion by pepsin for 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and followed with digestion by trypsin, were calculated as the percentage relative to the undigested control as the indicator of protein cleavage. It is estimated that >93% of the protein was cleaved after 60 min, on the basis of the disappearance of tryptic peptides. The peptides containing multiple pepsin cleavage sites are (where X jX represents the pepsin cleavage site) are: DVADRPDLjTIVGDSVY jDAK (aa 29-47, SEQ ID NO:7);

SEHPGGAHFjVSLjFjGGR (aa 29-47, SEQ ID NO:7);

F|HVGSL|ASTEEPVAADEGY|L|QL|C ^[CAM] AR (SEQ ID NO: 11); DATEAFjMjEYjHR (aa 67-77, SEQ ID NO:7); LjAPLjVK (aa 403-408, SEQ ID NO:7); and HMjYjALjGR (aa 434-440, SEQ ID NO:7); and these were reduced to 3.0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2, 6.7, and 2.8% of the undigested control, respectively (FIG.31B Panels (A)-(H)). This interpretation is supported by analysis of the digested peptides on the TripleTOF 5600 LC-MS/MS, which showed that these peptides are more frequently fragmented to yield smaller fragments after 30 min-60 min. The tryptic peptides containing fewer sites: QMGASTGVHAGVTDSSAFjTR (aa 8-27, SEQ ID NO:7) (with a single site) or VHHGFjYjPR (aa 395-402, SEQ ID NO:7) (where the histidine in position P3 is known to hinder pepsin cleavage) were reduced to 5.8 and 5.1% respectively. The higher percentage of LAPLVK (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7) observed, despite containing two potential pepsin cleavage sites (LI and L4), can be explained in relation to the incomplete peptic digestion product: PRLAPLVKAEL (aa 401-412, SEQ ID NO:7), noted to persist at 60 min and hence be available for tryptic digestion to yield the fragment LAPLVK (aa 403-408 of SEQ ID NO:7). Overall, it was observed that the peptides from the N-terminus to center of the protein were liberated rapidly with <15% remaining after 10 min (Table 20).

Table 20. Percentage of each tryptic peptide remaining during pepsin time course

[0133] Although there were still some peptides remained after 60 min digestion, within as few as 10 min only 1% of the tryptic peptide SEHPGGAHFVSLFGGR (aa 29 47 of SEQ ID NO:7) remained (Table 20), indicating that 99% of the intact protein was degraded. The existence of some tryptic peptides at low levels after 60 min only suggested that the intact protein was degraded into small peptides by pepsin, and these peptides were detectable. The tryptic peptide SEHPGGAHFVSLFGGR (aa 29 47, SEQ ID NO:7) was reduced to 0.4% after 60 min, indicating that essentially there was no intact protein remained beyond this pepsin digestion time.

[0134] Additionally, although Pavsa-A4D, expressed as the His-tag fusion protein, could be analyzed by western blot using an anti-His-tag antibody, western blot analysis can only monitor the fusion region, rather than whole protein, which would be problematic when the His-tag is cleaved off, for example during SGF digestion. In addition, the anti-His-tag antibody is not suitable for quantification of the native Pavsa-A4D (unfused) protein in transgenic canola. Thus, an alternative approach using LC-MRM-MS analysis was developed, which can be applied to both the quantification and stability of the target protein. The results herein demonstrate that the LC-MS approach is suitable for such applications. This method is at least as sensitive as traditional western blot, which normally detects in the ng to μg range: the LC-MRM-MS approach detected Pavsa-A4D levels as low as 7.8 femtomoles (injected on-column), which equates to -385 pg on a protein scale. Additionally, although western blot may detect a limited number of epitopes (one or two) from the protein, the present embodiment targeted eight peptides, spanning the intact Pavsa-A4D protein, thus providing a more complete understanding of the kinetics of digestion and the susceptibility of specific regions of the Pavsa-A4D protein to proteolysis. Because of the filtration and washing steps after pepsin digestion with five replicates, the earliest practical time point during this particular protocol was 5 min.

Nevertheless, this example enables use of LC-MRM-MS for protein digestibility analysis. [0135] For stability analysis of transgenic, recalcitrant or membrane-associated co3LCPUFA enzymes, Pavsa-A4D protein was used as the representative of the three front-end desaturases engineered in the co3LCPUFA canola. Front-end desaturases introduce a double bond between an existing double bond and the carboxyl end of fatty acids. Additionally, front-end desaturases all contain a cytochrome b5-like domain at the N-terminus fused with a desaturase domain with three conserved histidine motifs required for desaturase activity. Zhou et al., 2007. The front-end desaturases, including Δ4-, Δ5-, Δ6- and A8-desaturases, exist in a wide range of organisms including algae, diatom, fungi, moss, bacteria and plants. Some of these front-end desaturases are also common in food or in food production. The results of this Example demonstrated that greater than 80% or 99% of the full-length Pavsa-A4D protein digested within 10 min, and >93%, or 99.6% of the full-length Pavsa-A4D protein was digested within 60 min of incubation in pepsin, when analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The combined pepsin-trypsin assay showed a rapid decline in the tryptic peptides that were used as a proxy for the presence of intact protein. In addition to rapid digestion of the full-length Pavsa-A4D protein in SGF, Pavsa-A4D protein represents a negligible portion of the total protein present in transgenic canola mature seed.

Example 5. The in vitro stability of Pyramimonas cordata A5-elongase (Pyrco-A5E) protein

[0136] This Example characterizes the microalgae fatty acid elongase, Pyrco-A5E, included in the engineering of transgenic canola to catalyze the elongation of EPA into DPA

(20:5 ^Δ5 · ⁸ · ^η · ¹⁴ · ¹⁷ → 22:5 ^Δ7 · ¹⁰ · ¹³ · ¹⁶ · ¹⁹ ). This Example assesses the in vitro stability of this recalcitrant/intractable membrane-associated protein both in SGF comprising pepsin and in combination with the pepsin-trypsin assay, using MS to monitor precise degradation/digestion products. The extent of protein digestion was evaluated by the appearance and disappearance of peptic products and the disappearance of tryptic peptide products as a proxy for intact protein. By using LC-MS/MS analysis, the peptide products resulting from both pepsin and trypsin digestions could first be determined qualitatively and then subsequently a quantitative

LC-MS/MS for the detection of these peptide fragments was developed. LC-MS analysis is capable of simultaneously monitoring peptides spanning the entire protein sequence that are generated by proteolytic digestion. The approach to analyze digestibility in this Example mimics the typical mammalian digestive system that exposes food proteins to both pepsin (stomach) and trypsin (intestine) enzymes in transit through the gut. The results described herein show that greater than 75% Pyrco-A5E protein was digested within 5 min, and full-length Pyrco-A5E protein was rapidly digested within 60 min of incubation in pepsin, producing a suite of pepsin peptide products <3,000 Da that spanned the entire length of the protein when analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The results show that this integral membrane protein was readily digestible in pepsin or trypsin. Rapid digestion of the full-length protein indicates that it is highly unlikely that Pyrco-A5E will pose any safety concern to human health.

[0137] A codon optimized Pyrco-A5E gene was cloned from P. cordata and expressed in Sf9 cells using the approach described in Example 4. The Pyrco-A5E protein was expressed in Sf9 insect cell line infected with baculovirus as a fusion protein with a ten-histidine residue (His) tag at the N-terminus of the protein (His-Pyrco-A5E). Cells were grown by Gene Art (2L expression in Sf99 cells infected with 1 : 100 virus dilution and harvested 48 hr postinfection) and the thawed cells were resuspended in lysis buffer (100 mL per 20 g of cell pellet) containing 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 5 mM DTT, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF and two protease inhibitor tablets per 100 mL (Roche). The cells were lysed by sonication and the cellular debris removed by centrifugation. The resultant supernatant was centrifuged at 200,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C to isolate the membrane fraction. The pellet was resuspended in 50 mL 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 5 mM DTT, and 10 mM imidazole. To solubilize the His-Pyrco-A5E from the membrane fraction 1% (w/v) FosCholine-16 (Glycon Biochemicals GmbH) was added to the mixture and incubated for 2 hr at 4°C. The mixture was then centrifuged for 60 min at 200,000 x g at 4°C and 10 mL

Ni-Sepharose FF (GE Healthcare, AU) was added to the supernatant and the slurry left to bind overnight at 4°C. After binding, the resin was poured into an empty column and washed with the binding buffer. The protein was eluted with an imidazole gradient. Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blots.

[0138] Fractions containing the His-Pyrco-A5E were pooled and buffer exchanged into MES buffer (20 mM MES pH 6.0, 50 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 5 mM DTT and 0.01%

FosCholine-16) using a HiPrep 26/10 desalting column (GE Heathcare, AU). The sample was injected onto a 5 mL HiTrap SP column (GE Healthcare, AU) and eluted with a NaCl gradient. The fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and fractions containing the His-Pyrco-A5E pooled and buffer exchanged using a HiPrep 26/10 column into PBS buffer containing 10% glycerol and 0.01% FosCholine-16. The fractions containing the His-Pyrco-A5E were pooled and concentrated to 1.7 mg/mL, and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C.

Concentrated protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using an anti-His HRP conjugated antibody (A7058, Sigma- Aldrich) (FIG. 32). The estimated purity was -90%.

[0139] After extraction, the His-Pyrco-A5E protein solution contained 1.7 mg/mL in PBS, 0.01% FosCholine-16, and 10% glycerol. An aliquot of the protein extract (equivalent to ~5 μg) was subjected to FASP. Wisniewski et al., 2009. The extract was applied to a 10 kDa MWCO filter (Millipore, AU), diluted to 200 with UA buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5) before centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min), and the filter washed with two 200 volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein on the filter was reduced by DTT (50 mM, 100 μί) incubation at room temp for 50 min with shaking. The filter was washed with two 200 volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). Cysteine residues were alkylated by IAM (50 mM, 100 μί) incubation for 20 min at room temp in the dark, then the filter washed with two 200 volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation

(20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged by 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ (pH 8.0) in two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. Sequencing grade porcine trypsin (Promega, Alexandria, Australia) was added (0.5 μg in 200 μΐ. of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, 1 mM CaCh) to the protein on the 10 kDa filters and incubated for 16 hr at 37°C in a wet chamber. The filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and the filtrate (comprising digested peptides) collected following centrifugation (20,800 x g, 10 min). The filters were washed with 200 μΐ, of 100 mM

(NH ₄ )HC03 and the filtrate combined and lyophilized. The tryptic peptides were resuspended in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid (FA) and 25 μΐ, was injected on the LC-MS/MS system.

[0140] An aliquot of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein extract (equivalent to ~5 μg) was subjected to FASP digestion. The protein extract was applied to a 10 kDa MWCO filter (Millipore), diluted to 200 μΐ, with UA buffer before centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein on the filter was washed with two 200 μΐ, volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The pH was adjusted by further washing with acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 1.2) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The 10 kDa filter was transferred to a fresh centrifuge tube and 15 μg pepsin (150 μΐ,, 0.1 μg/μL in 50 mM

(NH ₄ )HC03, pH 1.2) was added to obtain an enzyme to protein ratio of 3: 1. The filters were incubated at 37 °C for 120 min. The filtrate (containing the digested peptides) were collected following centrifugation (20,800 x g, 10 min). The filters were washed with 200 μΐ, of 100 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 and the filtrates were combined and lyophilised and stored at 20°C until analysis. The resultant peptides were reconstituted in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid of which 25 μΐ, was analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

[0141] Proteolytic ally digested (either pepsin or trypsin) His-Pyrco-A5E protein (25 μί) were analyzed with chromatographic separation (0.23%/min linear gradient from 2%-40% acetonitrile) using a Nexera UHPLC system (Shimadzu Sci., Rydalmere, AU) directly coupled to a TripleTOF 5600 MS (AB SCIEX, Foster City, US). ProteinPilotTM 4.0 software (AB SCIEX) with the Paragon Algorithm (Shilov et al., 2007) was used for protein identification. Tandem mass spectrometry data was searched against in silico tryptic digests of a custom-built database. The database (76,110 sequences) comprised the Noctuidae and Baculovirus proteins of the Uniprot-KB database (v2015/l l) appended with the transgenic proteins and additionally with a database of contaminant proteins (known as the common repository of adventitious proteins). The search parameters were defined as: (a) no modification to cysteine and pepsin as the digestion enzyme; or (b) iodoacetamide modified for cysteine alkylation and trypsin as the digestion enzyme. The database search results were manually curated to yield the protein identifications using a 1% global FDR determined by the in-built FDR tool within ProteinPilot software. Tang et al., 2008.

[0142] For the tryptic data, peptide summaries generated by ProteinPilot were used to select peptides that yielded intense peaks and were fully tryptic, i.e., no unusual or missed cleavages. For the pepsin data, peptide summaries generated by ProteinPilot were used to select peptides that yielded intense peaks after 120 min incubation with pepsin. Because pepsin is non-specific, many of these peptide products were overlapping or contained missed cleavages. MRM transitions (Tables 21-22) were determined for each peptide where the precursor ion

(Ql) m/z and the fragment ion (Q3) m/z values were determined from the data collected.

Three transitions were used per peptide (with eight peptic peptides and a single tryptic peptide from His-Pyrco-A5E), wherein the peak area of the three MRM transitions were summed.

[0143] Two test systems, pepsin digestion (representing SGF) and a combined pepsin- trypsin digestion, were utilized independently to test the stability of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein. SGF contained a highly purified form of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to an acidic pH 1.2. The SGF was formulated so that an enzyme:protein ratio of 3: 1 would be present in the digestion reactions. The digestion of the Pyrco-A5E protein was monitored by LC-MS/MS (as described herein).

[0144] For pepsin digestion, aliquots of 6.7 μg of protein (67 μί, n = 24 comprising four replicate digestions and six time points) were applied to a 10 kDa MWCO filter (Millipore) and diluted to 200 UA buffer before centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein on the filter was washed twice with 200 μΐ, volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0) by two consecutive wash/ centrifugation steps. The pH was lowered by further washing with acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 1.2) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and 20 μg pepsin (150 μΐ,, 0.133 μg/μL in acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 1.2) was added to obtain an enzyme:protein ratio of 3: 1. The replicate tubes were incubated at 37°C for five time -points (5, 10, 15, 30, or 60 min). Pepsin was not applied to the 0 time- point, which served as an experimental control for acid hydrolysis. The digestion was stopped by addition of 200 μΐ, of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0) which irreversibly inactivated the pepsin. The 10 kDa filters were centrifuged immediately (20,800 x g, 15 min) and the filtrate containing digested peptides were collected. The filters were washed twice with 200 μΐ, of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0) and the filtrates were combined and lyophilized and stored in a -80°C freezer until analyzed. The peptic peptides were resuspended in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid, and then a 20 aliquot was run on the QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS system and quantified.

[0145] For trypsin digestion, the 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and the residual protein reduced with 200 μΐ. of 50 mM DTT, 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , pH 8.5, on a mixer at 600 rpm for 45 min prior to centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein was alkylated with 200 μΐ. of 50 mM IAM, 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , pH 8.5, in the dark for 20 min prior to centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and 0.5 μg trypsin (200 μΐ,, 2.5 ng/μΐ. in 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , pH 8.5, and 1 mM CaCk) was added to obtain an enzyme to protein ratio of -1: 15. The replicate tubes were incubated at 37°C for 16 hr. The filters were centrifuged (20,800 x g, 15 min) and the filtrates containing digested peptides were collected. The filters were washed twice with 200 μί of 50 mM

(NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , pH 8.5, and the filtrates were combined and lyophilized and stored in a -80°C freezer until analyzed. The tryptic peptides were resuspended in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid and 20 μί aliquots were run on the QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS and quantified.

[0146] Either 20 μΐ, of native peptic peptides (Table 21) or reduced and alkylated tryptic peptides (Table 22) were chromatographically separated on a Nexera UHPLC and analyzed on a QTRAP 6500+ mass spectrometer. Quantification was achieved using scheduled MRM scanning experiments using a 60 sec-detection window for each MRM transition and a 0.5 sec cycle-time. Peaks were integrated using MultiQuant v3.0, in which all three transitions were required to co-elute at the same retention time (RT, min) with a signal-to-noise (S/N)>3 for detection and a S/N>5 for quantification. The graphs showing digestibility of the Pyrco-A5E protein were generated in Graphpad Prism v6 software.

[0147] For the dual pepsin, pepsin-trypsin assay, SGF was represented by the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to an acidic pH 1.2. The digestion was performed for 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min, with 0 min (no pepsin added) as the control, each with five replicates. The increased abundance of targeted peptic peptides was used as indicator of the protein digestibility. The SGF digestion was extended by collecting samples of the pepsin digestion at the same time points, followed by 16 hr digestion with trypsin, designated as combined pepsin-trypsin digestion. The relative abundance of tryptic peptides compared to the abundance of peptides in no pepsin digestion (0 min) followed by trypsin digestion was used as indicator of the protein digestibility.

[0148] The total protein extracted was estimated to be 1.7 mg/mL. The total protein from purification was assessed by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 32A). The protein was also transferred to PVDF membrane and confirmed with western blot using an anti-Hisio-tag antibody. The expected molecular weight (MW) of Hisio-Pyrco-A5E is -33.7 kDa. A specific protein band close to 27 kDa was detected (FIG. 32B). Above this band and ranging from 30 kDa-120 kDa, there was some smearing apparent in the lane with some faint bands noted within this region. This is duplicated on the western blot, with the faint bands appearing more defined at apparent molecular weights of 30, 40, 50 and 62 kDa. The lower than predicted molecular weight on the SDS-PAGE is a common and well documented phenomenon for membrane proteins, however, and is caused by the presence and binding of detergents to the hydrophobic regions. Rath et al., 2009. Smearing is most likely due to detergent effects upon concentration of the protein in detergent micelles, and larger-than-expected molecular weight His-positive bands could be due to formation of multimers of the His-Pyrco-A5E.

[0149] The protein was identified/characterized by LC-MS/MS analysis. Five main bands identified in the gel and western blot were excised and subjected to proteolytic digestion with trypsin. All five of the bands were identified with >99% confidence as containing His- Pyrco-A5E (w/ or w/o minor contaminating proteins). The higher MW bands may be due to oligomerization (dimer, trimer, hexamer) or protein-protein interactions.

[0150] Because of the difficulty of expressing and purifying membrane proteins, in general, in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, affinity tags like the histidine tag selected here, are commonly used. The insect cell/baculovirus system was selected because it has been used widely for expression of membrane proteins, although the yields of expressed protein is many folds less than the yields of expressed protein from systems such as E. coli.

[0151] Pepsin is a relatively non-specific enzyme and its use results in cleavage at Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W) and Leu (L) resulting in hundreds of possible peptide fragments wherein missed cleavages are commonly observed. In silico analysis of the Pyrco-A5E protein with pepsin digestion suggested the theoretical pepsin cleavage map shown in FIG. 33A. In this Example, the peptide fragments of His-Pyrco-A5E persisting after pepsin digestion for 120 min were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS. See FIG. 33B.

[0152] Trypsin is a relatively specific enzyme and its use results in cleavage at Lys (K) and Arg (R) resulting in twenty-two possible peptide fragments, of which eight were in the mass range suited to LC-MS/MS analysis. See FIG. 33C. In this Example, the peptide fragments present after trypsin digestion for 16 hr were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS as shown in FIG. 33D. Owing to the distribution of the tryptic sites within the Pyrco-A5E sequence, there were few tryptic peptides of a size amenable to LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, using a 5 μg protein load, only a single fully tryptic peptide was able to be identified with a confidence of 85%: SQPFLGK (residues 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6). See FIG. 33D. [0153] The peptide-spectrum match was manually verified by de novo peptide sequencing. The presence of six from six possible y-ions and additionally two b-ions confirmed the peptide as confidently identified (FIG. 34).

[0154] To assess the digestibility of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein, a targeted LC-MS/MS method based on the use of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. The appearance and the increase of the peptic peptides during the time course of pepsin digestion were used as the evidence of the protein digestibility. Moreover, the rapid decline of the tryptic peptides after the pepsin digestion served as confirmation of the protein digestibility. In order to select peptides to quantify in this method, the digestion products resulting from both pepsin and trypsin digestion were characterized. Pepsin-derived peptides that were identified with 95% confidence and that yielded intense signals in the MS were selected for relative quantification. The eight peptides that were selected from the pepsin digestion of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein and the single tryptic peptide are summarized in Tables 21-22. The selected pepsin-derived peptides spanned the length of the protein.

Table 21. Peptide MRM transitions for Pyrco-A5E pepsin products

Pyrco-A5E sequence ¹ ":

MASIAIPAALAGTLGYVTYNVANPDIPASEKVPAYFMQVEYWGPTIGTIGYLLFIYFGKR IMQNR

SQPFGLKNAMLVYNFYQTFFNSYCIYLFVTSHRAQGLKVWGNIPDMTANSWGISQVI WLHYNNKY VELLDTFFMVMRKKFDQLSFLHIYHHTLLIWSWFWMKLEPVGDCYFGSSVNTFVHVIMYS YYGL AALGVNCFWKKYITQIQMLQFCICASHSIYTAYVQNTAFWLPYLQLWVMVNMFVLFANFY RKRYK SKGAKKQ (SEQ ID NO:6) Table 21. Peptide MRM transitions for Pyrco-A5E pepsin products

Peptide | RT | Ql m/z | z | Q3 m/z | Fragment | CE

RT, retention time (min); Ql m/z, precursor ion mass-to-charge ratio (m/z); z, charge state;

Q3 m/z, fragment ion m/z; CE, collision energy in V.

b Pyrco-A5E sequence with mapped peptic peptides (bold, underlined). For pepsin, different cleavage variants were observed owing to the incomplete digestion and these peptides have been differentiated by single or double underline.

[0155] The lack of available protein required the digestion protocol to be adjusted to a smaller scale (6.7 μg load). As such, only a single tryptic peptide could be monitored

(FIG. 34, Table 22).

[0156] Digestibility of His-Pyrco-A5E in SGF was assessed by LC-MRM-MS method as described above. Characterization and quantification of the targeted peptic peptides showed the rapid degradation of His-Pyrco-A5E. The pepsin digestion data has been presented in FIG. 35 as the mean of four replicate digests relative percentage of the maximum detected MRM peak area (sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min).

[0157] The rapid degradation of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein demonstrated by the rapid liberation of peptic peptides was further confirmed by the decline of the single tryptic peptide after trypsin digestion (in the combined pepsin-trypsin digestion). Four of the peptides characterized and quantified after pepsin digestion were cleavage variants (FIG. 35, Panels (A)-(D)), in which black arrows indicate that the peptide in the left panel is cleaved further by pepsin to yield the peptide in the right panel. The N-terminal peptic peptides monitored were produced rapidly (<5 min) and reached an equilibrium over the experimental duration. The peptic peptides monitored may not represent the fully cleaved final product as pepsin is relatively non-specific. All of the displayed pepsin proteolysis products in FIG. 35 contained missed cleavages and are therefore susceptible to further degradation. A peptide that might be considered a final product of pepsin digestion is NVANPDIPASEKVPAY (aa 20-35, SEQ ID NO:6) because the lysine (K) located in the P3 position likely hinders further cleavage before tyrosine (Y) (FIG. 35 Panel (B)). This peptide reaches an equilibrium plateau by 15 min. The appearance of these peptides in the digest is taken as evidence of the degradation and therefore digestibility of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein.

[0158] In the case of the His-Pyrco-A5E protein, only a single tryptic product could be detected owing to the small-scale (6.7 μg load) digest and also due to the distribution of trypsin sites within the protein sequence resulting in few peptides amenable to LC-MS. The single peptide monitored, SQPFjGLjK (residues 66-72 of SEQ ID NO:6), contained two pepsin cleavage sites (as indicated by the arrows) and it was expected that pepsin would cleave this peptide resulting in a decrease in peptide abundance over the time course of the pepsin digestion. After 5 min, the peptide peak area was noted to increase 3 -fold, however, and remain relatively constant over the next 5 min before declining slowly over the next 50 min (FIG. 36). A similar phenomenon was observed previously for a peptide derived from A4D wherein a 2-fold increase in the peak area of a tryptic peptide (WEGEPISK) (residues 274-281 of SEQ ID NO:7) was noted after 5 min incubation of the protein with pepsin. Both scenarios are postulated to arise from the peptides monitored residing within the core of the molecule which in its native conformation is partially protected from trypsin digestion. After a short incubation with pepsin (5 min), the tertiary structure of the protein (Pyrco-A5E) is destroyed allowing full access to the tryptic sites and hence liberation of the tryptic peptide (SQPFGLK) (aa 66-72 of SEQ ID NO: 6) at its maximal level (FIG. 36). The absence of detectable tryptic peptides derived from the Pyrco-A5E protein precluded the determination of the final percentage (Table B) degradation as determined for A4-Desaturase and co3-Desaturase herein, however the appearance of peptic products (FIG. 35) demonstrated that the Pyrco-A5E protein is digested by pepsin over the time course of the experiment with >75% cleavage of the N-terminal region achieved in <5 min (FIG. 35A-B).

[0159] Pyrco-A5E is an integral membrane protein. Currently there is no functional antibody for western blot analysis available to quantify the transgenic protein content in co3LCPUFA canola, or detect the stability of Pyrco-A5E as native protein. The commercially raised poly- and monoclonal antibodies by GenScript (Piscataway, N.J., US) failed to generate a specific signal towards Pyrco-A5E. The antibodies were raised against the synthetic peptides predicted as potential epitopes for antigens (FIG. 37).

[0160] Although Pyrco-A5E, expressed as the His-tag fusion protein, may be analyzed by western blot using the anti-His-tag antibody, such analysis could monitor only the fusion region, rather than whole protein, which remains problematic once the His-tag is cleaved off, for example, during SGF digestion. In addition, the anti-His-tag antibody is not suitable for quantification of the native Pyrco-A5E (unfused) protein in co3LCPUFA canola. Thus, an alternative approach using LC-MRM-MS analysis was developed as described herein, which can be applied both to the quantification of target protein expressed and to the target protein stability assay. These results demonstrate that the LC-MS approach is suitable for such an application. This method is as sensitive as traditional western blot, which can normally detect proteins on a ng to μg scale. In contrast, the LC-MRM-MS approach used demonstrated detected Pyrco-A5E levels as low as 7.80 femtomoles (injected on-column), which equates to 2.44 pg protein. In addition, western blot using antibodies might only detect a limited number of epitopes (one or two) from the target protein. In contrast, the methods described herein targeted eight peptides, spanning the intact protein, provides an understanding of the kinetics of digestion and the susceptibility of specific regions of the protein to proteolysis. Technical difficulty involved in the filtration and washing steps after pepsin digestion with four replicates, allowed an earliest practical time point was 5 min. Nevertheless, the results have shown the successful application of LC-MRM-MS for protein digestibility analysis.

[0161] The Pyrco-A5E protein belongs to the subfamily of microalgae fatty acid elongases that introduce a carbon to the carboxyl end of fatty acids. The Pyrco-A5E protein presented in this Example for digestion analysis is a representative of the two microalgae fatty acid elongases, both recalcitrant, membrane-associated proteins, engineered into co3LCPUFA canola. The microalgae fatty acid elongases include Δ5-, Δ6- and A9-elongases, existing in a wide range of organisms including algae, diatoms, fungi, mosses, and bacteria. Desaturase activity has been assayed in crude extracts when the required substrates are added (Jackson et al., 252 Eur. J. Biochem. 513-19 (1998) but with DHA canola it is far more difficult because there are multiple desaturases and elongases expressed in the canola seed and the levels of the transgenic proteins in seed were very low. For example, Pyrco-A5E was expressed at 409 ng per mg total protein in mature seed with as little as 2.78 mg of total protein extracted from 1 g of seed.

[0162] The results of this Example demonstrated that the His-Pyrco-A5E protein was rapidly digested over the time course of the experiment, with >75% cleavage of the N-terminal region achieved in <5 min. Within 60 min of pepsin incubation, a suite of pepsin products <3,000 Da were produced that spanned the entire peptide sequence. In addition to rapid digestion of the full-length His-Pyrco-A5E protein in SGF, Pyrco-A5E protein represented a negligible portion of the total protein present in co3LCPUFA canola mature seed. Rapid digestion and low expression levels are two of many factors that indicate the protein safety of Pyrco-A5E protein.

Example 6. In vitro stability of Yichia pastoris co3-/A15-desaturase (Picpa-co3D) protein

[0163] This particular Example focuses on the representative yeast acyl-CoA type fatty acid desaturase of the pathway, P. pastoria co3-/A15-desaturase (Picpa-co3D) protein, which was used in the engineering of co3LCPUFA canola, to catalyze the desaturation of linoleic acid LA into a-linoleic acid ALA (18:2 ^Δ9 · ¹² → 18:3 ^Δ9 · ¹² · ¹⁵ ).

[0164] This Example assesses the in vitro stability of the Pichia pastoris co3-/A15-desaturase (Picpa-co3D) protein in SGF comprising the proteolytic enzyme, pepsin, in combination with a novel pepsin-trypsin assay employing state-of-the-art mass spectrometric approaches to monitor the precise degradation products. The extent of protein digestion was evaluated by the appearance of peptic products and the disappearance of tryptic peptide products (as a proxy for intact protein). The Example shows that >80% digested within 5 min and 97% of the full-length Picpa-co3D protein was digested within 60 min of incubation in pepsin, as determined using LC-MS/MS; or 98.7% of the full-length Picpa-co3D protein was digested within 5 min and 99.5% of the full-length Picpa-co3D protein was digested within 60 min of incubation in pepsin, as analyzed using LC-MS/MS; and shows that the integral membrane protein Picpa-co3D was readily digestible in pepsin or trypsin.

[0165] The ω3-/Δ 15 -desaturase gene used in DHA canola was cloned from alga P. pastoria (see, e.g., WO 2010/057246). The Picpa-co3D protein was expressed in E. coli C41 strain as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP) followed by eight histidine residues (8 x His) at the N-terminus of the protein (His-GFP-Picpa-co3D) and then purified. The vector contained coding sequence encoding a His-tag (His) and a PreScission protease (GE Healthcare) cleavage site (SLEVLFQjGP) (SEQ ID NO: 12) fused to the codon optimized Picpa-co3D gene.

[0166] For protein extraction, the co3D protein-transformed E. coli C41 cells were grown to OD600 of 0.8, and protein expression induced with 0.5 mM IPTG at 37°C for 4 hr. Cells were then spun down and resuspended in lysis buffer (150 mL per 60 g cell paste) containing 20 mM Hepes pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 2 mM MgCh, three Ultra complete protease inhibitor tablets per 150 mL (Roche), 1 mM PMSF, 1 mM DTT, and 1200 units of Benzonase (Merck Millipore). Cells were lysed using EmulsiFlexC5 cell homogenizer (Avestin) by three passes at 15,000 psi. After lysis, cellular debris was removed by centrifugation, then the supernatant was further centrifuged at 00,000 x g for 90 min at 4°C to isolate the membrane fraction. The membrane pellet was resuspended in 50 mL of HNG buffer (20 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 7.6). To solubilize His-GFP-Picpa-co3D from the membrane fraction 1% (w/v) FosCholine-16 (Glycon Biochemicals GmbH) was added and the mixture incubated for 3 hr at 4°C. The mixture was then centrifuged for 45 min at 200,000 x g at 4°C and the supernatant loaded on a 5 mL HisTrap FF column (GE Healthcare, AU) in the presence of 10 mM imidazole and 1 mM DTT. The protein was eluted with an imidazole gradient.

Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with western blotting. Fractions containing His-GFP- Picpa-co3D fusion protein were pooled and concentrated to 2.5 mL using 100 kDa MWCO concentrators (Millipore). Concentrated sample was injected onto a Superdex 200 16/60 pg gel filtration column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated in HNG buffer in the presence of 0.01%

FosCholine-16 and 1 mM DTT. Fractions containing purified His-GFP-Picpa-co3D protein were pooled, concentrated to 1.3 mg/mL, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C.

Concentrated protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using an anti-His HRP conjugated antibody (A7058, Sigma- Aldrich) (see Fig. 38). The estimated purity was -90%.

[0167] For LC-MS/MS following pepsin digestion, His-GFP-Picpa-co3D protein was diluted in UA buffer (8 M urea, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5) to -0.125 μg/μL. An aliquot of the protein extract (equivalent to -25 μg) was subjected to FASP. Wisniewski et al., 2009. The protein extract was applied to a 10 kDa MWCO filter (Millipore), washed with two 200 μΐ, volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The filter-held protein was reduced with DTT (50 mM, 200 μί) by incubation at room temp for 50 min with shaking. The filter was washed twice with 200 μΐ, UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). Cysteine residues were then alkylated with IAM (50 mM, 100 μί) with incubation for 40 min at room temp in the dark. The filter was washed twice with 200 μΐ, UA buffer and centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). Buffer exchange used 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0) and two consecutive

wash/centrifugation steps. Sequencing grade porcine trypsin at a concentration of 0.01 μg/μL (2 μg in 200 μΐ, of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ with 1 mM CaCh) was added to the protein on the 10 kDa filters and incubated for 16 hr at 37 °C in a wet chamber. The filter was transferred to a fresh centrifuge tubes and the filtrate (digested peptides) was collected following centrifugation (20,800 x g, 10 min). The filters were washed with 200 μΐ, of 100 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ and the filtrates were combined and lyophilized. The tryptic peptides were resuspended in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid and 10 μΐ, was injected on the LC-MS/MS system.

[0168] Further regarding LC-MS/MS, proteolytically digested (either pepsin or trypsin) protein were analyzed as described previously with chromatographic separation (2%/min linear gradient from 2%-40% acetonitrile) using a nano HPLC system (Shimadzu Scientific,

Rydalmere, Australia) directly coupled to a TripleTOF 5600 MS (AB SCIEX, Redwood City, Calif., US). ProteinPilotTM 4.0 software (AB SCIEX) with the Paragon Algorithm was used for protein identification. Shilov et al., 2007. Tandem mass spectrometry data was searched against in silico tryptic digests of a custom-built database. The database (57,652 sequences) comprised the E. coli proteins of the Uniprot-KB database (version 2016/02) appended with the transgenic proteins and additionally with a database of contaminant proteins (known as the common repository of adventitious proteins). The search parameters were defined as: (a) no modification to cysteine and pepsin as the digestion enzyme; or (b) iodoacetamide modified for cysteine alkylation and trypsin as the digestion enzyme. Additional modifications and cleavages were defined previously. The database search results were manually curated to yield the protein identifications using a 1% global false discovery rate (FDR) determined by the in-built FDR tool within ProteinPilot software. Tang et al., 2008.

[0169] For the tryptic data, peptide summaries generated by ProteinPilot were used to select peptides that yielded intense peaks and were fully tryptic, i.e. no unusual or missed cleavages. For the pepsin data, peptide summaries generated by ProteinPilot were used to select peptides that yielded intense peaks after 120 min incubation with pepsin. As pepsin is non-specific, many of these peptide products were overlapping or contained missed cleavages. MRM transitions (Tables 23-24) were determined for each peptide where the precursor ion (Ql) m z and the fragment ion (Q3) m/z values were determined from the data collected in the discovery experiments. Three transitions were used per peptide (with eleven peptic and eight tryptic peptides from His-GFP-Picpa-co3D), and the peak area of the three MRM transitions summed.

[0170] Two test systems, pepsin digestion (representing simulated gastric fluid, SGF) and a combined pepsin-trypsin digestion, were utilized independently to test the stability of the His- GFP-Picpa-co3D protein. SGF contained the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to an acidic pH 1.2, using a highly purified form of pepsin. The SGF was formulated so that an enzyme:protein ratio of 3: 1 would be present in the digestion reactions. The digestion of the Picpa-co3D protein was monitored by LC-MS/MS (as described herein).

[0171] By using LC-MS/MS analysis, the peptide products resulting from both pepsin and trypsin digestions could first be determined qualitatively and then subsequently a quantitative LC-MS/MS for the detection of these peptide fragments was developed. LC-MS analysis is capable of simultaneously monitoring peptides spanning the entire protein sequence that are generated by proteolytic digestion. The approach to analyze digestibility in this Example may mimic the typical mammalian digestive system that exposes food proteins to both pepsin (stomach) and trypsin (intestine) enzymes in transit through the gut.

[0172] For pepsin digestion, 25 μg of protein (58.4 μί, n = 30 comprising five replicate digestions and six time-points) were applied to a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off filter (Millipore, Australia), washed twice with 200 μL· volumes of UA buffer with centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The buffer was exchanged using 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ (pH 8.0) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. The pH was adjusted by further washing with acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 1.2) by two consecutive wash/centrifugation steps. A number of acids may be used to bring the pH of the digestion buffer to pH 1.5-pH 2.5, such as HC1, acetic acid, or citric acid. The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and 84 μg pepsin (150 μί, 0.562 μg/mL in acidified 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 1.2) was added to obtain an enzyme to protein ratio of 3: 1. The replicate tubes were incubated at 37 °C for five time-points (5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). Pepsin was not applied to the 0 time -point, which served as an experimental control for acid hydrolysis. The digestion was stopped by the addition of 200 of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03 (pH 8.0), which irreversibly inactivated the enzyme. The 10 kDa filters were immediately centrifuged (20,800 x g, 15 min) and the filtrate containing digested peptides were collected. The filters were washed twice with 200 μΐ, of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.0, and the filtrates were combined and lyophilized and stored in a -80°C freezer until further analysis. For C-MS, the peptic peptides were resuspended in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid, and & 3 μΐ, aliquot run on a QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS system and quantified.

[0173] For trypsin digestion, the 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and the residual protein reduced with 200 μΐ. of 50 mM DTT, 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ (pH 8.5) on mixer at 600 rpm for 45 min prior to centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The protein was alkylated with 200 μΐ, of 50 mM iodoacetamide (I AM), 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC0 ₃ , at pH 8.5, in the dark for 20 min prior to centrifugation (20,800 x g, 15 min). The 10 kDa filters were transferred to fresh centrifuge tubes and 2 μg trypsin (200 μί, 0.01 μg/mL in 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.5, and 1 mM CaC ) was added to obtain an enzyme:protein ratio of 1: 15. Replicate tubes were incubated at 37°C for 16 hr. The filters were centrifuged (20,800 x g, 15 min) and the filtrates containing digested peptides collected. The filters were washed twice with 200 μί of 50 mM (NH ₄ )HC03, pH 8.5, and the filtrates combined and lyophilized and stored in a -80°C freezer until further analysis. For LC-MS, the tryptic peptides were resuspended in 50 μΐ _^ οί 1% formic acid, and & 3 μΐ, aliquot run on a QTRAP 6500+ LC-MS system and quantified.

[0174] For LC-MS/MS quantification of the digestion products, either 3 μΐ, of native peptic peptides (Table 23) or reduced and alkylated tryptic peptides (Table 24) were chromato- graphically separated on a Nexera UHPLC (Shimadzu ) and analyzed on a QTRAP 6500+ mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX). Quantification was achieved using scheduled MRM scanning experiments using a 60 sec-detection window for each MRM transition and a 0.3 sec cycle time. Peaks were integrated using MultiQuant v3.0 (AB SCIEX), in which three transitions were required to co-elute at the same retention time (RT, min) with a signal-to-noise (S/N) >3 for detection and a S/N >5 for quantification. The graphs showing digestibility of the Picpa-co3D protein were generated using GraphPad Prism v6 software.

[0175] Pepsin is a protease produced in the stomach and is efficient at cleaving the peptide bonds adjacent to aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and leucine (FIG. 27B). Histidine, lysine, and arginine at the P3 position act to hinder proteolysis, while proline at P3 or P4 positions promotes proteolysis. Upon digestion with pepsin alone, there are a number of scenarios that may occur (see FIG. 28 A). The simplest is when the protein is rapidly digested to produce fully peptic fragments wherein the response rapidly increases reaching a maximum and creating a plateau (filled circle). The second involves the slow digestion that does not reach a plateau within the experimental duration (filled triangles). This scenario is difficult to judge for completeness as LC-MS monitors the peptide response (peptide peak intensity or area). The third involves a rapid, but incomplete digestion that may appear to be complete as judged by the plateau in peptide response (empty circles). Lastly, slow and incomplete digestion may be observed (empty triangles). For these reasons, examining pepsin proteolytic fragments may allow the digestion of a protein to be monitored, but determining whether degradation has reached completion may be difficult.

[0176] By employing trypsin post-pepsin (see FIG. 28B), it is possible to judge the completeness of the digestion by comparison with an experimental control (time 0, no pepsin added) wherein the tryptic peptides liberated appear at the maximum value (in this instance as the MRM peak area). Trypsin is a serine protease that is found in the digestive system. Trypsin cleaves polypeptide chains at the carboxyl side of the basic amino acids lysine or arginine, but its cleavage is hindered by the presence of proline as the preceding amino acid (Ρ position, FIG. 27 A). If the protein is not digested, then no decrease in peptide response is observed (circles, dashed line). If the protein is partially digested, a partial decrease in the peptide response is observed (squares, dotted line). If the protein is completely digested, the peptide response drops to zero within the experiment duration (triangles, solid line).

[0177] Therefore, for this digestibility assay, two enzymes were used: pepsin and trypsin. Tryptic peptide products were used as a proxy for intact protein, whereby in the absence of pepsin the amount of tryptic peptide present was equated to 100% of protein being present. In the presence of pepsin (at varying time points during digestion), the level of tryptic peptides would be expected to decrease for peptides that contained a pepsin cleavage site. In this way the complete degradation of the protein was monitored.

[0178] SGF was represented by the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to acidic pH 1.2. The digestion was performed for 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min, with 0 min (no pepsin added) as the control, each with five replicates. Due to the difficulty involved in filtering and washing with five replicates, an early practical time point was 5 min from the addition of pepsin. The increased abundance of targeted peptic peptides was used as indicator of the protein digestibility. The SGF digestion was further extended by pepsin digestion at the same time points as above, followed by a 16 hr digestion with trypsin, designated as "combined pepsin- trypsin digestion." The relative abundance of pepsin-trypsin tryptic peptides, compared with the abundance of same peptides in no-pepsin digestion (0 min, no pepsin) followed by trypsin digestion, was used as indicator of the protein digestibility.

[0179] The His-GFP-Picpa-co3D fusion protein ran, during electrophoresis, as a doublet with apparent molecular weights of 50 kDa and 60 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The predicted molecular weight of the His-GFP-Picpa-co3D fusion construct is 76.4 kDa, however, a lower than predicted apparent molecular weight on SDS-PAGE is a common and well-documented phenomenon for membrane proteins caused by the presence and binding of detergent to the hydrophobic regions. Rath et al., 2009. In addition, the presence of two separate bands (FIG. 38, His-GFP-Picpa-co3D) may be due to a population where the GFP in the fusion remains (partially) folded, causing it to migrate faster (lower band) than the population where the GFP is completely denatured (upper band). Geertsma et al., 105 PNAS 5722 (2008). Partial proteolysis of the C-terminus of the His-GFP-Picpa-co3D could provide another explanation for the observed doublet, however it is clear from the Coomassie-stained gel that if this is the case, this lower potentially cleaved band is only a minor contaminant. The total protein extracted was estimated to be -1.3 mg/mL.

[0180] The protein was also identified/characterized by LC-MS/MS analysis after proteolytic digestion using both trypsin and pepsin. Because of the difficulty of expressing membrane proteins in general in prokaryotic or eukaryotic systems, the strategy was to express the Picpa-co3D as a GFP fusion in E. coli with a His-tag added to aid in purification. GFP is widely used as a fusion partner for soluble expression and allowing tracking of protein expression by monitoring its fluorescence. The presence of the fusion partner (His-GFP) is unlikely to affect the proteolysis and LC-MS characterization of the His-GFP-Picpa-co3D protein, nor is the presence of contaminating proteins in the mixture.

[0181] As noted above, pepsin is a relatively non-specific enzyme and its use results in cleavage at Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W) and Leu (L), resulting in hundreds of possible peptide fragments wherein missed cleavages are commonly observed. In silico analysis of the native Picpa-co3D protein with pepsin digestion suggested the theoretical pepsin cleavage map shown in FIG. 39A. In this Example, the peptide fragments of Picpa-co3D persisting after pepsin digestion for 120 min were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS, as shown in FIG. 39B. [0182] In contrast, trypsin is a relatively specific enzyme and its use results in cleavage at Lys (K) and Arg (R) resulting in thirty-six possible peptide fragments (FIG. 39C), of which twenty were in the mass range suited to LC-MS/MS analysis. In this Example, the peptide fragments present after trypsin digestion for 16 hr were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS, as shown in FIG. 39D.

[0183] To assess the digestibility of the Picpa-co3D protein, a targeted LC-MS/MS method based on the use of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) (Lange et al., 2008) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. The appearance and the increase of the peptic peptides during the time course of pepsin digestion were used as the evidence of the protein digestibility. Moreover, the rapid decline of the tryptic peptides subsequent to pepsin digestion served as confirmation of the protein digestibility.

[0184] In order to select peptides to quantify in this method, the digestion products resulting from both pepsin and trypsin digestion were first characterized. Peptides that were identified with 95% confidence and that yielded intense signals in the MS were selected for relative quantification. Eleven peptides were selected from the digestion of the His-GFP-Picpa-co3D protein with pepsin and eight peptides for trypsin digestion are summarized in Tables 23-24. The selected peptides spanned the length of the protein.

Table 23. Peptide MRM transitions for Picpa-co3D pepsin products

Picpa-co3D sequence ¹¹ :

MSKVTVSGSEILEGSTKTVRRSGNVASFKQQKTAIDTFGNVFKVPDYTIKDILDAIPKHC YERSLVKS

MSYWRDIVAISAIAYVGLTYIPLLPNEFLRFAAWSAYVFSISCFGFGIWILGHECGH SAFSNYGWVN DTVGWVLHSLVMVPYFSWKFSHAKHHKATGHMTRDMVFVPYTAEEFKEKHQVTSLHDIAE ETPIYSVF ALLFQQLGGLSLYLATNATGQPYPGVSKFFKSHYWPSSPVFDKKDYWYIVLSDLGILATL TSVYTAYK VFGFWPTFITWFCPWILVNHWLVFVTFLQHTDSSMPHYDAQEWTFAKGAAATIDREFGIL GIIFHDI I ETHVLHHYVSRIPFYHAREATECIKKVMGEHYRHTDENMWVSLWKTWRSCQFVENHDGVY MFRNCNNV

GVKPKDT (SEQ ID NO:l)

RT, retention time (min); Ql m/z, precursor ion mass-to-charge ratio (m/z); z, charge state; Q3 m/z, fragment ion m/z; CE, collision energy in V.

b Picpa-co3D sequence with mapped peptic peptides (bold, underlined). For pepsin, different cleavage variants were observed owing to the incomplete digestion and these peptides have been differentiated by single, double or waved underline.

Table 24. Peptide MRM transitions for Picpa-co3D trypsin products

Peptide RT Ql m/z z Q3 m/z Fragment CE

Picpa-co3D sequence: ¹ "

MSKVTVSGSEILEGSTKTVRRSGNVASFKQQKTAIDTFGNVFKVPDYTIKDILDAIPKHC YERSLVKSMSYV

VRDIVAISAIAYVGLTYIPLLPNEFLRFAAWSAYVFS I SCFGFGIWILGHECGHSAFSNYGWVNDTVGWVLH SLVMVPYFSWKFSHAKHHKATGHMTRDMVFVPYTAEEFKEKHQVTSLHDIAEETPIYSVF ALLFQQLGGLSL YLATNATGQPYPGVSKFFKSHYWPSSPVFDKKDYWYIVLSDLGILATLTSVYTAYKVFGF WPTFITWFCPWI LVNHWLVFVTFLQHTDSSMPHYDAQEWTFAKGAAATIDREFGILGI IFHDI IETHVLHHYVSRIPFYHAREA TECIKKVMGEHYRHTDENMWVSLWKTWRSCQFVENHDGVYMFRNCNNVGVKPKDT (SEQ ID NO:l)

RT, retention time (min); Ql m/z, precursor ion mass-to-charge ratio (m/z); z, charge state; Q3 m/z, fragment ion m/z; CE, collision energy in V.

b Picpa-co3D sequence with mapped tryptic peptides (bold, underlined). For trypsin, all peptides selected were fully tryptic, i.e., contained no missed cleavages. As some of the peptides were adjacent in the sequence, these have been differentiated by single or

double underline.

[0185] Digestibility of the His-GFP-Picpa-co3D in SGF was assessed by LC-MRM-MS method as described herein. Characterization and quantification of the targeted peptic peptides showed the rapid degradation of the His-GFP-Picpa-co3D protein. The pepsin digestion data has been presented in FIG. 40 as the mean of five replicate digests relative percentage of the maximum detected MRM peak area (sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min).

[0186] Five of the peptides characterized and quantified after pepsin digestion were cleavage variants (FIG. 40 Panels (A)-(C), (E)-(F)). The black arrows in FIG.40 indicate that the peptide in the upper left panel is cleaved further by pepsin to yield the peptide in the upper right and panel immediately beneath. All peptic peptides monitored were produced rapidly (<15 min). The peptide NATGQPYPGVSKF (aa 221-233, SEQ ID NO: l) (FIG. 40 Panel (D)) reached equilibrium over this time frame and notably was the only peptide that was fully peptic, i.e., could not undergo further hydrolysis by pepsin. The majority of the peptic peptides monitored did not represent the fully cleaved final product as pepsin is relatively non-specific. In some cases, a decrease in peptide level is noted over time, for example, TYIPLLPNEF (aa 88-97, SEQ ID NO: l) (FIG. 40 Panel (E)) decreases slowly from ~5 min and its product TYIPLLPNE (aa 88-96, SEQ ID NO: l) (FIG. 40 Panel (F)) increases in concentration from 10-60 min.

Several other examples of pepsin proteolysis products containing missed cleavages, susceptible to further degradation, were monitored (FIG. 40 Panels (A)-(B), (E)-(H)). In fact, only

NATGQPYPGVSKF (aa 221-233, SEQ ID NO: l) (FIG. 40 Panel (D)) contains no predicted cleavage sites. The appearance of these peptides in the digest is taken as evidence of the degradation and therefore digestibility of the Picpa-co3D protein. Three of the eight peptides monitored reached a peak at 5 min. To further illustrate the low specificity of pepsin and the generation of multiple related cleavage products, five cleavage variants of TYIPLLPNEF (aa 88-97, SEQ ID NO: l) were monitored (FIG. 41). The larger fragments were noted to plateau, whereas the smaller peptide fragments were still increasing in concentration at the conclusion of the 60 min-digestion period.

[0187] The tryptic peptides monitored after the pepsin digest show a rapid decline in the first 5 min and then a further decline over the remainder of the experiment (60 min duration). It is estimated that >97% of the protein is cleaved after 60 min on the basis of the disappearance of these eight tryptic peptides. The peptides containing multiple pepsin cleavage sites:

TAIDTFjGNVFjK (aa 33-43, SEQ ID NO: l), HTDENMWjVSLjWjK (aa 374-385 of SEQ ID NO: l), SC ^[CAM] QF j VENHDG V Y j MF j R (SEQ ID NO: 10) (where XjX represent pepsin cleavage site) are reduced to 0.9, 1.1 and 0.3% of the undigested control (no pepsin digest) respectively. This is supported by analysis of the digested peptides on the TripleTOF 5600 LC-MS/MS, which shows that these peptides are more frequently fragmented to yield smaller fragments after 30-60 min. The tryptic peptides containing fewer sites: VTVSGSEILjEGSTK (aa 4-17, SEQ ID NO: l), SGNVASFjK (aa 22-29, SEQ ID NO: l) and VPDYjTIK (aa 44-50, SEQ ID NO: l) (with a single site) or DILjDAIPK (aa 51-58, SEQ ID NO: l) (where the lysine in position P3 is known to hinder pepsin cleavage) were reduced to 0.7, 0.5, 1.3 and 1.4% respectively. The higher percentage of EATECIK (SEQ ID NO:9) observed (17.5% at 5 min and 2.7% at 60 min) can be explained by the absence of peptic digestion sites within this peptide sequence. Overall, it was observed that the peptides from the termini (both N- and extreme C-termini) of the protein were liberated rapidly with <6% remaining after 5 min (Table 25). Within as short as 5 min, only 1.3% of the tryptic peptide SGNVASFK (aa 22-29, SEQ ID NO: l) remained (Table 25), indicating that 98.7% of the intact protein was degraded. The existence of some tryptic peptides at low levels after 60 min solely suggested that the intact protein was degraded into small peptides by pepsin, and these peptides were detectable. The tryptic peptide SGNVASFK (aa 22-29, SEQ ID NO: l) was reduced to 0.5% after 60 min, indicating that essentially there was no intact protein remained beyond this pepsin

digestion time.

[0188] Picpa-co3D is an integral membrane protein. Until recently, there is no functional antibody for western blot analysis available to quantify the transgenic protein content in transgenic canola, or detect the stability of Picpa-co3D as a native protein. The commercially raised polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (GenScript, Piscataway, NJ, US) failed to generate a specific signal towards Picpa-co3D. The antibodies were raised against the synthetic peptides predicted as potential epitopes for antigens (FIG. 43).

[0189] Although Picpa-co3D expressed as the His-GFP fusion protein could be analyzed by western blot against the anti-His-tag antibody, such a western blot analysis could only monitor the fusion region, rather than whole protein, when the His-tag is cleaved off, for example after SGF digestion. In addition, the anti-His-tag antibody is not suitable for quantification of the native Picpa-co3D (unfused) protein in transgenic co3LCPUFA canola. Thus, an alternative approach using LC-MRM-MS analysis was developed here, which can be applied both for the quantification of protein expressed in canola and for the stability assays. The results shown here clearly demonstrated that the LC-MS approach is suitable for such an application. This method is as sensitive as traditional western blot, which can normally detect ng to μg of protein. The LC-MRM-MS approach described herein detected as little as 7.86 fmol (injected on-column) which equates to -372 pg. In addition, western blot using antibodies might only detect a limited number of epitopes (one or two) from the protein. Here, eleven (peptic) and eight (tryptic) peptides were targeted, along with the intact protein, which provides an understanding of the kinetics of digestion and the susceptibility of specific regions of the protein to proteolysis. Due to the technical difficulty that was involved in filtering and washing steps after pepsin digestion with five replicates, the earliest practical time point was 5 min. Nevertheless, the results show the successful application of LC-MRM-MS for target protein digestibility analysis. For example, Picpa-co3D was expressed at 352 ng per mg of total protein in mature seed with as little as 2.78 mg of total protein extracted from 1 g of seed.

[0190] The Picpa-co3D protein belongs to the subfamily of yeast acyl-CoA type fatty acid desaturases that introduce a double bond between the A15-position from the carboxyl end of fatty acids. The yeast acyl-CoA type fatty acid desaturases include Δ12- and ω3-/Δ15- desaturases. Some of these yeast acyl-CoA type fatty acid desaturases are also common in food, animal feeds or in food production. The Picpa-co3D protein was used as the representative of two yeast acyl-CoA type fatty acid desaturases (Picpa-co3D and Lackl-A12 desaturase) engineered into co3LCPUFA canola.

[0191] The results of this Example demonstrate that the combined pepsin-trypsin assay showed a rapid decline in the tryptic peptides that were used as a proxy for the presence of intact protein. 98.7% of the full-length Picpa-co3D protein was digested within 5 min, and 99.5% was digested within 60 min of incubation in pepsin. In addition to rapid digestion of Picpa-co3D protein in SGF, Picpa-co3D protein represents a negligible portion of the total protein present in the transgenic co3LCPUFA

Example 7. LC-MS/MS analysis of Pavlova salina A5-Desaturase protein stability

[0192] assess the in vitro stability of the Pavlova salina A5-desaturase (Pavsa-A5D) protein in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) comprising the proteolytic enzyme, pepsin, and in combination with a novel pepsin-trypsin assay and LC-MS/MS to monitor the precise degradation products. The extent of protein digestion was evaluated by the appearance of peptic products and the disappearance of tryptic peptide products (as a proxy for intact protein). The method in this Example demonstrated that 99.9% of the full-length Pavsa-A5D protein was digested within 5 min, and six out of twelve peptides were present < 0.2% after 60 min of incubation in pepsin.

[0193] The A5-desaturase gene used in DHA canola was previously cloned from alga P. salina. The Pavsa-A5D protein was expressed as a His-tag fusion in Sf9 insect cell line infected with recombinant baculovirus constructed using pFastBac vector (Invitrogen, DE) and then purified. The vector contained coding sequences encoding a His-tag (HislO) and a

PreScission protease cleavage site (SLEVLFQjGP) fused to the codon optimized Pavsa-A5D gene produce fusion protein HislO: :Pavsa-A5D. The main band identified in the gel and Western Blot was excised and subjected to proteolytic digestion with trypsin. The band was identified with >99% confidence as containing Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D (with or without minor contaminating proteins). The other minor bands are likely to be insect cell proteins. The recombinant protein was also analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Protein extraction, digestions, LC-MS characterization of the protein post-trypsin digestion and post-pepsin digestion, peptide summaries, and general assays were conducted as described above. Three transitions were used per peptide (with 11 peptides from Pavsa-A5D), wherein the peak area of the three MRM transitions were summed.

[0194] Two test systems, pepsin digestion (representing simulated gastric fluid, SGF) and a combined pepsin-trypsin digestion, were utilized independently to test the stability of the Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D protein. SGF contained the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in a buffer adjusted to an acidic pH 1.2, using a highly purified form of pepsin. The SGF was formulated so that an enzyme:protein ratio of 3:1 would be present in the digestion reactions. The digestion of the Pavsa-A5D protein was monitored by LC-MS/MS.

[0195] In this study, the peptide fragments of Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D persisting after pepsin digestion for 120 min were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS. Protein sequence coverage obtained after pepsin digestion is depicted below, in which bold indicates peptides identified with >95% confidence; italics indicates peptides identified with 50-95% confidence; underline indicates peptides identified with <50% confidence; normal means residues were not detected; the wave underline is the N-terminal His-tag and protease cleavage site followed by methionine of native Pavsa-A5D in the fusion protein:

MHifflHHifflHHHS^

VriVFVKRHPGGKIIAYQVGTDATDAYKQFHVRSAKADKMLKSLPSRPVHKGYSPRRADL IADFQEFTKQLEAEGMFEPSLPHVAYRLAEVIA HVAGAALIWHGYTFAGIAMLGWQG RCGWLMHEGGHYSLTGNIAFDRAIQVACYGLGCGMSGAWWRNQHNKHHATPQKLQHDVD LDTLPLVAFHERIAAKVKSPAMKAWLSMQAKLFAPVTTLLVALGWQLYLHPRHMLRTKH

YDELAMLGIRYGLVGYLAANYGAGYVLACYLLYVQLGAMYIFCNFAVSHTHLPWEPN E HATWVEYAANHTTNCSPSWWCDWWMSYL YQIEHHLYPSMPQFRHPKIAPRVKQLFEKH GLHYDVRGYFEAMADTFANLDNVAHAPEKKMQ (SEQ ID NO: 17)

[0196] Protein sequence coverage obtained after trypsin digestion was characterized by LC-MS/MS and is depicted below, in which bold indicates peptides identified with >95% confidence; italics indicates peptides identified with 50-95% confidence; underline indicates peptides identified with <50% confidence; normal means residues were not detected; the wave underline is the N-terminal His-tag and protease cleavage site followed by methionine of native Pavsa-A5D in the fusion protein:

MHHHHHHHi^

VTNFVKRHPGGKIIAYQVGTDATDAYKQFHVRSAKADi LKSLPSRPVHKGYSPRRADL IADFQEFTKQLEAEGMFEPSLPHVAYRLAEVIAMHVAGAALIWHGYTFAGIAMLGWQG RCGWLMHEGGHYSLTGNIAFDRAIQVACYGLGCGMSGAWWRNQHNKHHATPQKLQHDVD

LDTLPLVAFHERIAAKVKSPAMKAWLSMQAKLFAPVTTLLVALGWQLYLHPRHMLRT KH YDELAMLGIRYGLVGYLAANYGAGYVLACYLLYVQLGAMYIFCNFAVSHTHLPVVEPNE HATWVEYAANHTTNCSPSWWCDWWMSYLNYQIEHHLYPSMPQFRHPKIAPRVKQLFEKH GLHYDVRGYFEAMADTFANLDNVAHAPEKKMQ (SEQ ID NO: 17)

[0197] Peptides that were identified with 95% confidence and that yielded intense signals in the MS were selected for relative quantification. The 11 pepsin-derived and 12 trypsin-derived peptides that were selected from the digestion of the Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D protein are summarized in Tables 1-2. The selected peptides spanned the length of the protein. Details are shown in Tables 26 and 27

erentate y snge or ou e un er ne.

Table 27. Peptide MRM transitions for Pavsa-A5D trypsin products

ragment on mz; , co son energy n .

[0198] The digestibility of Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D in SGF was assessed by LC-MRM-MS method as described above. Characterization and quantification of the targeted peptic peptides showed the rapid degradation of Hisl0::Pavsa-A5D. The pepsin digestion data has been presented in FIG. 44 as the mean (n=5) relative percentage of the maximum detected MRM peak area (sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min).

[0199] Eleven peptides were monitored by LC-MRM-MS spanning the length of the protein. A number of the peptides characterized and quantified after pepsin digestion were cleavage variants (FIG. 44 (A)-(B), (C)-(D) and (I)-(J)). The black arrows in FIG. 44 indicate that the peptide in the left panel is cleaved further by pepsin to yield the peptide in the right panel. All peptic peptides monitored were produced rapidly (<15 min) and many reached an equilibrium over this time frame. The peptic peptides monitored may not represent the fully cleaved final product as pepsin is relatively non-specific. Several examples of pepsin proteolysis products contained missed cleavages, indicated by red font (expected cleavage sites) or orange font (potentially hindered sites) in the peptide sequences. These peptides are susceptible to further degradation, exemplified in FIG. 44 Panels (B), (D) and (J). In fact, only peptides

VKRHPGGKIIA (SEQ ID NO:5) and DNVAHAPEKKMQ (SEQ ID NO:5) contain no predicted secondary cleavage sites. The appearance of these peptides in the digest is taken as evidence of the degradation and therefore digestibility of the Pavsa-A5D protein. Seven of the eleven peptides monitored reached >75% of the maximum value at 5 min. The remaining five peptides had reached 55% of maximum peptide liberation by 5 min and all eleven had reached a plateau by 60 min in the pepsin time course (FIG. 44).

[0200] The rapid degradation of the Hisio::Pavsa-A5D protein demonstrated by the rapid increase of peptic peptides was further demonstrated by rapid decline of tryptic peptides in trypsin digestion after pepsin digestion (combined pepsin-trypsin digestion). The majority (9/12) of the tryptic peptides monitored after the pepsin digest show a rapid decline in the first 5-10 min and then a further decline over the remainder of the 60 min duration experiment (FIG. 45). The summed MRM peak area of the tryptic peptides without pepsin digestion (0 min) was used as the undigested control. The summed MRM peak area of the tryptic peptides after digestion of pepsin for 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min followed by trypsin were calculated as the percentage relative to the undigested control, as the indicator of the protein cleavage. It is estimated that >93% of the protein (taken as the average of all peptides) is cleaved after 60 min on the basis of the disappearance of these twelve tryptic peptides. Six of the twelve peptides were reduced rapidly to <1% of the undigested control (no pepsin digest) after only 5 min.

By 10 min, nine peptides were decreased to <10%. Only three of the twelve peptides monitored showed a slower degradation, wherein two peptides (FIG. 45, Panels (G), (J)) increased after 5 min of pepsin digestion implying that they were located in a partially protected region of the protein. Once pepsin had partially degraded the protein, these tryptic peptides were liberated and then decreased but at a slower rate than the other nine peptides monitored. Overall, it was observed that the peptides from the N-terminus through to middle region of the protein were liberated rapidly with <1% remaining after 5 min (Table 3). The C-terminal region of the protein also revealed degradation but at a lower rate with -70-80% degraded after 10 min.

[0201] Additionally, 99.9% of the full-length Pavsa-A5D protein was digested within min and six out of 12 peptides remained less than 0.2% after 60 min of incubation in pepsin. The combined pepsin-trypsin assay showed a rapid decline in the tryptic peptides that were used as a proxy for the presence of intact protein. This LC-MRM-MS approach, using twelve peptides that spanned the intact protein, provided an understanding of the kinetics of digestion and the susceptibility of specific regions of the protein to proteolysis, and detected Pavsa-A5D amounts as low as 7.80 femtomoles (injected on-column) which equates to -376 pg on a protein scale.

Example 8. LC-MS/MS analysis of Pyramimonas cordata A6-Elongase protein stability

[0202] This Example assess the in vitro stability of the Pyramimonas cordata A6-elongase (Pyrco-A6E) protein in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) comprising the proteolytic enzyme, pepsin, and in combination with a novel pepsin-trypsin assay employing state-of-the-art mass spectrometric approaches to monitor the precise degradation products. The extent of protein digestion was evaluated by the appearance of peptic products and the disappearance of tryptic peptide products (as a proxy for intact protein). This Example shows that this integral membrane protein, when analyzed by LC-MS/MS, was readily digestible in pepsin and/or trypsin: >95% of the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of Pyrco-A6E protein digested within 5 min and full- length protein was rapidly digested within 60 min of incubation in pepsin producing a suite of pepsin products <2,000 Da that spanned the entire peptide sequence.

[0203] This Δό-elongase gene was previously cloned from alga P. cordata. The Pyrco-ΔόΕ protein was expressed as a Hisio::tag fusion in insect cell lines (5/9) infected with recombinant baculovirus constructed using pFastBac vector (Invitrogen, DE) and then purified. The vector contained coding sequences encoding a His-tag (Hisio) and a PreScission protease cleavage site (SLEVLFQ^GP) fused to the codon optimized Pyrco-A6E gene to produce fusion protein Hisio::Pyrco-A6E.

[0204] The peptide fragments of Hisio::Pyrco-A6E persisting after pepsin digestion for 120 min were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS, and shown in bold (wave underline shows the N-terminal Hisl0: :tag and protease cleavage site followed by methionine of native Pyrco-ΔόΕ in the fusion protein):

MHHHHHHHiffi FAQPLVAMAQEQYAAIDAWAPAIFSATDSIGWGLKP

ISSATKDLPLVESPTPLILSLLAYFAIVGSGLVYRKVFPRTVKGQDPFLLKALMLAH NV FLIGLSLYMCLKLVYEAYVNKYSFWGNAYNPAQTEMAKVIWIFYVSKIYEFMDTFIMLL KG VNQVSFLHVYHHGSISGIWWMITYAAPGGDAYFSAAL SWVHVCMYTYYFMAAVLP KDEKTKRKYLWWGRYLTQMQMFQFFMNLLQAVYLLYSSSPYPKFIAQLLVVYMVTLLML FGNFYYMKHHASK (SEQ ID NO: 18)

[0205] The peptide fragments present after trypsin digestion (for 16 h) were characterized by untargeted LC-MS/MS as shown below, in which bold indicates peptides identified with >95% confidence, italics shows peptides identified with 50-95% confidence, and underlined indicates peptides identified with <50% confidence: lyfflHHj^ FAQPLVAMAQEQYAAIDAWAPAIFSATDSIGWGLKP

ISSATKDLPLVESPTPLILSLLAYFAIVGSGLVYRKVFPRTVKGQDPFLLKALMLAH NV FLIGLSLYMCLKLVYEAYVNKYSFWGNAYNPAQTEMAKVIWIFYVSKIYEFMDTFIMLL

KGNVNQVSFLHVYHHGSI SGIWWMITYAAPGGDAYFSAALNSWVHVCMYTYYFMAAVLP KDEKTKiRKYLWWGRYLTQMQMFQFFMNLLQAVYLLYSSSPYPKFIAQLLVVYMVTLLML FGNFYYMKHHASK (SEQ ID NO: 18)

[0206] Pepsin-derived peptides that were identified with 95% confidence and that yielded intense signals in the MS were selected for relative quantification. Twelve peptides were selected from the pepsin digestion of the Hisio::Pyrco-A6E protein, and four tryptic peptides, are summarized in Tables 29-30. The selected pepsin-derived peptides spanned the length of the protein.

ragment on mz; , co son energy n .

represents modified form: oxidation (Met).

[0207] Digestibility of Hisi ₀ ::Pyrco-A6E in SGF was assessed by LC-MRM-MS method as described above. Characterization and quantification of the targeted peptic peptides showed the rapid degradation of Hisio::Pyrco-A6E. The pepsin digestion data has been presented in FIG. 46 as the mean of four replicate digests relative percentage of the maximum detected MRM peak area (sum of three transitions) per peptide across the time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min).

[0208] The rapid degradation of the Hisio::Pyrco-A6E protein demonstrated by the rapid liberation of peptic peptides was further confirmed by the decline of the single tryptic peptide after trypsin digestion (in the combined pepsin-trypsin digestion). Four of the peptides characterized and quantified after pepsin digestion were cleavage variants (FIG. 46 Panels

(C)-(D), (G)-(H)). The black arrows in FIG. 46 indicate that the peptide in the left panel is cleaved further by pepsin to yield the peptide in the right panel. The N-terminal peptic peptides monitored were produced rapidly (<5 min, FIG. 46 Panels (A)-(C)) and reached an equilibrium over the experimental duration. The peptic peptides monitored may not represent the fully cleaved final product as pepsin is relatively non-specific. All of the displayed pepsin proteolysis products in FIG. 46 contained missed cleavages and are therefore susceptible to further degradation. In the case of the N-terminal peptide SATDSIGWGLKPISS (SEQ ID NO:4)

(FIG. 46 Panel (C)), this cleavage variant is produced rapidly reaching 97% after 5 min and then is rapidly cleaved to a range of products including WGLKPISS (SEQ ID NO:4) (FIG. 46

Panel (D)) which shows a steady increase over the experimental duration. The only peptide that might be considered a final product of pepsin digestion is VSKIYE (SEQ ID NO:4) wherein the lysine (K) located in the P3 position is likely to hinder further cleavage before Y (FIG. 46 Panel (H)). This peptide reaches a maximum level by 30 min before decreasing by -30% and the pepsin digestion profile directly mimicked its intermediate product YVSKIYE (SEQ ID NO:4) (FIG. 46 Panel (G)). The appearance of these peptides spanning the entire length of the protein in the pepsin digest is taken as evidence of the degradation and therefore digestibility of the Hisio::Pyrco-A6E protein.

[0209] In the case of the Hisio::Pyrco-A6E protein, fewer tryptic products were confidently identified and hence available for protein digestion monitoring. This was due to the decreased frequency and distribution of trypsin sites within the protein sequence resulting in few peptides amenable to LC-MS which were confined to the middle region of the protein. The first peptide monitored, GQDPF^L^L^K (SEQ ID NO:4), contained three potential pepsin cleavage sites (as indicated by the arrows) and it was expected that pepsin would cleave this peptide resulting in a decrease in peptide abundance over the time course of the pepsin digestion. After 5 min, however, the peptide peak area was noted to increase 4-fold, remain relatively constant over the next 10 min before proceeding to decline slowly over the next 45 min (FIG. 47 Panel (A)). A similar phenomenon was observed previously for a peptide derived from Pyrco-A5E wherein a 3-fold increase in the peak area of a tryptic peptide (SQPFGLK) (SEQ ID NO:6) was noted after 5 min incubation of the protein with pepsin. Both scenarios are postulated to arise from the peptides monitored residing within the core of the molecule, which in its native conformation is partially protected from trypsin digestion. After a short incubation with pepsin (5 min), the tertiary structure of the protein (Pyrco-A6E) is destroyed allowing full access to the tryptic sites and hence liberation of the tryptic peptide (GQDPFLLK) (SEQ ID NO:4) at its maximal level (FIG. 46 (A)). A similar profile was observed for the peptides VrW^F^Y^VSK and

YlSFWGNAY^NPAQTEMAK (FIG. 47(C)-(D)). In the case of LVY¾AY^VNK (FIG. 47 (B)), the maximum level was detected at 30 min decreasing by >70% at 60 min. The absence of detectable tryptic peptides derived from the N- and C-termini of the Pyrco-A6E protein precluded the determination of the final percentage degradation as determined for Picpa-co3D and Pavsa-A4D, the appearance of peptic products (FIG. 46) demonstrated that the Pyrco-A6E protein is digested by pepsin over the time course of the experiment with >95% cleavage of the N-terminal and C-terminal regions achieved in <5 min (FIG. 46 Panels (A)-(C), (L)).

Sequence Listing information:

SEQ ID NO:l, Picpa-a>3D

MSKVTVSGSEILEGSTKTVRRSGNVASFKQQKTAIDTFGNVFKVPDYTIKDILDAIPKHC YERSLVKSMS YWRDIVAISAIAYVGLTYIPLLPNEFLRFAAWSAYVFSISCFGFGIWILGHECGHSAFSN YGWVNDTVG WVLHSLVMVPYFSWKFSHAKHHKATGHMTRDMVFVPYTAEEFKEKHQVTSLHDIAEETPI YSVFALLFQQ LGGLSLYLATNATGQPYPGVSKFFKSHYWPSSPVFDKKDYWYIVLSDLGILATLTSVYTA YKVFGFWPTF ITWFCPWILVNHWLVFVTFLQHTDSSMPHYDAQEWTFAKGAAATIDREFGILGI IFHDI IETHVLHHYVS RIPFYHAREATECIKKVMGEHYRHTDENMWVSLWKTWRSCQFVENHDGVYMFRNCNNVGV KPKDT

SEQ ID NO:2, Lackl-A12D

MSAVTVTGSDPKNRGSSSNTEQEVPKVAIDTNGNVFSVPDFTIKDILGAIPHECYERRLA TSLYYVFRDI FCMLTTGYLTHKILYPLLISYTSNSI IKFTFWALYTYVQGLFGTGIWVLAHECGHQAFSDYGIVNDFVGW TLHSYLMVPYFSWKYSHGKHHKATGHMTRDMVFVPATKEEFKKSRNFFGNLAEYSEDSPL RTLYELLVQQ LGGWIAYLFVNVTGQPYPDVPSWKWNHFWLTSPLFEQRDALYIFLSDLGILTQGIVLTLW YKKFGGWSLF INWFVPYIWVNHWLVFITFLQHTDPTMPHYNAEEWTFAKGAAATIDRKFGFIGPHIFHDI IETHVLHHYC SRIPFYNARPASEAIKKVMGKHYRSSDENMWKSLWKSFRSCQYVDGDNGVLMFRNINNCG VGAAEK

SEQ ID NO:3, Micpu-A6D

MCPPKTDGRSSPRSPLTRSKSSAEALDAKDASTAPVDLKTLEPHELAATFETRWVRVEDV EYDVTNFKHP GGSVIFYMLANTGADATEAFKEFHMRSLKAWKMLRALPSRPAEIKRSESEDAPMLEDFAR WRAELERDGF FKPSITHVAYRLLELLATFALGTALMYAGYPIIASWYGAFFGARCGWVQHEGGHNSLTGS VYVDKRLQA MTCGFGLSTSGEMWNQMHNKHHATPQKVRHDMDLDTTPAVAFFNTAVEDNRPRGFSRAWA RLQAWTFVPV TSGLLVQAFWIYVLHPRQVLRKKNYEEASWMLVSHWRTAVIKLATGYSWPVAYWWFTFGN WIAYMYLFA HFSTSHTHLPWPSDKHLSWVNYAVDHTVDIDPSRGYVNWLMGYLNCQVIHHLFPDMPQFR QPEVSRRFV PFAKKWGLNYKVLSYYGAWKATFSNLDKVGQHYYVNGKAEKAH

SEQ ID NO:4, Pyrco-A6E

MEFAQPLVAMAQEQYAAIDAWAPAIFSATDSIGWGLKPISSATKDLPLVESPTPLILSLL AYFAIVGSG LVYRKVFPRTVKGQDPFLLKALMLAHNVFLIGLSLYMCLKLVYEAYVNKYSFWGNAYNPA QTEMAKVIWI FYVSKIYEFMDTFIMLLKGNVNQVSFLHVYHHGSISGIWWMITYAAPGGDAYFSAALNSW VHVCMYTYYF MAAVLPKDEKTKRKYLWWGRYLTQMQMFQFFMNLLQAVYLLYSSSPYPKFIAQLLWYMVT LLMLFGNFY YMKHHASK

SEQ ID NO:5, Pavsa-A5D

MPPRDSYSYAAPPSAQLHEVDTPQEHDKKELVIGDRAYDVTNFVKRHPGGKIIAYQVGTD ATDAYKQFHV RSAKADKMLKSLPSRPVHKGYSPRRADLIADFQEFTKQLEAEGMFEPSLPHVAYRLAEVI AMHVAGAALI WHGYTFAGIAMLGWQGRCGWLMHEGGHYSLTGNIAFDRAIQVACYGLGCGMSGAWWRNQH NKHHATPQK LQHDVDLDTLPLVAFHERIAAKVKSPAMKAWLSMQAKLFAPVTTLLVALGWQLYLHPRHM LRTKHYDELA MLGIRYGLVGYLAANYGAGYVLACYLLYVQLGAMYIFCNFAVSHTHLPWEPNEHATWVEY AANHTTNCS PSWWCDWWMSYLNYQIEHHLYPSMPQFRHPKIAPRVKQLFEKHGLHYDVRGYFEAMADTF ANLDNVAHAP EKKMQ

SEQ ID NO:6, Pyrco-A5E

MASIAIPAALAGTLGYVTYNVANPDIPASEKVPAYFMQVEYWGPTIGTIGYLLFIYFGKR IMQNRSQPFG LKNAMLVYNFYQTFFNSYCIYLFVTSHRAQGLKVWGNIPDMTANSWGISQVIWLHYNNKY VELLDTFFMV MRKKFDQLSFLHIYHHTLLIWSWFWMKLEPVGDCYFGSSA/ TFVHVIMYSYYGLAALGVNCFWKKYITQ IQMLQFCICASHSIYTAYVQNTAFWLPYLQLWVMVNMFVLFANFYRKRYKSKGAKKQ SEQ ID NO:7, Pavsa-A4D

MPPSAAKQMGASTGVHAGVTDSSAFTRKDVADRPDLTIVGDSVYDAKAFRSEHPGGAHFV SLFGGRDATE AFMEYHRRAWPKSRMSRFHVGSLASTEEPVAADEGYLQLCARIAKMVPSVSSGFAPASYW VKAGLILGSA IALEAYMLYAGKRLLPSIVLGWLFALIGLNIQHDANHGALSKSASVNLALGLCQDWIGGS MILWLQEHW MHHLHTNDVDKDPDQKAHGALRLKPTDAWSPMHWLQHLYLLPGETMYAFKLLFLDISELV MWRWEGEPIS KLAGYLFMPSLLLKLTFWARFVALPLYLAPSVHTAVCIAATVMTGSFYLAFFFFISHNFE GVASVGPDGS ITSMTRGASFLKRQAETSSNVGGPLLATLNGGLNYQIEHHLFPRVHHGFYPRLAPLVKAE LEARGIEYKH YPTIWSNLASTLRHMYALGRRPRSKAE

SEQ ID NO: 8

TEPQTPQEWIDDLER

SEQ ID NO:9

EATECIK

SEQ ID NO: 10

SCCAMQFVENHDGVYMFR

SEQ ID NO: 11

FHVGSLASTEEPVAADEGYLQLCAR

SEQ ID NO: 12

SLEVLFQGP

SEQ ID NO: 13

SWAVIGLPNDPSVR

SEQ ID NO: 14, His-tagged Picpa-co3D

HHHHHHHHSKGEELFTGWPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVRGEGEGDATNGKLTLKFICTTGKLP VPWPTLVTT LTYGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGTYKTRAEVKFEGDTLVNRI ELKGIDFKED GNILGHKLEYNFNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNVEDGSVQLADHYQQNTPIGDGPV LLPDNHYLST QSVLSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYKENLYFQGGSSKVTVSGSEILEGSTK TVRRSGNVAS FKQQKTAIDTFGNVFKVPDYTIKDILDAIPKHCYERSLVKSMSYWRDIVAISAIAYVGLT YIPLLPNEF LRFAAWSAYVFSISCFGFGIWILGHECGHSAFSNYGWVNDTVGWVLHSLVMVPYFSWKFS HAKHHKATGH MTRDMVFVPYTAEEFKEKHQVTSLHDIAEETPIYSVFALLFQQLGGLSLYLATNATGQPY PGVSKFFKSH YWPSSPVFDKKDYWYIVLSDLGILATLTSVYTAYKVFGFWPTFITWFCPWILVNHWLVFV TFLQHTDSSM PHYDAQEWTFAKGAAATIDREFGILGI IFHDIIETHVLHHYVSRIPFYHAREATECIKKVMGEHYRHTDE NMWVSLWKTWRSCQFVENHDGVYMFRNCNNVGVKPKDT

SEQ ID NO: 15, His-tagged Pyrco-A5E

MHHHHHHHHHHSLEVLFQGPMASIAIPAALAGTLGYVTYNVANPDIPASEKVPAYFMQVE YWGPTIGTIG YLLFIYFGKRIMQNRSQPFGLKNAMLVYNFYQTFFNSYCIYLFVTSHRAQGLKVWGNIPD MTANSWGISQ VIWLHYNNKYVELLDTFFMVMRKKFDQLSFLHIYHHTLLIWSWFWMKLEPVGDCYFGSSA / TFVHVIMY SYYGLAALGVNCFWKKYITQIQMLQFCICASHSIYTAYVQNTAFWLPYLQLWVMVNMFVL FANFYRKRYK SKGAKKQ

SEQ ID NO: 16, His-tagged Pavsa-A4D

MHHHHHHHHHHSLEVLFQGPMPPSAAKQMGASTGVHAGVTDSSAFTRKDVADRPDLTIVG DSVYDAKAFR SEHPGGAHFVSLFGGRDATEAFMEYHRRAWPKSRMSRFHVGSLASTEEPVAADEGYLQLC ARIAKMVPSV SSGFAPASYWVKAGLILGSAIALEAYMLYAGKRLLPSIVLGWLFALIGLNIQHDANHGAL SKSASVNLAL GLCQDWIGGSMILWLQEHWMHHLHTNDVDKDPDQKAHGALRLKPTDAWSPMHWLQHLYLL PGETMYAFK LLFLDISELVMWRWEGEPISKLAGYLFMPSLLLKLTFWARFVALPLYLAPSVHTAVCIAA TVMTGSFYLA FFFFISHNFEGVASVGPDGSITSMTRGASFLKRQAETSSNVGGPLLATLNGGLNYQIEHH LFPRVHHGFY PRLAPLVKAELEARGIEYKHYPTIWSNLASTLRHMYALGRRPRSKAE SEQ ID NO: 17, His-tagged Pavsa-A5D

MHHHHHHHHHHSLEVLFQGPMPPRDSYSYAAPPSAQLHEVDTPQEHDKKELVIGDRAYDV TNFVKRHPGG KIIAYQVGTDATDAYKQFHVRSAKADKMLKSLPSRPVHKGYSPRRADLIADFQEFTKQLE AEGMFEPSLP HVAYRLAEVIAMHVAGAALIWHGYTFAGIAMLGWQGRCGWLMHEGGHYSLTGNIAFDRAI QVACYGLGC GMSGAWWRNQHNKHHATPQKLQHDVDLDTLPLVAFHERIAAKVKSPAMKAWLSMQAKLFA PVTTLLVALG WQLYLHPRHMLRTKHYDELAMLGIRYGLVGYLAANYGAGYVLACYLLYVQLGAMYIFCNF AVSHTHLPW EPNEHATWVEYAANHTTNCSPSWWCDWWMSYLNYQIEHHLYPSMPQFRHPKIAPRVKQLF EKHGLHYDVR GYFEAMADTFANLDNVAHAPEKKMQ

SEQ ID NO: 18, His-tagged Pyrco-ΔόΕ

MHHHHHHHHHHSLEVLFQGPMEFAQPLVAMAQEQYAAIDAWAPAIFSATDSIGWGLKPIS SAT KDLPLVESPTPLILSLLAYFAIVGSGLVYRKVFPRTVKGQDPFLLKALMLAHNVFLIGLS LYMC LKLVYEAYVNKYSFWGNAYNPAQTEMAKVIWIFYVSKIYEFMDTFIMLLKGNVNQVSFLH VYHH GSISGIWWMITYAAPGGDAYFSAALNSWVHVCMYTYYFMAAVLPKDEKTKRKYLWWGRYL TQMQ MFQFFMNLLQAVYLLYSSSPYPKFIAQLLWYMVTLLMLFGNFYYMKHHASK