1.0 CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 63/391220 filed July 21, 2022 titled “LIQUEFIED GAS ELECTROLYTE CONTAINER APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DISPENSING”. This application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[002] This application is related to the applications and patents, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety: US 10,608,284 issued on 3/31/20; US 10,988,143 issued on 5/4/21; US 10,784,532 issued on 9/22/20; PCT/US19/032413 filed on 5/15/19;

PCT/US20/26086 filed on 4/1/20; US 11,088,396 issued on 8/10/21; US 11,049,668 issued on 6/29/21; US 10,873,070 issued on 12/22/20; US Application 63/195592 filed on 6/1/21; US Application 16/666155 filed on 10/28/19; US Application 17/326093 filed on 5/20/21; US Application 63/306396 filed on 2/3/22; and US Application 63/328480 filed on 4/7/22.

2.0 STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED R&D

[003] None.

3.0 FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[004] Embodiments of the invention relate to an apparatus and method for mass delivery of liquefied gas solvent for the preparation of electrochemical energy storage devices. 4.0 BACKGROUND

[005] Preparation of liquefied gas electrolytes (LGE) requires accurate and efficient flow control mechanisms. Temperature monitoring of the LGE container may enable efficient and accurate flow control during the preparation processes. Flow control is commonly achieved using electronic mass flow controllers (MFCs). MFCs, however, are typically not configured in flow systems to utilize temperature feedback from the source or receiving containers.

[006] If the LGE container temperature increases during the preparation of LGE, a backpressure that exceeds the MFC’s operation window could negatively impact the flow rate or accuracy of the MFC. These effects may impact the performance of electrochemical devices fabricated using liquefied gas solvents.

[007] The prior art has demonstrated the performance of electrochemical devices are greatly affected by the mass and composition of the electrolyte. Deviations in the mass of electrolyte can negatively impact the performance of electrochemical devices. For instance, too little electrolyte may not allow full utilization of all the electrode capacity within the device Furthermore, too much electrolyte lowers the energy density of the electrochemical device through an increase in mass. Similarly, deviations in the composition of electrolyte can negatively impact the performance of electrochemical devices. For instance, inaccurate ratios of one electrolyte component to another may not allow full utilization of all the electrode capacity within the device.

[008] It is therefore necessary to prepare an electrochemical device with an accurate electrolyte mass and composition in order to match specified energy densities. A need exists for an apparatus and method utilizing temperature feedback to improve accuracy and efficiency during the LGE preparation process. 5.0 SUMMARY

[009] Methods and structures are disclosed to fill a container with a liquefied gas solvent that has a vapor pressure above an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa at a room temperature of 293.15 K. The method includes providing a fill setup that has a mass flow controller (MFC), a liquefied gas solvent source connected to the MFC, and a container connected to the MFC, wherein the container comprises a salt and a temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the liquefied gas electrolyte when present in the container. A processor connected to the MFC and the temperature sensor is used to receive temperature readings from the temperature sensors and actuate the flow rate on the MFC The flow rate is adjusted to maintain temperature readings from the temperature sensor below a predetermined maximum temperature. The liquefied gas solvent mixes with the salt in the container to form a liquefied gas electrolyte.

[010] The method may include pre-loading the container with a non-salt component.

[011] The method may include setting a pre-determined maximum temperature for the temperature sensor, and adjusting the flow rate on the MFC to maintain temperature readings below the pre-determined maximum temperature.

[012] Methods and structures are disclosed to dispense a liquefied gas electrolyte from a LGE container The LGE comprises a liquefied gas solvent having a vapor pressure above 100 kPa at a temperature of 293. 15 K and a salt. The container comprises a temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the liquefied gas electrolyte within the liquefied gas electrolyte container. The container temperature is controlled using a temperature control element, and a processor connected to the temperature sensor and the temperature control element. The LGE is transferred from the container to a secondary container through a valve. The method includes the following steps: (a) opening the valve to allow liquefied gas electrolyte to flow from the liquefied gas electrolyte container into the secondary container; (b) taking readings from the temperature sensor; (c) based on the temperature readings, heating the liquefied gas electrolyte container to maintain the temperature of the liquefied gas electrolyte container at a predetermined temperature or temperature range.

[013] The method may include a secondary container which is an electrochemical device. The setup may include electrochemical devices such as a battery or capacitor.

[014] The method may include a predetermined temperature range for the container of 303.15 K +/- 2 K. Similarly, the method may include a predetermined temperature range for the secondary container of 293.15 K +/- 5 K.

[015] Additional aspects, alternatives and variations, as would be apparent to persons of skill in the art, are also disclosed herein and are specifically contemplated as included as part of the invention. The invention is set forth only in the claims as allowed by the patent office in this or related applications, and the following summary descriptions of certain examples are not in any way to limit, define or otherwise establish the scope of legal protection.

6.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[016] FIG 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container.

[017] FIG 2 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container, which includes additional pressure and flow control components. [018] FIG 3 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container, where the liquefied gas source and/or gas delivery line are temperature controlled.

[019] FIG 4 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container, where the gas line between the valve and the container is temperature controlled.

[020] FIG 5 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container, where the gas line between the source cylinder and the mass flow controller is temperature controlled.

[021] FIG 6 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container, where a heat exchanger is used to cool the gas entering the container

[022] FIG 7 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas solvent delivery to a container, where two or more liquefied gas solvent sources are connected in parallel to the container.

[023] FIG 8 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container.

[024] FIG 9 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container, which includes a loading volume.

[025] FIG 10 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container, where the secondary container is cooled using a heat sink. [026] FIG 11 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container, where the liquefied gas flow is controlled using a liquid mass flow controller.

[027] FIG 12 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container, where the liquefied gas electrolyte is dispensed through a dip tube.

[028] FIG 13 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container, where a temperature controlled reservoir is filled prior to the secondary container.

[029] FIG 14 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus for liquefied gas electrolyte dispensing to a secondary container similar to FIG 10, where the valves are mass flow controllers connected to the processor.

7.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[030] Reference is made herein to some specific examples of the present invention, including any best modes contemplated by the inventor for carrying out the invention. Examples of these specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying figures. While the invention is described in conjunction with these specific embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to the described or illustrated embodiments. To the contrary, they are intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[031] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. Particular example embodiments of the present invention may be implemented without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, process operations well-known to persons of skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure unnecessarily the present invention. Various techniques and mechanisms of the present invention will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be noted that some embodiments include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple mechanisms, unless noted otherwise. Similarly, various steps of the methods shown and described herein are not necessarily performed in the order indicated, or performed at all, in certain embodiments. Accordingly, some implementations of the methods discussed herein may include more or fewer steps than those shown or described. Further, the techniques and mechanisms of the present invention will sometimes describe a connection, relationship or communication between two or more entities. It should be noted that a connection or relationship between entities does not necessarily mean a direct, unimpeded connection, as a variety of other entities or processes may reside or occur between any two entities Consequently, an indicated connection does not necessarily mean a direct, unimpeded connection, unless otherwise noted

[032] The following list of example features corresponds with the attached figures and is provided for ease of reference, where like reference numerals designate corresponding features throughout the specification and figures:

[033] 1- Source cylinder

[034] 2- Tubing

[035] 3- Mass Flow Controller

[036] 4- Container

[037] 5- Salt

[038] 6- Liquefied Gas Electrolyte [039] 7- Temperature Sensor

[040] 8- Processor

[041] 9- Heat Sink

[042] 10- Isolation Valve

[043] 11- Downstream Isolation Valve

[044] 12- Container Isolation Valve

[045] 13- Waste Volume

[046] 14- Pressure Transducer

[047] 15- Evacuation Valve

[048] 16- Vacuum Pump

[049] 17- Temperature Control Element

[050] 18- Temperature Control Element

[051] 19-Temperature Control Element

[052] 20- Heat Exchanger

[053] 21- Gas Delivery Line

[054] 22.1- Liquefied Gas Source 22. 1

[055] 22.x- Parallel Liquefied Gas Sources

[056] 23.1- Gas Delivery Line

[057] 23.x- Parallel Gas Delivery Lines

[058] 24- Secondary Container

[059] 25- Temperature Control Element

[060] 26- Loading Volume

[061] 27- Loading Volume Isolation Valve [062] 28- Temperature Sensor

[063] 29- Heat Sink

[064] 30- Temperature Sensor

[065] 31 - Liquid Mass Flow Controller

[066] 32- Isolation Valve

[067] 33- Dip Tube

[068] 34- Isolation Vale

[069] 35- Reservoir

[070] 36- Temperature Sensor

[071] 37- Isolation Valve

[072] 38- Isolation Valve

[073] 39- Temperature Control Element

[074] The proposed novel methods of LGE preparation use a container with a temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the liquefied gas electrolyte within the container. The proposed setup for LGE preparation includes a liquefied gas solvent source, a flow controller, a container containing a salt, a temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the LGE, and a processor connected to both the temperature sensor and flow controller. During LGE preparation, the liquefied gas solvent flow rate is controlled using a mass flow controller, and the flow rate is set by a processor connected to the flow controller. The processor is also connected to the temperature sensor which monitors the temperature of the LGE during the liquefied gas solvent fill step.

[075] In some embodiments, the container may be initially cooled to a temperature lower than the temperature of the liquefied gas solvent source. As the liquefied gas solvent fills the container, significant heat may be released to the container and cause the temperature of the LGE to increase. If the LGE temperature increases, the vapor pressure inside the container may exceed the backpressure limits of the mass flow controller and compromise the MFC accuracy.

[076] To mitigate the rate of heating due to liquefied gas solvent filling, the processor may reduce the MFC flow rate. The processor may use temperature feedback from the temperature sensor and adjust the MFC flow rate to ensure the backpressure on the MFC is not exceeded. The processor may optimize the MFC flow rate during liquefied gas solvent filling to minimize the time required to prepare the LGE.

7.1 EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[077] What follows are 4 non-limited examples showing various embodiments of the present invention. One such embodiment is illustrated in FIG 1. In setup 100-1, the liquefied gas is supplied by a liquefied gas solvent source 1 (shown throughout this disclosure as a cylinder). The liquefied gas solvent may include one or more of the following; fluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, fluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1- difluoroethane, 1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane, 1, 1,2-trifluoroethane, 1, 1, 1,2- tetrafluoroethane, 1 , 1 ,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, chloromethane, chloroethane, thionyl fluoride, thionyl chloride fluoride, phosphoryl fluoride, phosphoryl chloride fluoride, sulfuryl fluoride, sulfuryl chloride fluoride, 1 -fluoropropane, 2-fluoropropane, 1,1- difluoropropane, 1,2-difluoropropane, 2, 2-fluoropropane, 1,1,1 -trifluoropropane, 1,1,2- trifluoropropane, 1,2,2-trifluoropropane, fluoroethylene, cis-l,2-fluoroethylene, 1,1- fluoroethylene, 1-fluoropropylene, 2-propylene, chlorine, chloromethane, bromine, iodine, ammonia, molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dimethyl ether, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, combination thereof, and isomers thereof. The components of the gas delivery apparatus are connected by metal, plastic, or ceramic tubing 2.

In some embodiments, the components of the gas delivery apparatus are connected by tubing or piping of variable size. In some embodiments, the tubing may be 1/16-inch, 1/8-inch, 1/4-inch, 1/2-inch, 1-inch, or 2-inch outer diameter. In some embodiments, the pipe size may be 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 or greater nominal pipe size.

[001] The vapor of the liquefied gas solvent is passed through a mass flow controller (MFC) 3. The MFC 3 may include, but is not limited to, thermal type flow controllers or Coriolis type flow controllers. The MFC 3 has an upstream pressure Pl and a downstream pressure P2. Sufficient pressure difference between the Pl and P2 is necessary for accurate MFC 3 operation as discussed herein. The upstream pressure Pl is the operating pressure of MFC 3. The downstream pressure P2 is approximately 15 pounds per square inch less than Pl . In preferred embodiments the pressure difference P1-P2 can be greater than 0.1 psi, preferably greater than 1 psi, more preferably greater than 10 psi. The vapor of the liquefied gas solvent is transferred through the MFC 3 into the container 4 where it mixes with salt 5 to form a liquefied gas electrolyte 6. The container 4 may be any suitable metal, ceramic, or plastic apparatus capable of holding a liquefied gas electrolyte that has a vapor pressure above an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa at a temperature of 293.15 K. The container 4 may be any suitable size for containing the LGE. In some embodiments the container 4 may be larger than 1 cubic centimeter, larger than 10 cubic centimeters, larger than 100 cubic centimeters, larger than 1000 cubic centimeters, larger than 10000 cubic centimeters, larger than 100000 cubic centimeters, or larger than 1000000 cubic centimeters. The salt 5 may include one or more of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiC104), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlC14), lithium tetragaliumaluminate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium hexafluorostannate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), lithium bis(fluorosulfbnyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium aluminum fluoride (LiAlF3), lithium nitrate (LiN03), lithium chloroaluminate, lithium tetrafluoroborate (L1BF4), lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate, lithium difluorobi s(oxalato)phosphate, lithium borate, lithium oxolate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachlorogallate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium carbonate, lithium fluoride, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitride, lithium super oxide, lithium azide, lithium deltate, di-lithium squarate, lithium croconate dihydrate, dilithium rhodizonate, lithium oxalate, di-lithium ketomalonate, lithium diketosuccinate or any corresponding salts with the positive charged lithium cation substituted for sodium or magnesium or any combinations thereof. Further useful salts include those with positively charged cations such as tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, triethylmethylammonium ammonium, spiro-(l,l')- bipyrrolidinium, 1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium, and 1,1-diethylpyrrolidinium, N,N-diethyl-N- methyl-N(2methoxyethyl)ammonium, N,N-Diethyl-N-methyl-N-propylammonium, N,N- dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-(3-methoxypropyl)ammonium, N,N-Dimethyl-N-ethyl-N- benzyl Ammonium, N,N-Dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-phenylethylammonium, N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, N-Tributyl-N-methylammonium, N-Trimethyl-N- hexylammonium, N-Trimethyl-N-butylammonium, N-Trimethyl-N-propylammonium, 1,3- Dimethylimidazolium, l-(4-Sulfobutyl)-3-methylimidazolium, l-Allyl-3H-imidazolium, 1- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium, l-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, l-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1- Octyl-3-methylimidazolium, 3 -Methyl- 1-propylimidazolium, H-3-Methylimidazolium, Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, N-Butyl-N-methylpiperidinium, N-Propyl-N- methylpiperidinium, 1 -Butyl- 1 -Methylpyrrolidinium, 1 -Methyl- 1 -(2- m ethoxy ethyl)pyrrolidinium, 1 -Methyl- 1 -(3 -methoxypropyl)pyrrolidinium, 1 -Methyl- 1 - octylpyrrolidinium, 1 -Methyl- 1-pentylpyrrolidinium, or N-methylpyrrolidinium paired with negatively charged anions such as acetate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalate)borate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfbnyl)imide, bromide, chloride, dicyanamide, diethyl phosphate, hexafluorophosphate, hydrogen sulfate, iodide, methanesulfonate, methyl-phophonate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoroborate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate, combinations thereof, and isomers thereof.

[078] The temperature of the LGE is detected using a temperature sensor 7. The temperature sensor 7 may be enclosed in any suitable feedthrough housing such as a dip tube. The temperature sensor 7 may be any sensor capable of a wide dynamic range such as a thermocouple. In some embodiments the temperature sensor 7 may be a resistive based sensor, a semiconductor based sensor, or a thermistor. The temperature sensor 7 is connected to a processor 8. The processor 8 provides an initial flow rate setting on the MFC 3 and continuously monitors the flow rate during the liquefied gas solvent filling process. The processor 8 also monitors the temperature of the LGE via the temperature sensor 7 and adjusts the flow rate of MFC 3 if the temperature of the LGE 8 increases above a pre-determined maximum temperature. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the pre-determined maximum temperature will correlate with a specific vapor pressure of the LGE 8. The LGE 8 vapor pressure may be the same as the downstream pressure P2. Therefore, the pre-determined maximum temperature of the LGE 8 may correspond to a predetermined pressure difference P1-P2 as discussed above. The container 4 may be in contact with a heat sink 9, that is connected and regulated by the processor 8. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that maintaining the container 4 at a temperature lower than that of the source 1 will allow condensation of the liquefied gas solvent into container 4. Heat sink 9 may be connected to a refrigeration unit so that container 4 can be cooled below room temperature. Container 4 may be cooled to less than 50 degrees Celsius, preferably to less than 25 degrees Celsius, more preferably to less than 0 degrees Celsius, even more preferably to less than -20 degrees Celsius. Heat sink 9 may comprise a thermally conductive material in contact with the container 4. Heat sink 9 may be, but is not limited to, a solid container, a bed of metal shot, a liquid bath, an ice bath, a dry ice bath, or a gas flow. The refrigeration unit may be, but is not limited to, a circulating chiller, Peltier cooler, or a refrigerated gas. Container 4 may also be pre-cooled below the liquefied gas solvent source 1 temperature to enable condensation of liquefied gas into the container 4. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, container 4 is maintained at temperatures below the liquefied gas solvent source 1 temperature.

[079] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. In setup 100-2, the liquefied gas solvent is supplied from a liquefied gas solvent source 1. The vapor of the liquefied gas solvent is passed through an upstream isolation valve 10, the mass flow controller 3, a downstream isolation valve 11, and a container isolation valve 12. The section of tubing between downstream isolation valve 11 and container isolation valve 12 is defined as the waste volume 13, which has a pressure transducer 14 connected to processor 8 to monitor the pressure.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the pressure monitor can be used to calculate the density of the vapor in waste volume 13. The mass of vapor in waste volume 13 can be calculated and accounted for when delivering liquefied gas solvent to container 4. When container 4 has been filled, container isolation valve 12 is closed and waste volume 13 is evacuated through evacuation valve 15 and pump 16. Accounting for the waste volume 13 may improve accuracy of the liquefied gas solvent delivery to container 4.

[080] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 3. In setup 100-3, the temperature of the liquefied gas solvent source 1, isolation valve 10, tubing 2, and MFC 3 are controlled by a temperature control element 17 that may be connected to the processor 8, and may further comprise a temperature sensor. In one embodiment, the temperature deviation between the liquefied gas solvent source 1 and the gas delivery lines is less than 10 degrees Celsius, preferably less than 5 degrees Celsius, more preferably less than 1 degree Celsius, even more preferably less than 0. 1 degrees Celsius. The temperature may be controlled to be higher than room temperature. The temperature may be controlled between -30 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, preferably between 0 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 20 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius. The processor may control the temperature control element 17 to maintain a variance of temperature to within +/- 2.0 degrees Celsius, and more preferably to within 0.5 degrees Celsius during the fill process. As the liquefied gas solvent source 1 delivers gas during the fill process, it will cool, and the variation in temperature of the gas may affect the accuracy of the MFC 3. By using a temperature control element 17 to maintain a near constant temperature during the fill process, the inaccuracies of the MFC 3 can be minimized. Those skilled in the art recognize that the temperature of the liquefied gas solvent source 1 may be adjusted to provide sufficient vapor pressure and flow rate. The temperature control element 17 may be, but is not limited to, a heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures. [081] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 4. In setup 100-4, the downstream side of valve 11 (which is also the waste volume) is temperature controlled using a temperature control element 18 (that may be connected to the processor 8, and may further comprise a temperature sensor). The temperature may be controlled between -30 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, preferably between 0 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 20 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius. The temperature control element 18 may be, but is not limited to, heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures. The temperature control element 18 (through the processor 8) may maintain a variance of temperature within the waste volume to within +/- 2.0 degrees Celsius, and more preferably to within 0.5 degrees Celsius. The temperature control element 18 may be set to a certain preset temperature, and that set temperature can be used, along with the pressure reading from the pressure sensor 14, to determine the gas mass in the waste volume. This method may further improve the accuracy of liquefied gas solvent delivery to container 4.

[082] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 5. In setup 100-5, the temperature of isolation valve 10, and tubing 2, between liquefied gas solvent source 1 and MFC 3 are controlled by a temperature control element 19 (that may be connected to the processor 8, and may further comprise a temperature sensor). One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the temperature between gas outlet of liquefied gas solvent source 1 and MFC 3 may be adjusted to be higher than the of liquefied gas solvent source 1 to prevent condensation of liquefied gas. The temperature control element 19 may be, but is not limited to, a heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures.

[083] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG. 6. In setup 100-6, there is a heat exchanger 20 upstream of container 4. The heat exchanger 20 cools the incoming gas to container 4. The heat exchanger may cool the gas to less than 50 degrees Celsius, less than 20 degrees Celsius, less than 0 degrees Celsius, less than negative 20 degrees Celsius, less than negative 40 degrees Celsius or less than negative 60 degrees Celsius. The gas condenses above container 4 and flows into container 4 to mix the salt 5 and form LGE 6. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that use of heat exchanger 20 may improve the collection of condensed liquefied gas solvent into container 4.

[084] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 7. The setup 100-7 comprises of two or more parallel gas delivery lines supplying liquefied gas solvent to the container 4. Liquefied gas source 1 is connected to gas delivery line 21, and liquefied gas source 22.1 is connected to gas delivery line 23 1, and both gas delivery lines 21 and 23.1 are delivering gas to the container 4. This embodiment may be extended to any plurality of liquefied gas sources and gas delivery lines (shown as liquefied gas sources 22.x and gas delivery lines 23.x, all of which connect and deliver gas to container 4). The gas delivery lines may comprise of the components of any of the above embodiments for delivering accurate masses of liquefied gas solvent at the desired flow rates. The different gasses may be delivered to container 4 simultaneously or in series.

[085] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 8. In setup 100-8, the container 4, container isolation valve 12, liquefied gas electrolyte 6, and temperature sensor 7, are used for dispensing LGE 6 into a secondary container 24. The secondary container 24 may be any suitable metal, ceramic, or plastic apparatus capable of holding a liquefied gas electrolyte that has a vapor pressure above an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa at a temperature of 293. 15

K. Secondary container 24 may be an electrochemical device such as a battery or capacitor.

When the container isolation valve 12 opens, the LGE 6 flows from container 4 to secondary container 24. Processor 8 monitors temperature sensor 7 and controls temperature control element 25. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that during the fdling process, the liquid volume in container 4 decreases during the filling process which results in vaporization of the LGE 6 into the headspace of container 4. This vaporization process removes heat from the LGE 6 surroundings and may lower the temperature of the LGE 6 If the LGE 6 temperature decreases, the LGE density may change and reduce the accuracy of the mass of LGE transferred to the secondary container 19. The headspace vapor pressure of the LGE may also be reduced if the LGE temperature decreases. The apparatus may use a pressure differential between the container 4, and the secondary container 24 to facilitate LGE transfer. If the headspace vapor pressure is reduced, the LGE transfer efficiency may be reduced. Therefore, a temperature control element 25 is used to provide heat to container 4 to maintain a constant temperature. The temperature may be controlled between -30 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, preferably between 20 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 30 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius. The temperature control element 25 may be, but is not limited to, heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures. The temperature control element 25 may maintain a variance of temperature within the container to within +/- 2.0 degrees Celsius, and more preferably to within 0.5 degrees Celsius.

[086] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 9. In setup 100-9, the container 4 dispenses LGE 6 into an intermediate container, referred to as a loading volume 26. LGE 6 is transferred from container 4 when container isolation valve 12 is opened to loading volume 26. During this step, isolation valve 27 is closed and LGE 6 completely fills loading volume 26. Isolation valve 12 is then closed. In a subsequent step, loading volume isolation valve 27 opens and loading volume 26 dispenses LGE 6 into secondary container 24. Loading volume 26 may be any suitable metal, ceramic, or plastic apparatus capable of holding a liquefied gas electrolyte that has a vapor pressure above an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa at a temperature of 293. 15 K. Loading volume 26 may be a constructed to a pre-determined volume to dispense an accurate mass of LGE 6 into secondary container 24. A temperature sensor 28 is connected to the loading volume 26 and the processor 8 to monitor the temperature. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that both the container 4, and loading volume 26, should be maintained at the same temperature to have a uniform density within the LGE 6. A known, uniform density of the LGE 6 may be required for accurate mass delivery of LGE 6 into the secondary container 24. Therefore, a temperature control element 25 is used to maintain a constant, uniform temperature in container 4 and loading volume 26. The temperature may be controlled between -30 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, preferably between 20 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 30 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius. The temperature control element 25 may be, but is not limited to, heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures. The temperature control element 25 may maintain a variance of temperature within the container to within +/- 2.0 degrees Celsius, and more preferably to within 0.5 degrees Celsius.

[087] The flow of LGE 6 from loading volume 26, into secondary container 24 may be facilitated by a pressure differential. Secondary container 24 may initially be evacuated to a pressure below 14.7 psi, at a room temperature of 293. 15 K. When loading volume isolation valve 27 opens the LGE 6 will dispense into secondary container 24 and partially vaporize in the secondary container headspace. To achieve efficient flow of LGE 6 into secondary container 24, loading volume 26 may be heated to a higher temperature than secondary container 24 so that the vapor pressure within loading volume 26 is always higher than the vapor pressure in secondary container 24. In one embodiment, the temperature difference between the loading volume 26 and secondary container 24 is greater than 1 degree Celsius, preferably greater than 5 degrees Celsius, more preferably greater than 10 degrees Celsius.

[088] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 10. In setup 100-10, the secondary container 24 has a heat sink 29 and a temperature sensor 30, both of which are connected to the processor 8. The heat sink 29 may be used to remove heat from the secondary container 24 as it is filled with LGE 6 so that the secondary container 24 maintains a constant temperature during the LGE 6 fill process. The heat sink 29 may be used to maintain the temperature difference between loading volume 26 and secondary container 24 as discussed above. Temperature sensor 30 may be connected to processor 8 so that processor 8 can monitor the temperature difference between loading volume 26 and secondary container 24, and regulate the heat sink as necessary.

[089] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 11. In setup 100-11, a liquid mass flow controller 31 is used to transfer LGE 6 from container 4 into secondary container 24. Liquid mass flow controller 31 may be a thermal, Coriolis, magnetic inductive, or vortex type. Liquid mass flow controller 31 may be connected to processor 8 so that a pre-determined mass of LGE 6 may be input to processor 8 and automatically dispensed using the liquid mass flow controller 31.

[090] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 12. In setup 100-12, the apparatus is oriented so that container isolation valve 32 is above container 4, and a dip tube 33 extends from container isolation valve 32 into LGE 6. LGE 6 is transferred through dip tube 33, through the container isolation valve 32, through valve 34, and into secondary container 24.

LGE 6 may be transferred from container 4 to secondary container 24 by utilizing a pressure differential between the two containers. Therefore, a temperature control element 35 is used to maintain a constant, uniform temperature in container 4, and a heat sink 36 is used to remove heat from secondary container 24. The secondary container 24 may initially be evacuated to a pressure below 15 psia, at a room temperature of 293.15 K. The processor 8 may receive temperature measurements from temperature sensor 7 and regulate temperature control element 20 so that the temperature of container 4 and LGE 6 are maintained at a pre-determined set point The processor may also regulate heat sink 29 based on readings from temperature sensor 30. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that having container 4 at a higher temperature than secondary container 24 will result in a greater pressure in container 4 than in secondary container 24 and facilitate LGE 6 flow from container 4 into secondary container 24. The temperature of container 4 may be controlled between -30 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, preferably between 20 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 30 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius. The temperature control element 20 may be, but is not limited to, heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures.

The temperature control element 20 may maintain a variance of temperature within the container to within +/- 2.0 degrees Celsius, and more preferably to within 0.5 degrees Celsius. The heat sink 29 on secondary container 24 may be connected to a refrigeration unit so that the secondary container 24 can be cooled to room temperature or below. The secondary container 24 may be cooled to less than 50 degrees Celsius, preferably to less than 25 degrees Celsius, more preferably to less than 20 degrees Celsius. The heat sink 29 may comprise a thermally conductive material in contact with the secondary container 24. The heat sink 29 may be, but is not limited to, a solid container, a bed of metal shot, a liquid bath, an ice bath, a dry ice bath, or a gas flow. The refrigeration unit may be, but is not limited to, a circulating chiller, Peltier cooler, or a refrigerated gas. In one embodiment, the temperature difference between container 4, and secondary container 24 is greater than 1 degree Celsius, preferably greater than 5 degrees Celsius, more preferably greater than 10 degrees Celsius. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the secondary container 24 is maintained at temperatures near room temperature, 20 degrees Celsius. The temperature of secondary container 24 may be monitored by temperature sensor 30 connected to processor 8.

[091] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 13. In setup 100-13, the apparatus includes a reservoir 35 with a temperature sensor 36, a valve 37 isolating the reservoir from the tubing connected to valve 12 and container 4, a loading volume 26 with a temperature sensor 28, a valve 38 separating the reservoir 38 loading volume 26, and a temperature control element 39. The reservoir 35 is filled with LGE 6 from container 4 using a similar method as discussed above. The temperature of the reservoir 35, and loading volume 26, is maintained below the temperature of container 4 to facilitate LGE 6 flow with a pressure difference. The temperature control element 39, temperature sensor 28, and temperature sensor 36 are connected to processor 8 to maintain a temperature less than temperature sensor 7. In preferred embodiments, the temperature difference is greater than 1 degree Celsius, greater than 5 degrees Celsius, or greater than 10 degrees Celsius. In preferred embodiments, the temperature of reservoir 35 and loading volume 26 is controlled between -30 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, preferably between 20 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, more preferably between 30 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius. The temperature control element 39 may be, but is not limited to, heating blankets, heating tape, heating rope, or thermally regulated enclosures. The temperature control element 39 may maintain a variance of temperature within the container to within +/- 2.0 degrees Celsius, and more preferably to within 0.5 degrees Celsius. The reservoir 35 may improve accuracy of LGE 6 delivery to secondary container 24 by allowing the LGE 6 to thermally equilibrate prior to delivery to secondary container 24.

[092] Another embodiment of this invention is illustrated in FIG 14. In setup 100-14 is similar to the setup 100-13 shown in FIG 13, except that the valves 37. 38, 27, and 32 are mass flow controllers connected to the processor 8. In this setup 100-14, the processor 8 can actuate the mass flow controllers of valves 32, 37 and 38 to regulate the flow between the container 4 and the reservoir 35. Similarly, the processor can actuate the mass flow controllers of valves 37, 38, and 27 to regulate the flow between reservoir 35 and secondary container 24. The regulation of flow can be used in conjunction with the temperature control elements 20 and 39, along with heat sink 29, to maintain the optimal temperature for filing the reservoir 35 and/or filing the secondary container 24.

[093] Although exemplary embodiments and applications of the invention have been described herein including as described above and shown in the included example Figures, there is no intention that the invention be limited to these exemplary embodiments and applications or to the manner in which the exemplary embodiments and applications operate or are described herein. Indeed, many variations and modifications to the exemplary embodiments are possible as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art The invention may include any device, structure, method, or functionality, as long as the resulting device, system or method falls within the scope of one of the claims that are allowed by the patent office based on this or any related patent application.