Description of Device Principle and Embodiments

If the rotation of the polarization plane is insufficient to produce a high contrast-high brightness effect, this may be remedied by letting the light pass the cell twice _* using a reflector. In this case the optimum condition is recovered when a quarterplate retarder is inserted between the reflector and the liquid crystal which has to be a halfwave plate of a material with a tilt θ of 11.25 degrees. Such a value of the tilt, or apparent tilt, is indeed common in many SSFLC cells. A difficulty with this design is that the property of being a halfwave of a quarterwave plate can be fulfilled only for a certain wavelength λ. If not properly made, the design of the compound cell will add the chromaticity of the parts so that the cell is more chromatic than either component. On the contrary, with axis directions carefully chosen, a compensation of the wavelength dependence can be achieved so that the combination is nearly achromatic, i.e. with a flat wavelength transmission characteristics, thus Well adapted to process even white light. v .

A second method to increase an unsufficient rotation of the polarization plane is to use several liquid- crystal cells, in series eventually glued into one unit. Again, if this is just made in a repetitive way, the wavelength de¬ pendence of the elements will add to an undesired chrom¬ aticity, whereas the combination can be roade^ essentially achromatic already in a double cell, by choositag the optic axes orthogonal instead of parallel.

If ferroelectric or electroclinic materials are used for the implementation of (reflective, double or multiple cell) devices described below does not, generally speak-

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ing, alter the optical design of these devices. Their use and performance will be different according to the util¬ ized materials. Both give very rapid (submicrosecond) electrooptic response.

Whereas the SSFLC cells are characterized by a pronounced threshold, and may switch between two bistable states, the SMFLC cells have no threshold, an induced tilt angle in¬ creasing linearly with the applied field E (cf. Figure 2) and therefore an electrically controlled, continuous grey- -scale. It is of course also possible to add or mix these properties in a device, filling the different component cells with different materials, ferroelectric and electro- clinic, respectively.

One of the most attractive devices for real-time optical processing, incoherent-coherent, and thus also Fourier transformation of images is a spatial light modulator, with an optically addressed photoconductor layer or pixel pattern, acting on liquid crystal. Such a device should operate at high speed and low power, would not require memory, but would greatly benefit from a continuous grey scale. Furthermore, the liquid crystal in this application should preferably work in reflective mode. Thus a single- -cell reflective soft-mode device would seem ideal. A surface-stabilized device using a tilted s ectic would operate in the same way, but with the maximum contrast, without grey scale.

One possibility to arrange a reflective device is to take a transmissive device, consisting of one λ/2 cell be¬ tween two crossed polarizers, and place the whole arrange¬ ment in front of a mirror. Then, we will gain in contrast compared to a single passage of light through the cell, but at the same time we lose in intensity. The optimum zero-field preset angle Ψ for maximum light intensity modulation becomes 30°, compared to 22.5° for the simple

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transmissive device. For a tilt angle swing of ^10°, we could then switch between 17% reflection and 94% re¬ flection, measured relative to the intensity of the incoming linearly polarized light at the optimum wave- length.

A better arrangement is to replace the polarizer next to the mirror by a λ/4 retarder plate, giving the arrange- '' ment in Figure 3(b). In this device, we use the ability of the mirror to change the state of polarization of light. Linearly polarized light, reflected by a mirror at normal incidence, will still be linearly polarized in the same plane, but circularly polarized light will change its ^™ handedness. it is thus possible to see the mirror image ^* if a linear polarizer is placed in front of a mirror. If instead a circular polarizer is placed in front of the mirror, the mirror will appear black. To get full modul¬ ation of a ferroelectric liquid-crystal device, it should thus be able to switch the light falling on the mirror, from being linearly polarized to become circularly polar¬ ized. This could be accomplished by the λ/4 cell shown in Figure 3(a), but would require a 45 degree swing of the optic axis to get full modululation. This means it ^' would require a 22.5 degree material, so far only available as SSFLC, not yeat approached by SMFLC. Using a λ/2 cell together with a fixed λ/4 retarder, however, as in the setup of Figure 3(b), the device can be realized with either C* or A* material, for instance, where the tilt (C*) or the maximum induced tilt (A*) is 11.25 degrees'. We can arrange the orientation of the polarizer, the SMFLC** cell, and the retarder plate in various ways, but a comparison indicates that the arrangement shown in Figure 3(b) gives optimum wavelength characteristics: if the slow axis in the case of a soft-mode cell is made to turn between 0° and 22.5° relative to the transmission direction of the polarizer, the slow axis of the λ/4 plate should be at the angle 45° relative to the polar-

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izer. Thus the retarding effects of the active cell and of the fixed retarder plate should to some degree be counter¬ acting. The spectral characteristics of such a device are shown in Figure 4. The wavelength behaviour is comparable to that of a double electroclinic cell (see below), with better achromaticity at maximum reflection, but not so good extinction at minimum reflection. This property could be further optimized by tailoring the dispersion of Δn.

Even if the tendency today goes towards backlit displays, there will always be a need for screens working mainly in reflection - either because of minimum power require¬ ments or because of powerful ambient illumination. For high resolution or video applications, the multiplexed single-cell C* reflective devices, or single-cell A* reflective devices, combined with thin-film transistors offer the most powerful solutions, it might be pointed out that the described arrangement, extended by a suitable polarizer behind a transflective reflector, works at the same time in transmission. A reasonable and simple choice is to optimize brightness for the reflective mode, which has to be paid by a 50% light loss in transmission mode, which can always be compensated by backlighting power.

As we have seen, a single liquid crystal cell is suffi¬ cient for adequately amplifying the polarization plane rotation in the reflective mode, in the transmissive mode, a double cell will be necessary. As in the double pass, with two cells in series we can amplify a tilt θ to the value 8θ, when talking of the amount of rotation of polarization. Each cell contributes to a turn of 4θ: an induced tilt angle of 10° could thus by the use of two cells turn the plane of polarization by 80°, and as be¬ fore, 11.25° of induced tilt is needed if we want to achieve the ideal value of 90°.

since the possible change in tilt angle is twice the

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maximum tilt angle, we see that the maximum tilt angle should be multiplied by 8 to give maximum rotation o ' he plane of polarization. Moreover, such pairs can be piled to further enhance the effect: The optical rotation grows linearly with the number of devices.

To obtain the light valve device in practice, we assume that two SMFLC cells are placed between two crossed ^{* •} * polarizers, and we want zero transmission at one limiting value of the control voltage and maximum transmission at the other one. The preferred choice is then to place two ^f identical λ/2 cells on top of each other, in such a way that the zero transmission state is obtained when the ajow optic axes of the two cells are perpendicular to each^ other, coinciding with the polarizer and analyzer direc¬ tions, respectively, as shown in Figures 5 and 6(a)*. When changing the applied voltage, the optic axis of the ^* first cell should swing out counterclockwise to the angle Ψ, and the optic axis of the second cell should turn clock- wise, to the angle 90°-Ψ, measured relative to the " polarizer transmission direction. The anfle between ^* the optic axes then becomes 90°-2Ψ, and the plane of pola^ ization is thus turned the angle 180°-4Ψ, which gives a four times magnification, the tilt angle swing needs to be +11.25° and the zero filed azimuth angle Ψ of the two cells should thus be chosen as 11.25° and 78.75°, respe t- ively. This tilt angle swing is in the range of what is * achievable with present materials, in principle, the dame operation would be possible if the slow optic axes of the ^,<! two cells had been parallel in the initial state [cf.

Figure 5(b)]. The reason why we choose them perpendicular is that the λ/2 condition is only fulfilled for one specific wavelength λ, whereas it is clearly desirable to have the device working in the prescribed ittode oveif as large a wavelength region as possible. By interchanging the fast and slow directions of one of the d.ells, ₍ „the chromaticity partly compensates instead of add, so that

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the combination will show fairly flat wavelength char¬ acteristics, especially towards the red-infrared part of the spectrum. The calculated transmission spectra are shown in Figure 6, where a comparison is made between the two cases. If we pile two such pairs on top of each other (this combination requiring then only half of 11.25° tilt in each single cell for full modulation depth), the wave¬ length characteristics will become even slightly more flat. As we will see below, this combination of two soft mode cells is also suitable to be included in colour switching devices.

With a continuous varying control voltage, an excellent grey-scale device is achieved, with a contrast high enough (set by the polarizers and the cell quality) to fully utilize the grey-scale dynamics. The price we have to pay is the complexity of two cells and four electrodes. In principle, by filling one cell with one smectic-A mixture and the other with its optical antipode, the same sign of voltage could be used over the two cells, and then in principle a construction with only two electrodes is possible. To make practical devices out of this idea, sheets of smectic-A* or -C* polymer could be laminated in a plywoodlike structure. This would enable close packing without mixing of the optical antipodes. In this context, one might contemplate the basic question about the funda¬ mental prerequisites for the electroclinic effect. Maybe we could expect an electroclinic effect in some polymers, made out of chiral monomers, even without the smectic layer structure. Maybe even the presence of a polymeric backbone could replace the smectic layer structure as symmetry breaking element.

We could thus obtain an optical component that is as fast as a single electroclinic cell, but with possibilities to give full modulation of light or, alternatively, to rotate the polarization plane by 90°. Since we could make use of

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small tilt angles, we could choose the temperature of the cells a bit further inside the smectic-A phase, away from the phase transition to smectic-C, and make use of the smaller, but faster, and less temperature-dependent electroclinic effect there. The additive properties of multiple electroclinic cells could also be used to make analog or logical addition. There are also numerous applications, where the cells could be combined with polarization-sensitive deflective optical components, to control the light path through an optic system. There are several different polarization-sensitive deflective optical devices available. Such components could use birefringent plates with suitably arranged optic axes, gratings, especially those made of birefringent material, Brewster windows, total internal reflection in bire¬ fringent materials, the reflective properties of one- ~ _* -dimensional conductors, etc. By placing electroclinic cell combinations and this other component in alternating order in a row, we could control where the deflection should occur, in this way we could control and scan the lateral position of a light beam, which otherwise is a difficult problem. We could also construct optical switchboards of high speed and with relatively low Hgjht losses. These switchboards could be constructed by stacking electroclinic cell pairs together with bire¬ fringent plates of different thicknesses and with oblique optic axes as in Figure 7. Such a device could direct a light beam to any out of a big number of exit lines, or vice versa. If the liquid crystal cell pairs are arranged as linear arrays, a big number of entrance lines, by a quite simple, compact, and fast construction. The light ^* absorption in this type of switchboard will only be caused by material imperfections and not by the working prin-t ciples as such, and thus the light losses could" be kept quite small.

A great number of deviators, beam splitters, beam swi ch-

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ers, phase shifters and polarization switches could be designed either using SSFLC or SMFLC double cells in combination with prisms and retarders. We show some examples of beam splitters in Figure 6. In Figure 9 are shown simple examples of optical switchboards with a double cell in front and a deviator or communications switch with a single cell actively controlling the change in birefringence and thereby the refraction and total re¬ flection.

Some examples of polarization switches using double-cells are shown in Figure 10. The zero-field state is illustrat¬ ed at the top. One sign of the now turns Ψ to zero making the incoming vertical polarization staying verti- cal, whereas the other sign turns the polarization by 90 degrees. The zero field state gives circularly polarized light. By turning the back retarder 45 degrees linear polarization goes to circular and vice versa.

An optical computing element can be obtained in a variety of LC technologies, illustrated in a general way by Figure 11. Different threshold properties can be chosen not only by way of the liquid crystal but its combination with non linear-elements. Different logic can be chosen, like amplitude or polarization logic, the latter using binary or ternary states as just described.

In addition to the already mentioned applications, the SMFLC effect can be explored for high-speed colour switches.The cell behaves like a birefringent plate, with an almost constant phase difference δ and a field- -sensitive direction of the optic axis. We can combine it with additional birefringent plates, to obtain switching between colours instead of switching between black and white. The possible change in position of the optic axis for the single cell is presently of the order +10°, and we want here to discuss the possibilities to get significant

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colour changes in spite of the somewhat limited angular range of the electroclinic effect. For future materials with higher values of the induced tilt, the colour scan domain will increase accordingly. But already -with avail- able materials, there are highly interesting possibilities for colour generation, with switching between two or three significantly different colours for one electroclinic cell. With two filter combinations in series we could j et switching between a great number of different colours,- covering a large part of the physiological colour spectruπ

^* _- We give two examples of soft-mode cell combinations, containing fixed birefringence plates and working in transmission. The colour coordinates are calculated from the transmission spectra. The thickness of the cells has been chosen to give a phase retardation of λ/2 at some wavelength, since approximately this thickness should give maximum optical response and speed for minimum applied voltage. n. ^'

The first combination may be denoted a sliding-minimum filter (see Figure 12). We build up this combination by starting with a polarizer and a fixed birefringence plate of optical path difference of 5460A, that is a normal λ plate, turned 45°. (All angles are measured relative to the transmission direction of the polarizer). Then, we take a λ/4 plate, with path difference 1365A, parallel to the polarizer, followed by an SMFLC cell and an ana¬ lyzer at 90°. The thickness of the soft-mode cell is 2.02 μm, which gives λ/2 plate at 5460A. If the optic ^~ axis of this cell can be driven from -10° to +10° by an electric field, we will get the transmission curves dis¬ played in Figure 12(b), where we can see how the position of the transmission minimum is displaced by the field. ⁸ If light at wavelengths far from the minima are bloctasd y filters as indicated in Figure 12(b), we can generate * colours along the trace shown in the CIE diagram shown in

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Figure 12(c): On the way from greenish blue to orange we will pass purple and red. The parameters are not fully optimized, but are chosen to give an illustration of what can be achieved. The transmission of polarized light through the cell (weighed by the eye sensitivity) varies between 5% and 17%.

As a second example we choose a combination containing two pairs of electroclinic cells in series, with a polarizer also between the cells. The idea is that one of the cells should control the blue-yellow contrast, the other the green-red contrast. By placing two colour switches in series, one switching continuously between blue and yellow with neutral transmission in red and green, and another switching continuously between green and red, with neutral transmission for blue and yellow, all colour hues should be obtainable. Then we want each cell to generate approx¬ imately straight lines in the CIE diagram, and thus the sliding-minimum combination is unsuitable. Instead, we can work with what we denote "pivot filters", if we want a shift between low-blue, high-yellow and high-blue, low- -yellow transmission, it is reasonable to look for trans¬ mission curves that have a pivot point, that is, a point where the transmission is independent of the position of the optic axis of the electroclinic cell, at some wave¬ length in green, if we then maximize the change of the derivative at this fixed point, we are likely to achieve quite good sensitivity, we will also place a fixed point in the red part of the spectrum to give the blue-yellow filter neutral green-red properties. To realize this, we put in series a polarizer, a birefringence plate of optical path difference 2.25λ, where λ = 5300A (green) with the axis at 45° to the polarizer, then a soft-mode cell pair, and finally an analyzer (see Figure 13(a)). Each electroclinic cell should have the thickness

1.93 iim, and the pair should be geometrically arranged and controlled in the same way as previously described for

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the cell pair in Figure 5. This combination is now going to act as the blue-yellow filter. The green-red filter is the same combination, but with λ = 5750A (yellow), and with each electroclinic cell of thickness 2.17 μm. The pivot filters could of course have one analyzer/polarizer in common. The optic axes of both electroclinic cell jiairs are assumed to be controlled independently, with a swϊhg of 22.5° for each cell. The transmission spectra are shown in Figure 13 (b, c and d). Figure 13(d) displays the area covered in the CIE diagram: It is comparable to that of colour cathode ray tubes, and all different hues Can be reached, although the colours, as in the CRT case, are not fully saturated. The transmission of the.whole combination varies between 6% and 37%. The filter combinations could be optimized further to give even better characteristics, according to the demands of the possible applications. Especially, the dispersion of the fixed birefringent ^* ' plates could be tailored to extend the usable wavelength range. Also the sliding-minimum filter becomes much better, but at the same time more complicated if we use a thicker retarder plate together with double electroclinic cells. We then get a "sliding-maximum" filter, with trans¬ mission maxima and minima, that could be moved along the wavelength axis by the applied field. Again, these general ideas of colour formation could, of course, also be used in devices containing ferroelectric liquid crystals in the chiral smectic-C phase, where also bigger tilt angles are available. We can also note that it is possible to in¬ corporate multiple cells in the design of narrow band birefringent colour filters, and in this way get tunable

Lyot-δhman filters or tunable Sole-filters. These ^* could be used in various scientific instruments, where speed to¬ gether with simple, compact, and robust design is attraet- ive. - *

Also in the case of colour generation, reflective devices are of great interest, because of the possibility to

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reduce the number of active cell components in the re¬ flective mode. In principle, the analog of the pivot filter combination of Figure 17 could be made with only two electroclinic cells. We will lose in colour saturation compared to the pivot filter combination with four electroclinic cells, but if the filters are combined with a mirror to a thin package, the two passages of light will partly compensate for the loss in colour saturation. At the same time we will lose in brightness, and that is more critical for a reflective device than for a backlit trans- missive. Thus a compromise must be made between contrast and brightness. A construction would benefit if colour selective partial polarizers could be included. Such polarizers should absorb only in yellow and blue, or only in red and green. (Also the transmissive pivot colour filters could benefit from such polarizers.) The angular dependence of the device is more critical for a reflective device than for a transmissive. with this limitation, however, the optical component would act as high speed colour mirror, capable of reflecting different colour components in the incoming light, according to the applied control voltages. In combination with the single two pass cell of Figure 3(b) and TFT addressing, it could be used for high resolution colour video screen, with continuous colours and shades, only working in ambient light. If bistable ferroelectric liquid crystals are used instead, corresponding computer displays with a fixed number of colours could be constructed.

The orthogonal chiral smectic liquid crystals are a pre¬ sently unexplored class of electro-optic materials with high-performance potential. They will be an important complement to the tilted chiral semctics, whose properties and uses in physical devices have been the object of in- tense research and development over the last 5 years.

The study of the physical and electro-optical properties

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of the smectic-A* phase, being the most important re¬ presentative, and so far practically also the only avail¬ able material of the orthogonal smectic class, has revealed that its applications will lie in slightly different areas than the applications of the smectic-C* phase, with a certain area of overlap. The existence of a' bistable electro-optic effect in the C* phase makes tlμ.s class of materials generally more useful. On the other hand, the electro-optic effect in the A* phase is the most rapid of those found in liquid crystals to date. Response times are presently of the order to 500 ns at room tem¬ perature, should become much less at elevated tempera¬ tures, and even for the future polymer A* materials we may' expect values below 100 μs. Modulation linearity and available continuous gray shade add to the usefulness of the effect, together with the possibility to use it also" in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. On the negative ^" side is a limited modulation depth or contrast if high transmission is required. This is due to the limited amplitude in the induced tilt, which is the underlying basic effect (electroclinic effect). The expectei forth¬ coming rapid development in broadband smectic-A* mixtures is likely to change this situation. ,'

As single electro-optic components, the performance f^the, smectic-A* and C* devices have to be compared to those of available materials using electro-optic, magneto-optic, and acousto-optic effects. It is then clear, for itfstan&e, that a double A* cell, at least up to about" 2MHz. is a ^! much simpler and much more versatile device than I Faraday rotator. Both A* and C* devices would also compare favour¬ ably with both Pockels, Kerr, and acoustic-optic modula- y _* ' ^{" *} tors. In general terms, the unique feature of liquid crystals is that we may have a birefringence* Δn than is independent of the applied field, which only ^3* controls the direction of the optic axis. For the chiral smectic liquid crystals, there are two options: Either we have in the A*

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phase (or other chiral orthogonal phases) an axis direct _¬ ion that is a linear function of E, whereas the switching speed is independent of E, or we have in the c* phase (or other chiral tilted phases) the opposite case where the much bigger angular deviation is largely independent of E, whereas the switching speed is essentially linear in E. The values of birefringence (0.1-0.3) are giant compared to Δn introduced by Pockels and, especially, Kerr effects. This permits very thin layers to be used and gives the component a very small physical configuration, like a normal polarizer or retarder plate, at the same time as only low voltages (<100 V) are applied. Further¬ more, the acceptance angle for the incoming light is much larger than that of a Pockels cell. Together, these pro- perties made FLC (ferroelectric liquid-crystal) devices. especially those using the soft-mode in the A* phase, very attractive for all kinds of cheap and compact shutters and modulators up to about 100 kHz (C*) or about 2 mKz (A*). Compared to the acousto-optic modulators, the FLC devices have the advantage, in spite of their overall compactness, of much higher apertures, especially as beam deflectors or in similar applications. They seem to be suitable for very much the same applications as acousto-optic modulators, e.g. image scanners, printers, and real-time signal-pro- cessing devices for correlation, spectral analysis, and more.

The virtually unlimited apertures of liquid crystal de¬ vices will also be the basis for SMFLC applications in camera shutters (high-speed photography), permitting not only exposure as time integrals, but control of the aperture function in time (square wave, sawtooth, etc.) and with all parts of the aperture field exposed simultan¬ eously. Applications for stereoscopic displays, for in- stance using the rapid switching between orthogonal polarization states (cf. Figure 10), and in automatic welding glasses and laser and flash goggles, are similar.

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The large available active areas also permit simple.manu _¬ facturing of linear shutter arrays, which probably will replace many optical designs where mechanical devices are used for light deflection, for example, the rotating mirrors in laser printers. The more versatile control possibilities of the linear arrays make new design con¬ cepts available. Again, two chiral smectic options are available: Direct drive high-speed A* phase devices with continuous grey scale or multiplexable C* phase devices with no intrinsic grey scale.

Due to the lack of memory in the soft-mode devices, these would have to be active-matrix addressed, electrically or optically, for making two-dimensional discrete arrays. such arrays, using thin-film transistors and a smectic-A* cell in reflective mode is probably the ultimate in .per- , formance for optical computing using liquid crystals. _* . _, due to the high speed together with the very important depth of continuous grey shades (see Figure 11). The same is true for nondiscrete optical processing devices, like silicon-addressed spatial light modulators.

* _ Several examples of colour generation have already been pointed out above. One application of electroqlinic colour switches would be together with black and white cathode ray tubes, where this kind of colour switch could make high resolution more easily obtainable and also allow integration with a polarization modulator for steroscopic vision. Another example is ferroelectric displays in the "sequential backlighting" approach, where the information is written to the screen one colour at a time, in a rapid time sequence, and the screen is illuminated by a syn-; chronized sequence of coloured flashes. In such a device _. the inclusion of suitable electroclinic filters means that only one flash lamp is needed, instead of three flash lamps. Finally, we want to stress φhat we believe is a particularly interesting application of the electroclinic

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colour filter: Besides colour separation in colour scan¬ ners and in general colour sensors, it will, in conjunc¬ tion with a charge-coupled device (CCD), permit a very simple compact, and cheap colour-TV camera, where the three colours, red, green, and blue, are electrically scanned.

Brief Description of the Drawings

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a schematic view of the liquid crystal between electroded glass plates, showing the projection θ of the induced molecular tilt θ on the glass plates. Also shown are the projection of the molecular orientation (and the optic axis) in the neutral (field E = 0) case. In the case drawn the liquid crystal in a tilted bookshelf geometry.

Figure 2 shows the projection of the induced molecular tilt on the glass plates, as a function of applied voltage at 25°C. The liquid crystal mixture used in this example is 88-158 by Merck.

Figure 3 is a reflective single SMFLC cell device, (a) being a simple build-up yet requiring a 45° turn of the optic axis for full modulation, whereas (b), incorporating a birefringent λ/4 plate, allows full modulation for a zero to 22.5 degree turn of the optic axis.

Figure 4 shows the wavelength dispersion of the transfer properties of the device according to Figure 3(b), in which the λ/2 condition for the liquid crystal cell and the λ/4 condition for the retarder plate is fulfilled at wavelength λ = 5460A.

Figure 5 is a schematic view of an optimized double electroclinic cell between crossed polarizers, in which

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ψ marks the angle between the optic axis of the first cell and the polarizer, and at the same time -ψ marks the angle between the optic axis of the second cell and the analyzer, ψ varies between 0 degrees, giving ex- _* '- tinction, and 22.5 degrees, leading to full transmission.

Figure 6 shows, for an electroclinic cell pair comprising a liquid crystalline substance (ZLI-3774 by Merck in its ^* '?-, chiral smectic C* phase) of typical optical character (birefringence and wavelength dependence of the refractive indices), the calculated transmission for two set-ups and as a function of induced electroclinic angle ψ and ofT wavelength. The set-ups are, in case (a) an arrangement - _" ^* having the optic axes of the two electroclinic cells at right angles to each other at zero electric field, and in case (b) the cells' optic axes are arranged parallel to each other. As is illustrated, the turns of the cells' optic axes are to take place in opposite senses ^' , over the visible range of light, set-up (a) is seen to result in'an almost ideal achromatic behaviour. • .

Figure 7 shows a schematic view of a light ray multiplexor (a) being built up by one or more doubling units (b), each consisting of an electroclinic cell combination (like that of Figure 5) along with a thick birefringent plate. The relative intensities of the ray components due to split¬ ting in each birefringent plate are determined by the-.- polarization state of incident light controlled by the ^* electroclinic cells. ^* '►

Figure 8 shows examples of double SMFLC cells glued onto single birefringent prisms, allowing to electrically ^v control the relative intensities of split and deflected light beams. ^{* "} _-.* i

Figure 9 shows examples of optical switchboards, made up of combined doubled SMFLC cells and double birefringent ,

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(9 a, b, c) or ordinary (9 d) prisms, allowing to electrically control the change in birefringence and thereby the two (or four) outgoing components relative intensities (and the conditions of total reflection).

Figure 10 shows schematically examples of polarization switches combining retarders with double SMFLC cells: on 10(a), for one particular set-up, the relative orienta¬ tions of polarizer, retarder and of the zero electric field (dashed lines) or switched (angles +ψ or -ψ) optic axes of the SMFLC cells, in 10(b) and (c) are seen arrangements allowing the switching, as illustrated, between orthogonal linearly polarized states via a (zero field) circularly polarized states (in opposite senses) via a (zero field) linearly polarized states.

Figure 11 is a general outline of an optical computing element, consisting of two partially covered SMFLC re¬ flective devices, each assisted by thin film transistors, and, in between, various conventional optical elements.

Figure 12 shows schematically one example of a colour controlling arrangement, here a sliding-minimum-wavelength filter. As seen in (a), a polarizer, a fullwave and a quarter wave plate are followed by a SMFLC cell, an ana¬ lyzer and finally a passive colour filter, the relative orientations of optical axes marked for each component. The resulting transmission versus wavelength is seen in (b), showing the sliding minimum position depending on the SMFLC optical axis tilt (ψ=10.5» 0, -5 or -10 degrees), in (c) the corresponding colour change is seen in a CIE diagram.

Figure 13 shows a colour switching filter, made up of a combination of two pivot filters (a) that allows a con¬ tinuous variation of colours, in (b) and (c) are seen the transmission spectra of the two pivot filters, showing

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pivot points at wavelengths 5300A and 5750A. respectively. in (d) is shown the "window" in the CIE diagram corre¬ sponding to the different hues obtainable if the two pivot filters are varied independently. Stars indicate the blue, green and red phosphors used in cathode ray tubes.

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