MAIZE MICRORNA SEQUENCES AND TARGETS

THEREOF FOR AGRONOMIC TRAITS FIELD

The field relates generally to plant molecular biology in relation to methods of suppressing gene expression.

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were first identified only a few years ago, but already it is clear that they play an important role in regulating gene activity. These short nucleotide noncoding RNAs have the ability to hybridize via base-pairing with specific target mRNAs and down- regulate the expression of these transcripts, by mediating either RNA cleavage or

translational repression. Recent studies have indicated that miRNAs have important functions during development. In plants, they have been shown to control a variety of developmental processes including flowering time, leaf morphology, organ polarity, floral morphology, and root development. Given the established regulatory role of miRNAs, it is likely that they are also involved in the control of some of the major crop traits such drought tolerance and disease resistance.

Improving crop plants for water use efficiency or nitrogen use efficiency and yield, among others, are needed to improve crop productivity necessary to feed a growing population. MicroRNAs are key regulators of plant processes, and thus effort to develop the use of microRNAs to improving crop plants is of high interest and potential value. They are believed to regulate diverse processes in plants from development to environmental adaptations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

Table 1 lists the SEQ ID NOS of the microRNA core sequences (Column A), the microRNA precursor genes (Column B) and the corresponding microRNA target genes (Column C) for the microRNA sequences of Column A. In column C, the transcript SEQ ID NO and any corresponding peptide SEQ ID NO for each target gene are listed separated by a comma (,). Every target gene transcript and its associated peptide SEQ ID NOs are separated by a semi-colon (;) in Column C from another transcript-peptide pair. If a particular transcript does not have an associated peptide sequence, then the designation "No_Pept" was used (see e.g., for microRNA SEQ ID NO: 32). The sequences for the SEQ ID NOs listed in Columns A-C are provided in the accompanying sequence listing, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As shows in Table 1 , a particular core microRNA may have more than precursor gene and more than one target gene.

Table 2 lists the relative trait values for drought (Column D), nitrogen use efficiency (nitrogen; Column E), and yield (Column F) with respect to each target gene (Column A) and the translated peptide sequence (Column B) for the target gene. The relevant traits are indicated as such (Column C). For example, some target genes have high relative trait values for all the three referenced traits. Some target genes are represented under only of the traits (e.g., drought or nitrogen or yield). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

A sequence listing is provided herewith in electronic medium. The contents of the sequence listing are hereby incorporated by reference in compliance with 37 CFR 1 .52(e).

SEQ ID NOS: 1-197 are core microRNA sequences. SEQ I D NOS: 198-1 126 are microRNA precursor genes. SEQ ID NOS: 1 127-2495 are microRNA target gene nucleotide sequences (transcripts). SEQ ID NOS: 2496-3804 are microRNA target gene translated amino acid sequences (peptides).

Summary

A method of improving an agronomic trait of a maize plant, the method includes providing a transgenic maize plant comprising in its genome a recombinant DNA having at least one DNA element for modulating the expression of at least one target gene, wherein the at least one DNA element is selected from the group consisting of nucleotide sequences that are at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NOS: 1 -197. In an embodiment, the agronomic trait is drought tolerance. In an embodiment, the agronomic trait is nitrogen use efficiency. In an embodiment, the agronomic trait is yield increase.

In an embodiment, the DNA elements whose sequences are disclosed herein, for example in Table 1 and in the accompanying Sequence Listing, modulate the expression of a target gene sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 128, 1 130, 1 136, 1 138, 1 145, 1 147, 1 157, 1 161 , 1 167, 1 173, 1254, 1265, 1308, 1342, 1390, 1471 , 1472, 1533, 1537, 1540, 1588, 1592, 1600, 1605, 1621 , and 1703. In an embodiment, the DNA element modulates the expression of a gene sequence encoding a target peptide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2497, 2499, 2505, 2507, 2514, 2516, 2526, 2530, 2536, 2542, 2623, 2634, 2676, 2753, 2831 , 2832, 2888, 2892, 2895, 2943, 2947, 2955, 2975, and 3054.

A method of improving an agronomic trait of a maize plant, the method includes providing a transgenic maize plant comprising in its genome a recombinant DNA for modulating the expression of at least one target gene, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 127-2495. In an embodiment, the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 128, 1 130, 1 136, 1 138, 1 145, 1 147, 1 157, 1 161 , 1 167, 1 173, 1254, 1265, 1308, 1342, 1390, 1471 , 1472, 1533, 1537, 1540, 1588, 1592, 1600, 1605, 1621 , and 1703 and wherein the agronomic trait is one of drought tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency or yield. In an embodiment, the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 168, 1 178, 1 179, 1 185, 1 194, 1220, 1710, 1716, 1733, 1738, 1771 , 1784, 1795, 1807, 1823, 1872, 1892, 1926, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1942, 1970, 2001 , 2003, 2006, 2026, 2074, 2105, 2109, 21 10, 2130, 2145, 2152, 2174, 2175, 2189, 2192, 2199, 2200, 2202, 2240, 2245, 2246, 2291 , 2299, 2310, 2313, 2340, 2341 , 2371 , 2412,

2413, 2414, 2417, 2429, 2430, 2431 , 2443, 2468 and wherein the agronomic trait is one of nitrogen use efficiency or yield.

In an embodiment, the target gene sequence for modulation by a DNA element encoding an interfering RNA is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:

1 135, 1 137, 1 141 , 1 142, 1 143, 1 146, 1 153, 1 154, 1 160, 1 164, 1 166,

1 169, 1 183, 1 190, 1 192, 1 195, 1208, 1231 , 1255, 1256, 1258, 1267,

1275, 1278, 1279, 1283, 1290, 1299, 1307, 1322, 1336, 1339, 1342,

1347, 1353, 1355, 1361 , 1362, 1363, 1373, 1378, 1409, 1415, 1430,

1431 , 1432, 1437, 1448, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1468, 1487, 1498, 1505,

1552, 1562, 1575, 1615, 1643, 1655, 1662, 1664, 1680, 1684 and wherein the agronomic trait is one of drought tolerance or yield.

A method of improving an agronomic trait of a maize plant, the method includes providing a transgenic maize plant comprising in its genome a recombinant DNA for modulating the expression of at least one target gene, wherein the target gene sequence encodes a target polypeptide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2496-3804. In an embodiment, the target polypeptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2497, 2499, 2505, 2507, 2514, 2516, 2526, 2530, 2536, 2542, 2623, 2634, 2676, 2753, 2831 , 2832, 2888, 2892, 2895, 2943, 2947, 2955, 2975, and 3054 and wherein the agronomic trait is one of drought tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency or yield. In an embodiment, the target polypeptide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2498, 2501 , 2503, 2524, 2568, 2602, 2606, 2613, 2618, 2629, 2632, 2640, 2652, 2660, 2664, 2685, 2695, 2720, 2742, 2752, 2757, 2759, 2770, 2780, 2790, 2795, 2796, 2797, 2799, 2802, 281 1 , 2814, 2818, 2819, 2820, 2822, 2833, 2834, 2835, 2836, 2837, 2842, 2847, 2849, 2857, 2884, 2918, 2936, 2939, 2942, 2948, 2954, 2956, 2957, 2958, 2959, 2965, 2966, 2967, 2983, 2995, 2996, 3035, 3037, 3055, 3058 and wherein the agronomic trait is one of drought tolerance or nitrogen use efficiency. In an embodiment, the target gene sequence that is modulated by a nucleic acid encodes a target peptide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2537, 2547, 2548, 2554, 2563, 2589, 3061 , 3067, 3084, 3089, 3121 , 3134, 3145, 3156, 3172, 3220, 3239, 3271 , 3281 , 3282, 3283, 3287, 331 1 , 3287, 3341 , 3344, 3364, 3409, 3438, 3461 , 3476, 3482, 3503, 3504, 3518, 3521 , 3528, 3529, 3531 , 3568, 3573, 3574, 3618, 3625, 3636, 3639, 3666, 3667, 3696, 3731 , 3732, 3733, 3734, 3743, 3744, 3756, 3780, and wherein the agronomic trait is one of nitrogen use efficiency or yield.

An isolated polynucleotide includes a microRNA selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-197, wherein the microRNA modulates the expression of a target gene in maize involved in an agronomic trait, the target gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 128, 1 130, 1 136, 1 138, 1 145, 1 147, 1 157, 1 161 , 1 167, 1 173, 1254, 1265, 1308, 1342, 1390, 1471 , 1472, 1533, 1537, 1540, 1588, 1592, 1600, 1605, 1621 , and 1703.

A recombinant DNA construct includes the polynucleotides disclosed herein, for example, the polynucleotides encoding the miRNAs of Tablel , wherein the DNA construct includes a plant expressible regulatory element.

An isolated polynucleotide comprising a microRNA selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-197, wherein the microRNA modulates the expression of a target gene in maize involved in an agronomic trait, the target gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 168, 1 178, 1 179, 1 185, 1 194, 1220, 1710, 1716, 1733, 1738, 1771 , 1784, 1795, 1807, 1823, 1872, 1892, 1926, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1942, 1970, 2001 , 2003, 2006, 2026, 2074, 2105, 2109, 21 10, 2130, 2145, 2152, 2174, 2175, 2189, 2192, 2199, 2200, 2202, 2240, 2245, 2246, 2291 , 2299, 2310, 2313, 2340, 2341 , 2371 , 2412, 2413, 2414, 2417, 2429, 2430,

2431 , 2443, 2468 and wherein the agronomic trait is one of nitrogen use efficiency or yield.

In an embodiment, the transgenic maize plant includes the DNA constructs disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the transgenic seed includes the DNA constructs disclosed herein.

A transgenic maize plant, wherein the expression of a target gene is reduced compared to a control plant, the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 127-2495, and wherein the transgenic maize plant exhibits drought tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency, or increased yield or a combination thereof.

A transgenic maize plant, wherein the expression of a target gene is reduced compared to a control plant, the target gene sequence is 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 127-2495, and wherein the transgenic maize plant exhibits drought tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency, or increased yield or a combination thereof.

A recombinant DNA construct includes a microRNA precursor gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 198-1 126 or a fragment thereof to modulate the expression of a target gene. In an embodiment, the DNA constructs disclosed herein modulate the expression of a target gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 127-2495, and wherein the target gene modulates drought tolerance, nitrogen use efficiency, or increased yield or a combination thereof.

A method of developing a maize plant, the method includes selecting a maize plant using marker assisted selection from a plurality of maize plants by detecting a molecular marker, wherein the molecular marker is derived from a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) SEQ ID NOS: 198-1 126 or a complement thereof or (ii) SEQ ID NOS: 1 127-2495 or a complement thereof. In an embodiment, a maize plant produced by the method of marker assisted selection is disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a maize plant cell produced by the method of marker assisted selection is disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the maize seed produced by the method of marker assisted selection is disclosed herein.

An artificial or a synthetic nucleic acid molecule encoding a single stranded or double stranded RNA molecule is disclosed, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is designed based on the complementarity to one of (i) the miRNA sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-197; (ii) the miRNA precursor genes of SEQ ID NOS: 198-1 126; or (iii) the target genes of SEQ IDNOS: 1 127-2495.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Regulatory activity of microRNAs (miRNA) is specific towards certain sets of genes depending on the sequence similarity of the target genes. The site of action for these miRNAs within the target gene can vary, and can affect for example, promoter function, mRNA stability or translation, thus affecting the overall expression and activity of the target genes. Often the miRNAs have negative regulatory function upon the target gene. The target genes are often regulators of a pathway or a network hub or a node, and depending upon whether they have intrinsic negative or positive regulations of the neighboring or downstream genes in their respective networks, the net effect upon the pathway-network system of the microRNA regulation can be either positive or negative.

Based on a comprehensive survey of maize microRNAs, their source genes, and the likely target genes they regulate, methods and compositions are disclosed herein that modulate gene functions and improve crop productivity through water use efficiency, or nitrogen use efficiency or yield. Relative trait values were assigned to the various target genes depending on the likelihood of their role in association with relevant agronomic traits, such as water use efficiency (WUE, drought), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, Nitrogen), and yield. The miRNA sequences and the corresponding target gene sequences establish relationships among the miRNAs and their target genes for trait efficacy. These miRNAs and/or their target genes can be used, for example by recombinant technology to induce gene suppression or as tools to enable marker-assisted selection for breeding purposes towards crop improvement.

In an embodiment, modulating the expression of the miRNA or the interaction of the miRNA with the target gene, results in improving one or more agronomic traits in the crop plants. Depending on the anti-correlated nature of the microRNAs relative to the target genes, for example, a down-regulation of a microRNA would equate to an upregulation of the target gene. Therefore, it is possible to upregulate the expression of a target gene

transgenically without expressing a recombinant nucleic acid of the target encoding the target peptide. In an embodiment, for example, by changing the expression of an endogenous miRNA either through transgenic suppression methods or by engineering a site-specific change in the precursor gene for the endogenous miRNA, expression and/or activity of the corresponding target gene(s) can be modulated.

In an embodiment, to modulate the expression of one or more genes involved in a pathway or those genes that share sequence similarity, one or a few miRNAs can be expressed to affect the expression of multiple genes. For example, one microRNA (SEQ ID NO: 46) can affect the expression of a number of genes involved in drought or nitrogen or yield (see Table 1 ; target gene SEQ ID NOS: 1 128, 1 147, 1289, 131 1 , 1314, 1316, 1338, and others).

Methods and compositions useful for suppressing targeted sequences are disclosed. The compositions can be employed in any type of plant cell, and in other cells which comprise the appropriate processing components (e.g., RNA interference components), including invertebrate and vertebrate animal cells. The compositions and methods are based on an endogenous miRNA silencing process discovered in Arabidopsis, a similar strategy can be used to extend the number of compositions and the organisms in which the methods are used. The methods can be adapted to work in any eukaryotic cell system. Additionally, the compositions and methods described herein can be used in individual cells, cells or tissue in culture, or in vivo in organisms, or in organs or other portions of organisms.

The compositions selectively suppress the target gene by encoding a miRNA having substantial complementarity to a region of the target gene. The miRNA is provided in a nucleic acid construct which, when transcribed into RNA, is predicted to form a hairpin structure which is processed by the cell to generate the miRNA, which then suppresses expression of the target gene. Nucleic acid sequences are disclosed that encode miRNAs from maize. Backbone hairpins containing the individual miRNA sequences are also disclosed. Constructs are described for transgenic expression of miRNAs and their backbones. Alternatively, constructs are described wherein backbone sequences and miRNA sequences are exchanged thereby altering the expression pattern of the miRNA, and its subsequent specific target gene in the transgenic host. Any miRNA can be exchanged with any other backbone to create a new miRNA/backbone hybrid.

A method for suppressing a target gene is provided. The method employs any of the constructs above, in which a miRNA is designed to identify a region of the target sequence, and inserted into the construct. Upon introduction into a cell, the miRNA produced

suppresses expression of the targeted sequence. The target sequence can be an

endogenous plant sequence, or a heterologous transgene in the plant.

There can also be mentioned as the target gene, for example, a gene from a plant pathogen, such as a pathogenic virus, nematode, insect, or mold or fungus.

Another aspect concerns a plant, cell, and seed comprising the construct and/or the miRNA. Typically, the cell will be a cell from a plant, but other prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells are also contemplated, including but not limited to viral, bacterial, yeast, insect, nematode, or animal cells. Plant cells include cells from monocots and dicots. The disclosure also provides plants and seeds comprising the construct and/or the miRNA.

"Plant" includes reference to whole plants, plant organs, plant tissues, seeds and plant cells and progeny of same. Plant cells include, without limitation, cells from seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores.

The term "plant parts" includes differentiated and undifferentiated tissues including, but not limited to the following: roots, stems, shoots, leaves, pollen, seeds, tumor tissue and various forms of cells and culture (e.g., single cells, protoplasts, embryos and callus tissue). The plant tissue may be in plant or in a plant organ, tissue or cell culture.

The term "plant organ" refers to plant tissue or group of tissues that constitute a morphologically and functionally distinct part of a plant.

The term "genome" refers to the following: (1 ) the entire complement of genetic material (genes and non-coding sequences) present in each cell of an organism, or virus or organelle; (2) a complete set of chromosomes inherited as a (haploid) unit from one parent.

"Progeny" comprises any subsequent generation of a plant. Progeny will inherit, and stably segregate, genes and transgenes from its parent plant(s).

Units, prefixes, and symbols may be denoted in their SI accepted form. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5' to 3' orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxyl orientation, respectively. Numeric ranges recited within the specification are inclusive of the numbers defining the range and include each integer within the defined range. Amino acids may be referred to herein by either commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the lUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes. Unless otherwise provided for, software, electrical, and electronics terms as used herein are as defined in The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (5 ^th edition, 1993). The terms defined below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.

The terms "recombinant construct", "expression construct", "chimeric construct", "construct", and "recombinant DNA construct" are used interchangeably herein. A

recombinant construct comprises an artificial combination of nucleic acid fragments, e.g., regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. For example, a chimeric construct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. Such a construct may be used by itself or may be used in conjunction with a vector. If a vector is used, then the choice of vector is dependent upon the method that will be used to transform host cells as is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, a plasmid vector can be used. Screening may be accomplished by Southern analysis of DNA, Northern analysis of mRNA expression, immunoblotting analysis of protein expression, or phenotypic analysis, among others.

This construct may comprise any combination of deoxyribonucleotides,

ribonucleotides, and/or modified nucleotides. The construct may be transcribed to form an RNA, wherein the RNA may be capable of forming a double-stranded RNA and/or hairpin structure. This construct may be expressed in the cell, or isolated or synthetically produced. The construct may further comprise a promoter, or other sequences which facilitate manipulation or expression of the construct.

As used here "suppression" or "silencing" or "inhibition" are used interchangeably to denote the down-regulation of the expression of a product of a target sequence relative to its normal expression level in a wild type organism. Suppression includes expression that is decreased by about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% relative to the wild type expression level.

As used herein, "encodes" or "encoding" refers to a DNA sequence which can be processed to generate an RNA and/or polypeptide.

As used herein, "expression" or "expressing" refers to production of a functional product, such as, the generation of an RNA transcript from an introduced construct, an endogenous DNA sequence, or a stably incorporated heterologous DNA sequence. The term may also refer to a polypeptide produced from an mRNA generated from any of the above DNA precursors. Thus, expression of a nucleic acid fragment may refer to transcription of the nucleic acid fragment (e.g., transcription resulting in mRNA or other functional RNA) and/or translation of RNA into a precursor or mature protein (polypeptide).

As used herein, "heterologous" with respect to a sequence means a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, with respect to a nucleic acid, it can be a nucleic acid that originates from a foreign species, or is synthetically designed, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. A heterologous protein may originate from a foreign species or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its original form by deliberate human intervention.

The term "host cell" refers to a cell which contains or into which is introduced a nucleic acid construct and supports the replication and/or expression of the construct. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as fungi, yeast, insect, amphibian, nematode, or mammalian cells. Alternatively, the host cells are

monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant cells. An example of a monocotyledonous host cell is a maize host cell.

The term "introduced" means providing a nucleic acid (e.g., expression construct) or protein into a cell. Introduced includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid may be incorporated into the genome of the cell, and includes reference to the transient provision of a nucleic acid or protein to the cell. Introduced includes reference to stable or transient transformation methods, as well as sexually crossing. Thus, "introduced" in the context of inserting a nucleic acid fragment (e.g., a recombinant DNA construct/expression construct) into ac ell, means "transfection" or

"transformation" or "transduction" and includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid fragment into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid fragment may be incorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid, plastid or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, or transiently expressed (e.g., transfected mRNA).

The term "genome" as it applies to a plant cells encompasses not only chromosomal DNA found within the nucleus, but organelle DNA found within subcellular components (e.g., mitochondrial, plastid) of the cell.

The term "isolated" refers to material, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, which is: (1 ) substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany or interact with the material as found in its naturally occurring environment or (2) if the material is in its natural environment, the material has been altered by deliberate human intervention to a composition and/or placed at a locus in the cell other than the locus native to the material.

As used herein, microRNA or "miRNA" refers to an oligoribonucleic acid, which regulates expression of a polynucleotide comprising the target gene. A "mature miRNA" refers to the miRNA generated from the processing of a miRNA precursor. A "miRNA template" is an oligonucleotide region, or regions, in a nucleic acid construct which encodes the miRNA. A portion of a polynucleotide construct is substantially complementary to the miRNA template and is predicted to base pair with the miRNA template. The miRNA template and a portion of the construct may form a double-stranded polynucleotide, including a hairpin structure.

As used herein, "domain" or "functional domain" refer to nucleic acid sequence(s) that are capable of eliciting a biological response in plants. A domain could refer to a portion within either individual miRNA or groups of miRNAs. Also, miRNA sequences associated with their backbone sequences could be considered domains useful for processing the miRNA into its active form. As used herein, "subdomains" or "functional subdomains" refer to subsequences of domains that are capable of eliciting a biological response in plants. A miRNA could be considered a subdomain of a backbone sequence. "Contiguous" sequences or domains refer to sequences that are sequentially linked without added nucleotides intervening between the domains.

The phrases "target sequence", "target gene", "target gene sequence" and "sequence of interest" may be used interchangeably. Target sequence is used to mean the nucleic acid sequence that is selected for alteration (e.g., suppression) of expression, and is not limited to polynucleotides encoding polypeptides. The target sequence comprises a sequence that is substantially or fully complementary to the miRNA. The target sequence includes, but is not limited to, RNA, DNA, or a polynucleotide comprising the target sequence. As discussed in Bartel and Bartel (2003) Plant Phys. 132:709-719, most microRNA sequences are 20-22 nucleotides with anywhere from 0-3 mismatches when compared to their target sequences.

It is understood that microRNA sequences include for example, 21 nucleotide sequences, or shorter (e.g., 18, 19, 20 mer) or longer (22, 23, 24-mer) sequences. In addition, some nucleotide substitutions, particularly at the last two nucleotides of the 3'end of the microRNA sequence, may be useful in retaining at least some microRNA function.

As used herein, "nucleic acid" means a polynucleotide and includes single or double- stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases. Nucleic acids may also include fragments and modified nucleotides. Thus, the terms "polynucleotide", "nucleic acid sequence", "nucleotide sequence" or "nucleic acid fragment" are used interchangeably and is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. Nucleotides (usually found in their 5'- monophosphate form) are referred to by their single letter designation as follows: "A" for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), "C" for cytidylate or

deosycytidylate, "G" for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, "U" for uridlate, "T" for

deosythymidylate, "R" for purines (A or G), "Y" for pyrimidiens (Cor T), "K" for G or T, "H" for A or C or T, T for inosine, and "N" for any nucleotide.

By "nucleic acid library" is meant a collection of isolated DNA or RNA molecules which comprise and substantially represent the entire transcribed fraction of a genome of a specified organism or of a tissue from that organism. Construction of exemplary nucleic acid libraries, such as genomic and cDNA libraries, is taught in standard molecular biology references such as Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 152, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA (Berger); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Vol. 1-3 (1989); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994).

As used herein "operably linked" includes reference to a functional linkage of at least two sequences. Operably linked includes linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence.

As used herein, "plant" includes plants and plant parts including but not limited to plant cells, plant tissue such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and seeds.

As used herein, "polypeptide" means proteins, protein fragments, modified proteins, amino acid sequences and synthetic amino acid sequences. The polypeptide can be glycosylated or not.

As used herein, "promoter" refers to a nucleic acid fragment, e.g., a region of DNA, that is involved in recognition and binding of an RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. In other words, this nucleic acid fragment is capable of controlling transcription of another nucleic acid fragment.

The term "selectively hybridizes" includes reference to hybridization, under stringent hybridization conditions, of a nucleic acid sequence to a specified nucleic acid target sequence to a detectably greater degree (e.g., at least 2-fold over background) than its hybridization to non-target nucleic acid sequences and to the substantial exclusion of non- target nucleic acids. Selectively hybridizing sequences typically have about at least 80% sequence identity, or 90% sequence identity, up to and including 100% sequence identity (i.e., fully complementary) with each other.

The term "stringent conditions" or "stringent hybridization conditions" includes reference to conditions under which a probe will selectively hybridize to its target sequence. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences can be identified which are 100% complementary to the probe (homologous probing).

Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, optionally less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30°C for short probes {e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60°C for long probes {e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides).

Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCI, 1 % SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37°C, and a wash in 1 X to 2X SSC (20X SSC = 3.0 M NaCI/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55°C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1 M NaCI, 1 % SDS at 37°C, and a wash in 0.5X to 1X SSC at 55 to 60°C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCI, 1 % SDS at 37°C, and a wash in O.IX SSC at 60 to 65°C.

Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the relevant factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T _m can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl, Anal. Biochem., 138:267-284 (1984): T _m = 81.5 °C + 16.6 (log M) + 0.41 (%GC) - 0.61 (% form) - 500/L;

where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, %GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T _m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T _m is reduced by about 1 °C for each 1 % of mismatching; thus, T _m , hybridization and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with >90% identity are sought, the T _m can be decreased 10°C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5°C lower than the thermal melting point (T _m ) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1 , 2, 3, or 4 °C lower than the thermal melting point (T _m ); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 °C lower than the thermal melting point (T _m ); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20 °C lower than the thermal melting point (T _m ). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T _m , those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T _m of less than 45 °C (aqueous solution) or 32 °C (formamide solution) it is preferred to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology— Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 "Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays", Elsevier, New York (1993); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Ausubel et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-lnterscience, New York (1995). Hybridization and/or wash conditions can be applied for at least 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 240 minutes.

The terms "reliable detection" and "reliably detected" are defined herein to mean the reproducible detection of measurable, sequence-specific signal intensity above background noise.

As used herein, "transgenic" refers to a plant or a cell which comprises within its genome a heterologous polynucleotide. Preferably, the heterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on, or heritable, to successive generations. The heterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of an expression construct. Transgenic is used herein to include any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotype of which has been altered by the presence of heterologous nucleic acid including those transgenics initially so altered as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic. The term "transgenic" as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the genome

(chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non- recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.

As used herein, "vector" refers to a small nucleic acid molecule (plasmid, virus, bacteriophage, artificial or cut DNA molecule) that can be used to deliver a polynucleotide into a host cell. Vectors are capable of being replicated and contain cloning sites for introduction of a foreign polynucleotide. Thus, expression vectors permit transcription of a nucleic acid inserted therein.

Polynucleotide sequences may have substantial identity, substantial homology, or substantial complementarity to the selected region of the target gene. As used herein

"substantial identity" and "substantial homology" indicate sequences that have sequence identity or homology to each other. Generally, sequences that are substantially identical or substantially homologous will have about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% sequence identity wherein the percent sequence identity is based on the entire sequence and is determined by GAP alignment using default parameters (GCG, GAP version 10, Accelrys, San Diego, CA). GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:443- 453, 1970) to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of sequence gaps. Sequences which have 100% identity are identical. "Substantial complementarity" refers to sequences that are complementary to each other, and are able to base pair with each other. In describing complementary sequences, if all the nucleotides in the first sequence will base pair to the second sequence, these sequences are fully or completely complementary.

Computational identification of miRNAs was accomplished from size selected small RNA libraries from leaf, drought-stressed leaf, seed, and various other tissues.

In some embodiments, the miRNA template, (i.e. the polynucleotide encoding the miRNA), and thereby the miRNA, may comprise some mismatches relative to the target sequence. In some embodiments the miRNA template has > 1 nucleotide mismatch as compared to the target sequence, for example, the miRNA template can have 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or more mismatches as compared to the target sequence. This degree of mismatch may also be described by determining the percent identity of the miRNA template to the complement of the target sequence. For example, the miRNA template may have a percent identity including about at least 70%, 75%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% as compared to the complement of the target sequence.

In some embodiments, the miRNA template, (i.e. the polynucleotide encoding the miRNA) and thereby the miRNA, may comprise some mismatches relative to the miRNA containing construct. In some embodiments the miRNA template has > 1 nucleotide mismatch as compared to the miRNA construct, for example, the miRNA template can have 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or more mismatches as compared to the miRNA construct. This degree of mismatch may also be described by determining the percent identity of the miRNA template to the complement of the miRNA construct. For example, the miRNA template may have a percent identity including about at least 70%, 75%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% as compared to the complement of the miRNA construct.

In some embodiments, the target sequence is selected from a plant pathogen. Plants or cells comprising a miRNA directed to the target sequence of the pathogen are expected to have decreased sensitivity and/or increased resistance to the pathogen. In some

embodiments, the miRNA is encoded by a nucleic acid construct further comprising an operably linked promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a pathogen-inducible promoter.

In another embodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid construct for suppressing a target sequence. The nucleic acid construct encodes a miRNA substantially complementary to the target. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct further comprises a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the miRNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct lacking a promoter is designed and introduced in such a way that it becomes operably linked to a promoter upon integration in the host genome. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is integrated using recombination, including site- specific recombination. See, for example, WO 99/25821 , herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct is an RNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one recombination site, including site-specific recombination sites. In some embodiments the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one recombination site in order to facilitate integration, modification, or cloning of the construct. In some embodiments the nucleic acid construct comprises two site-specific recombination sites flanking the miRNA precursor. In some embodiments the site-specific recombination sites include FRT sites, lox sites, or att sites, including attB, attL, attP or attR sites. See, for example, WO 99/25821 , and U.S. Patents 5,888,732, 6,143,557, 6,171 ,861 , 6,270,969, and 6,277,608, herein incorporated by reference.

In an embodiment, a DNA expression construct includes any of the isolated polynucleotides discussed herein operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In an embodiment, the a plant includes in its genome the DNA expression constructs discussed herein. Such plants can be selected from the group consisting of corn, rice, sorghum, sunflower, millet, soybean, canola, wheat, barley, oat, beans, and nuts.

In an embodiment, transgenic seeds obtained from a plant includes in its genome the DNA expression constructs discussed herein. Also within the scope are transformed plant tissue or a plant cell comprising in its genome the DNA expression constructs discussed herein. In an embodiment, by-products and progeny plants obtained from such transgenic seeds.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid construct comprises an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide which encodes a modified plant miRNA precursor, the modified precursor comprising a first and a second oligonucleotide, wherein at least one of the first or the second oligonucleotides is heterologous to the precursor, wherein the first oligonucleotide is substantially complementary to the second oligonucleotide, and the second oligonucleotide comprises a miRNA substantially complementary to the target sequence, wherein the precursor is capable of forming a hairpin.

In some embodiments there are provided cells, plants, and seeds comprising the introduced polynucleotides, and/or produced by the methods disclosed herein. The cells include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including but not limited to bacteria, yeast, fungi, viral, invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant cells. Plants, plant cells, and seeds include gynosperms, monocots and dicots, including but not limited to, for example, rice, wheat, oats, barley, millet, sorghum, soy, sunflower, safflower, canola, alfalfa, cotton, Arabidopsis, and tobacco.

As used herein, "by-products" refer to any product, fraction, or material produced from the processing of the seed. Corn kernels (seeds) are subjected to both wet and dry milling. The goal of both processes is to separate the germ, the endosperm, and the pericarp (hull). Wet milling separates the chemical constituents of corn into starch, protein, oil, and fiber fractions.

Methods and compositions useful in suppression of a target sequence and/or validation of function are disclosed. The disclosure also relates to a method for using microRNA (miRNA) mediated RNA interference (RNAi) to silence or suppress a target sequence to evaluate function, or to validate a target sequence for phenotypic effect and/or trait development. Constructs comprising small nucleic acid molecules, miRNAs, capable of inducing silencing, and methods of using these miRNAs to selectively silence target sequences are disclosed.

RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Fire et al., Nature 391 :806 1998). The corresponding process in plants is commonly referred to as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or RNA silencing and is also referred to as quelling in fungi. The process of post-transcriptional gene silencing is thought to be an evolutionarily-conserved cellular defense mechanism used to prevent the expression of foreign genes and is commonly shared by diverse flora and phyla (Fire et al., Trends Genet. 15:358 1999). Such protection from foreign gene expression may have evolved in response to the production of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) derived from viral infection or from the random integration of transposon elements into a host genome via a cellular response that specifically destroys homologous single-stranded RNA of viral genomic RNA. The presence of dsRNA in cells triggers the RNAi response through a mechanism that has yet to be fully characterized.

The presence of long dsRNAs in cells stimulates the activity of a ribonuclease III enzyme referred to as "dicer". Dicer is involved in the processing of the dsRNA into short pieces of dsRNA known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Berstein et al., Nature 409:363 2001 ) and/or pre miRNAs into miRNAs. Short interfering RNAs derived from dicer activity are typically about 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length and comprise about 19 base pair duplexes (Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 15:188 2001 ). Dicer has also been implicated in the excision of 21- and 22-nucleotide small temporal RNAs (stRNAs) from precursor RNA of conserved structure that are implicated in translational control (Hutvagner et al., 2001 , Science 293:834). The RNAi response also features an endonuclease complex, commonly referred to as an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which mediates cleavage of single- stranded RNA having sequence complementarity to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex. Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the region complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex (Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 15:188 2001 ). In addition, RNA interference can also involve small RNA (e.g., microRNA, or miRNA) mediated gene silencing, presumably through cellular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure and thereby prevent transcription of target gene sequences (see, e.g., Allshire, Science 297:1818-1819 2002; Volpe et al., Science 297:1833-1837 2002; Jenuwein, Science

297:2215-2218 2002; and Hall et al., Science 297:2232-2237 2002). As such, miRNA molecules are used to mediate gene silencing via interaction with RNA transcripts or alternately by interaction with particular gene sequences, wherein such interaction results in gene silencing either at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.

RNAi has been studied in a variety of systems. Fire et al. (Nature 391 :806 1998) were the first to observe RNAi in C. elegans. Wianny and Goetz {Nature Cell Biol. 2:70 1999) describe RNAi mediated by dsRNA in mouse embryos. Hammond et al. (Nature 404:293 2000) describe RNAi in Drosophila cells transfected with dsRNA. Elbashir et al., (Nature 41 1 :494 2001 ) describe RNAi induced by introduction of duplexes of synthetic 21 -nucleotide RNAs in cultured mammalian cells including human embryonic kidney and HeLa cells.

Small RNAs play an important role in controlling gene expression. Regulation of many developmental processes, including flowering, is controlled by small RNAs. It is now possible to engineer changes in gene expression of plant genes by using transgenic constructs which produce small RNAs in the plant.

Small RNAs appear to function by base-pairing to complementary RNA or DNA target sequences. When bound to RNA, small RNAs trigger either RNA cleavage or translational inhibition of the target sequence. When bound to DNA target sequences, it is thought that small RNAs can mediate DNA methylation of the target sequence. The consequence of these events, regardless of the specific mechanism, is that gene expression is inhibited.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs of about 18 to about 24 nucleotides (nt) in length that have been identified in both animals and plants (Lagos-Quintana et al., Science 294:853-858 2001 , Lagos-Quintana et al., Curr. Biol. 12:735-739 2002; Lau et al., Science 294:858-862 2001 ; Lee and Ambros, Science 294:862-864 2001 ; Llave et al., Plant Cell 14:1605-1619 2002; Mourelatos et al., Genes. Dev. 16:720-728 2002; Park et al., Curr. Biol. 12:1484-1495 2002; Reinhart et al., Genes. Dev. 16:1616-1626 2002). They are processed from longer precursor transcripts that range in size from approximately 70 to 200 nt, and these precursor transcripts have the ability to form stable hairpin structures.

The methods provided can be practiced in any organism in which a method of transformation is available, and for which there is at least some sequence information for the target sequence, or for a region flanking the target sequence of interest. It is also understood that two or more sequences could be targeted by sequential transformation, co- transformation with more than one targeting vector, or the construction of a DNA construct comprising more than one miRNA sequence. The methods are also implemented by a combinatorial nucleic acid library construction in order to generate a library of miRNAs directed to random target sequences. The library of miRNAs could be used for high- throughput screening for gene function validation.

General categories of sequences of interest include, for example, those genes involved in regulation or information, such as zinc fingers, transcription factors, homeotic genes, or cell cycle and cell death modulators, those involved in communication, such as kinases, and those involved in housekeeping, such as heat shock proteins.

Target sequences further include coding regions and non-coding regions such as promoters, enhancers, terminators, introns and the like, which may be modified in order to alter the expression of a gene of interest. For example, an intron sequence can be added to the 5' region to increase the amount of mature message that accumulates (see for example Buchman and Berg, Mol. Cell Biol. 8:4395-4405 (1988); and Callis et al., Genes Dev. 1 :1 183- 1200 (1987)).

The target sequence may be an endogenous sequence, or may be an introduced heterologous sequence, or transgene. For example, the methods may be used to alter the regulation or expression of a transgene, or to remove a transgene or other introduced sequence such as an introduced site-specific recombination site. The target sequence may also be a sequence from a pathogen, for example, the target sequence may be from a plant pathogen such as a virus, a mold or fungus, an insect, or a nematode. A miRNA could be expressed in a plant which, upon infection or infestation, would target the pathogen and confer some degree of resistance to the plant.

In plants, other categories of target sequences include genes affecting agronomic traits, insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, sterility, grain

characteristics, and commercial products. Genes of interest also included those involved in oil, starch, carbohydrate, or nutrient metabolism as well as those affecting, for example, kernel size, sucrose loading, and the like. The quality of grain is reflected in traits such as levels and types of oils, saturated and unsaturated, quality and quantity of essential amino acids, and levels of cellulose. Any target sequence could be suppressed in order to evaluate or confirm its role in a particular trait or phenotype, or to dissect a molecular, regulatory, biochemical, or proteomic pathway or network.

A number of promoters can be used, these promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. It is recognized that different applications will be enhanced by the use of different promoters in plant expression cassettes to modulate the timing, location and/or level of expression of the miRNA. Such plant expression cassettes may also contain, if desired, a promoter regulatory region (e.g., one conferring inducible, constitutive, environmentally- or developmentally-regulated, or cell- or tissue-specific/selective expression), a transcription initiation start site, a ribosome binding site, an RNA processing signal, a transcription termination site, and/or a polyadenylation signal.

Constitutive, tissue-preferred or inducible promoters can be employed. Examples of constitutive promoters include the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S transcription initiation region, the 1 '- or 2'- promoter derived from T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the ubiquitin 1 promoter, the Smas promoter, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter (U.S. Patent No. 5,683,439), the Nos promoter, the pEmu promoter, the rubisco promoter, the GRP1 -8 promoter and other transcription initiation regions from various plant genes known to those of skill. If low level expression is desired, weak promoter(s) may be used. Weak constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter (WO 99/43838 and U.S. Patent No. 6,072,050), the core 35S CaMV promoter, and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144;

5,604,121 ; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142. See also, U.S. Patent No. 6,177,61 1 , herein incorporated by reference.

Examples of inducible promoters are the Adh1 promoter which is inducible by hypoxia or cold stress, the Hsp70 promoter which is inducible by heat stress, the PPDK promoter and the pepcarboxylase promoter which are both inducible by light. Also useful are promoters which are chemically inducible, such as the ln2-2 promoter which is safener induced (U.S. patent 5,364,780), the ERE promoter which is estrogen induced, and the Axigl promoter which is auxin induced and tapetum specific but also active in callus (PCT US01/22169).

Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that initiate transcription preferentially in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, fruit, seeds, or flowers. An exemplary promoter is the anther specific promoter 5126 (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,689,049 and 5,689,051 ). Examples of seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, 27 kD gamma zein promoter and waxy promoter, Boronat, A. et al. (1986) Plant Sci. 47:95-102; Reina, M. et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 18(21 ):6426; and Kloesgen, R.B. et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 203:237-244. Promoters that express in the embryo, pericarp, and endosperm are disclosed in US patent 6,225,529 and PCT publication WO 00/12733. The disclosures each of these are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments it will be beneficial to express the gene from an inducible promoter, particularly from a pathogen-inducible promoter. Such promoters include those from pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins), which are induced following infection by a pathogen; e.g., PR proteins, SAR proteins, beta-1 ,3-glucanase, chitinase, etc. See, for example, Redolfi et al. (1983) Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 89:245-254; Uknes et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:645-656; and Van Loon (1985) Plant Mol. Virol. 4:1 1 1-1 16. See also WO 99/43819, herein incorporated by reference. Of interest are promoters that are expressed locally at or near the site of pathogen infection. See, for example, Marineau et al. (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. 9:335-342; Matton et al. (1989) Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2:325-331 ; Somsisch et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2427-2430; Somsisch et al. (1988) Mol. Gen. Genet. 2:93-98; and Yang (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14972-14977. See also, Chen et al. (1996) Plant J. 10:955-966; Zhang et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :2507-251 1 ; Warner et al. (1993) Plant J. 3:191 -201 ; Siebertz et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1 :961 -968; U.S. Patent No.

5,750,386 (nematode-inducible); and the references cited therein. Of particular interest is the inducible promoter for the maize PRms gene, whose expression is induced by the pathogen Fusarium moniliforme (see, for example, Cordero et al. (1992) Physiol. Mol. Plant Path.

41 :189-200).

Additionally, as pathogens find entry into plants through wounds or insect damage, a wound-inducible promoter may be used in the constructions of the polynucleotides. Such wound-inducible promoters include potato proteinase inhibitor (pin II) gene (Ryan (1990) Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 28:425-449; Duan et al. (1996) Nature Biotech. 14:494-498); wunl and wun2, U.S. Patent No. 5,428,148; winl and win2 (Stanford et al. (1989) Mol. Gen. Genet. 215:200-208); systemin (McGurl et al. (1992) Science 225:1570-1573); WIP1 (Rohmeier et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 22:783-792; Eckelkamp et al. (1993) FEBS Lett. 323:73-76); MPI gene (Corderok et al. (1994) Plant J. 6(2): 141 -150); and the like, herein incorporated by reference.

Chemical-regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemical-inducible promoter, where application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. Chemical-inducible promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize ln2-2 promoter, which is activated by

benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-1 a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemical-regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the

glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991 ) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

88:10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14(2):247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991 ) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229-237, and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156), herein incorporated by reference.

Tissue-preferred promoters can be utilized to target enhanced expression of a sequence of interest within a particular plant tissue. Tissue-preferred promoters include Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255-265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38(7)792-803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen Genet. 254(3):337-343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2):157-168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 1 12(3): 1331-1341 ; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 1 12(2):525-535; Canevascini et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 1 12(2):513-524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:181-196; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol. 23(6):1 129-1 138; Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(20):9586-9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993) Plant J. 4(3):495-505. Such promoters can be modified, if necessary, for weak expression.

Leaf-preferred promoters are known in the art. See, for example, Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255-265; Kwon et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105:357-67; Yamamoto et al.

(1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Gotor et al. (1993) Plant J. 3:509-18; Orozco et al.

(1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23(6): 1 129-1 138; and Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.

USA 90(20):9586-9590. In addition, the promoters of cab and rubisco can also be used.

See, for example, Simpson et al. (1958) EMBO J 4:2723-2729 and Timko et al. (1988) Nature 318:57-58.

Root-preferred promoters are known and can be selected from the many available from the literature or isolated de novo from various compatible species. See, for example, Hire et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20(2):207-218 (soybean root-specific glutamine synthetase gene); Keller and Baumgartner (1991 ) Plant Cell 3(10): 1051 -1061 (root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean); Sanger et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 14(3):433- 443 (root-specific promoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens); and Miao et al. (1991 ) Plant Cell 3(1 ):1 1-22 (full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS), which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean). See also Bogusz et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2(7):633-641 , where two root-specific promoters isolated from hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Parasponia andersonii and the related non-nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Trema tomentosa are described. The promoters of these genes were linked to a β-glucuronidase reporter gene and introduced into both the nonlegume Nicotiana tabacum and the legume Lotus corniculatus, and in both instances root-specific promoter activity was preserved. Leach and Aoyagi (1991 ) describe their analysis of the promoters of the highly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (see Plant Science (Limerick) 79(1 ):69-76). They concluded that enhancer and tissue-preferred DNA determinants are dissociated in those promoters. Teeri et al. (1989) used gene fusion to lacZ to show that the Agrobacterium T-DNA gene encoding octopine synthase is especially active in the epidermis of the root tip and that the TR2' gene is root specific in the intact plant and stimulated by wounding in leaf tissue, an especially desirable combination of characteristics for use with an insecticidal or larvicidal gene (see EMBO J. 8(2):343-350). The TR1 ' gene, fused to nptll (neomycin phosphotransferase II) showed similar characteristics. Additional root-preferred promoters include the VfENOD- GRP3 gene promoter (Kuster et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 29(4)759-772); and rolB promoter (Capana et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25(4):681-691 . See also U.S. Patent Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401 ,836; 5,1 10,732; and 5,023,179. The phaseolin gene (Murai et al. (1983) Science 23:476-482 and Sengopta-Gopalen et al. (1988) PNAS 82:3320- 3324.

Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing the DNA construct include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334; and U.S. Patent No.

6,300,543), sexual crossing, electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606), Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat No.

5,563,055; and U.S. Patent No. 5,981 ,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2 Ί 7 '-21 ⁷ 22), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,879,918; Tomes et al., U.S.

Patent No. 5,886,244; Bidney et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,932,782; Tomes et al. (1995) "Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment," in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); and McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421 -477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and

Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physio\. 87:671 -674 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991 ) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Patent No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91 :440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 31 1 :763-764; Bowen et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, New York), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250- 255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); and U.S. Patent No. 5,736,369 (meristem transformation), all of which are herein incorporated by reference. The nucleotide constructs may be introduced into plants by contacting plants with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a nucleotide construct within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. Further, it is recognized that useful promoters encompass promoters utilized for transcription by viral RNA polymerases. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants and expressing a protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,889,191 , 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367 and 5,316,931 ; herein incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, transient expression may be desired. In those cases, standard transient transformation techniques may be used. Such methods include, but are not limited to viral transformation methods, and microinjection of DNA or RNA, as well other methods well known in the art.

The cells from the plants that have stably incorporated the nucleotide sequence may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic imparted by the nucleotide sequence of interest and/or the genetic markers contained within the target site or transfer cassette. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.

In an embodiment, a method for altering expression of a stably introduced nucleotide sequence in a plant includes:

a) making a DNA expression construct comprising a stably introduced nucleotide sequence and at least one sequence capable of hybridizing to the isolated polynucleotide;

b) transforming a plant with the DNA expression construct of part (a); and c) selecting a transformed plant which comprises the DNA expression construct of part (a) in its genome and which has altered expression of the stably introduced nucleotide sequence when compared to a plant transformed with a modified version of the DNA expression construct of part (a) wherein the modified construct lacks the sequence capable of hybridizing to the isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein. Table 1 : MicroRNA sequences and targets thereof

208,209,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,2 1366,2730;1635,2989;1769,3119;1862,3210;2470,3782;

30,231,232,233,234,235,237,238,239,24

0,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249

,250,251,252,253,255,256,257,258,259,

260,261,262,263,310,311,312,313,314,3

15,316,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,32

5,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334

,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,

344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,3

53,354,356,358,359,360,361,362,363,36

4,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373

,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,

383,384,385,386,387,389,390,391,392,3

93,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,40

2,403,404,406,472,473,474,475,476,477

,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,

487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,4

96,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,50

5,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514

,515,516,517,518,519,521,577,578,580,

581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,590,5

91,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,60

0,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609

,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,669,

670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,6

79,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,68

8,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697

,698,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,

708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,7

17,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,78

0,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789

,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,

799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,8

08,809,810,811,812,813,814,859,860,86

1,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870

,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,

880,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,9

31,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,94

0,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949

,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,

959,960,1017,1019,1020,1021,1022,102

3, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030

, 1031, 1032,1033,1034, 1035, 1036, 1038,

1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043,1044, 1045, 1

046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050,1051, 1081, 10

82, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 108

9, 1090, 1091, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097

, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103

405 1366,2730;1635,2989;1769,3119;1862,3210;2470,3782;

1211,2580;1288,2656;1323,2689;1324,2690;1356,2720;1380 ,2743; 1391,2754; 1447,2808; 1853,3201;1879,3227; 1910,325

835 5; 1987,3326;2236,3564; 1401, No_Pept;

1273,2642;1281,2649;1340,2706;1635,2989;1907,3252;2074

264,357 ,3409;2275,3603;2372,3697;2470,3782;

308

888 1205,2574;1221,2590;1628,2982;1661,3014; 538 2423,No_Pept;

569,997 1395,2758;1489,2845;1657,3010;2299,3625;2427,3741;

665

425 1660,3013; 1676,3028;

6,571,016 1662,3015;1940,3285;2132,3463;2397,3719;2481,3793;

1662,3015;1690,3042;1940,3285;2132,3463;2397,3719;2481

852 ,3793;

733

732 1924,3269;

909 1260,2629; 1934,3279;

291

1212,2581;1344,2708;2105,3438;2253,3581;2269,3597;2464

910 ,3776;

540 1662,3015;2132,3463;2249,3577;

317,579 1635,2989;1716,3067;2265,3593;2275,3603;2470,3782;

73,111,051,106,110,700,000,000 1680,3032; 1928,3273;

542 1213,2582;2100,3433;2493,3803;2494,No_Pept;

410

218,219,221,407,408,409,523,524,526,5

27,528,620,621,622,623,624,625,723,72

4,725,727,820,821,822,823,824,855,918

,919,920, 1000,1001, 1002,1057, 1058,10

60,1061,1062

856 2240,3568;

729,966

267

881

1150,2519;1151,2520;1179,2548;1183,2552;1277,2645;1473 ,2833; 1588,2943; 1643,2997; 1732,3083;1828,3177; 1876,322

719 4;2009,3347;2158,3488;2294,3620;2448,3761;

1150,2519;1151,2520;1179,2548;1183,2552;1277,2645;1473 ,2833;1588,2943;1643,2997;1732,3083;1773,3123;1828,317 7;1876,3224;2009,3347;2079,3414;2158,3488;2294,3620;23

815 34,3660;2375,3699;2448,3761;2471,3783;

1166,2535;1255,2624;1280,2648;1336,2702;1464,2824;1487 ,2843; 1550,2905; 1611,2965; 1630,2984;1778,3128; 1975,331 6;1983,3322;1993,3332;2042,3379;2077,3412;2156,3486;21 65,3495;2171,3500;2178,3507;2180,3509;2261,3589;2283,3 610;2284,3611;2329,3655;2345,3671;2361,3686;2403,3724; 2411,3730;2430,3743;2450,3762;2480,3792;2031,No_Pept;2

886 429,No_Pept;

1416,2777;1420,2781;1478,2834;1612,2966;1956,3300;2368

969 ,3693;2408,3729;

1564,2919;1635,2989;1703,3054;1769,3119;1926,3271;2319

236 ,3645;2470,3782;

1313,2681;1366,2730;1635,2989;1769,3119;1862,3210;1926

388 ,3271;2470,3782;

1386,2749;1662,3015;1690,3042;1940,3285;2132,3463;2139

1066 ,3470;2249,3577;

26 1128,2497;1147,2516;1289,2657;1311,2679;1314,2682;1316 ,2684; 1338,2704; 1415,2776; 1416,2777;1456,2816; 1488,284 4;1498,2854;1547,2902;1570,2925;1574,2929; 1589,2944;15 90,2945;1623,2977;1647,3000;1655,3008;1697,3049;1717,3 068; 1734,3085; 1843,3191; 1867,3215; 1920,3265;2075,3410; 2091,3426;2092,3427;2094,3429;2107,3440;2123,3454;2127 ,3458;2175,3504;2190,3519;2223,3551;2321,3647;2447,376

309 0;

990 1731,3082;1912,3257;

911 1168,2537;1731,3082;1748,3098;1912,3257;

307 1159,2528; 1360,2724;2350,3675;

838 1939,3284;2131,3462;

424 1248,2617;1407,2769;1744,3094;1782,3132;

760 1484,2840;1901,3246;2201,3530;2483,3795;

1185,2554;1329,2695;1381,2744;1425,2786;1437,2798;1451 ,2811; 1494,2850; 1503,2859; 1554,2909;1718,3069; 1903,324 8;1921,3266;1958,3302;2023,3361;2067,3402;2113,3444;21

271 26,3457;2130,3461;2222,3550;

1129,2498;1223,2592;1280,2648;1404,2766;1443,2804;1484 ,2840; 1625,2979; 1650,3003; 1674,3026;1715,3066; 1801,315 0;1950,3294;1951,3295;2144,3475;2185,3514;2198,3527;22 96,3622;2336,3662;2365,3690;2366,3691;2390,3712;2402,3

299 723;2435,3748;2459,3771;

418 2273,3601; 1401, No_Pept;

469 1315,2683;2222,3550;

220,726,825 1443,2804;

465 1268,2637;1533,2888;1616,2970;

827 1392,2755;1585,2940;1673,3025;2002,3340;

755 1248,2617;

976 1248,2617;

1192,2561;1215,2584;1731,3082;1989,3328;1959,No_Pept;2

460 208,No_Pept;

1303,2671;1362,2726;1406,2768;1515,2870;1653,3006;2013 ,3351;2220,3548;2251,3579;2381,3703;2395,3717;2064,No_

206,633 Pept;2146,No_Pept;2487,No_Pept;

1132,2501;1149,2518;1222,2591;1343,2707;1353,2717;1579 ,2934;1640,2994;1686,3038;1745,3095;1819,3168;1844,319 2;1847,3195;1868,3216;1902,3247;1923,3268; 1938,3283;23

1003 48,3674;2355,3680;2377,3701;

1070 1188,2557;1381,2744;1414,2775;1503,2859;2222,3550;

618 1657,3010;

2, 174,665,715,729, 160,000 2089,3424;2311,3637;2368,3693;

52,581,910,591,063 2240,3568;

8,821,005

4,154,177,281,068 1261,2630;1516,2871;2347,3673;2466,3778;

268,269,270,416,828,829,967,968 1261,2630;1516,2871;2347,3673;2466,3778;

834 1153,2522;1365,2729;1974,3315;2230,3558;

630,833 1153,2522;1365,2729;1974,3315;2230,3558;

412 1153,2522;1365,2729;2230,3558;1645,No_Pept; 1153,2522;1365,2729;1974,3315;2086,3421;2113,3444;2230

75

1052 ,3558;1645,No_Pept;

76 720,816 1205,2574;1221,2590;1628,2982;1661,3014;

1349,2713;1366,2730;1635,2989;1769,3119;1862,3210;2176

77

1018 ,3505;2272,3600;2319,3645;2406,3727;2470,3782;

1229,2598;1283,2651;1418,2779;1525,2880;1597,2952;1764 ,3114;1863,3211;1905,3250;2121,3452;2141,3472;2151,348

78

1;2278,3606;2444,3757;2457,3769;2463,3775;2472,3784;

996

79 568 2382,3704;

1402,2764;1462,2822;1946,3291;1949,3293;2191,3520;2475

80

913 ,3787;

81 912 1645,No_Pept;

82 413 1365,2729;

83 629 1335,2701;1855,3203;2149,3479;2221,3549;1645,No_Pept;

1386,2749;1469,2829;1535,2890;1662,3015;1690,3042;1940

84

539 ,3285;2085,3420;2132,3463;2249,3577;

1162,2531;1225,2594;1241,2610;1287,2655;1308,2676;1534

,2889;1691,3043;1694,3046;1724,3075;1838,3186;1860,320

8;1866,3214;1951,3295;2007,3345;2045,3382;2058,3394;21

85 29,3460;2137,3468;2140,3471;2199,3528;2207,3536;2271,3

599;2437,3750;2464,3776;2467,3779;2473,3785;2399,NO_P

306,667,770,884 ept;

1162,2531;1225,2594;1287,2655;1308,2676;1325,2691;1534

,2889;1691,3043;1694,3046;1724,3075;1798,3147;1838,318

6;1860,3208;1866,3214;1951,3295;2007,3345;2045,3382;20

86 58,3394;2129,3460;2137,3468;2140,3471;2199,3528;2200,3

529;2207,3536;2249,3577;2271,3599;2437,3750;2464,3776;

470 2467,3779;2473,3785;2399,No_Pept;

87 887 1821,3170;1857,3205;2362,3687;2491,3801;

88 632 1441,2802;1720,3071;1885,3233;2058,3394;

89 817 1322,2688; 1736,3087;

90 722

91 215 2323,3649;

1259,2628;1327,2693;1354,2718;1513,2868;1803,3152;2285

92

734 ,3612;2303,3629;

93 631 1606,2960;1752,3102;

1265,2634;1270,2639;1498,2854;1499,2855;1790,3140;1867 ,3215;1925,3270;1944,3289;1997,3336;2101,3434;2167,349

94

7;2303,3629;2310,3636;2328,3654;2436,3749;2168,No_Pept

858

95 831 1537,2892; 1960,3303;2270,3598;

290,296,297,461,462,463,464,570,658,7

96

62,763,914,1055

1662,3015;1672,3024;1758,3108;1780,3130;1810,3159;1832 ,3180;1834,3182;1837,3185;1892,3239;1916,3261;1999,333

97

8;2004,3342;2102,3435;2106,3439;2197,3526;2434,3747;

1118

98 459

99 293,759 2177,3506;2291,3618;2309,3635;

100 961 1348,2712;2420,3737;2482,3794; 1200,2569;1388,2751;1501,2857;1848,3196;1932,3277;2065

101

1008 ,3400;2189,3518;2226,3554;2239,3567;2360,3685;

1174,2543;1296,2664;1317,2685;1650,3003;1967,3310;2394

102

737 ,3716;2476,3788;

103 204,205,986,987 1203,2572;1248,2617;1660,3013;1822,3171;2142,3473;

1203,2572;1248,2617;1660,3013;1676,3028;1822,3171;2142

104

452 ,3473;2184,3513;

1133,2502;1220,2589;1233,2602;1240,2609;1244,2613;1291

,2659; 1305,2673; 1368,2732; 1372,2736;1386,2749; 1449,280

9;1500,2856;1510,2865;1512,2867;1521,2876; 1529,2884;15

43,2898;1565,2920;1613,2967;1646,2999;1659,3012;1708,3

059;1727,3078;1733,3084;1740,3090;1750,3100;1767,3117;

1781,3131;1789,3139;1825,3174;1839,3187;1859,3207;1863

,3211;1891,3238;1893,3240;1897,3242;1927,3272;1936,328

105 1;1970,3311;1985,3324;2012,3350;2018,3356;2025,3363;20

54,3390;2056,3392;2059,3395;2063,3399;2067,3402;2081,3

416;2102,3435;2196,3525;2211,3539;2244,3572;2251,3579;

2254,3582;2268,3596;2281,3608;2289,3616;2297,3623;2308

,3634;2337,3663;2357,3682;2367,3692;2383,3705;2387,370

9;2426,3740;2458,3770;2461,3773;2473,3785;2478,3790;

1117

1134,2503;1142,2511;1165,2534;1172,2541;1177,2546;1184

,2553; 1196,2565; 1214,2583; 1224,2593;1238,2607; 1267,263

6;1279,2647;1309,2677;1326,2692;1339,2705; 1360,2724;13

90,2753;1460,2820;1462,2822;1470,2830;1484,2840;1509,2

864;1523,2878;1528,2883;1560,2915;1572,2927;1591,2946;

1600,2955;1601,2956;1609,2963;1615,2969;1624,2978;1641

,2995; 1642,2996; 1664,3017; 1677,3029;1683,3035; 1684,303

6;1687,3039;1694,3046;1706,3057;1749,3099; 1760,3110;17

75,3125;1777,3127;1788,3138;1793,3143;1800,3149;1801,3

150;1804,3153;1884,3232;1888,3235;1915,3260;1970,3311;

1971,3312;1991,3330;1996,3335;2033,3370;2043,3380;2061

106

,3397;2062,3398;2067,3402;2114,3445;2119,3450;2122,345

3;2164,3494;2209,3537;2237,3565;2257,3585;2288,3615;23

15,3641;2342,3668;2358,3683;2370,3695;2376,3700;1321,N o_Pept;1341,No_Pept;1448,No_Pept;1474,No_Pept;1476,No

_Pept;1477,No_Pept;1508,No_Pept;1605,No_Pept;1702,No_

Pept; 1830, N o_Pept; 1887,No_Pept; 1895, N o_Pept; 1948, N o_P ept; 1968, N o_Pept; 1976, No_Pept; 1978, N o_Pept;2098, N o_Pe pt;2109,No_Pept;2280,No_Pept;2293,No_Pept;2379,No_Pep t;2415,No_Pept;2425,No_Pept;2449,No_Pept;

1113

1135,2504;1142,2511;1153,2522;1157,2526;1171,2540;1172

,2541; 1177,2546; 1178,2547; 1204,2573;1214,2583; 1218,258

7;1224 _; 2593;1236,2605;1237,2606;1238,2607; 1242,2611;12

50,2619;1251,2620;1262,2631;1267,2636;1297,2665;1300,2

668; 1306,2674; 1339,2705; 1347,2711; 1383,2746; 1390,2753;

1399,2762;1411,2773;1422,2783;1426,2787;1433,2794;1436

,2797; 1442,2803; 1454,2814; 1460,2820;1462,2822; 1470,283

0;1480,2836;1484,2840;1485,2841;1496,2852; 1509,2864;15

23,2878;1527,2882;1528,2883;1552,2907;1560,2915;1568,2

923;1570,2925;1573,2928;1576,2931;1591,2946;1592,2947;

1596,2951;1598,2953;1599,2954;1600,2955;1601,2956;1609

,2963; 1615,2969; 1622,2976; 1624,2978;1627,2981; 1632,298

6;1634,2988;1642,2996;1664,3017;1668,3020; 1677,3029;16

83,3035;1684,3036;1687,3039;1694,3046;1700,3052;1709,3

060; 1711,3062; 1714,3065; 1723,3074; 1749,3099; 1754,3104;

1775,3125;1777,3127;1788,3138;1800,3149;1804,3153;1807

,3156;1808,3157;1820,3169;1878,3226;1880,3228;1888,323

5;1970,3311;1980,3319;1982,3321;1984,3323; 1991,3330;19

92,3331;1995,3334;1996,3335;2016,3354;2030,3368;2033,3

370;2043,3380;2055,3391;2057,3393;2062,3398;2087,3422;

2114,3445;2119,3450;2122,3453;2124,3455;2128,3459;2133

,3464;2143,3474;2164,3494;2182,3511;2186,3515;2209,353

7;2210,3538;2219,3547;2231,3559;2237,3565;2250,3578;22

57,3585;2279,3607;2288,3615;2292,3619;2304,3630;2315,3

641;2317,3643;2333,3659;2340,3666;2342,3668;2354,3679;

2358,3683;2369,3694;2386,3708;2393,3715;2407,3728;2414

,3733;2422,3739;2455,3767;2460,3772;2474,3786;2477,378

9;1321,No_Pept;1341,No_Pept;1448,No_Pept;1474,No_Pept

; 1476, N o_Pept; 1477,N o_Pept; 1508, No_Pept; 1605, N o_Pept;

1702,No_Pept;1830,No_Pept;1887,No_Pept;1895,No_Pept; l

948, No_Pept; 1968, N o_Pept; 1976, N o_Pept; 1978, No_Pept;20

98,No_Pept;2109,No_Pept;2280,No_Pept;2293,No_Pept;237

9,No_Pept;2415,No_Pept;2425,No_Pept;2449,No_Pept;,110,111 ,111,121,110

1135,2504;1142,2511;1153,2522;1157,2526;1175,2544;1214

,2583;1237,2606;1238,2607;1242,2611;1245,2614;1250,261

9;1251 _; 2620;1262,2631;1267,2636;1279,2647; 1294,2662;12

97,2665;1300,2668;1307,2675;1309,2677;1328,2694;1347,2

711; 1390,2753; 1399,2762; 1419,2780; 1422,2783; 1433,2794;

1436,2797;1453,2813;1454,2814;1460,2820;1462,2822;1480

,2836; 1483,2839; 1484,2840; 1496,2852;1509,2864; 1523,287

8;1527,2882;1528,2883;1543,2898;1551,2906; 1552,2907;15

60,2915;1571,2926;1576,2931;1577,2932;1591,2946;1596,2

951; 1598,2953; 1600,2955; 1601,2956; 1608,2962; 1609,2963;

1610,2964;1624,2978;1642,2996;1644,2998;1658,3011;1664

,3017; 1666,3019; 1668,3020; 1678,3030;1683,3035; 1684,303

6;1687,3039;1694,3046;1700,3052;1709,3060; 1738,3089;17

49,3099;1757,3107;1775,3125;1776,3126;1777,3127;1785,3

135; 1788,3138; 1800,3149; 1807,3156; 1820,3169; 1861,3209;

1880,3228;1888,3235;1913,3258;1970,3311;1982,3321;1984

,3323;1992,3331;1994,3333;1995,3334;1996,3335;2011,334

9;2033,3370;2048,3385;2055,3391;2057,3393;2096,3431;21

14,3445;2119,3450;2122,3453;2133,3464;2164,3494;2181,3

510;2182,3511;2209,3537;2210,3538;2218,3546;2237,3565;

2250 3578;2257,3585;2279 3607;2287,3614;2288 3615;2304

,3630;2317,3643;2323,3649;2333,3659;2340,3666;2342,366

8;2354,3679;2358,3683;2359,3684;2386,3708;2394,3716;24

04,3725;2451,3763;2455,3767;2460,3772;2474,3786;1321,N o_Pept;1341,No_Pept;1373,No_Pept;1448,No_Pept;1474,l\lo

_Pept;1476,No_Pept;1477,No_Pept;1508,No_Pept;1605,No_

Pept; 1702,N o_Pept; 1830,No_Pept; 1887, N o_Pept; 1895, N o_P ept; 1948, N o_Pept; 1968, No_Pept; 1976, N o_Pept; 1978, N o_Pe pt;2098,No_Pept;2109,No_Pept;2280,No_Pept;2293,No_Pep t;2379,No_Pept;2415,No_Pept;2425,No_Pept;2449,No_Pept;

1115

1134,2503;1135,2504;1137,2506;1141,2510;1142,2511;1153

,2522;1157,2526;1158,2527;1172,2541;1178,2547;1182,255

1;1190,2559;1195,2564;1228,2597;1236,2605; 1237,2606;12

38,2607;1243,2612;1247,2616;1251,2620;1262,2631;1272,2

641; 1275,2644; 1281,2649; 1294,2662; 1297,2665; 1299,2667;

1309,2677;1314,2682;1326,2692;1327,2693;1331,2697;1332

,2698;1347,2711;1351,2715;1363,2727;1390,2753;1397,276

0;1398 2761;1410,2772;1411,2773;1419,2780; 1424,2785;14

26,2787;1433,2794;1436,2797;1453,2813;1454,2814;1456,2

816; 1460,2820; 1462,2822; 1480,2836; 1483,2839; 1484,2840;

1490,2846;1494,2850;1496,2852;1504,2860;1509,2864;1520

,2875; 1528,2883; 1530,2885; 1538,2893;1543,2898; 1545,290

0;1549,2904;1553,2908;1562,2917;1566,2921; 1576,2931;15

82,2937;1591,2946;1592,2947;1598,2953;1600,2955;1601,2

956; 1608,2962; 1609,2963; 1619,2973; 1622,2976; 1627,2981;

1632,2986;1642,2996;1644,2998;1646,2999;1654,3007;1664

,3017; 1683,3035; 1684,3036; 1687,3039;1696,3048; 1700,305

2;1701,3053;1709,3060;1711,3062;1712,3063; 1713,3064;17

19,3070;1723,3074;1730,3081;1749,3099;1754,3104;1757,3

107;1767,3117;1777,3127;1779,3129;1783,3133;1784,3134;

1788,3138; 1800,3149; 1801,3150; 1807,3156; 1808,3157; 1809

,3158;1815,3164;1823,3172;1826,3175;1827,3176;1836,318

4;1865,3213;1869,3217;1880,3228;1881,3229; 1882,3230;18

109

83,3231;1884,3232;1888,3235;1914,3259;1915,3260;1931,3

276; 1935,3280; 1963,3306; 1970,3311; 1979,3318; 1980,3319;

1981,3320;1982,3321;1985,3324;1996,3335;1998,3337;2019

,3357;2030,3368;2036,3373;2043,3380;2046,3383;2055,339

1;2062,3398;2087,3422;2089,3424;2096,3431;2103,3436;21

14,3445;2126,3457;2133,3464;2136,3467;2142,3473;2143,3

474;2147,3477;2161,3491;2164,3494;2169,3498;2206,3535;

2209,3537;2210,3538;2214,3542;2219,3547;2231,3559;2234

,3562;2235,3563;2250,3578;2257,3585;2287,3614;2317,364

3;2325,3651;2332,3658;2333,3659;2335,3661;2342,3668;23

54,3679;2358,3683;2359,3684;2364,3689;2369,3694;2376,3

700;2385,3707;2393,3715;2398,3720;2414,3733;2418,3735;

2445,3758;2452,3764;2455,3767;2460,3772;2462,3774;2474

,3786;2477,3789;2485,3797;1276,No_Pept;1320,No_Pept;13

21,No_Pept;1341,No_Pept;1342,No_Pept;1448,No_Pept;147

4,No_Pept;1475,No_Pept;1476,No_Pept;1477,No_Pept;1508

, N o_Pept; 1605, N o_Pept; 1702, N o_Pept; 1830, N o_Pept; 1887,

N o_Pept; 1894, No_Pept; 1895, N o_Pept; 1948, N o_Pept; 1968, N o_Pept;1969,No_Pept;1976,No_Pept;1978,No_Pept;2097,No

_Pept;2098,No_Pept;2109,No_Pept;2110,No_Pept;2280,No_

Pept;2293,No_Pept;2378,No_Pept;2379,No_Pept;2409,No_P ept;2410,No_Pept;2415,No_Pept;2416,No_Pept;2425,No_Pe

1114 pt;2449,No_Pept;

1127,2496;1519,2874;1695,3047;1746,3096;1922,3267;1947

110 ,3292;1972,3313;2000,3339;2015,3353;2072,3407;2193,352

661 2;2374,3698;

1319,2687;1405,2767;1620,2974;1682,3034;1707,3058;1728

111 ,3079;1746,3096;1787,3137;1845,3193;1945,3290;1739,NO_

854 Pept;

1269,2638;1502,2858;1575,2930;1664,3017;1693,3045;1829

112

771 ,3178;1909,3254;2040,3377;2462,3774; 1162,2531;1293,2661;1481,2837;1517,2872;1557,2912;1608

,2962; 1610,2964; 1663,3016; 1670,3022;1943,3288; 1965,330

113

8;1977 _; 3317;1986,3325;2041,3378;2209,3537;2243,3571;22

467 84,3611;2331,3657;2469,3781;

1170,2539;1173,2542;1202,2571;1334,2700;1382,2745;1457 ,2817;1464,2824;1466,2826;1471,2831;1472,2832;1495,285 1;1541,2896;1593,2948;1604,2959;1649,3002; 1675,3027;17 21,3072;1766,3116;1771,3121;1774,3124;1814,3163;1824,3 173; 1840,3188; 1841,3189; 1852,3200; 1925,3270; 1964,3307;

114 2006,3344;2008,3346;2076,3411;2084,3419;2093,3428;2111

,3442;2112,3443;2142,3473;2166,3496;2173,3502;2179,350 8;2194,3523;2217,3545;2290,3617;2314,3640;2339,3665;23 41,3667;2343,3669;2352,3677;2353,3678;2428,3742;2433,3 746;2442,3755;2455,3767;2464,3776;2466,3778;

546

1143,2512;1153,2522;1258,2627;1355,2719;1371,2735;1385 ,2748; 1417,2778; 1461,2821; 1532,2887;1638,2992; 1639,299 3;1743,3093;1811,3160;1889,3236;1898,3243;2033,3370;20

115

90,3425;2095,3430;2150,3480;2216,3544;2228,3556;2248,3 576;2252,3580;2283,3610;2400,3721;2405,3726;2419,3736;

921 2492,3802;

1129,2498;1130,2499;1131,2500;1136,2505;1138,2507;1140

,2509; 1144,2513; 1153,2522; 1156,2525;1161,2530; 1163,253

2;1165,2534;1169,2538;1186,2555;1191,2560; 1192,2561;11

97,2566;1198,2567;1204,2573;1207,2576;1208,2577;1209,2

578; 1210,2579; 1227,2596; 1235,2604; 1246,2615; 1255,2624;

1264,2633;1282,2650;1285,2653;1286,2654;1290,2658;1292

,2660; 1295,2663; 1301,2669; 1330,2696;1333,2699; 1346,271

0;1350,2714;1358,2722;1367,2731;1370,2734; 1384,2747;13

87,2750;1400,2763;1403,2765;1408,2770;1413,2774;1427,2

788; 1438,2799; 1439,2800; 1440,2801; 1445,2806; 1446,2807;

1455,2815;1456,2816;1458,2818;1459,2819;1465,2825;1482

,2838; 1483,2839; 1511,2866; 1518,2873;1522,2877; 1524,287

9;1532,2887;1533,2888;1539,2894;1542,2897; 1559,2914;15

89,2944;1602,2957;1607,2961;1615,2969;1626,2980;1631,2

985; 1636,2990; 1641,2995; 1652,3005; 1663,3016; 1668,3020;

1669,3021;1689,3041;1699,3051;1704,3055;1705,3056;1710

116 ,3061;1756,3106;1759,3109;1762,3112;1765,3115;1794,314

4;1795,3145;1805,3154;1806,3155;1818,3167; 1833,3181;18

42,3190; 1846,3194; 1847,3195; 1849,3197; 1850,3198; 1871,3

219; 1875,3223; 1877,3225; 1889,3236; 1890,3237; 1899,3244;

1902,3247;1911,3256;1918,3263;1919,3264;1929,3274;1947

,3292;1954,3298;1973,3314;2003,3341;2014,3352;2027,336

5;2028,3366;2035,3372;2039,3376;2044,3381;2047,3384;20

49,3386;2050,3387;2063,3399;2071,3406;2090,3425;2099,3

432;2117,3448;2122,3453;2145,3476;2160,3490;2162,3492;

2170,3499;2183,3512;2192,3521;2202,3531;2210,3538;2213

,3541;2224,3552;2225,3553;2233,3561;2245,3573;2255,358

3;2256,3584;2268,3596;2274,3602;2276,3604;2291,3618;23

02,3628;2307,3633;2312,3638;2316,3642;2320,3646;2322,3

648;2327,3653;2330,3656;2338,3664;2346,3672;2351,3676;

2363,3688;2412,3731;2432,3745;2443,3756;2454,3766;2455

,3767;2456,3768;2465,3777;2489,3799;2495,3804;

975

117 965 1154,2523;1378,2741;1966,3309;1990,3329;2260,3588; 118 764 2423,No_Pept;

1155,2524;1312,2680;1384,2747;1428,2789;1489,2845;1614 ,2968;1621,2975;1741,3091;1755,3105;1786,3136;1856,320

119

4;2015,3353;2138,3469;2172,3501;2179,3508;2187,3516;22

411 05,3534;2358,3683;2439,3752;2484,3796;

120 628

121 832 1386,2749;1662,3015;1940,3285;2132,3463;2249,3577;

1187,2556;1396,2759;1434,2795;1904,3249;1959,No_Pept;2

122

213 208,No_Pept;

123 5,291,126 1651,3004;

124 530,531,532,533,534,535 1651,3004;2462,3774;

125 211,292

1377,2740;1441,2802;1548,2903;1561,2916;1594,2949;1698

126 ,3050;1747,3097;2005,3343;2108,3441;2238,3566;2266,359

767 4;2318,3644;2486,3798;

1130,2499;1135,2504;1146,2515;1160,2529;1164,2533;1231

,2600; 1304,2672; 1361,2725; 1374,2737;1375,2738; 1376,273

9;1377,2740;1430,2791;1450,2810;1452,2812; 1486,2842;15

67,2922;1688,3040;1725,3076;1802,3151;1812,3161;1859,3

127 207;1873,3221;2015,3353;2017,3355;2020,3358;2024,3362;

2140,3471;2152,3482;2157,3487;2188,3517;2237,3565;2238

,3566;2295,3621;2321,3647;2324,3650;2371,3696;2388,371

768,970 0;2389,3711;2396,3718;

128 993,994,995

129 207

1188,2557;1206,2575;1381,2744;1394,2757;1500,2856;1726

130

973 ,3077;2154,3484;2222,3550;2267,3595;2384,3706;

1130,2499;1139,2508;1238,2607;1357,2721;1358,2722;1376

131 ,2739;1536,2891;1742,3092;1751,3101;1761,3111;1772,312

573 2;1797,3146;2135,3466;2326,3652;2417,3734;

132 7,188,261,064 2424,No_Pept;

133 222

134 265 1249,2618;

135 536

136 266 1189,2558;1799,3148;1872,3220;

1193,2562;1217,2586;1393,2756;1563,2918;1628,2982;2277

137

974 ,3605;2401,3722;

138 254 1366,2730;1635,2989;1769,3119;1862,3210;2470,3782;

139 636,637 1386,2749;1930,3275;2249,3577;2373,No_Pept;

140 422 1386,2749;1618,2972;2032,3369;2249,3577;2263,3591;

141 989

142 212

143 1053 2034,3371;

144 634 2120,3451;

1192,2561;1215,2584;1603,2958;1763,3113;1989,3328;1959

145

576 , N o_Pept;2208, N o_Pept;

146 758 2423,No_Pept;2424,No_Pept;

147 721 1176,2545;1254,2623;1257,2626;1479,2835;1722,3073;1766

148 ,3116;1791,3141;1962,3305;2060,3396;2115,3446;2212,354

666 0;2305,3631;2314,3640;2413,3732;2479,3791;

149 11,201,121 1177,2546;1226,2595;1854,3202;

150 419,662,663,883 1177,2546;1226,2595;1584,2939;2241,3569;

151 300,301,302,303,304 1177,2546;1226,2595;1584,2939;2241,3569;

1177,2546;1226,2595;1369,2733;1584,2939;1854,3202;1870

152

836 ,3218;1898,3243;2241,3569;2246,3574;

1177,2546;1226,2595;1369,2733;1584,2939;1870,3218;1898

153

5,741,119 ,3243;2241,3569;2246,3574;2262,3590;2490,3800;

1153,2522;1365,2729;1941,3286;2086,3421;2113,3444;2230

154

853 ,3558;2301,3627; 1645, No_Pept;

1303,2671;1362,2726;1406,2768;1515,2870;1653,3006;2013

155 ,3351;2220,3548;2381,3703;2395,3717;2064,No_Pept;2146,

544,545,837 No_Pept;2487,No_Pept;

1303,2671;1362,2726;1406,2768;1515,2870;1653,3006;2013

156 ,3351;2184,3513;2220,3548;2381,3703;2395,3717;2438,375

915 l;2064,No_Pept;2146,No_Pept;2487,No_Pept;

157 761 1681,3033;2177,3506;2291,3618;

158 214 1681,3033;1908,3253;2177,3506;2291,3618;

159 2,951,054 2177,3506;2291,3618;2309,3635;

160 738 1145,2514;2184,3513;

161 458 1167,2536;1216,2585;2073,3408;

162 668,857

163 1123 1497,2853;1648,3001;1831,3179;

164 1122

165 7,651,069 1497,2853;1514,2869;1583,2938;1648,3001;

1180,2549;1278,2646;1287,2655;1308,2676;1429,2790;1534 ,2889; 1633,2987; 1724,3075; 1816,3165;1838,3186; 1866,321

166

4;1896,3241;2104,3437;2129,3460;2356,3681;2464,3776;23

421,839 99,No_Pept;

1298,2666;1429,2790;1534,2889;1569,2924;1633,2987;1685

167 ,3037; 1724,3075; 1816,3165; 1896,3241;2129,3460;2249,357

736 7;2282,3609;2464,3776;2399,No_Pept;

1161,2530;1201,2570;1253,2622;1256,2625;1266,2635;1282 ,2650;1352,2716;1359,2723;1410,2772;1423,2784;1470,283 0;1492,2848;1493,2849;1540,2895;1587,2942; 1595,2950;16 17,2971;1637,2991;1679,3031;1692,3044;1735,3086;1770,3

168 120; 1792,3142; 1917,3262; 1952,3296; 1957,3301;2010,3348;

2053,3389;2082,3417;2083,3418;2125,3456;2134,3465;2153 ,3483;2165,3495;2227,3555;2313,3639;2314,3640;2385,370

922 7;2468,3780;

1148,2517;1225,2594;1234,2603;1239,2608;1284,2652;1318

,2686; 1357,2721; 1364,2728; 1414,2775;1435,2796; 1463,282

3;1506,2862;1526,2881;1531,2886;1558,2913; 1580,2935;15

169 86,2941;1813,3162;1900,3245;1937,3282;1955,3299;2068,3

403;2070,3405;2148,3478;2163,3493;2180,3509;2203,3532;

2204,3533;2242,3570;2380,3702;2392,3714;2441,3754;2455

1065 ,3767; 1199,2568;1232,2601;1337,2703;1467,2827;1715,3066;1988

170 ,3327;2037,3374;2051,3388;2300,3626;2306,3632;2429,No_

8,851,007 Pept;

1141,2510;1181,2550;1184,2553;1190,2559;1219,2588;1263 ,2632; 1345,2709; 1389,2752; 1403,2765;1451,2811; 1467,282 7;1468,2828;1491,2847;1546,2901;1665,3018; 1874,3222;20

171 37,3374;2051,3388;2078,3413;2080,3415;2136,3467;2159,3

489;2174,3503;2215,3543;2229,3557;2232,3560;2306,3632;

522 2368,3693;2440,3753;2031, N o_Pept;2429, N o_Pept;

1141,2510;1181,2550;1184,2553;1190,2559;1194,2563;1219 ,2588; 1263,2632; 1271,2640; 1323,2689;1345,2709; 1389,275 2;1392,2755;1403,2765;1451,2811;1467,2827; 1468,2828;14 91,2847;1544,2899;1546,2901;1665,3018;1671,3023;1817,3

172 166; 1874,3222; 1988,3327;2021,3359;2022,3360;2037,3374;

2051,3388;2078,3413;2080,3415;2136,3467;2159,3489;2174 ,3503;2215,3543;2229,3557;2232,3560;2306,3632;2368,369 3;2391,3713;2440,3753;2031,No_Pept;2429,No_Pept;

889

173 1067 1275,2644;1933,3278;2247,3575;2286,3613;

1275,2644;1409,2771;1421,2782;1431,2792;1432,2793;1933

174

962 ,3278;2069,3404;

1275,2644;1409,2771;1431,2792;1432,2793;1933,3278;2069

175

963,964 ,3404;2431,3744;

176 972 2222,3550;2264,3592;

177 575,971 2066,3401;2222,3550;2264,3592;2481,3793;

178 305,769 2264,3592;

1252,2621;1302,2670;1444,2805;1578,2933;1729,3080;1886

179 ,3234;1906,3251;2029,3367;2088,3423;2195,3524;2258,358

541 6;2259,3587;2453,3765;

180 294

181 1006

182 818 1737,3088;

183 272,664

1505,2861;1629,2983;1753,3103;1768,3118;2116,3447;2298

184

216 ,3624;2300,3626;2344,3670;2424,No_Pept;

185 1125 1858,3206;

1152,2521;1483,2839;1507,2863;2038,3375;2118,3449;2446

186

543 ,3759;

187 1124 1483,2839; 1656,3009; 1851,3199; 1858,3206;2118,3449;

188 210 1274,2643;1483,2839;2038,3375;2118,3449;2238,3566;

1310,2678;1555,2910;1556,2911;1581,2936;1657,3010;2421

189

998 ,3738;

190 6,277,308,301,004 1872,3220;1953,3297;1961,3304;2155,3485;

191 991,992 1973,3314;

192 1104

193 1071 1230,2599;1657,3010;1864,3212;

194 619 1230,2599; 1657,3010;

195 999 1230,2599; 1657,3010;

196 468

197 766 Table 2: Trait values for microRNA targets and associated traits

1263 2632 Drought-Nitrogen 0.736 0.490 0.489

1271 2640 Drought-Nitrogen 0.701 0.499 0.515

1284 2652 Drought-Nitrogen 0.652 0.550 0.549

1292 2660 Drought-Nitrogen 0.639 0.599 0.576

1296 2664 Drought-Nitrogen 0.631 0.506 0.594

1317 2685 Drought-Nitrogen 0.601 0.771 0.350

1329 2695 Drought-Nitrogen 0.586 0.589 0.528

1356 2720 Drought-Nitrogen 0.570 0.618 0.604

1379 2742 Drought-Nitrogen 0.550 0.626 0.249

1389 2752 Drought-Nitrogen 0.545 0.618 0.631

1394 2757 Drought-Nitrogen 0.543 0.501 0.510

1396 2759 Drought-Nitrogen 0.540 0.620 0.410

1408 2770 Drought-Nitrogen 0.535 0.507 0.533

1419 2780 Drought-Nitrogen 0.532 0.490 0.422

1429 2790 Drought-Nitrogen 0.529 0.686 0.619

1434 2795 Drought-Nitrogen 0.528 0.601 0.000

1435 2796 Drought-Nitrogen 0.528 0.629 0.419

1436 2797 Drought-Nitrogen 0.528 0.591 0.618

1438 2799 Drought-Nitrogen 0.528 0.498 0.587

1441 2802 Drought-Nitrogen 0.527 0.574 0.387

1451 2811 Drought-Nitrogen 0.525 0.591 0.568

1454 2814 Drought-Nitrogen 0.523 0.723 0.583

1458 2818 Drought-Nitrogen 0.523 0.501 0.510

1459 2819 Drought-Nitrogen 0.523 0.501 0.510

1460 2820 Drought-Nitrogen 0.523 0.591 0.618

1462 2822 Drought-Nitrogen 0.523 0.649 0.348

1473 2833 Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.618

1474 N.A. Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1475 N.A. Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1476 N.A. Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1477 N.A. Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1478 2834 Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1479 2835 Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1480 2836 Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1481 2837 Drought-Nitrogen 0.522 0.591 0.568

1486 2842 Drought-Nitrogen 0.520 0.499 0.578

1491 2847 Drought-Nitrogen 0.518 0.516 0.620

1493 2849 Drought-Nitrogen 0.517 0.995 0.576

1501 2857 Drought-Nitrogen 0.513 0.626 0.304

1529 2884 Drought-Nitrogen 0.505 0.609 0.630

1563 2918 Drought-Nitrogen 0.497 0.589 0.491

1581 2936 Drought-Nitrogen 0.489 0.167 1.000

1584 2939 Drought-Nitrogen 0.488 0.612 0.630

1587 2942 Drought-Nitrogen 0.486 0.590 0.458

1593 2948 Drought-Nitrogen 0.482 0.597 0.534 1599 2954 Drought-Nitrogen 0.481 0.517 0.432

1601 2956 Drought-Nitrogen 0.481 0.609 0.630

1602 2957 Drought-Nitrogen 0.481 0.609 0.630

1603 2958 Drought-Nitrogen 0.481 0.609 0.630

1604 2959 Drought-Nitrogen 0.481 0.609 0.630

1611 2965 Drought-Nitrogen 0.480 0.554 0.361

1612 2966 Drought-Nitrogen 0.480 0.554 0.361

1613 2967 Drought-Nitrogen 0.480 0.554 0.560

1629 2983 Drought-Nitrogen 0.475 0.498 0.532

1641 2995 Drought-Nitrogen 0.472 0.541 0.604

1642 2996 Drought-Nitrogen 0.472 0.585 0.387

1683 3035 Drought-Nitrogen 0.464 0.541 0.469

1685 3037 Drought-Nitrogen 0.464 0.801 0.354

1704 3055 Drought-Nitrogen 0.461 0.541 0.469

1707 3058 Drought-Nitrogen 0.460 0.656 0.446

1168 2537 Nitrogen-Yield 0.305 0.548 0.705

1178 2547 Nitrogen-Yield 0.354 0.500 0.841

1179 2548 Nitrogen-Yield 0.440 0.983 0.767

1185 2554 Nitrogen-Yield 0.295 0.597 0.679

1194 2563 Nitrogen-Yield 0.357 0.500 0.683

1220 2589 Nitrogen-Yield 0.325 0.505 0.645

1710 3061 Nitrogen-Yield 0.456 0.569 0.652

1716 3067 Nitrogen-Yield 0.452 0.668 0.649

1733 3084 Nitrogen-Yield 0.438 0.572 0.652

1738 3089 Nitrogen-Yield 0.434 0.569 0.652

1771 3121 Nitrogen-Yield 0.415 0.580 0.662

1784 3134 Nitrogen-Yield 0.399 0.738 0.646

1795 3145 Nitrogen-Yield 0.388 0.767 0.654

1807 3156 Nitrogen-Yield 0.385 0.813 0.691

1823 3172 Nitrogen-Yield 0.374 0.492 0.732

1872 3220 Nitrogen-Yield 0.353 0.570 0.681

1892 3239 Nitrogen-Yield 0.345 0.536 0.771

1926 3271 Nitrogen-Yield 0.328 0.607 0.723

1936 3281 Nitrogen-Yield 0.322 0.681 0.729

1937 3282 Nitrogen-Yield 0.322 0.501 0.670

1938 3283 Nitrogen-Yield 0.322 0.501 0.670

1942 3287 Nitrogen-Yield 0.321 0.554 0.743

1970 3311 Nitrogen-Yield 0.306 0.528 0.668

2001 3287 Nitrogen-Yield 0.298 0.545 0.743

2003 3341 Nitrogen-Yield 0.297 0.554 0.735

2006 3344 Nitrogen-Yield 0.296 0.530 0.694

2026 3364 Nitrogen-Yield 0.287 0.545 0.743

2074 3409 Nitrogen-Yield 0.274 0.596 0.650

2105 3438 Nitrogen-Yield 0.259 0.593 0.656

2109 N.A. Nitrogen-Yield 0.256 0.580 0.723 2110 N.A. Nitrogen-Yield 0.256 0.580 0.723

2130 3461 Nitrogen-Yield 0.244 0.833 0.800

2145 3476 Nitrogen-Yield 0.227 0.490 0.735

2152 3482 Nitrogen-Yield 0.220 0.515 0.723

2174 3503 Nitrogen-Yield 0.204 0.692 0.692

2175 3504 Nitrogen-Yield 0.204 0.692 0.692

2189 3518 Nitrogen-Yield 0.190 0.779 0.755

2192 3521 Nitrogen-Yield 0.188 0.704 0.701

2199 3528 Nitrogen-Yield 0.179 0.490 0.751

2200 3529 Nitrogen-Yield 0.179 0.490 0.751

2202 3531 Nitrogen-Yield 0.176 0.911 0.659

2240 3568 Nitrogen-Yield 0.125 0.603 0.657

2245 3573 Nitrogen-Yield 0.119 0.569 0.714

2246 3574 Nitrogen-Yield 0.119 0.569 0.779

2291 3618 Nitrogen-Yield 0.045 0.510 0.699

2299 3625 Nitrogen-Yield 0.043 0.600 0.657

2310 3636 Nitrogen-Yield 0.013 0.496 0.789

2313 3639 Nitrogen-Yield 0.013 0.589 0.684

2340 3666 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.754 0.670

2341 3667 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.754 0.670

2371 3696 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.711 0.650

2412 3731 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.600 0.657

2413 3732 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.600 0.657

2414 3733 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.791 0.665

2417 3734 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.511 0.725

2429 N.A. Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.688 0.645

2430 3743 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.688 0.653

2431 3744 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.688 0.653

2443 3756 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.779 0.755

2468 3780 Nitrogen-Yield 0.000 0.517 0.710

1135 2504 Drought-Yield 0.591 0.321 0.798

1137 2506 Drought-Yield 0.566 0.353 0.891

1141 2510 Drought-Yield 0.549 0.000 0.658

1142 2511 Drought-Yield 0.716 0.430 0.829

1143 2512 Drought-Yield 0.661 0.000 0.924

1146 2515 Drought-Yield 0.598 0.407 0.667

1153 2522 Drought-Yield 0.663 0.212 0.909

1154 2523 Drought-Yield 0.674 0.183 0.686

1160 2529 Drought-Yield 0.569 0.280 0.775

1164 2533 Drought-Yield 0.635 0.400 0.770

1166 2535 Drought-Yield 0.470 0.299 0.656

1169 2538 Drought-Yield 0.556 0.300 0.872

1183 2552 Drought-Yield 0.642 0.365 0.783

1190 2559 Drought-Yield 0.544 0.212 0.813

1192 2561 Drought-Yield 0.477 0.444 0.837 1195 2564 Drought-Yield 0.522 0.200 0.724

1208 2577 Drought-Yield 0.555 0.319 0.812

1231 2600 Drought-Yield 0.479 0.273 0.743

1255 2624 Drought-Yield 0.919 0.000 0.686

1256 2625 Drought-Yield 0.919 0.407 0.688

1258 2627 Drought-Yield 0.846 0.338 0.734

1267 2636 Drought-Yield 0.712 0.122 0.662

1275 2644 Drought-Yield 0.693 0.000 0.689

1278 2646 Drought-Yield 0.691 0.000 0.729

1279 2647 Drought-Yield 0.681 0.301 0.763

1283 2651 Drought-Yield 0.652 0.167 0.725

1290 2658 Drought-Yield 0.644 0.363 0.654

1299 2667 Drought-Yield 0.630 0.000 0.696

1307 2675 Drought-Yield 0.617 0.401 0.656

1322 2688 Drought-Yield 0.597 0.287 0.659

1336 2702 Drought-Yield 0.581 0.228 0.746

1339 2705 Drought-Yield 0.579 0.255 0.675

1342 N.A. Drought-Yield 0.525 0.280 0.672

1347 2711 Drought-Yield 0.575 0.378 0.898

1353 2717 Drought-Yield 0.572 0.000 0.750

1355 2719 Drought-Yield 0.571 0.441 0.669

1361 2725 Drought-Yield 0.565 0.468 0.674

1362 2726 Drought-Yield 0.564 0.359 0.883

1363 2727 Drought-Yield 0.563 0.000 0.765

1373 N.A. Drought-Yield 0.555 0.000 0.697

1378 2741 Drought-Yield 0.550 0.347 0.776

1409 2771 Drought-Yield 0.534 0.280 0.673

1415 2776 Drought-Yield 0.532 0.285 0.752

1430 2791 Drought-Yield 0.529 0.320 0.672

1431 2792 Drought-Yield 0.528 0.280 0.672

1432 2793 Drought-Yield 0.528 0.280 0.672

1437 2798 Drought-Yield 0.528 0.416 0.769

1448 N.A. Drought-Yield 0.525 0.280 0.672

1449 2809 Drought-Yield 0.525 0.280 0.672

1452 2812 Drought-Yield 0.525 0.301 0.706

1453 2813 Drought-Yield 0.524 0.368 0.683

1468 2828 Drought-Yield 0.522 0.378 0.699

1487 2843 Drought-Yield 0.520 0.301 0.706

1498 2854 Drought-Yield 0.514 0.475 0.688

1505 2861 Drought-Yield 0.511 0.000 0.800

1552 2907 Drought-Yield 0.500 0.281 0.697

1562 2917 Drought-Yield 0.498 0.000 0.843

1575 2930 Drought-Yield 0.492 0.000 0.813

1615 2969 Drought-Yield 0.479 0.278 0.723

1643 2997 Drought-Yield 0.471 0.167 0.644 1655 3008 Drought-Yield 0.469 0.361 0.844

1662 3015 Drought-Yield 0.468 0.200 0.692

1664 3017 Drought-Yield 0.467 0.000 0.769

1680 3032 Drought-Yield 0.465 0.159 0.662

1684 3036 Drought-Yield 0.464 0.180 0.715

1177 2546 Nitrogen 0.460 0.500 0.634

1180 2549 Nitrogen 0.454 0.743 0.468

1198 2567 Nitrogen 0.279 0.505 0.607

1206 2575 Nitrogen 0.153 0.504 0.310

1207 2576 Nitrogen 0.176 0.503 0.315

1216 2585 Nitrogen 0.410 0.983 0.318

1218 2587 Nitrogen 0.294 0.643 0.492

1234 2603 Nitrogen 0.296 0.685 0.511

1246 2615 Nitrogen 0.349 0.523 0.467

1342 N.A. Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.507

1342 N.A. Nitrogen 0.047 0.546 0.617

1342 N.A. Nitrogen 0.045 0.529 0.456

1342 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.747 0.542

1541 2896 Nitrogen 0.361 0.578 0.387

1711 3062 Nitrogen 0.454 0.561 0.578

1715 3066 Nitrogen 0.453 0.580 0.615

1717 3068 Nitrogen 0.450 0.499 0.528

1720 3071 Nitrogen 0.448 0.501 0.491

1721 3072 Nitrogen 0.448 0.578 0.531

1722 3073 Nitrogen 0.447 0.698 0.492

1726 3077 Nitrogen 0.441 0.586 0.479

1727 3078 Nitrogen 0.441 0.541 0.629

1728 3079 Nitrogen 0.441 0.569 0.474

1731 3082 Nitrogen 0.439 0.741 0.595

1734 3085 Nitrogen 0.437 0.513 0.555

1737 3088 Nitrogen 0.435 0.595 0.577

1739 N.A. Nitrogen 0.434 0.569 0.474

1740 3090 Nitrogen 0.434 0.569 0.474

1741 3091 Nitrogen 0.434 0.569 0.474

1742 3092 Nitrogen 0.432 0.540 0.383

1745 3095 Nitrogen 0.430 0.623 0.535

1752 3102 Nitrogen 0.426 0.513 0.489

1753 3103 Nitrogen 0.425 0.710 0.469

1757 3107 Nitrogen 0.424 0.498 0.532

1759 3109 Nitrogen 0.422 0.498 0.532

1760 3110 Nitrogen 0.422 0.498 0.468

1761 3111 Nitrogen 0.421 0.676 0.445

1763 3113 Nitrogen 0.420 0.858 0.413

1764 3114 Nitrogen 0.419 0.498 0.555

1765 3115 Nitrogen 0.419 0.498 0.555 1766 3116 Nitrogen 0.419 0.498 0.555

1767 3117 Nitrogen 0.419 0.498 0.555

1775 3125 Nitrogen 0.408 0.738 0.595

1777 3127 Nitrogen 0.404 0.576 0.510

1778 3128 Nitrogen 0.404 0.576 0.510

1781 3131 Nitrogen 0.401 0.580 0.321

1783 3133 Nitrogen 0.399 0.738 0.595

1785 3135 Nitrogen 0.399 0.508 0.411

1786 3136 Nitrogen 0.398 0.504 0.514

1808 3157 Nitrogen 0.384 0.593 0.540

1809 3158 Nitrogen 0.384 0.768 0.304

1810 3159 Nitrogen 0.384 0.673 0.539

1812 3161 Nitrogen 0.381 0.706 0.380

1813 3162 Nitrogen 0.379 0.764 0.304

1814 3163 Nitrogen 0.378 0.556 0.491

1815 3164 Nitrogen 0.378 0.511 0.551

1820 3169 Nitrogen 0.375 0.677 0.447

1825 3174 Nitrogen 0.373 0.545 0.456

1826 3175 Nitrogen 0.371 0.589 0.462

1827 3176 Nitrogen 0.371 0.514 0.348

1832 3180 Nitrogen 0.370 0.511 0.363

1833 3181 Nitrogen 0.369 0.595 0.473

1834 3182 Nitrogen 0.369 0.537 0.411

1836 3184 Nitrogen 0.366 0.512 0.491

1842 3190 Nitrogen 0.362 0.608 0.597

1843 3191 Nitrogen 0.361 0.570 0.473

1844 3192 Nitrogen 0.361 0.548 0.507

1845 3193 Nitrogen 0.361 0.489 0.479

1847 3195 Nitrogen 0.360 0.541 0.451

1848 3196 Nitrogen 0.359 0.548 0.507

1852 3200 Nitrogen 0.358 0.525 0.442

1857 3205 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.458

1858 3206 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.456

1859 3207 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.553

1860 3208 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.456

1861 3209 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.456

1862 3210 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.456

1863 3211 Nitrogen 0.355 0.489 0.456

1866 3214 Nitrogen 0.354 0.529 0.456

1867 3215 Nitrogen 0.354 0.490 0.529

1868 3216 Nitrogen 0.353 0.567 0.514

1871 3219 Nitrogen 0.353 0.608 0.479

1873 3221 Nitrogen 0.352 0.514 0.470

1874 3222 Nitrogen 0.351 0.492 0.411

1880 3228 Nitrogen 0.348 0.568 0.417 1881 3229 Nitrogen 0.348 0.490 0.631

1882 3230 Nitrogen 0.345 0.636 0.481

1884 3232 Nitrogen 0.345 0.501 0.547

1888 3235 Nitrogen 0.345 0.570 0.473

1889 3236 Nitrogen 0.345 0.570 0.473

1890 3237 Nitrogen 0.345 0.570 0.473

1893 3240 Nitrogen 0.345 0.536 0.435

1894 N.A. Nitrogen 0.345 0.574 0.572

1895 N.A. Nitrogen 0.345 0.574 0.572

1896 3241 Nitrogen 0.345 0.574 0.560

1897 3242 Nitrogen 0.345 0.574 0.387

1898 3243 Nitrogen 0.345 0.574 0.387

1899 3244 Nitrogen 0.344 0.589 0.492

1901 3246 Nitrogen 0.343 0.576 0.459

1903 3248 Nitrogen 0.340 0.495 0.438

1911 3256 Nitrogen 0.336 0.498 0.555

1913 3258 Nitrogen 0.335 0.523 0.627

1914 3259 Nitrogen 0.334 0.841 0.271

1915 3260 Nitrogen 0.334 0.592 0.573

1916 3261 Nitrogen 0.334 0.592 0.573

1923 3268 Nitrogen 0.332 0.540 0.318

1924 3269 Nitrogen 0.332 0.545 0.344

1929 3274 Nitrogen 0.326 0.490 0.529

1930 3275 Nitrogen 0.326 0.490 0.507

1931 3276 Nitrogen 0.326 0.490 0.509

1933 3278 Nitrogen 0.325 0.552 0.507

1939 3284 Nitrogen 0.322 0.501 0.547

1940 3285 Nitrogen 0.322 0.501 0.547

1941 3286 Nitrogen 0.322 0.501 0.547

1945 3290 Nitrogen 0.320 0.493 0.379

1949 3293 Nitrogen 0.316 0.492 0.278

1952 3296 Nitrogen 0.316 0.664 0.575

1954 3298 Nitrogen 0.315 0.548 0.451

1955 3299 Nitrogen 0.315 0.541 0.451

1956 3300 Nitrogen 0.315 0.541 0.451

1958 3302 Nitrogen 0.312 0.574 0.402

1961 3304 Nitrogen 0.311 0.671 0.502

1966 3309 Nitrogen 0.308 0.841 0.420

1969 N.A. Nitrogen 0.306 0.528 0.328

1971 3312 Nitrogen 0.306 0.528 0.384

1976 N.A. Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.507

1977 3317 Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.507

1978 N.A. Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.507

1979 3318 Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.507

1980 3319 Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.507 1981 3320 Nitrogen 0.305 0.548 0.519

1982 3321 Nitrogen 0.305 0.589 0.492

1983 3322 Nitrogen 0.305 0.589 0.492

1990 3329 Nitrogen 0.301 0.495 0.361

1991 3330 Nitrogen 0.301 0.827 0.425

1999 3338 Nitrogen 0.300 0.493 0.619

2000 3339 Nitrogen 0.299 0.592 0.539

2002 3340 Nitrogen 0.297 0.523 0.552

2004 3342 Nitrogen 0.296 0.535 0.318

2005 3343 Nitrogen 0.296 0.723 0.529

2007 3345 Nitrogen 0.296 0.496 0.561

2009 3347 Nitrogen 0.296 0.749 0.338

2014 3352 Nitrogen 0.294 0.580 0.327

2023 3361 Nitrogen 0.287 0.554 0.375

2025 3363 Nitrogen 0.287 0.701 0.399

2027 3365 Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.344

2028 3366 Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.594

2029 3367 Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.456

2029 3367 Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.456

2030 3368 Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.456

2031 N.A. Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.344

2032 3369 Nitrogen 0.287 0.545 0.344

2033 3370 Nitrogen 0.287 0.669 0.533

2035 3372 Nitrogen 0.287 0.678 0.427

2038 3375 Nitrogen 0.286 0.493 0.318

2041 3378 Nitrogen 0.285 0.733 0.376

2042 3379 Nitrogen 0.285 0.733 0.376

2053 3389 Nitrogen 0.284 0.495 0.450

2066 3401 Nitrogen 0.278 0.593 0.414

2067 3402 Nitrogen 0.278 0.559 0.289

2068 3403 Nitrogen 0.276 0.498 0.547

2081 3416 Nitrogen 0.273 0.523 0.552

2082 3417 Nitrogen 0.273 0.523 0.466

2083 3418 Nitrogen 0.273 0.523 0.466

2084 3419 Nitrogen 0.273 0.518 0.466

2088 3423 Nitrogen 0.270 0.580 0.321

2091 3426 Nitrogen 0.270 0.586 0.591

2092 3427 Nitrogen 0.270 0.490 0.627

2093 3428 Nitrogen 0.269 0.532 0.000

2094 3429 Nitrogen 0.268 0.541 0.405

2099 3432 Nitrogen 0.260 0.747 0.494

2100 3433 Nitrogen 0.260 0.685 0.557

2101 3434 Nitrogen 0.259 0.490 0.498

2108 3441 Nitrogen 0.256 0.841 0.337

2111 3442 Nitrogen 0.256 0.582 0.335 2112 3443 Nitrogen 0.253 0.621 0.408

2117 3448 Nitrogen 0.252 0.701 0.478

2118 3449 Nitrogen 0.251 0.546 0.428

2119 3450 Nitrogen 0.250 0.502 0.561

2120 3451 Nitrogen 0.249 0.537 0.378

2126 3457 Nitrogen 0.246 0.563 0.289

2127 3458 Nitrogen 0.245 0.490 0.627

2134 3465 Nitrogen 0.242 0.542 0.571

2135 3466 Nitrogen 0.239 0.515 0.318

2136 3467 Nitrogen 0.238 0.644 0.506

2142 3473 Nitrogen 0.235 0.583 0.390

2151 3481 Nitrogen 0.220 0.513 0.318

2157 3487 Nitrogen 0.219 0.753 0.431

2162 3492 Nitrogen 0.213 0.781 0.478

2163 3493 Nitrogen 0.211 0.493 0.411

2166 3496 Nitrogen 0.210 0.490 0.487

2170 3499 Nitrogen 0.205 0.522 0.478

2176 3505 Nitrogen 0.204 0.559 0.558

2177 3506 Nitrogen 0.204 0.559 0.558

2178 3507 Nitrogen 0.204 0.559 0.289

2179 3508 Nitrogen 0.204 0.559 0.289

2193 3522 Nitrogen 0.184 0.659 0.376

2194 3523 Nitrogen 0.180 0.520 0.443

2195 3524 Nitrogen 0.180 0.532 0.000

2196 3525 Nitrogen 0.179 0.490 0.627

2197 3526 Nitrogen 0.179 0.490 0.498

2198 3527 Nitrogen 0.179 0.490 0.487

2205 3534 Nitrogen 0.173 0.604 0.362

2209 3537 Nitrogen 0.164 0.830 0.523

2210 3538 Nitrogen 0.163 0.605 0.477

2211 3539 Nitrogen 0.160 0.702 0.420

2213 3541 Nitrogen 0.160 0.589 0.630

2217 3545 Nitrogen 0.153 0.534 0.305

2223 3551 Nitrogen 0.146 0.565 0.465

2224 3552 Nitrogen 0.146 0.532 0.000

2230 3558 Nitrogen 0.144 0.589 0.574

2236 3564 Nitrogen 0.132 0.674 0.526

2238 3566 Nitrogen 0.129 0.617 0.560

2241 3569 Nitrogen 0.125 0.518 0.605

2243 3571 Nitrogen 0.125 0.498 0.479

2247 3575 Nitrogen 0.114 0.510 0.442

2248 3576 Nitrogen 0.111 0.504 0.308

2249 3577 Nitrogen 0.111 0.509 0.478

2250 3578 Nitrogen 0.111 0.509 0.478

2251 3579 Nitrogen 0.108 0.530 0.374 2253 3581 Nitrogen 0.105 0.793 0.147

2254 3582 Nitrogen 0.105 0.582 0.507

2262 3590 Nitrogen 0.094 0.771 0.174

2270 3598 Nitrogen 0.086 0.549 0.395

2273 3601 Nitrogen 0.047 0.507 0.404

2275 3603 Nitrogen 0.047 0.546 0.536

2276 3604 Nitrogen 0.047 0.568 0.536

2279 3607 Nitrogen 0.047 0.805 0.474

2283 3610 Nitrogen 0.047 0.509 0.630

2284 3611 Nitrogen 0.047 0.509 0.478

2286 3613 Nitrogen 0.047 0.643 0.243

2287 3614 Nitrogen 0.045 0.592 0.496

2289 3616 Nitrogen 0.045 0.510 0.442

2290 3617 Nitrogen 0.045 0.510 0.442

2292 3619 Nitrogen 0.045 0.510 0.442

2293 N.A. Nitrogen 0.045 0.529 0.456

2294 3620 Nitrogen 0.045 0.529 0.456

2295 3621 Nitrogen 0.045 0.529 0.456

2296 3622 Nitrogen 0.043 0.504 0.386

2300 3626 Nitrogen 0.043 0.668 0.386

2301 3627 Nitrogen 0.043 0.496 0.612

2303 3629 Nitrogen 0.043 0.589 0.295

2305 3631 Nitrogen 0.021 0.911 0.436

2307 3633 Nitrogen 0.021 0.589 0.345

2308 3634 Nitrogen 0.013 0.530 0.374

2309 3635 Nitrogen 0.013 0.496 0.428

2314 3640 Nitrogen 0.000 0.673 0.147

2315 3641 Nitrogen 0.000 0.712 0.636

2316 3642 Nitrogen 0.000 0.692 0.560

2320 3646 Nitrogen 0.000 0.496 0.443

2321 3647 Nitrogen 0.000 0.496 0.443

2322 3648 Nitrogen 0.000 0.496 0.514

2324 3650 Nitrogen 0.000 0.814 0.335

2325 3651 Nitrogen 0.000 0.589 0.434

2327 3653 Nitrogen 0.000 0.579 0.564

2328 3654 Nitrogen 0.000 0.634 0.377

2329 3655 Nitrogen 0.000 0.858 0.000

2330 3656 Nitrogen 0.000 0.549 0.000

2331 3657 Nitrogen 0.000 0.825 0.000

2343 3669 Nitrogen 0.000 0.530 0.374

2344 3670 Nitrogen 0.000 0.530 0.374

2345 3671 Nitrogen 0.000 0.530 0.374

2346 3672 Nitrogen 0.000 0.530 0.636

2347 3673 Nitrogen 0.000 0.530 0.374

2348 3674 Nitrogen 0.000 0.851 0.528 2352 3677 Nitrogen 0.000 0.692 0.560

2353 3678 Nitrogen 0.000 0.692 0.560

2355 3680 Nitrogen 0.000 0.770 0.481

2358 3683 Nitrogen 0.000 0.779 0.478

2360 3685 Nitrogen 0.000 0.606 0.147

2365 3690 Nitrogen 0.000 0.565 0.465

2366 3691 Nitrogen 0.000 0.565 0.465

2367 3692 Nitrogen 0.000 0.565 0.465

2368 3693 Nitrogen 0.000 0.571 0.578

2369 3694 Nitrogen 0.000 0.550 0.520

2370 3695 Nitrogen 0.000 0.550 0.520

2384 3706 Nitrogen 0.000 0.563 0.215

2385 3707 Nitrogen 0.000 0.713 0.554

2393 3715 Nitrogen 0.000 0.597 0.328

2394 3716 Nitrogen 0.000 0.597 0.328

2395 3717 Nitrogen 0.000 0.597 0.328

2415 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.668 0.383

2416 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.668 0.383

2418 3735 Nitrogen 0.000 0.542 0.517

2419 3736 Nitrogen 0.000 0.701 0.595

2420 3737 Nitrogen 0.000 0.582 0.507

2421 3738 Nitrogen 0.000 0.582 0.507

2422 3739 Nitrogen 0.000 0.496 0.562

2423 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.496 0.605

2424 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.496 0.605

2425 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.747 0.542

2427 3741 Nitrogen 0.000 0.634 0.398

2432 3745 Nitrogen 0.000 0.528 0.611

2433 3746 Nitrogen 0.000 0.583 0.437

2442 3755 Nitrogen 0.000 0.662 0.336

2442 3755 Nitrogen 0.000 0.662 0.336

2444 3757 Nitrogen 0.000 0.661 0.572

2446 3759 Nitrogen 0.000 0.858 0.304

2454 3766 Nitrogen 0.000 0.710 0.567

2455 3767 Nitrogen 0.000 0.522 0.478

2456 3768 Nitrogen 0.000 0.522 0.478

2457 3769 Nitrogen 0.000 0.522 0.478

2470 3782 Nitrogen 0.000 0.644 0.506

2471 3783 Nitrogen 0.000 0.644 0.506

2472 3784 Nitrogen 0.000 0.532 0.000

2473 3785 Nitrogen 0.000 0.532 0.000

2474 3786 Nitrogen 0.000 0.532 0.000

2475 3787 Nitrogen 0.000 0.532 0.000

2476 3788 Nitrogen 0.000 0.532 0.000

2492 3802 Nitrogen 0.000 0.589 0.574 2493 3803 Nitrogen 0.000 0.589 0.539

2494 N.A. Nitrogen 0.000 0.589 0.539

2495 3804 Nitrogen 0.000 0.589 0.491

1127 2496 Drought 0.763 0.325 0.354

1131 2500 Drought 0.745 0.264 0.496

1133 2502 Drought 0.593 0.256 0.410

1139 2508 Drought 0.553 0.233 0.564

1140 2509 Drought 0.706 0.384 0.472

1144 2513 Drought 0.463 0.301 0.466

1148 2517 Drought 0.475 0.000 0.559

1150 2519 Drought 0.714 0.212 0.594

1151 2520 Drought 0.510 0.278 0.499

1158 2527 Drought 0.476 0.270 0.603

1175 2544 Drought 0.851 0.173 0.394

1176 2545 Drought 0.514 0.000 0.527

1184 2553 Drought 0.465 0.210 0.309

1188 2557 Drought 0.839 0.324 0.579

1201 2570 Drought 0.593 0.272 0.442

1202 2571 Drought 0.465 0.357 0.185

1205 2574 Drought 0.474 0.279 0.629

1209 2578 Drought 0.777 0.000 0.538

1213 2582 Drought 0.516 0.314 0.429

1221 2590 Drought 0.467 0.243 0.501

1222 2591 Drought 0.482 0.456 0.584

1223 2592 Drought 0.527 0.258 0.409

1224 2593 Drought 0.482 0.222 0.446

1227 2596 Drought 0.488 0.247 0.540

1228 2597 Drought 0.481 0.212 0.555

1232 2601 Drought 0.656 0.453 0.542

1236 2605 Drought 0.554 0.338 0.457

1238 2607 Drought 0.673 0.316 0.430

1239 2608 Drought 0.570 0.212 0.126

1240 2609 Drought 0.626 0.340 0.459

1243 2612 Drought 0.541 0.000 0.355

1247 2616 Drought 0.576 0.180 0.578

1251 2620 Drought 0.924 0.359 0.461

1252 2621 Drought 0.921 0.334 0.526

1253 2622 Drought 0.919 0.000 0.410

1257 2626 Drought 0.860 0.000 0.390

1259 2628 Drought 0.844 0.429 0.419

1261 2630 Drought 0.779 0.000 0.410

1262 2631 Drought 0.756 0.393 0.385

1264 2633 Drought 0.733 0.274 0.392

1266 2635 Drought 0.712 0.000 0.448

1268 2637 Drought 0.707 0.098 0.432 1269 2638 Drought 0.707 0.098 0.432

1270 2639 Drought 0.703 0.301 0.317

1272 2641 Drought 0.701 0.280 0.440

1273 2642 Drought 0.700 0.280 0.440

1274 2643 Drought 0.694 0.467 0.628

1276 N.A. Drought 0.693 0.000 0.210

1277 2645 Drought 0.692 0.116 0.318

1280 2648 Drought 0.656 0.171 0.560

1281 2649 Drought 0.653 0.167 0.522

1282 2650 Drought 0.653 0.221 0.388

1285 2653 Drought 0.650 0.378 0.604

1286 2654 Drought 0.648 0.122 0.529

1287 2655 Drought 0.647 0.221 0.388

1288 2656 Drought 0.646 0.279 0.634

1289 2657 Drought 0.644 0.229 0.351

1291 2659 Drought 0.642 0.000 0.404

1293 2661 Drought 0.638 0.309 0.586

1294 2662 Drought 0.637 0.466 0.387

1295 2663 Drought 0.633 0.307 0.574

1297 2665 Drought 0.631 0.438 0.333

1298 2666 Drought 0.630 0.000 0.564

1300 2668 Drought 0.624 0.000 0.446

1301 2669 Drought 0.623 0.000 0.446

1302 2670 Drought 0.623 0.000 0.440

1303 2671 Drought 0.623 0.000 0.440

1304 2672 Drought 0.623 0.000 0.440

1305 2673 Drought 0.623 0.000 0.440

1306 2674 Drought 0.621 0.378 0.604

1309 2677 Drought 0.614 0.000 0.384

1310 2678 Drought 0.612 0.309 0.586

1311 2679 Drought 0.612 0.309 0.586

1312 2680 Drought 0.609 0.000 0.588

1313 2681 Drought 0.607 0.339 0.372

1314 2682 Drought 0.604 0.212 0.000

1315 2683 Drought 0.604 0.000 0.544

1316 2684 Drought 0.602 0.167 0.353

1318 2686 Drought 0.601 0.239 0.370

1319 2687 Drought 0.601 0.410 0.543

1320 N.A. Drought 0.599 0.278 0.605

1321 N.A. Drought 0.599 0.278 0.605

1323 2689 Drought 0.597 0.287 0.437

1324 2690 Drought 0.597 0.287 0.437

1325 2691 Drought 0.592 0.475 0.319

1326 2692 Drought 0.592 0.338 0.301

1327 2693 Drought 0.590 0.256 0.415 1328 2694 Drought 0.590 0.255 0.482

1330 2696 Drought 0.586 0.000 0.401

1331 2697 Drought 0.585 0.000 0.404

1332 2698 Drought 0.583 0.000 0.404

1333 2699 Drought 0.583 0.000 0.404

1334 2700 Drought 0.583 0.000 0.590

1335 2701 Drought 0.581 0.000 0.444

1337 2703 Drought 0.580 0.229 0.383

1338 2704 Drought 0.580 0.444 0.343

1340 2706 Drought 0.579 0.000 0.405

1341 N.A. Drought 0.579 0.299 0.386

1342 N.A. Drought 0.579 0.299 0.386

1342 N.A. Drought 0.461 0.168 0.542

1343 2707 Drought 0.579 0.299 0.386

1344 2708 Drought 0.578 0.000 0.408

1345 2709 Drought 0.575 0.000 0.618

1346 2710 Drought 0.575 0.000 0.618

1348 2712 Drought 0.574 0.247 0.295

1349 2713 Drought 0.574 0.331 0.346

1350 2714 Drought 0.574 0.198 0.421

1351 2715 Drought 0.573 0.228 0.432

1352 2716 Drought 0.572 0.444 0.630

1354 2718 Drought 0.572 0.000 0.000

1357 2721 Drought 0.568 0.171 0.440

1358 2722 Drought 0.568 0.352 0.367

1359 2723 Drought 0.565 0.228 0.000

1360 2724 Drought 0.565 0.455 0.576

1364 2728 Drought 0.563 0.455 0.582

1365 2729 Drought 0.561 0.419 0.383

1366 2730 Drought 0.560 0.409 0.471

1367 2731 Drought 0.557 0.281 0.371

1368 2732 Drought 0.557 0.228 0.432

1369 2733 Drought 0.556 0.460 0.466

1369 2733 Drought 0.556 0.460 0.466

1369 2733 Drought 0.550 0.460 0.307

1370 2734 Drought 0.556 0.361 0.369

1371 2735 Drought 0.556 0.000 0.614

1372 2736 Drought 0.555 0.000 0.614

1374 2737 Drought 0.555 0.000 0.614

1375 2738 Drought 0.555 0.000 0.614

1376 2739 Drought 0.554 0.347 0.516

1377 2740 Drought 0.551 0.247 0.387

1380 2743 Drought 0.549 0.475 0.575

1381 2744 Drought 0.549 0.000 0.400

1382 2745 Drought 0.548 0.278 0.479 1383 2746 Drought 0.548 0.347 0.516

1384 2747 Drought 0.547 0.173 0.339

1385 2748 Drought 0.546 0.355 0.423

1386 2749 Drought 0.546 0.000 0.417

1387 2750 Drought 0.545 0.255 0.609

1388 2751 Drought 0.545 0.301 0.493

1391 2754 Drought 0.544 0.382 0.462

1392 2755 Drought 0.544 0.274 0.344

1393 2756 Drought 0.543 0.122 0.321

1395 2758 Drought 0.541 0.000 0.399

1397 2760 Drought 0.540 0.336 0.471

1398 2761 Drought 0.539 0.293 0.610

1399 2762 Drought 0.539 0.256 0.504

1400 2763 Drought 0.538 0.301 0.440

1401 N.A. Drought 0.538 0.301 0.462

1402 2764 Drought 0.537 0.212 0.588

1403 2765 Drought 0.537 0.228 0.422

1404 2766 Drought 0.536 0.000 0.000

1405 2767 Drought 0.536 0.233 0.594

1406 2768 Drought 0.536 0.199 0.395

1407 2769 Drought 0.535 0.000 0.474

1410 2772 Drought 0.534 0.168 0.499

1411 2773 Drought 0.533 0.418 0.393

1412 2773 Drought 0.533 0.418 0.393

1413 2774 Drought 0.533 0.229 0.351

1414 2775 Drought 0.533 0.484 0.559

1416 2777 Drought 0.532 0.315 0.554

1417 2778 Drought 0.532 0.000 0.422

1418 2779 Drought 0.532 0.000 0.422

1420 2781 Drought 0.532 0.408 0.432

1421 2782 Drought 0.532 0.000 0.422

1422 2783 Drought 0.532 0.000 0.422

1423 2784 Drought 0.531 0.199 0.602

1424 2785 Drought 0.531 0.000 0.514

1425 2786 Drought 0.531 0.239 0.338

1426 2787 Drought 0.530 0.000 0.497

1427 2788 Drought 0.529 0.200 0.000

1428 2789 Drought 0.529 0.454 0.326

1433 2794 Drought 0.528 0.321 0.454

1439 2800 Drought 0.528 0.336 0.301

1440 2801 Drought 0.527 0.000 0.508

1442 2803 Drought 0.527 0.098 0.590

1443 2804 Drought 0.527 0.462 0.559

1444 2805 Drought 0.527 0.462 0.561

1445 2806 Drought 0.527 0.462 0.561 1446 2807 Drought 0.527 0.462 0.561

1447 2808 Drought 0.526 0.255 0.525

1450 2810 Drought 0.525 0.264 0.473

1455 2815 Drought 0.523 0.000 0.497

1456 2816 Drought 0.523 0.000 0.514

1457 2817 Drought 0.523 0.000 0.514

1461 2821 Drought 0.523 0.358 0.603

1463 2823 Drought 0.523 0.000 0.000

1464 2824 Drought 0.523 0.287 0.396

1465 2825 Drought 0.522 0.198 0.476

1466 2826 Drought 0.522 0.278 0.526

1467 2827 Drought 0.522 0.000 0.100

1469 2829 Drought 0.522 0.301 0.555

1470 2830 Drought 0.522 0.000 0.372

1482 2838 Drought 0.521 0.000 0.511

1483 2839 Drought 0.520 0.228 0.477

1484 2840 Drought 0.520 0.301 0.578

1485 2841 Drought 0.520 0.301 0.578

1488 2844 Drought 0.520 0.301 0.551

1489 2845 Drought 0.519 0.419 0.416

1490 2846 Drought 0.518 0.168 0.559

1492 2848 Drought 0.517 0.198 0.524

1494 2850 Drought 0.517 0.000 0.556

1495 2851 Drought 0.517 0.228 0.537

1496 2852 Drought 0.516 0.000 0.451

1497 2853 Drought 0.514 0.000 0.462

1499 2855 Drought 0.514 0.416 0.298

1500 2856 Drought 0.513 0.270 0.478

1502 2858 Drought 0.513 0.448 0.396

1503 2859 Drought 0.512 0.000 0.000

1504 2860 Drought 0.512 0.294 0.556

1506 2862 Drought 0.511 0.314 0.452

1507 2863 Drought 0.511 0.255 0.450

1508 N.A. Drought 0.511 0.255 0.450

1509 2864 Drought 0.511 0.280 0.590

1510 2865 Drought 0.511 0.376 0.550

1511 2866 Drought 0.511 0.331 0.378

1512 2867 Drought 0.509 0.294 0.422

1513 2868 Drought 0.508 0.000 0.556

1514 2869 Drought 0.508 0.278 0.400

1515 2870 Drought 0.508 0.000 0.409

1516 2871 Drought 0.507 0.339 0.405

1517 2872 Drought 0.507 0.378 0.573

1518 2873 Drought 0.507 0.319 0.415

1519 2874 Drought 0.507 0.168 0.531 1520 2875 Drought 0.507 0.256 0.450

1521 2876 Drought 0.507 0.000 0.000

1522 2877 Drought 0.507 0.000 0.524

1523 2878 Drought 0.507 0.256 0.382

1524 2879 Drought 0.506 0.000 0.364

1525 2880 Drought 0.506 0.000 0.556

1526 2881 Drought 0.506 0.000 0.556

1527 2882 Drought 0.506 0.000 0.000

1528 2883 Drought 0.506 0.225 0.587

1530 2885 Drought 0.505 0.305 0.374

1531 2886 Drought 0.505 0.167 0.509

1532 2887 Drought 0.504 0.000 0.524

1534 2889 Drought 0.503 0.255 0.411

1535 2890 Drought 0.503 0.000 0.497

1536 2891 Drought 0.503 0.294 0.000

1538 2893 Drought 0.502 0.279 0.374

1539 2894 Drought 0.502 0.167 0.353

1541 2896 Drought 0.501 0.458 0.396

1542 2897 Drought 0.501 0.473 0.396

1543 2898 Drought 0.501 0.168 0.531

1544 2899 Drought 0.501 0.168 0.624

1545 2900 Drought 0.501 0.168 0.624

1546 2901 Drought 0.501 0.305 0.374

1547 2902 Drought 0.500 0.448 0.396

1548 2903 Drought 0.500 0.448 0.569

1549 2904 Drought 0.500 0.000 0.491

1550 2905 Drought 0.500 0.448 0.396

1551 2906 Drought 0.500 0.000 0.364

1553 2908 Drought 0.499 0.000 0.448

1554 2909 Drought 0.499 0.212 0.579

1555 2910 Drought 0.498 0.000 0.000

1556 2911 Drought 0.498 0.171 0.040

1557 2912 Drought 0.498 0.326 0.313

1558 2913 Drought 0.498 0.307 0.401

1559 2914 Drought 0.498 0.167 0.353

1560 2915 Drought 0.498 0.000 0.364

1561 2916 Drought 0.498 0.000 0.000

1564 2919 Drought 0.497 0.448 0.569

1565 2920 Drought 0.497 0.448 0.396

1566 2921 Drought 0.497 0.448 0.396

1567 2922 Drought 0.497 0.448 0.396

1568 2923 Drought 0.497 0.448 0.396

1569 2924 Drought 0.496 0.386 0.493

1570 2925 Drought 0.495 0.256 0.447

1571 2926 Drought 0.495 0.000 0.000 1572 2927 Drought 0.495 0.168 0.499

1573 2928 Drought 0.493 0.000 0.506

1574 2929 Drought 0.492 0.488 0.452

1575 2930 Drought 0.470 0.000 0.000

1576 2931 Drought 0.491 0.386 0.319

1577 2932 Drought 0.491 0.247 0.551

1578 2933 Drought 0.491 0.173 0.333

1579 2934 Drought 0.490 0.333 0.453

1580 2935 Drought 0.490 0.167 0.419

1582 2937 Drought 0.488 0.000 0.000

1583 2938 Drought 0.488 0.000 0.314

1585 2940 Drought 0.486 0.000 0.486

1586 2941 Drought 0.486 0.296 0.323

1589 2944 Drought 0.485 0.345 0.382

1590 2945 Drought 0.484 0.228 0.000

1591 2946 Drought 0.484 0.000 0.382

1594 2949 Drought 0.482 0.000 0.382

1595 2950 Drought 0.482 0.000 0.382

1596 2951 Drought 0.482 0.000 0.382

1597 2952 Drought 0.482 0.000 0.382

1598 2953 Drought 0.482 0.000 0.382

1606 2960 Drought 0.481 0.348 0.569

1607 2961 Drought 0.481 0.256 0.367

1608 2962 Drought 0.480 0.368 0.505

1609 2963 Drought 0.480 0.367 0.281

1610 2964 Drought 0.480 0.255 0.482

1614 2968 Drought 0.479 0.272 0.343

1616 2970 Drought 0.479 0.175 0.497

1617 2971 Drought 0.479 0.000 0.522

1618 2972 Drought 0.479 0.440 0.451

1619 2973 Drought 0.478 0.343 0.479

1620 2974 Drought 0.478 0.000 0.421

1622 2976 Drought 0.477 0.475 0.363

1623 2977 Drought 0.477 0.357 0.588

1624 2978 Drought 0.477 0.407 0.537

1625 2979 Drought 0.477 0.389 0.409

1626 2980 Drought 0.476 0.280 0.555

1627 2981 Drought 0.476 0.410 0.543

1628 2982 Drought 0.475 0.301 0.462

1630 2984 Drought 0.474 0.248 0.468

1631 2985 Drought 0.474 0.210 0.309

1632 2986 Drought 0.474 0.183 0.396

1633 2987 Drought 0.474 0.000 0.527

1634 2988 Drought 0.474 0.000 0.497

1635 2989 Drought 0.474 0.000 0.497 1636 2990 Drought 0.474 0.470 0.444

1637 2991 Drought 0.473 0.000 0.557

1638 2992 Drought 0.473 0.000 0.000

1639 2993 Drought 0.472 0.000 0.474

1640 2994 Drought 0.472 0.000 0.308

1644 2998 Drought 0.471 0.228 0.396

1645 N.A. Drought 0.471 0.419 0.383

1646 2999 Drought 0.471 0.167 0.439

1647 3000 Drought 0.471 0.228 0.404

1648 3001 Drought 0.470 0.272 0.345

1649 3002 Drought 0.470 0.098 0.432

1650 3003 Drought 0.470 0.000 0.540

1651 3004 Drought 0.470 0.301 0.508

1652 3005 Drought 0.470 0.248 0.468

1653 3006 Drought 0.469 0.334 0.526

1654 3007 Drought 0.469 0.387 0.542

1656 3009 Drought 0.469 0.415 0.475

1657 3010 Drought 0.468 0.000 0.408

1658 3011 Drought 0.468 0.426 0.395

1659 3012 Drought 0.468 0.000 0.399

1660 3013 Drought 0.468 0.293 0.535

1661 3014 Drought 0.468 0.339 0.543

1663 3016 Drought 0.468 0.418 0.389

1665 3018 Drought 0.467 0.122 0.381

1666 3019 Drought 0.467 0.000 0.000

1667 3019 Drought 0.467 0.000 0.000

1668 3020 Drought 0.467 0.248 0.483

1669 3021 Drought 0.467 0.248 0.483

1670 3022 Drought 0.467 0.248 0.483

1671 3023 Drought 0.467 0.167 0.353

1672 3024 Drought 0.466 0.247 0.540

1673 3025 Drought 0.466 0.098 0.432

1674 3026 Drought 0.465 0.280 0.442

1675 3027 Drought 0.465 0.000 0.423

1676 3028 Drought 0.465 0.167 0.353

1677 3029 Drought 0.465 0.167 0.353

1678 3030 Drought 0.465 0.167 0.353

1679 3031 Drought 0.465 0.159 0.319

1681 3033 Drought 0.465 0.159 0.497

1682 3034 Drought 0.465 0.098 0.432

1686 3038 Drought 0.464 0.168 0.542

1687 3039 Drought 0.463 0.280 0.555

1688 3040 Drought 0.463 0.247 0.540

1689 3041 Drought 0.463 0.000 0.386

1690 3042 Drought 0.463 0.298 0.000 1691 3043 Drought 0.463 0.407 0.554

1692 3044 Drought 0.463 0.407 0.554

1693 3045 Drought 0.463 0.000 0.396

1694 3046 Drought 0.463 0.441 0.499

1695 3047 Drought 0.463 0.301 0.571

1696 3048 Drought 0.463 0.000 0.000

1697 3049 Drought 0.462 0.345 0.404

1698 3050 Drought 0.462 0.301 0.505

1699 3051 Drought 0.462 0.098 0.355

1700 3052 Drought 0.462 0.000 0.000

1701 3053 Drought 0.462 0.336 0.391

1702 N.A. Drought 0.461 0.168 0.542

1705 3056 Drought 0.461 0.475 0.421

1706 3057 Drought 0.461 0.000 0.482

1708 3059 Drought 0.460 0.247 0.540

1149 2518 Yield 0.407 0.385 0.868

1152 2521 Yield 0.458 0.459 0.777

1156 2525 Yield 0.346 0.159 0.770

1159 2528 Yield 0.424 0.445 0.699

1162 2531 Yield 0.363 0.339 0.668

1163 2532 Yield 0.429 0.212 0.824

1165 2534 Yield 0.284 0.247 0.684

1170 2539 Yield 0.457 0.363 0.719

1171 2540 Yield 0.218 0.100 0.804

1172 2541 Yield 0.214 0.100 0.697

1174 2543 Yield 0.207 0.273 0.771

1181 2550 Yield 0.434 0.442 0.675

1182 2551 Yield 0.370 0.455 0.653

1186 2555 Yield 0.433 0.212 0.853

1187 2556 Yield 0.286 0.431 0.684

1189 2558 Yield 0.294 0.212 0.652

1191 2560 Yield 0.198 0.184 0.815

1193 2562 Yield 0.235 0.295 0.658

1196 2565 Yield 0.219 0.482 0.681

1197 2566 Yield 0.119 0.309 0.960

1200 2569 Yield 0.427 0.284 0.775

1203 2572 Yield 0.141 0.247 0.840

1204 2573 Yield 0.292 0.401 0.696

1210 2579 Yield 0.306 0.212 0.775

1211 2580 Yield 0.410 0.122 0.697

1212 2581 Yield 0.302 0.420 0.733

1214 2583 Yield 0.264 0.388 0.724

1215 2584 Yield 0.423 0.098 0.810

1217 2586 Yield 0.193 0.000 0.730

1219 2588 Yield 0.294 0.309 0.762 1225 2594 Yield 0.382 0.469 0.645

1226 2595 Yield 0.444 0.276 0.676

1229 2598 Yield 0.389 0.376 0.743

1230 2599 Yield 0.337 0.239 0.688

1235 2604 Yield 0.305 0.287 0.663

1241 2610 Yield 0.338 0.212 0.647

1242 2611 Yield 0.071 0.100 0.748

1245 2614 Yield 0.384 0.427 0.669

1248 2617 Yield 0.433 0.000 0.715

1250 2619 Yield 0.253 0.199 0.653

1342 N.A. Yield 0.371 0.122 0.660

1342 N.A. Yield 0.318 0.000 0.648

1342 N.A. Yield 0.306 0.338 0.705

1342 N.A. Yield 0.282 0.173 0.723

1342 N.A. Yield 0.273 0.198 0.680

1342 N.A. Yield 0.047 0.264 0.681

1342 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.672

1702 N.A. Yield 0.273 0.198 0.680

1702 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.684

1709 3060 Yield 0.460 0.339 0.727

1712 3063 Yield 0.453 0.365 0.723

1713 3064 Yield 0.453 0.280 0.663

1714 3065 Yield 0.453 0.280 0.705

1718 3069 Yield 0.450 0.239 0.672

1719 3070 Yield 0.449 0.278 0.723

1723 3074 Yield 0.447 0.000 0.645

1724 3075 Yield 0.446 0.272 0.754

1725 3076 Yield 0.446 0.000 0.744

1729 3080 Yield 0.439 0.195 0.816

1730 3081 Yield 0.439 0.301 0.658

1732 3083 Yield 0.438 0.407 0.687

1735 3086 Yield 0.437 0.000 0.770

1736 3087 Yield 0.435 0.000 0.686

1743 3093 Yield 0.432 0.441 0.701

1744 3094 Yield 0.431 0.000 0.788

1746 3096 Yield 0.430 0.000 0.686

1747 3097 Yield 0.429 0.433 0.742

1748 3098 Yield 0.428 0.000 0.690

1749 3099 Yield 0.428 0.228 0.690

1750 3100 Yield 0.428 0.000 0.643

1751 3101 Yield 0.428 0.000 0.657

1754 3104 Yield 0.424 0.228 0.642

1755 3105 Yield 0.424 0.348 0.658

1756 3106 Yield 0.424 0.000 0.647

1758 3108 Yield 0.422 0.320 0.709 1762 3112 Yield 0.420 0.098 0.688

1768 3118 Yield 0.418 0.000 0.691

1769 3119 Yield 0.416 0.000 0.647

1770 3120 Yield 0.416 0.000 0.647

1772 3122 Yield 0.414 0.383 0.646

1773 3123 Yield 0.413 0.122 0.664

1774 3124 Yield 0.409 0.145 1.000

1776 3126 Yield 0.406 0.233 0.654

1779 3129 Yield 0.404 0.199 0.645

1780 3130 Yield 0.402 0.488 0.689

1782 3132 Yield 0.400 0.199 0.646

1787 3137 Yield 0.397 0.000 0.667

1788 3138 Yield 0.397 0.000 0.667

1789 3139 Yield 0.397 0.000 0.739

1790 3140 Yield 0.393 0.000 0.650

1791 3141 Yield 0.389 0.000 0.666

1792 3142 Yield 0.389 0.000 0.650

1793 3143 Yield 0.389 0.000 0.650

1794 3144 Yield 0.389 0.000 0.732

1796 3118 Yield 0.388 0.199 0.646

1797 3146 Yield 0.387 0.278 0.724

1798 3147 Yield 0.387 0.488 0.689

1799 3148 Yield 0.387 0.488 0.673

1800 3149 Yield 0.387 0.390 0.730

1801 3150 Yield 0.387 0.359 0.730

1802 3151 Yield 0.387 0.359 0.730

1803 3152 Yield 0.386 0.485 0.704

1804 3153 Yield 0.386 0.122 0.643

1805 3154 Yield 0.386 0.456 0.676

1806 3155 Yield 0.385 0.325 0.658

1811 3160 Yield 0.382 0.000 0.729

1816 3165 Yield 0.377 0.299 0.663

1817 3166 Yield 0.377 0.000 0.750

1818 3167 Yield 0.377 0.122 0.660

1819 3168 Yield 0.376 0.198 0.660

1821 3170 Yield 0.375 0.361 0.671

1822 3171 Yield 0.375 0.369 0.689

1824 3173 Yield 0.374 0.000 0.769

1828 3177 Yield 0.371 0.122 0.680

1829 3178 Yield 0.371 0.122 0.660

1830 N.A. Yield 0.371 0.122 0.660

1831 3179 Yield 0.370 0.394 0.650

1835 3183 Yield 0.368 0.442 0.643

1837 3185 Yield 0.366 0.449 0.676

1838 3186 Yield 0.366 0.000 0.658 1839 3187 Yield 0.365 0.000 0.648

1840 3188 Yield 0.364 0.433 0.728

1841 3189 Yield 0.364 0.279 0.655

1846 3194 Yield 0.361 0.247 0.722

1849 3197 Yield 0.359 0.000 0.655

1850 3198 Yield 0.359 0.000 0.742

1851 3199 Yield 0.359 0.287 0.663

1853 3201 Yield 0.356 0.352 0.654

1854 3202 Yield 0.356 0.000 0.643

1855 3203 Yield 0.355 0.098 0.662

1856 3204 Yield 0.355 0.278 1.000

1864 3212 Yield 0.355 0.489 0.732

1865 3213 Yield 0.355 0.000 0.730

1869 3217 Yield 0.353 0.417 0.649

1870 3218 Yield 0.353 0.000 0.658

1875 3223 Yield 0.351 0.279 0.658

1876 3224 Yield 0.351 0.279 0.650

1877 3225 Yield 0.350 0.000 0.724

1878 3226 Yield 0.349 0.000 0.730

1879 3227 Yield 0.349 0.000 0.679

1883 3231 Yield 0.345 0.247 0.767

1885 3233 Yield 0.345 0.000 0.773

1886 3234 Yield 0.345 0.000 0.649

1887 N.A. Yield 0.345 0.000 0.649

1891 3238 Yield 0.345 0.000 0.755

1900 3245 Yield 0.344 0.000 0.666

1902 3247 Yield 0.342 0.255 0.690

1904 3249 Yield 0.339 0.448 0.731

1905 3250 Yield 0.338 0.233 0.705

1906 3251 Yield 0.338 0.168 0.704

1907 3252 Yield 0.338 0.233 0.705

1908 3253 Yield 0.338 0.122 0.649

1909 3254 Yield 0.337 0.278 0.655

1910 3255 Yield 0.337 0.412 0.727

1912 3257 Yield 0.336 0.381 1.000

1917 3262 Yield 0.334 0.122 0.642

1918 3263 Yield 0.333 0.122 0.650

1919 3264 Yield 0.333 0.339 0.648

1920 3265 Yield 0.332 0.173 0.692

1920 3265 Yield 0.000 0.307 0.661

1921 3266 Yield 0.332 0.173 0.692

1922 3267 Yield 0.332 0.481 0.731

1925 3270 Yield 0.331 0.173 0.687

1927 3272 Yield 0.327 0.122 0.700

1928 3273 Yield 0.327 0.122 0.690 1932 3277 Yield 0.325 0.351 0.730

1934 3279 Yield 0.324 0.221 0.677

1935 3280 Yield 0.323 0.287 0.845

1938 3283 Yield 0.274 0.000 0.670

1939 3284 Yield 0.274 0.000 0.670

1943 3288 Yield 0.321 0.460 0.662

1944 3289 Yield 0.321 0.278 0.736

1946 3291 Yield 0.320 0.000 0.753

1947 3292 Yield 0.320 0.352 0.673

1948 N.A. Yield 0.318 0.000 0.648

1950 3294 Yield 0.316 0.301 0.703

1951 3295 Yield 0.316 0.301 0.703

1953 3297 Yield 0.315 0.000 0.647

1957 3301 Yield 0.313 0.390 0.690

1959 N.A. Yield 0.311 0.000 0.765

1960 3303 Yield 0.311 0.265 0.649

1962 3305 Yield 0.310 0.325 0.645

1963 3306 Yield 0.310 0.000 0.729

1964 3307 Yield 0.310 0.000 0.681

1965 3308 Yield 0.309 0.322 0.759

1967 3310 Yield 0.306 0.338 0.705

1968 N.A. Yield 0.306 0.338 0.705

1972 3313 Yield 0.306 0.239 0.651

1973 3314 Yield 0.305 0.287 0.653

1974 3315 Yield 0.305 0.145 0.663

1975 3316 Yield 0.305 0.481 0.707

1984 3323 Yield 0.305 0.000 0.670

1985 3324 Yield 0.305 0.272 1.000

1986 3325 Yield 0.305 0.272 0.649

1987 3326 Yield 0.305 0.272 0.704

1988 3327 Yield 0.304 0.420 0.665

1989 3328 Yield 0.303 0.252 0.786

1992 3331 Yield 0.300 0.000 0.702

1993 3332 Yield 0.300 0.239 0.724

1994 3333 Yield 0.300 0.239 0.705

1995 3334 Yield 0.300 0.239 0.670

1996 3335 Yield 0.300 0.382 0.730

1997 3336 Yield 0.300 0.122 0.697

1998 3337 Yield 0.300 0.122 0.652

2008 3346 Yield 0.296 0.000 0.769

2010 3348 Yield 0.295 0.229 0.725

2011 3349 Yield 0.295 0.287 0.745

2012 3350 Yield 0.295 0.287 0.727

2013 3351 Yield 0.294 0.290 0.693

2015 3353 Yield 0.292 0.122 0.647 2016 3354 Yield 0.292 0.272 0.743

2017 3355 Yield 0.292 0.272 0.692

2018 3356 Yield 0.292 0.272 0.723

2019 3357 Yield 0.292 0.272 0.723

2020 3358 Yield 0.290 0.200 0.858

2021 3359 Yield 0.289 0.352 0.654

2022 3360 Yield 0.289 0.352 0.654

2024 3362 Yield 0.287 0.000 0.655

2034 3371 Yield 0.287 0.167 0.729

2036 3373 Yield 0.287 0.387 0.656

2037 3374 Yield 0.287 0.183 0.844

2039 3376 Yield 0.286 0.167 0.681

2040 3377 Yield 0.285 0.000 0.652

2043 3380 Yield 0.285 0.000 0.651

2044 3381 Yield 0.285 0.000 0.657

2045 3382 Yield 0.285 0.000 0.656

2046 3383 Yield 0.285 0.171 0.668

2047 3384 Yield 0.285 0.171 0.796

2048 3385 Yield 0.285 0.173 0.697

2049 3386 Yield 0.284 0.319 0.673

2050 3387 Yield 0.284 0.319 0.673

2051 3388 Yield 0.284 0.256 0.661

2052 3052 Yield 0.284 0.256 0.772

2054 3390 Yield 0.284 0.256 0.660

2055 3391 Yield 0.282 0.390 0.672

2056 3392 Yield 0.282 0.390 0.928

2057 3393 Yield 0.282 0.361 0.651

2058 3394 Yield 0.282 0.173 0.696

2059 3395 Yield 0.281 0.420 0.669

2060 3396 Yield 0.281 0.420 0.665

2061 3397 Yield 0.281 0.366 0.731

2062 3398 Yield 0.281 0.366 0.709

2063 3399 Yield 0.281 0.394 0.770

2064 N.A. Yield 0.280 0.239 0.693

2065 3400 Yield 0.278 0.352 0.773

2069 3404 Yield 0.276 0.167 0.770

2070 3405 Yield 0.276 0.167 0.697

2071 3406 Yield 0.276 0.167 0.720

2072 3407 Yield 0.276 0.167 0.715

2073 3408 Yield 0.274 0.281 0.672

2075 3410 Yield 0.274 0.000 0.734

2076 3411 Yield 0.274 0.325 0.678

2077 3412 Yield 0.274 0.000 0.694

2078 3413 Yield 0.273 0.339 0.659

2079 3414 Yield 0.273 0.000 0.845 2080 3415 Yield 0.273 0.256 0.696

2085 3420 Yield 0.273 0.198 0.731

2086 3421 Yield 0.273 0.198 0.731

2087 3422 Yield 0.271 0.229 0.648

2089 3424 Yield 0.270 0.000 0.696

2090 3425 Yield 0.270 0.199 0.646

2095 3430 Yield 0.266 0.287 0.651

2096 3431 Yield 0.266 0.287 0.651

2097 N.A. Yield 0.261 0.420 0.669

2098 N.A. Yield 0.261 0.420 0.669

2102 3435 Yield 0.259 0.000 0.739

2103 3436 Yield 0.259 0.436 0.653

2104 3437 Yield 0.259 0.000 0.687

2106 3439 Yield 0.257 0.247 0.722

2107 3440 Yield 0.257 0.301 0.668

2113 3444 Yield 0.253 0.365 0.921

2114 3445 Yield 0.253 0.199 0.725

2115 3446 Yield 0.253 0.199 0.652

2116 3447 Yield 0.252 0.000 0.690

2121 3452 Yield 0.248 0.239 0.693

2122 3453 Yield 0.246 0.000 0.660

2123 3454 Yield 0.246 0.000 0.669

2124 3455 Yield 0.246 0.000 0.687

2125 3456 Yield 0.246 0.000 0.687

2128 3459 Yield 0.245 0.473 0.735

2129 3460 Yield 0.245 0.473 0.664

2131 3462 Yield 0.244 0.331 0.693

2132 3463 Yield 0.243 0.000 0.655

2133 3464 Yield 0.242 0.420 0.784

2137 3468 Yield 0.237 0.000 0.651

2138 3469 Yield 0.237 0.000 0.651

2139 3470 Yield 0.237 0.000 0.747

2140 3471 Yield 0.237 0.000 0.747

2141 3472 Yield 0.236 0.363 0.648

2143 3474 Yield 0.231 0.122 0.677

2144 3475 Yield 0.228 0.000 0.699

2146 N.A. Yield 0.224 0.286 0.676

2147 3477 Yield 0.220 0.274 0.705

2148 3478 Yield 0.220 0.274 0.650

2149 3479 Yield 0.220 0.274 0.648

2150 3480 Yield 0.220 0.274 0.648

2153 3483 Yield 0.220 0.293 0.723

2154 3484 Yield 0.220 0.293 0.666

2155 3485 Yield 0.220 0.293 0.766

2156 3486 Yield 0.219 0.084 1.000 2158 3488 Yield 0.218 0.256 0.654

2159 3489 Yield 0.218 0.334 0.721

2160 3490 Yield 0.215 0.318 0.642

2161 3491 Yield 0.213 0.000 0.744

2164 3494 Yield 0.211 0.000 0.724

2165 3495 Yield 0.210 0.000 0.710

2167 3497 Yield 0.208 0.199 0.645

2168 N.A. Yield 0.208 0.199 0.645

2169 3498 Yield 0.205 0.378 0.722

2171 3500 Yield 0.205 0.173 0.680

2172 3501 Yield 0.205 0.173 0.679

2173 3502 Yield 0.205 0.173 0.846

2180 3509 Yield 0.204 0.000 0.655

2181 3510 Yield 0.204 0.000 0.848

2182 3511 Yield 0.204 0.000 0.655

2183 3512 Yield 0.201 0.301 0.668

2184 3513 Yield 0.200 0.297 0.709

2185 3514 Yield 0.199 0.334 0.721

2186 3515 Yield 0.198 0.180 0.844

2187 3516 Yield 0.196 0.462 0.670

2188 3517 Yield 0.191 0.289 0.689

2190 3519 Yield 0.190 0.122 0.664

2191 3520 Yield 0.189 0.453 0.668

2201 3530 Yield 0.178 0.000 0.664

2203 3532 Yield 0.175 0.122 0.664

2204 3533 Yield 0.173 0.411 0.731

2206 3535 Yield 0.173 0.452 0.661

2207 3536 Yield 0.171 0.335 0.701

2208 N.A. Yield 0.166 0.000 0.776

2212 3540 Yield 0.160 0.000 0.847

2214 3542 Yield 0.159 0.437 0.659

2215 3543 Yield 0.157 0.221 0.658

2216 3544 Yield 0.157 0.122 0.664

2218 3546 Yield 0.153 0.000 0.729

2219 3547 Yield 0.153 0.331 0.707

2220 3548 Yield 0.152 0.000 0.679

2221 3549 Yield 0.150 0.278 0.765

2222 3550 Yield 0.150 0.385 0.675

2225 3553 Yield 0.146 0.000 0.672

2226 3554 Yield 0.146 0.000 0.672

2227 3555 Yield 0.146 0.000 0.674

2228 3556 Yield 0.146 0.428 0.749

2229 3557 Yield 0.146 0.274 0.667

2231 3559 Yield 0.143 0.274 0.667

2232 3560 Yield 0.141 0.000 0.843 2233 3561 Yield 0.135 0.159 0.692

2234 3562 Yield 0.132 0.233 0.711

2235 3563 Yield 0.132 0.233 0.665

2237 3565 Yield 0.129 0.000 0.843

2239 3567 Yield 0.125 0.335 0.668

2242 3570 Yield 0.125 0.410 0.642

2244 3572 Yield 0.119 0.000 0.673

2252 3580 Yield 0.106 0.279 0.665

2255 3583 Yield 0.101 0.000 0.755

2256 3584 Yield 0.101 0.084 0.709

2257 3585 Yield 0.098 0.274 0.653

2258 3586 Yield 0.098 0.410 0.709

2259 3587 Yield 0.098 0.274 0.709

2260 3588 Yield 0.098 0.274 0.844

2261 3589 Yield 0.098 0.274 0.690

2263 3591 Yield 0.092 0.279 0.656

2264 3592 Yield 0.092 0.279 0.750

2265 3593 Yield 0.086 0.159 0.647

2266 3594 Yield 0.086 0.159 0.706

2267 3595 Yield 0.086 0.159 0.706

2268 3596 Yield 0.086 0.159 0.668

2269 3597 Yield 0.086 0.159 0.767

2271 3599 Yield 0.047 0.270 0.653

2272 3600 Yield 0.047 0.289 0.656

2274 3602 Yield 0.047 0.280 0.658

2277 3605 Yield 0.047 0.279 0.669

2278 3606 Yield 0.047 0.279 0.674

2280 N.A. Yield 0.047 0.264 0.681

2281 3608 Yield 0.047 0.379 0.848

2282 3609 Yield 0.047 0.379 0.728

2285 3612 Yield 0.047 0.301 0.696

2288 3615 Yield 0.045 0.139 0.779

2297 3623 Yield 0.043 0.000 0.692

2298 3624 Yield 0.043 0.339 0.655

2302 3628 Yield 0.043 0.000 0.695

2304 3630 Yield 0.021 0.098 0.694

2306 3632 Yield 0.021 0.171 0.675

2311 3637 Yield 0.013 0.000 0.733

2312 3638 Yield 0.013 0.210 0.659

2317 3643 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.642

2318 3644 Yield 0.000 0.167 0.660

2319 3645 Yield 0.000 0.228 0.649

2323 3649 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.687

2326 3652 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.694

2332 3658 Yield 0.000 0.000 1.000 2333 3659 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.655

2334 3660 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.655

2335 3661 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.642

2336 3662 Yield 0.000 0.453 0.656

2337 3663 Yield 0.000 0.453 0.708

2338 3664 Yield 0.000 0.173 0.845

2339 3665 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.785

2342 3668 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.670

2349 3503 Yield 0.000 0.098 0.666

2350 3675 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.647

2351 3676 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.656

2354 3679 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.708

2356 3681 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.642

2357 3682 Yield 0.000 0.228 0.642

2359 3684 Yield 0.000 0.331 0.662

2361 3686 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.642

2362 3687 Yield 0.000 0.167 0.653

2363 3688 Yield 0.000 0.167 0.657

2364 3689 Yield 0.000 0.167 0.660

2372 3697 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.720

2373 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.642

2374 3698 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.745

2375 3699 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.843

2376 3700 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.705

2377 3701 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.678

2378 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.678

2379 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.678

2380 3702 Yield 0.000 0.229 0.756

2381 3703 Yield 0.000 0.229 0.693

2382 3704 Yield 0.000 0.485 0.861

2383 3705 Yield 0.000 0.485 0.844

2386 3708 Yield 0.000 0.247 0.662

2387 3709 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.680

2388 3710 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.648

2389 3711 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.671

2390 3712 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.659

2391 3713 Yield 0.000 0.339 0.659

2392 3714 Yield 0.000 0.371 0.696

2396 3718 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.765

2397 3719 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.744

2398 3720 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.744

2399 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.744

2400 3721 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.690

2401 3722 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.654

2402 3723 Yield 0.000 0.357 0.651 2403 3724 Yield 0.000 0.357 0.651

2404 3725 Yield 0.000 0.357 0.692

2405 3726 Yield 0.000 0.357 0.692

2406 3727 Yield 0.000 0.357 0.692

2407 3728 Yield 0.000 0.357 0.692

2408 3729 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.667

2409 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.684

2410 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.684

2411 3730 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.728

2426 3740 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.646

2428 3742 Yield 0.000 0.279 0.655

2434 3747 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.720

2435 3748 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.765

2436 3749 Yield 0.000 0.307 0.692

2437 3750 Yield 0.000 0.307 0.692

2438 3751 Yield 0.000 0.307 0.692

2439 3752 Yield 0.000 0.307 0.684

2440 3753 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.676

2441 3754 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.667

2445 3758 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.642

2447 3760 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.649

2448 3761 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.722

2449 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.000 0.672

2450 3762 Yield 0.000 0.171 0.751

2451 3763 Yield 0.000 0.171 0.656

2452 3764 Yield 0.000 0.171 0.656

2453 3765 Yield 0.000 0.171 0.724

2458 3770 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.673

2459 3771 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.694

2460 3772 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.694

2461 3773 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.696

2462 3774 Yield 0.000 0.409 0.659

2463 3775 Yield 0.000 0.210 0.665

2464 3776 Yield 0.000 0.210 0.665

2465 3777 Yield 0.000 0.210 0.705

2466 3778 Yield 0.000 0.437 0.650

2467 3779 Yield 0.000 0.309 0.686

2469 3781 Yield 0.000 0.378 0.722

2477 3789 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.729

2478 3790 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.855

2479 3791 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.843

2480 3792 Yield 0.000 0.422 0.721

2481 3793 Yield 0.000 0.116 1.000

2482 3794 Yield 0.000 0.116 0.666

2483 3795 Yield 0.000 0.116 0.666 2484 3796 Yield 0.000 0.116 0.666

2485 3797 Yield 0.000 0.116 0.767

2486 3798 Yield 0.000 0.116 0.707

2487 N.A. Yield 0.000 0.247 0.691

2488 3550 Yield 0.000 0.247 0.675

2489 3799 Yield 0.000 0.475 0.665

2490 3800 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.643

2491 3801 Yield 0.000 0.000 0.643

EXAMPLES

The following are non-limiting examples intended to illustrate the various

embodiments.

EXAMPLE 1

Genome-wide Survey and Identification of MicroRNAs, Pre-Cursor Genes and Targets MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that serve as regulators of gene expression and diverse biological functions in plants. Maize genome sequences were analyzed for B73 inbred and source gene candidates were classified and their predicted target regulated genes. Databases were searched to identify miRNA precursor genes that have predicted hairpin structures and/or related to one or more of about 4,698 plant mature miRNAs from miRBase and other sources. Additional miRNA precursors were identified by aligning all predicted miRNA hairpin sequences in plants from miRBase to the B73 psuedomolecules sequences, yielding at least 8,535 putative miRNA loci.

Maize small RNA sequencing reads from a profiling experiment were used to filter out predicted miRNA precursor loci having less than 10 sequence reads support thereby classifying them as computationally predicted but unexpressed precursor candidates. A software tool was developed to fetch the exact mature miRNA sequences from the B73 genome based on the predicted miRNA gene coordinates and the reference mature miRNA sequences from miRBase. A total of 321 maize miRNAs precursors were obtained from miRBase, and retained for analysis even if some did not have 10 sequencing reads from the profiling experiment. After removing overlapping miRNA loci between the two sets, the resulting miRNA precursor set had a total of 1 ,512 miRNA gene loci corresponding to about 197 unique mature miRNA sequences (core miRNA sequences).

Following identification of the source miRNA genes, the next step was to identify and prioritize miRNA target genes. Following a comprehensive survey, identification and classification of miRNA source genes in maize using the miRBase resources and other tools, the predicted target genes for these miRNAs were identified using the program imiRanda (Enright et al., (2005), Human MicroRNA Targets, PLoS Biol. :e264) for predicting the targets for all 197 unique miRNAs. A total of 192 out of 197 miRNAs were predicted to have targets in the maize genome, averaging 59 targets per miRNA, but ranging from 1 to 1510 (alignment score 160 and energy score -30). These predicted miRNA targets are likely to be enriched for functional partners with the miRNAs, for example, genes that are regulated by the miRNAs.

EXAMPLE 2

miRNA to Target Anti-Correlation Analysis

Gene which are regulated by miRNAs are expected to exhibit an expression pattern that is anti-correlated to the miRNA. This anti-correlation of expression of a target gene is an indication that the identified miRNA is likely regulating that target gene. It is possible that some genes may be anti-correlated by coincidence may not represent a true target for regulation by the identified microRNA. One way to determine the anti-correlation relationship is to analyze the binding sites on the target gene that is suspected to be anti-correlated with the miRNA expression.

Experiments were performed to identify gene pairs of miRNAs and their possible targets. One of the approaches to identify the miRNAs and the targets was using anti- correlated gene expression for miRNAs and their candidate genes through separate microarray profiling experiments. By comparing the mRNA profiling results for different microarrays using the same biological samples, and spanning over several tissues, it was determined whether the expression of one or more miRNAs correlated with their candidate target genes through statistical tools. Significant correlations were identified that

demonstrated decreasing candidate gene transcript levels while the expression levels of the microRNA candidates increased. Some of these gene pairs also bore sequence similarity of the putative miRNA binding site, a 21-mer, providing further support that these genes may represent a regulated unit, with the miRNA acting as the agent of regulation.

Empirical determination of miRNA targets was also performed. To empirically determine miRNA-mRNA counter-correlated pairs, 65 samples that were assayed with both the 105K mRNA microarray and the 44K miRNA microarray were examined. The 65 samples included 18 leaf samples from a circadian study, 18 immature ear samples from a circadian study and 29 kernel samples from a study examining transgenic zein knockdown expression. Only 42,758 probes from the mRNA array were considered to be expressed and used for the subsequent analysis. Correlation was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient and those mRNA-miRNA pairs that exhibited <(-0.9) were considered significant. An example of an anticorrelated gene pair from these experiments are shown in FIG.1 The anticorrelation of the miRNA and the target gene (transcript) are indicated. EXAMPLE 3

Identification of Maize miRNA Sequences for use in Agronomic Traits The miRNA targets listed in Table 1 and whose sequences are provided herein to the sequence listing appended herein were analyzed for their significance to impacting one or more agronomic traits using bioinformatics tools. Results from these analyses were used to identify assign an agronomic parameter of importance to one or more of these gene targets as in Table 2. Drought, nitrogen and yield were chosen as three relevant agronomic traits and each target gene's relevance is listed in Table 2. For example, the same gene may appear for all three agronomic traits and some genes may fall under only of the selected traits.

Relative trait values provided in Table 2 indicate the likelihood that a particular gene is regulated by a miRNA that impacts an agronomic trait of interest.

Gene networks were constructed from these gene relationships derived from bioinformatics analysis by linking genes to interaction and regulation partners, metabolic targets, trait component processes, and to other biologically relevant factors. A global gene network was also constructed based on all obtainable biologically relevant information, not limited to these three traits, creating a general or universal background network, against which to compare versus the three trait enriched networks. Relative trait values were developed and assigned to individual genes, based upon bioinformatics analysis. For cross- comparison of all three trait values, the values were all transformed to a 0-to-1 relative scale. For the miRNA target genes, these scores enable comparative analysis within a particular trait association, and across these agronomic traits.

EXAMPLE 4

Gene Regulation with Transgenic MicroRNAs

One or more microRNA sequences listed in Table 1 and the sequence listing provided herein can be used to construct siRNA (small interfering RNA) vector or a vector that regulates genes in an equivalent manner. The genes may be operably controlled by a variety of plant-expressible promoter sequences to achieve broad or specific tissue- developmental or environmental response expression patterns. Maize plants, other crop plants, or model plants such as Arabidopsis can be transformed with the vector containing the miRNA hairpin construct or a microRNA precursor gene, and the transformants (e.g., at TO or T1 ) can be evaluated for improved drought tolerance or NUE or yield increase (e.g., such as through a surrogate parameter such as photosynthetic activity, nutrient uptake, biomass increase).

When miRNA precursors are expressed, the expressed miRNA precursors are processed by the plants' resident microRNA processing apparatus and produce a mature miRNA sequence with regulatory function. The target genes of this miRNA will be expected to have reduced gene expression, transcript levels, or translation, resulting in reduced functional capacity of the target gene product. For target genes that are net negative regulators of agronomic trait performance, this reduction of their functional expression will lead to increased trait performance and agronomic gain. Some genes are involved in the evolved natural adaptive responses of plants to environmental stresses such as drought and nutrient deprivation, but in an agronomic setting these responses can negatively affect crop performance and yield. For example, some drought related genes contribute to a defensive slow-growing habit and physiology. With this miRNA targeting strategy, these genes can be selectively reduced in expression under these environmental conditions, enabling the plants to manage drought stress while maintaining a high yield capacity.

EXAMPLE 5

Uprequlatinq plant miRNA target genes through down-regulation of a miRNA precursor gene

Some agronomic traits are regulated at least in part by microRNAs, Some of these miRNA regulations are the result of long-evolved mechanisms to adapt to environmental stresses such as drought and nutrient limitations, such as nitrogen. The microRNA precursors may embody some of the tissue-developmental-environmental responsiveness for miRNA-based gene regulation. In situations where the target gene that may contribute to increased agronomic performance is being limited in net functional expression by a miRNA regulation, reduction (in site and location) in the expression of the microRNA precursor can result increased expression of the target gene and lead to increased agronomic trait performance. The reduction in the microRNA precursor expression may include targeting the miRNA expression by another siRNA construct, or by targeted mutagenesis, such as homing endonuclease-based site-directed changes that introduce functional changes in the expression and/or direct alteration of the core miRNA site.

EXAMPLE 6

Use of miRNA precursor genes

The miRNA precursor genes can be upregulated through many ways - e.g., by expressing the precursor gene under the control of a plant expressible regulatory element or by upregulating the endogenous precursor gene through engineering a plant expressible regulatory element into the plant genome.

Similarly, the miRNA precursor gene loci can be mutagenized to either decrease or increase the expression of the precursor gene, e.g., by targeting the endogenous promoter element. miRNA genes can also serve as templates to construct artificial miRNA vector constructs to express an artificial miRNA transcript. The precursor gene sequences can also be used as markers for marker-assisted breeding selection or to screen a population of maize plants for alleles of the precursor genes. For example, variations within the precursor sequences can result in SNPs that are used as markers or haplotypes for germplasm selection and breeding.

The miRNA sequences or the miRNA precursor gene sequences or the target gene sequences disclosed herein can be used as a template to design an artificial or a synthetic interfering RNA construct including an artificial miRNA or siRNA construct or synthetic polynucleotides encoding an interfering RNA thereof. As known in the art, these artificial nucleic acid sequences can contain one or more mismatches compared to the template and may also contain stabilizing nucleotide analogs for use as topical or other exogenous applications, where stability of nucleic acids are desirable.

EXAMPLE 7

Use of target genes disclosed in Tables 1 and 2

The target genes disclosed herein have been selected to contribute to one or more agronomic traits based on the identification of miRNAs and associated precursor genes. The target genes disclosed herein can be overexpressed constitutively, suppressed for example through RNA silencing/ The target genes can also be expressed as a synthetic version of the gene that is not directly targeted by an endogenous miRNA, thereby desensitizing the transgene copy from being subject to endogenous regulation. Desensitization can also be performed through mutagenesis for example to eliminate a potential miRNA binding site or altering the binding specificity to a closely related gene homolog. Any promoter/vector combination can be used with the target genes.

In addition, the target gene sequences can also be used as markers for marker- assisted breeding selection or to screen a population of maize plants for alleles of the target genes. For example, variations within the target gene sequences can result in SNPs that are used as markers or haplotypes for germplasm selection and breeding. Transformation of Plants

Described in this example are methods one may use for introduction of a

polynucleotide or polypeptide into a plant cell.

A. Maize particle-mediated DNA delivery

A DNA construct can be introduced into maize cells capable of growth on suitable maize culture medium. Such competent cells can be from maize suspension culture, callus culture on solid medium, freshly isolated immature embryos or meristem cells. Immature embryos of the Hi-ll genotype can be used as the target cells. Ears are harvested at approximately 10 days post-pollination, and 1.2-1.5mm immature embryos are isolated from the kernels, and placed scutellum-side down on maize culture medium.

The immature embryos are bombarded from 18-72 hours after being harvested from the ear. Between 6 and 18 hours prior to bombardment, the immature embryos are placed on medium with additional osmoticum (MS basal medium, Musashige and Skoog, 1962, Physiol. Plant 15:473-497, with 0.25 M sorbitol). The embryos on the high-osmotic medium are used as the bombardment target, and are left on this medium for an additional 18 hours after bombardment.

For particle bombardment, plasmid DNA (described above) is precipitated onto 1.8 mm tungsten particles using standard CaCI2- spermidine chemistry (see, for example, Klein et al., 1987, Nature 327:70-73). Each plate is bombarded once at 600 PSI, using a DuPont Helium Gun (Lowe et al., 1995, Bio/Technol 13:677-682). For typical media formulations used for maize immature embryo isolation, callus initiation, callus proliferation and regeneration of plants, see Armstrong, C, 1994, In "The Maize Handbook", M. Freeling and V. Walbot, eds. Springer Verlag, NY, pp 663-671.

Within 1 -7 days after particle bombardment, the embryos are moved onto N6-based culture medium containing 3 mg/l of the selective agent bialaphos. Embryos, and later callus, are transferred to fresh selection plates every 2 weeks. The calli developing from the immature embryos are screened for the desired phenotype. After 6-8 weeks, transformed calli are recovered.

B. Soybean transformation

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures are maintained in 35 ml liquid media SB196 or SB172 in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, 26C with cool white fluorescent lights on 16:8 hr day/night photoperiod at light intensity of 30-35 uE/m2s. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 ml of fresh liquid media. Alternatively, cultures are initiated and maintained in 6-well Costar plates.

SB 172 media is prepared as follows: (per liter), 1 bottle Murashige and Skoog Medium (Duchefa # M 0240), 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000X stock, 1 ml 2,4-D stock (Gibco 11215- 019), 60 g sucrose, 2 g MES, 0.667 g L-Asparagine anhydrous (GibcoBRL 1 1013-026), pH 5.7. SB 196 media is prepared as follows: (per liter) 10ml MS FeEDTA, 10ml MS Sulfate, 10ml FN-Lite Halides, 10ml FN-Lite Ρ,Β,Μο, 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000X stock, 1 ml 2,4-D, (Gibco 11215-019), 2.83g KN03 , 0.463g (NH4)2S04, 2g MES, 1g Asparagine Anhydrous, Powder (Gibco 1 1013-026), 10g Sucrose, pH 5.8. 2,4-D stock concentration 10 mg/ml is prepared as follows: 2,4-D is solubilized in 0.1 N NaOH, filter-sterilized, and stored at -20°C. B5 vitamins 1000X stock is prepared as follows: (per 100 ml) - store aliquots at -20°C, 10 g myo-inositol, 100 mg nicotinic acid, 100 mg pyridoxine HCI, 1 g thiamin. Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures are transformed with various plasmids by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al., 1987 Nature 327:70. To prepare tissue for bombardment, approximately two flasks of suspension culture tissue that has had approximately 1 to 2 weeks to recover since its most recent subculture is placed in a sterile 60 x 20 mm petri dish containing 1 sterile filter paper in the bottom to help absorb moisture. Tissue (i.e. suspension clusters approximately 3-5 mm in size) is spread evenly across each petri plate. Residual liquid is removed from the tissue with a pipette, or allowed to evaporate to remove excess moisture prior to bombardment. Per experiment, 4 - 6 plates of tissue are bombarded. Each plate is made from two flasks.

To prepare gold particles for bombardment, 30 mg gold is washed in ethanol, centrifuged and resuspended in 0.5 ml of sterile water. For each plasmid combination (treatments) to be used for bombardment, a separate micro-centrifuge tube is prepared, starting with 50 μΙ of the gold particles prepared above. Into each tube, the following are also added; 5μΙ of plasmid DNA (at 1 Mg/μΙ), 50μΙ CaCI2, and 20μΙ 0.1 M spermidine. This mixture is agitated on a vortex shaker for 3 minutes, and then centrifuged using a microcentrifuge set at 14,000 RPM for 10 seconds. The supernatant is decanted and the gold particles with attached, precipitated DNA are washed twice with 400 μΙ aliquots of ethanol (with a brief centrifugation as above between each washing). The final volume of 100% ethanol per each tube is adjusted to 40μΙ, and this particle/DNA suspension is kept on ice until being used for bombardment.

Immediately before applying the particle/DNA suspension, the tube is briefly dipped into a sonicator bath to disperse the particles, and then 5 μΙ_ of DNA prep is pipetted onto each flying disk and allowed to dry. The flying disk is then placed into the DuPont Biolistics PDS1000/HE. Using the DuPont Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument for particle-mediated DNA delivery into soybean suspension clusters, the following settings are used. The membrane rupture pressure is 1 100 psi. The chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 27-28 inches of mercury. The tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches from the retaining/stopping screen (3rd shelf from the bottom). Each plate is bombarded twice, and the tissue clusters are rearranged using a sterile spatula between shots.

Following bombardment, the tissue is re-suspended in liquid culture medium, each plate being divided between 2 flasks with fresh SB196 or SB172 media and cultured as described above. Four to seven days post-bombardment, the medium is replaced with fresh medium containing a selection agent. The selection media is refreshed weekly for 4 weeks and once again at 6 weeks. Weekly replacement after 4 weeks may be necessary if cell density and media turbidity is high.

Four to eight weeks post-bombardment, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated, green tissue is removed and inoculated into 6-well microtiter plates with liquid medium to generate clonally- propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures.

Each embryogenic cluster is placed into one well of a Costar 6-well plate with 5mls fresh SB196 media with selection agent. Cultures are maintained for 2-6 weeks with fresh media changes every 2 weeks. When enough tissue is available, a portion of surviving transformed clones are subcultured to a second 6-well plate as a back-up to protect against contamination.

To promote in vitro maturation, transformed embryogenic clusters are removed from liquid SB196 and placed on solid agar media, SB 166, for 2 weeks. Tissue clumps of 2 - 4 mm size are plated at a tissue density of 10 to 15 clusters per plate. Plates are incubated in diffuse, low light (< 10 μΕ) at 26 +/- 1 °C. After two weeks, clusters are subcultured to SB 103 media for 3 - 4 weeks.

SB 166 is prepared as follows: (per liter), 1 pkg. MS salts (Gibco/ BRL - Cat# 1 11 17- 017), 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000X stock, 60 g maltose, 750 mg MgCI2 hexahydrate, 5 g activated charcoal, pH 5.7, 2 g gelrite. SB 103 media is prepared as follows: (per liter), 1 pkg. MS salts (Gibco/BRL - Cat# 1 1 1 17-017), 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000X stock, 60 g maltose, 750 mg MgCI2 hexahydrate, pH 5.7, 2 g gelrite. After 5-6 week maturation, individual embryos are desiccated by placing embryos into a 100 X 15 petri dish with a 1 cm2 portion of the SB103 media to create a chamber with enough humidity to promote partial desiccation, but not death.

Approximately 25 embryos are desiccated per plate. Plates are sealed with several layers of parafilm and again are placed in a lower light condition. The duration of the desiccation step is best determined empirically, and depends on size and quantity of embryos placed per plate. For example, small embryos or few embryos/plate require a shorter drying period, while large embryos or many embryos/plate require a longer drying period. It is best to check on the embryos after about 3 days, but proper desiccation will most likely take 5 to 7 days. Embryos will decrease in size during this process.

Desiccated embryos are planted in SB 71-1 or MSO medium where they are left to germinate under the same culture conditions described for the suspension cultures. When the plantlets have two fully-expanded trifoliate leaves, germinated and rooted embryos are transferred to sterile soil and watered with MS fertilizer. Plants are grown to maturity for seed collection and analysis. Healthy, fertile transgenic plants are grown in the greenhouse.

SB 71 -1 is prepared as follows: 1 bottle Gamborg's B5 salts w/ sucrose (Gibco/BRL - Cat# 21 153-036), 10 g sucrose, 750 mg MgCI2 hexahydrate, pH 5.7, 2 g gelrite. MSO media is prepared as follows: 1 pkg Murashige and Skoog salts (Gibco 1 1 1 17-066), 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000X stock, 30 g sucrose, pH 5.8, 2g Gelrite. C. Transformation of Maize Using Agrobacterium

Agrobacterium-med\a\ed transformation of maize is performed essentially as described by Zhao et al., in Meth. Mol. Biol. 318:315-323 (2006) (see also Zhao et al., Mol. Breed. 8:323- 333 (2001 ) and U.S. Patent No. 5,981 ,840 issued November 9, 1999, incorporated herein by reference). The transformation process involves bacterium inoculation, co-cultivation, resting, selection and plant regeneration.

1. Immature Embryo Preparation:

Immature maize embryos are dissected from caryopses and placed in a 2 ml_ microtube containing 2 ml_ PHI-A medium.

2. Agrobacterium Infection and Co-Cultivation of Immature Embryos:

2.1 Infection Step:

PHI-A medium of (1 ) is removed with 1 ml_ micropipettor, and 1 ml_ of Agrobacterium suspension is added. The tube is gently inverted to mix. The mixture is incubated for 5 min at room temperature.

2.2 Co-culture Step:

The Agrobacterium suspension is removed from the infection step with a 1 ml_ micropipettor. Using a sterile spatula the embryos are scraped from the tube and transferred to a plate of PHI-B medium in a 100x15 mm Petri dish. The embryos are oriented with the embryonic axis down on the surface of the medium. Plates with the embryos are cultured at 20 °C, in darkness, for three days. L-Cysteine can be used in the co-cultivation phase. With the standard binary vector, the co-cultivation medium supplied with 100-400 mg/L L-cysteine is useful for recovering stable transgenic events.

3. Selection of Putative Transgenic Events:

To each plate of PHI-D medium in a 100x15 mm Petri dish, 10 embryos are transferred, maintaining orientation and the dishes are sealed with parafilm. The plates are incubated in darkness at 28 °C. Actively growing putative events, as pale yellow embryonic tissue, are expected to be visible in six to eight weeks. Embryos that produce no events may be brown and necrotic, and little friable tissue growth is evident. Putative transgenic embryonic tissue is subcultured to fresh PHI-D plates at two-three week intervals, depending on growth rate. The events are recorded.

4. Regeneration of TO plants:

Embryonic tissue propagated on PHI-D medium is subcultured to PHI-E medium (somatic embryo maturation medium), in 100x25 mm Petri dishes and incubated at 28 °C, in darkness, until somatic embryos mature, for about ten to eighteen days. Individual, matured somatic embryos with well-defined scutellum and coleoptile are transferred to PHI-F embryo germination medium and incubated at 28 °C in the light (about 80 μΕ from cool white or equivalent fluorescent lamps). In seven to ten days, regenerated plants, about 10 cm tall, are potted in horticultural mix and hardened-off using standard horticultural methods.

Media for Plant Transformation:

PHI-A: 4g/L CHU basal salts, 1 .0 mL/L 1000X Eriksson's vitamin mix, 0.5 mg/L thiamin HCI, 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.69 g/L L-proline, 68.5 g/L sucrose, 36 g/L glucose, pH 5.2. Add 100 μΜ acetosyringone (filter-sterilized).

PHI-B: PHI-A without glucose, increase 2,4-D to 2 mg/L, reduce sucrose to 30 g/L and supplemented with 0.85 mg/L silver nitrate (filter-sterilized), 3.0 g/L Gelrite®, 100 μΜ acetosyringone (filter-sterilized), pH 5.8. PHI-C: PHI-B without Gelrite® and acetosyringonee, reduce 2,4-D to 1.5 mg/L and supplemented with 8.0 g/L agar, 0.5 g/L 2-[N-morpholino]ethane- sulfonic acid (MES) buffer, 100 mg/L carbenicillin (filter-sterilized).

PHI-D: PHI-C supplemented with 3 mg/L bialaphos (filter-sterilized).

PHI-E: 4.3 g/L of Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, (Gibco, BRL 11 117- 074), 0.5 mg/L nicotinic acid, 0.1 mg/L thiamine HCI, 0.5 mg/L pyridoxine HCI, 2.0 mg/L glycine, 0.1 g/L myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/L zeatin (Sigma, Cat. No. Z-0164), 1 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA), 26.4 μg/L abscisic acid (ABA), 60 g/L sucrose, 3 mg/L bialaphos (filter-sterilized), 100 mg/L carbenicillin (filter- sterilized), 8 g/L agar, pH 5.6.

PHI-F: PHI-E without zeatin, IAA, ABA; reduce sucrose to 40 g/L; replacing agar with 1.5 g/L Gelrite®; pH 5.6.

Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al., Bio/Technology 8:833-839 (1990)).

Transgenic TO plants can be regenerated and their phenotype determined. T1 seed can be collected.

Furthermore, a recombinant DNA construct containing a validated Arabidopsis gene can be introduced into a maize inbred line either by direct transformation or introgression from a separately transformed line.

Transgenic plants, either inbred or hybrid, can undergo more vigorous field-based experiments to study expression effects