CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of Greek Patent Application No. 20210100537, filed August 5, 2021 , entitled “MEASUREMENT GAPS FOR MEASURING POSITIONING SIGNALS,’ ¹ which is assigned to the assignee hereof, and the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone sendee (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service, a fourthgeneration (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax), a fifthgeneration (5G) service, etc. There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including Cellular and Personal Communications Service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile access (GSM) variation of TDMA, etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) mobile standard calls for higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements, lire 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide data rates of several tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with 1 gigabit per second to tens of workers on an office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported in order to support large sensor deployments. Consequently, the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly enhanced compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, signaling efficiencies should be enhanced and latency should be substantially reduced compared to current standards. SUMMARY

[0004] In an embodiment, a user equipment includes: a transceiver; a memory; and a processor, communicatively coupled to the transceiver and the memory, configured to: transmit, via the transceiver to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; receive, via the transceiver from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; receive, via the transceiver, the positioning reference signal; and measure the positioning reference signal.

[0005 j In an embodiment, a positioning signal measurement method includes: transmitting, from a user equipment to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; recei ving, at the user equipment from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; receiving, at the user equipment, the positioning reference signal; and measuring, at the user equipment, the positioning reference signal.

In an embodiment, a user equipment includes: means for transmitting, to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment tor measurement of a positioning reference signal; means for receiving, from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; means for receiving the positioning reference signal; and means for measuring the positioning reference signal.

[0007] In an embodiment, a non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium includes processor-readable instructions to cause a processor of a user equipment to: transmit, to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; receive, from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; receive the positioning reference signal; and measure the positioning reference signal.

[0008] In an embodiment, a network entity includes: a transceiver; a memory; and a processor, communicatively coupled to the transceiver and the memory, configured to: receive at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and transmit a measurement gap configuration indication to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap patern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of tw o measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges.

[0009] In an embodiment, a method of providing measurement gap information for a user equipment includes: receiving, at a network entity, at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and transmitting a measurement gap configuration indication, from the network entity, to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges.

[0010] In an embodiment, a network entity includes: means for receiving at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and means for transmitting a measurement gap configuration indication to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of tw o measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges.

[0011] In an embodiment, a non -transitory’, processor-readable storage medium includes processor-readable instructions to cause a processor of a network entity to: receive at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap patern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and transmit a measurement gap configuration indication to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ⁷ ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of an example wireless communications system. [0013] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of components of an example user equipment shown in FIG. 1.

[0014] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of components of an example transmission/reception point.

[0015] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of components of an example server, various embodiments of which are shown in FIG. 1 .

[0016] FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of an example user equipment.

[0017] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of an example network entity.

[0018] FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram of a process and signaling flow for determining position information.

[0019] FIG. 8 is a chart of measurement gap paterns.

[0020] FIG. 9 is a simplified timing diagram of measurement gaps

[0021] FIG. 10 is a chart of gap pattern support and measurement gap type corresponding to coded values.

[0022 ] FIG. 11 is another chart of gap patern support and measurement gap type corresponding to coded values.

[0023] FIG. 12 is a block flow diagram of a positioning signal measurement method. [0024] FIG. 13 is a block flow diagram of a method of providing measurement gap information for a user equipment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] Techniques are discussed herein for obtaining appropriate measurement gaps for positioning for user equipment (UE) that supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges. For example, a UE may indicate whether the UE supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges (per-FR (per-frequency- range) measurement gaps) or supports measurement gaps that apply across the frequency ranges (per-UE measurement gaps) but not per-FR measurement gaps. The UE may indicate that the UE supports per-UE measurement gaps for positioning even though the UE supports per-FR measurement gaps for one or more other purposes, e.g., communication. As another example, a UE may request that a measurement gap be scheduled by a network as a per-UE measurement gap. As another example, a UE may send a coded indication of what type of measurement gap (per-UE or per-FR) will be supported by the UE. The coded indication may be bits allocated for indicating whether the UE supports specific measurement lengths of measurement gaps that have been established for positioning. As another example, a network entity may schedule measurement gaps for a UE for positioning to be per-UE measurement gaps regardless of w hether the UE supports per-FR measurement gaps. As another example, a network entity may schedule measurement gaps for a UE for positioning to be per-UE measurement gaps for any length of such measurement gaps based on the UE indicating that the UE supports one or more of the measurement gaps established for positioning. As another example, a network entity may schedule measurement gaps for a UE for positioning m accordance with a coded indication of what type of measurement gap will be supported by the UE. The coded indication may indicate that the UE will support, for positioning, the type of measurement gap supported for one or more other purposes, e.g., communication, e.g., as indicated by another indication separate from the coded indication. Other implementations, however, may be used.

[0026] Items and/or techniques described herein may provide one or more of the following capabilities, as w ell as other capabilities not mentioned. Measurement accuracy and thus positioning accuracy may be improved, e.g., by ensuring a proper measurement gap for measuring a positioning reference signal. Positioning accuracy and/or latency and/or communication may be improved, e.g., by measuring positioning reference signals in multiple frequency ranges concurrently or by measuring a positioning reference signal in one frequency range and concurrently measuring a communication signal in another frequency range. Other capabilities may be provided and not every implementation according to the disclosure must provide any, let alone all, of the capabilities discussed.

[0027] Obtaining the locations of mobile devices that are accessing a wireless network may be useful for many applications including, for example, emergency calls, personal navigation, consumer asset tracking, locating a friend or family member, etc. Existing positioning methods include methods based on measuring radio signals transmitted from a variety of devices or entities including satellite vehicles (SVs) and terrestrial radio sources in a wireless network such as base stations and access points. It is expected that standardization for the 5G wireless networks will include support for various positioning methods, which may utilize reference signals transmitted by base stations in a manner similar to which LTE wireless networks currently utilize Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) and/or Cell-specific Reference Signals (CRS) for position determination.

[0028] The description may refer to sequences of actions to be performed, for example, by elements of a computing device. Various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Sequences of actions described herein may be embodied within a non -transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon a corresponding set of computer instructions that upon execution w ould cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects described herein may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which are within the scope of the disclosure, including claimed subject matter.

[00291 As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "base station" are not specific to or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, such UEs may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset tracking device, Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be referred to interchangeably as an "access terminal" or "AT,” a "client device," a "wireless device,” a "subscriber device," a "subscriber terminal," a "subscriber station," a "user terminal" or UT, a "mobile terminal," a "mobile station," a "mobile device," or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN , and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, WiFi networks (e.g., based on IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, etc.) and so on.

[0030] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed. Examples of a base station include an Access Point (AP), a Network Node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), or a general Node B (gNodeB, gNB), In addition, in some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions.

[0031 J UEs may be embodied by any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to printed circuit (PC) cards, compact flash devices, external or internal modems, wi reless or wireline phones, smartphones, tablets, consumer asset tracking devices, asset tags, and so on. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a RAN is called an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the RAN can send signals to UEs is called a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel,

[0032] As used herein, the term "cell" or "sector" may correspond to one of a plurality of cells of a base station, or to the base station itself, depending on the context. The term "cell" may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (for example, over a carrier), and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (for example, a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)) operating via the same or a different carrier. In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (for example, machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband Intemet-of-Things (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of devices. In some examples, the term "cell" may refer to a portion of a geographic coverage area (for example, a sector) over which the logical entity operates.

[0033] Referring to FIG. 1, an example of a communication system 100 includes a UE 105, a UE 106, a Radio Access Network (RAN), here a Fifth Generation (5G) Next Generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) 135, and a 5G Core Network (5GC) 140. The UE 105 and/or the UE 106 may be, e.g., an loT device, a location tracker device, a cellular telephone, a vehicle (e.g., a car, a track, a bus, a boat, etc.), or other device. A 5G network may also be referred to as a New Radio (NR) network; NG-RAN 135 may be referred to as a 5G RAN or as an NR RAN; and 5GC 140 may be referred to as an NG Core network (NGC). Standardization of an NG-RAN and 5GC is ongoing m the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Accordingly, the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140 may conform to current or future standards for 5G support from 3GPP. The NG- RAN 135 may be another type of RAN, e.g., a 3G RAN, a 4G Long Tenn Evolution (LTE) RAN, etc. The UE 106 may be configured and coupled similarly to the UE 105 to send and/or receive signals to/from similar other entities in the system 100, but such signaling is not indicated in FIG. 1 for the sake of simplicity of the figure. Similarly, the discussion focuses on the LIE 105 for the sake of simplicity. The communication system 100 may utilize information from a constellation 185 of satellite vehicles (SVs) 190, 191, 192, 193 for a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) (e.g., a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)) like the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo, or Beidou or some other local or regional SPS such as the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), or the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). Additional components of the communication system 100 are described below. The communication system 100 may include additional or alternative components,

[0034] As shown in FIG. 1, the NG-RAN 135 includes NRnodeBs (gNBs) 1 10a, 1 10b, and a next generation eNodeB (ng-eNB) 114, and the 5GC 140 includes an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 115, a Session Management Function (SMF) 117, a Location Management Function (LMF) 120, and a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 125. The gNBs 1 10a, 1 10b and the ng-eNB 114 are communicatively coupled to each other, are each configured to bi-directionally wirelessly communicate with the LIE 105, and are each communicatively coupled to, and configured to bidirectionally communicate with, the AMF 1 15. The gNBs 110a, 110b, and the ng-eNB 114 may be referred to as base stations (BSs). The AMF 115, the SMF 117, the LMF 120, and the GMLC 125 are communicatively coupled to each other, and the GMLC is communicatively coupled to an external client 130. The SMF 1 17 may serve as an initial contact point of a Service Control Function (SCF) (not shown) to create, control, and delete media sessions. Base stations such as the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng- eNB 114 may be a macro cell (e.g., a high-power cellular base station), or a small cell (e.g., a low-power cellular base station), or an access point (e.g,, a short-range base station configured to communicate with short-range technology such as WiFi, WiFi- Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, Bluetooth®-low energy (BLE), Zigbee, etc. One or more base stations, e.g,, one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 may be configured to communicate with the UE 105 via multiple carriers. Each of the gNBs 1 10a, 1 1 Ob and/or the ng-eNB 1 14 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic region, e.g., a cell. Each ceil may be partitioned into multiple sectors as a function of the base station antennas.

[0035] FIG. 1 provides a generalized illustration of various components, any or all of which may be utilized as appropriate, and each of which may be duplicated or omitted as necessary. Specifically, although one LIE 105 is illustrated, many UEs (e.g., hundreds, thousands, millions, etc.) may be utilized in the communication system 100. Similarly, the communication system 100 may include a larger (or smaller) number of SVs (i.e., more or fewer than the four SV s 190-193 shown), gNBs 1 10a, 110b, ng-eNBs 114, AMP’s 115, external clients 130, and/or other components. The illustrated connections that connect the various components in the communication system 100 include data and signaling connections which may include additional (intermediary) components, direct or indirect physical and/or wireless connections, and/or additional networks. Furthermore, components may be rearranged, combined, separated, substituted, and/or omitted, depending on desired functionality.

[0036 [ While FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G-based network, similar network implementations and configurations may be used for other communication technologies, such as 3G, Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc. Implementations described herein (be they for 5G technology and/or tor one or more other communication technologies and/or protocols) may be used to transmit (or broadcast) directional synchronization signals, receive and measure directional signals at UEs (e.g., the UE 105) and/or provide location assistance to the UE 105 (via. the GMLC 125 or other location server) and/or compute a location for the UE 105 at a location-capable device such as the UE 105, the gNB 110a, 110b, or the LMF 120 based on measurement quantities received at the UE 105 for such directionally-transmitted signals. The gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 125, the location management function (LMF) 120, the access and mobility management function (AMF) 115, the SMF 117, the ng-eNB (eNodeB) 114 and the gNBs (gNodeBs) 110a, 110b are examples and may, in various embodiments, be replaced by or include various other location server functionality and/or base station functionality respectively. [0037] The system 100 is capable of wireless communication in that components of the system 100 can communicate with one another (at least some times using wireless connections) directly or indirectly, e.g., via the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, and/or the 5GC 140 (and/or one or more other devices not shown, such as one or more other base transceiver stations). For indirect communications, the communications may be altered during transmission from one entity to another, e.g., to alter header information of data packets, to change format, etc. The LIE 105 may include multiple UEs and may be a mobile wireless communication device, but may communicate wirelessly and via wired connections. The UE 105 may be any of a variety of devices, e.g., a smartphone, a tablet computer, a vehicle-based device, etc., but these are examples as the UE 105 is not required to be any of these configurations, and other configurations of UEs may be used. Other UEs may include wearable devices (e.g., smart watches, smart jewelry, smart glasses or headsets, etc.). Still other UEs may be used, whether currently existing or developed in the future. Further, other wireless devices (whether mobile or not) may be implemented within the system 100 and may communicate with each other and/or with the UE 105, the gNBs 1 10a, 1 10b, the ng- eNB 114, the 5GC 140, and/or the external client 130. For example, such other devices may include internet of thing (loT) devices, medical devices, home entertainm ent and/or automation devices, etc. The 5GC 140 may communicate with the external client 130 (e.g., a computer system), e.g., to allow the external client 130 to request and/or receive location information regarding the UE 105 (e.g., via the GMLC 125).

[0038] The UE 105 or other devices may be configured to communicate in various networks and/or for various purposes and/or using various technologies (e.g., 5G, WiFi communication, multiple frequencies of Wi-Fi communication, satellite positioning, one or more types of communications (e.g., GSM (Global System for Mobiles), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), LTE (Long Tenn Evolution), V2X (Vehicle-to- Everything, e.g., V2P (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure), V2V (Vehicie-to-Vehicle), etc.), IEEE 802. 1 Ip, etc.). V2X communications may be cellular (Ce11u1ar-V2X (C-V2X)) and/or WiFi (e.g., DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Connection)). The system 100 may support operation on multiple carriers (waveform signals of different frequencies). Multi-carrier transmitters can transmit modulated signals simultaneously on the multiple carriers. Each modulated signal may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) signal, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) signal, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDM A) signal, a SingleCarrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) signal, etc. Each modulated signal may be sent on a different carrier and may cany pilot, overhead information, data, etc. The UEs 105, 106 may communicate with each other through UE-to-UE sidelink (SL) communications by transmitting over one or more sidelink channels such as a physical sidelink synchronization channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), or a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). Direct wireless- device-to-wireless-device communications without going through a network may be referred to generally as sidelink communications without limiting the communications to a particular protocol.

[0039] The UE 105 may comprise and/or may be referred to as a device, a mobile device, a wireless device, a mobile terminal, a terminal, a mobile station (MS), a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Enabled Terminal (SET), or by some other name.

Moreover, the UE 105 may correspond to a cellphone, smartphone, laptop, tablet, PDA, consumer asset tracking device, navigation device, Internet of Things (loT) device, health monitors, security systems, smart city sensors, smart meters, wearable trackers, or some other portable or moveable device. Typically, though not necessarily, the UE 105 may support wireless communication using one or more Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), LTE, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), IEEE 802. 11 WiFi (also referred to as Wi-Fi), Bluetooth® (BT), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 5G new radio (NR) (e.g,, using the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140), etc. The UE 105 may support wireless communication using a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) which may connect to other networks (e.g., the Internet) using a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or packet cable, for example. The use of one or more of these RATs may allow the UE 105 to communicate with the external client 130 (e.g., via elements of the 5GC 140 not shown in FIG. 1, or possibly via the GMLC 125) and/or allow the external client 130 to receive location information regarding the UE 105 (e.g,, via the GMLC 125).

[0040] The UE 105 may include a. single entity or may include multiple entities such as in a personal area network where a user may employ audio, video and/or data I/O (input/output) devices and/or body sensors and a separate wireline or wireless modem. An estimate of a location of the UE 105 may be referred to as a location, location estimate, location fix, fix, position, position estimate, or position fix, and may be geographic, thus providing location coordinates for the UE 105 (e.g., latitude and longitude) which may or may not include an altitude component (e.g., height above sea level, height above or depth below ground level, floor level, or basement level). Alternatively, a location of the UE 105 may be expressed as a civic location (e.g., as a postal address or the designation of some point or small area in a building such as a particular room or floor). A location of the UE 105 may be expressed as an area or volume (defined either geographically or in civic form) within which the UE 105 is expected to be located with some probability or confidence level (e.g., 67%, 95%, etc.). A location of the UE 105 may be expressed as a relative location comprising, for example, a distance and direction from a known location. The relative location may be expressed as relative coordinates (e.g., X, Y (and Z) coordinates) defined relative to some origin at a known location which may be defined, e.g., geographically, in civic terms, or by reference to a point, area, or volume, e.g., indicated on a map, floor plan, or building plan. In the description contained herein, the use of the term location may comprise any of these variants unless indicated otherwise. When computing the location of a UE, it is common to solve for local x, y, and possibly z coordinates and then, if desired, convert the local coordinates into absolute coordinates (e.g., for latitude, longitude, and altitude above or below' mean sea level).

[0041 ) Ttie UE 105 may be configured to communicate with other entities using one or more of a variety of technologies. The UE 105 may be configured to connect indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2.D) peer- to-peer (P2P) links. The D2D P2P links may be supported with any appropriate D2D radio access technology (RAT), such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on. One or more of a group of UEs utilizing D2D communications may be within a geographic coverage area of a Transmission/Reception Point (TRP) such as one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114. Oilier UEs in such a group may be outside such geographic coverage areas, or may be otherwise unable to receive transm issions from a base station. Groups of UEs communicating via D2D communications may utilize a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each UE may transmit to other UEs in the group. A TRP may facilitate scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In other cases, D2D communications may be carried out between UEs without the involvement of a TRP. One or more of a group of UEs utilizing D2D communications may be within a geographic coverage area of a TRP. Other UEs in such a group may be outside such geographic coverage areas, or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station. Groups of UEs communicating via D2D communications may utilize a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each UE may transmit to other UEs in the group. A TRP may facilitate scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In other cases, D2D communications may be carried out between UEs without the involvement of a TRP. [0042] Base stations (BSs) in the NG-RAN 135 shown in FIG. 1 include NR Node Bs, referred to as the gNBs 110a and 110b. Pairs of the gNBs 110a, 110b in the NG-RAN 135 may be connected to one another via one or more other gNBs. Access to the 5G network is provided to the UE 105 via wireless communication between the UE 105 and one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, which may provide wireless communications access to the 5GC 140 on behalf of the UE 105 using 5G. In FIG. I, the serving gNB for the UE 105 is assumed to be the gNB 110a, although another gNB (e.g., tire gNB 110b) may act as a serving gNB if the UE 105 moves to an other location or may act as a secondary gNB to provide additional throughput and bandwidth to the UE 105.

[0043] Base stations (BSs) in the NG-RAN 135 shown in FIG. 1 may include the ng- eNB 1 14, also referred to as a next, generation evolved Node B. The ng-eNB 114 may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b in the NG-RAN 135, possibly via one or more other gNBs and/or one or more other ng-eNBs. The ng-eNB 114 may provide LTE wireless access and/or evolved LIE (eLTE) wireless access to the UE 105. One or more of the gNBs 1 10a, 1 10b and/or the ng-eNB 1 14 may be configured to function as positioning-only beacons which may transmi t signals to assist with determining the position of the UE 105 but may not receive signals from the UE 105 or from other UEs.

[0044] The gNBs 1 10a, 1 10b and/or the ng-eNB 1 14 may each comprise one or more TRPs. For example, each sector within a cell of a BS may comprise a TRP, although multiple TRPs may share one or more components (e.g., share a processor but have separate antennas). The system 100 may include macro TRPs exclusively or the system 100 may have TRPs of different types, e.g., macro, pico, and/or fem to TRPs, etc. A macro TRP may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by terminals with sendee subscription. A pico TRP may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a pico cell) and may allow unrestricted access by terminals with service subscription. A fem to or home TRP may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a femto ceil) and may allow restricted access by terminals having association with the femto cell (e.g., terminals for users in a home).

[0045] As noted, while FIG. 1 depicts nodes configured to communicate according to 5G communication protocols, nodes configured to communicate according to other communication protocols, such as, for example, an LTE protocol or IEEE 802.1 lx protocol, may be used. For example, in an Evolved Packet System (EPS) providing LIE wireless access to the UE 105, a RAN may comprise an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) which may comprise base stations comprising evolved Node Bs (eNBs). A core network for EPS may comprise an Evolved Packet Core (EPC). An EPS may comprise an E-UTRAN plus EPC, where the E-UTRAN corresponds to the NG-RAN 135 and tire EPC corresponds to the 5GC 140 in FIG. 1 .

[0046] The gNBs 110a, 110b and the ng-eNB 114 may communicate with the AMF 115, which, for positioning functionality, communicates with the LMF 120. lire AMF 1 15 may support mobility of the UE 105, including cell change and handover and may participate in supporting a signaling connection to the UE 105 and possibly data and voice bearers for the LIE 105. The LMF 120 may communicate directly with the UE 105, e.g., through wireless communications, or directly with the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114. The LMF 120 may support positioning of the UE 105 when the UE 105 accesses the NG-RAN 135 and may support position procedures / methods such as Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS), Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) (e.g., Downlink (DL) OTDOA or Uplink (UL) OTDOA), Round Trip Time (RTF), MultiCell RTT, Real Time Kinematic (RTK), Precise Point Positioning (PPP), Differential GNSS (DGNSS), Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID), angle of arrival (AoA), angle of departure (AoD), and/or other position methods. The LMF 120 may process location services requests for the UE 105, e.g., received from the AMF 115 or from the GMLC 125. The LMF 120 may be connected to the AMF 115 and/or to the GMLC 125. The LMF 120 may be referred to by other names such as a Location Manager (EM), Location Function (LF), commercial LMF (CLMF), or value added LMF (VLMF). A node / system that implements the LMF 120 may additionally or alternatively implement other types of location-support modules, such as an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) or a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP). At least part of the positioning functionality (including derivation of the location of the UE 105) may be performed at the UE 105 (e.g., using signal measurements obtained by the UE 105 for signals transmitted by wireless nodes such as the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114, and/or assistance data provided to the UE 105, e.g. by the LMF 120). lite AMF 115 may serve as a control node that processes signaling between the UE 105 and the 5GC 140, and may provide QoS (Quality of Service) flow and session management. The AMF 115 may support mobility of the UE 105 including cell change and handover and may participate in supporting signaling connection to the UE 105. [0047] The GMLC 125 may support a location request for the UE 105 received from the external client 130 and may forward such a location request to the AMF 1 15 for forwarding by the AMF 115 to the LMF 120 or may forward the location request directly to the LMF 120. A location response from the LMF 120 (e.g., containing a location estimate for the UE 105) may be returned to the GMLC 125 either directly or via the AMF 115 and the GMLC 125 may then return the location response (e.g., containing the location estimate) to the external client 130. The GMLC 125 is shown connected to both the AMF 115 and LMF 120, though may not be connected to the AMF 1 15 or the LMF 120 in some implementations.

[004§] As further illustrated in FIG. 1, the LMF 120 may communicate with the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 using a New Radio Position Protocol A (which may be referred to as NPPa or NRPPa), which may be defined in 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.455. NRPPa may be the same as, similar to, or an extension of the LTE Positioning Protocol A (LPPa) defined in 3GPP TS 36.455, with NRPPa messages being transferred between the gNB 110a (or the gNB 110b) and tire LMF 120, and/or between the ng-eNB 114 and the LMF 120, via the AMF 1 15. As further illustrated in FIG. 1, the LMF 120 and the UE 105 may communicate using an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP), which may be defined in 3GPP TS 36.355. lire LMF 120 and the UE 105 may also or instead communicate using a New? Radio Positioning Protocol (which may be referred to as NPP or NRPP), which may be the same as, similar to, or an extension of LPP. Here, LPP and/or NPP messages may be transferred between the UE 105 and the LMF 120 via the AMF 115 and the serving gNB 110a, 1 10b or the serving ng-eNB 114 for the UE 105. For example, LPP and/or NPP messages may be transferred between the LMF 120 and the AMF 115 using a 5G Location Services Application Protocol (LCS AP) and may be transferred between the AMF 115 and the UE 105 using a 5G Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol. The LPP and/or NPP protocol may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using UE- assisted and/or UE-based position methods such as A-GNSS, RTK, OTDOA and/or E- CID. Hie NRPPa protocol may be used to support positioning of the UE 105 using network-based position methods such as E-CID (e.g., when used with measurements obtained by the gNB 110a, 110b or the ng-eNB 114) and/or may be used by the LMF 120 to obtain location related information from the gNBs 1 10a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114, such as parameters defining directional SS (Synchronization Signals) or PRS transmissions from the gNBs 1 10a, 1 10b, and/or the ng-eNB 114. The LMF 120 may be co-located or integrated with a gNB or a TRP, or may be disposed remote from the gNB and/or the TRP and configured to communicate directly or indirectly with the gNB and/or the TRP.

[0049] With a UE-assisted position method, the UE 105 may obtain location measurements and send the measurements to a location server (e.g., the LMF 120) for computation of a location estimate for the UE 105. For example, the location measurements may include one or more of a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Round Trip signal propagation Time (RTT), Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and/or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) for the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, and/or a WLAN AP. lire location measurements may also or instead include measurements of GNSS pseudorange, code phase, and/or carrier phase for the SVs 190-193.

[00501 With a UE-based position method, the UE 105 may obtain location measurements (e.g., which may be the same as or similar to location measurements for a UE-assisted position method) and may compute a location of the UE 105 (e.g., with the help of assistance data received from a location server such as the LMF 120 or broadcast by the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, or other base stations or APs). [0051] With a network-based position method, one or more base stations (e.g., the gNBs 1 10a, 1 10b, and/or the ng-eNB 114) or APs may obtain location measurements (e.g., measurements of RSSI, RTT, RSRP, RSRQ or Time of Arrival (ToA) for signals transmitted by the UE 105) and/or may receive measurements obtained by the UE 105. The one or more base stations or APs may send the measurements to a location server (e.g., the LMF 120) for computation of a location estimate for the UE 105.

[0052] Information provided by the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114 to the LMF 120 using NRPPa may include timing and configuration information for directional SS or PRS transmissions and location coordinates. The LMF 120 may provide some or all of this information to the UE 105 as assistance data in an LPP and/or NPP message via the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140.

[00531 An LPP or NPP message sent from the LMF 120 to the UE 105 may instruct the UE 105 to do any of a variety of things depending on desired functionality'. For example, the LPP or NPP message could contain an instruction for the UE 105 to obtain measurements for GNSS (or A-GNSS), WLAN, E-C1D, and/or OTDOA (or some other position method). In the case of E-CID, the LPP or NPP message may instruct the UE 105 to obtain one or more measurement quantities (e.g., beam ID, beam width, mean angle, RSRP, RSRQ measurements) of directional signals transmitted within particular cells supported by one or more of the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114 (or supported by some other type of base station such as an eN B or WiFi AP). The UE 105 may send the measurement quantities back to the LMF 120 in an LPP or NPP message (e.g., inside a 5G NAS message) via the serving gNB 110a (or the serving ng-eNB 114) and the AMF 1 15.

[0054] As noted, while the communication system 100 is described in relation to 5G technology, the communication system 100 may be implemented to support other communication technologies, such as GSM, WCDMA, LIE, etc., that are used for supporting and interacting with mobile devices such as the UE 105 (e.g., to implement voice, data, positioning, and other functionalities). In some such embodiments, the 5GC 140 may be configured to control different air interfaces. For example, the 5GC 140 may be connected to a WLAN using aNon-3GPP InterWorking Function (N31WF, not shown FIG. 1) in the 5GC 140. For example, the WLAN may support IEEE 802. 11 WiFi access for the UE 105 and may comprise one or more WiFi APs. Here, the N3IWF may connect to the WLAN and to other elements in the 5GC 140 such as the AMF 115. In some embodiments, both the NG-RAN 135 and the 5GC 140 may be replaced by one or more other RANs and one or more other core networks. For example, in an EPS, the NG-RAN 135 may be replaced by an E-UTRAN containing eNBs and the 5GC 140 may be replaced by an EPC containing a Mobility Management Entity (MME) in place of the AMF 115, an E-SMLC in place of the LMF 120, and a GMLC that may be similar to the GMLC 125. In such an EPS, the E-SMLC may use LPPa in place of NRPPa to send and receive location information to and from the eNBs in the E-UTRAN and may use LPP to support positioning of the UE 105. In these other embodiments, positioning of the UE 105 using directional PRSs may be supported in an analogous manner to that described herein for a 5G network with the difference that functions and procedures described herein for the gNBs 1 1 ()a, 1 1 Ob, the ng-eNB 114, the AMF 115, and the LMF 120 may, in some cases, apply instead to other network elements such eNBs, WiFi APs, an MME, and an E-SMLC.

[0055] As noted, in some embodiments, positioning functionality may be implemented, at least in part, using the directional SS or PRS beams, sent by base stations (such as the gNBs 110a, 110b, and/or the ng-eNB 114) that are within range of the UE whose position is to be determined (e.g., the UE 105 of FIG. 1). The UE may, in some instances, use the directional SS or PRS beams from a plurality of base stations (such as the gNBs 110a, 110b, the ng-eNB 114, etc.) to compute the UE's position.

[0056] Referring also to FIG. 2, a UE 200 is an example of one of the UEs 105, 106 and comprises a computing platform including a processor 210, memory 211 including software (SW) 212, one or more sensors 213, a transceiver interface 214 for a transceiver 215 (that includes a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250), a user interface 216, a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) receiver 217, a camera 218, and a position device (PD) 219. The processor 210, the memory 211, the sensor(s) 213, the transceiver interface 214, the user interface 216, tire SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, and the position device 219 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 220 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., the camera 218, the position device 219, and/or one or more of the sensor(s) 213, etc.) may be omitted from the UE 200. The processor 210 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.

The processor 210 may comprise multiple processors including a general - purpose/application processor 230, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 231, a modem processor 232, a video processor 233, and/or a sensor processor 234. One or more of the processors 230-234 may comprise multiple devices (e.g., multiple processors). For example, the sensor processor 234 may comprise, e.g., processors for RF (radio frequency) sensing (with one or more (cellular) wireless signals transmitted and reflection(s) used to identify, map, and/or track an object), and/or ultrasound, etc. The modem processor 232 may support dual SIM/dual connectivity (or even more SIMs). For example, a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber Identification Module) may be used by an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), and another SIM may be used by an end user of the UE 200 for connectivity. The memory' 211 is a non- transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM), etc. Hie memory' 211 stores the software 212 which may’ be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 210 to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software 212 may not be directly ⁷ executable by' the processor 210 but may be configured to cause the processor 210, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions. The description may refer to the processor 210 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 210 executes software and/or firmware. The description may refer to the processor 210 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors 230-234 performing the function. The description may refer to the L ^! E 200 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the UE 200 performing the function . The processor 210 may include a memory' with stored instructions in addition to and/or instead of the memory' 211 . Functionality of the processor 210 is discussed more fully below.

[0057] The configuration of the UE 200 shown in FIG. 2 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may' be used. For example, an example configuration of the UE includes one or more of the processors 230-234 of the processor 210, the memory' 211, and the wireless transceiver 240. Oilier example configurations include one or more of the processors 230-234 of the processor 210, the memory' 211, a wireless transceiver, and one or more of the sensor(s) 213, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, the PD 219, and/or a w ired transceiver.

[0058] The UE 200 may comprise the modem processor 232 that may be capable of performing baseband processing of signals received and down-converted by the transceiver 215 and/or the SPS receiver 217. The modem processor 232 may perform baseband processing of signals to be upconverted for transmission by the transceiver 215. Also or alternatively, baseband processing may be performed by’ the general- purpose/application processor 230 and/or the DSP 231 . Other configurations, however, may be used to perform baseband processing. [0059] The UE 200 may include the sensor(s) 213 that may include, for example, one or more of various types of sensors such as one or more inertial sensors, one or more magnetometers, one or more environment sensors, one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and/or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensors, etc. An inertial measurement unit (1MU) may comprise, for example, one or more accelerometers (e.g., collectively responding to acceleration of the UE 200 in three dimensions) and/or one or more gyroscopes (e.g., three-dimensional gyroscope(s)). The sensor(s) 213 may include one or more magnetometers (e.g., three-dimensional magnetometers)) to determine orientation (e.g., relative to magnetic north and/or true north) that may be used for any of a variety of purposes, e.g., to support one or more compass applications. The environment sensor(s) may comprise, for example, one or more temperature sensors, one or more barometric pressure sensors, one or more ambient light sensors, one or more camera imagers, and/or one or more microphones, etc. The sensor(s) 213 may generate analog and/or digital signals indications of which may be stored in the memory' 21 1 and processed by the DSP 231 and/or the general -purpose/application processor 230 in support of one or more applications such as, tor example, applications directed to positioning and/or navigation operations.

[0060] The sensor(s) 213 may be used in relative location measurements, relative location determination, motion determination, etc. Information detected by the sensor(s) 213 may be used for motion detection, relative displacement, dead reckoning, sensor-based location determination, and/or sensor-assisted location determination. The sensor(s) 213 may be useful to determine whether the LIE 200 is fixed (stationary') or mobile and/or whether to report certain useful information to the LMF 120 regarding the mobility of the UE 200. For example, based on the information obtained/measured by the sensor(s) 213, the UE 200 may notify/report to the LMF 120 that the UE 200 has detected movements or that the UE 200 has moved, and report the relative displacement/distance (e.g., via dead reckoning, or sensor-based location determination, or sensor-assisted location determination enabled by the sensor(s) 213). In another example, for relative positioning information, the sensors/IMU can be used to determine the angle and/or orientation of the other device with respect to the UE 200, etc, [0061] The IMU may be configured to provide measurements about a direction of motion and/or a speed of motion of the UE 200, which may be used in relati ve location determination , For example, one or more accelerometers and/or one or more gyroscopes of the IMU may detect, respectively, a linear acceleration and a speed of rotation of the UE 200. The linear acceleration and speed of rotation measurements of the UE 200 may be integrated over time to determine an instantaneous direction of motion as well as a displacement of the UE 200. The instantaneous direction of motion and the displacement may be integrated to track a location of the UE 200. For example, a reference location of the UE 200 may be determined, e.g., using the SPS receiver 217 (and/or by some other means) for a moment in time and measurements from the accelerometer(s) and gyroscope(s) taken after this moment in time may be used in dead reckoning to determine present location of the UE 200 based on movement (direction and distance) of the UE 200 relative to the reference location.

[0062] The magnetometer(s) may determine magnetic field strengths in different directions which may be used to determine orientation of the UE 2.00. For example, the orientation may be used to provide a digital compass for the UE 200. The magnetometer(s) may include a two-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in two orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer(s) may include a three-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide indications of magnetic field strength in three orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer(s) may provide means for sensing a magnetic field and providing indications of the magnetic field, e.g., to the processor 210.

[0063] The transceiver 215 may include a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 240 may include a wireless transmitter 242 and a wireless receiver 244 coupled to an antenna 246 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and/or one or more sidelink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and/or one or more sidelink channels) wireless signals 248 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 248 to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals 248. The wireless transmitter 242 includes appropriate components (e.g., a power amplifier and a digital- to-analog converter). The wireless receiver 244 includes appropriate components (e.g., one or more amplifiers, one or more frequency filters, and an analog-to-digital converter). The wireless transmitter 242 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wireless receiver 244 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wireless transceiver 240 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with TRPs and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE- V2X (PC?). IEEE 802.1 1 (including IEEE 802.1 Ip), WiFi, WiFi Direct (W iFi-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee etc. New Radio may use mm-wave frequencies and/or sub-6GHz frequencies. The wired transceiver 250 may include a wired transmitter 252 and a wired receiver 254 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-R. AN 135 to send communications to, and receive communications from, the NG-RAN 135. Hie wired transmitter 252 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wired receiver 254 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wired transceiver 250 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication. The transceiver 215 may be communicatively coupled to the transceiver interface 214, e.g., by optical and/or electrical connection. The transceiver interface 2.14 may be at least partially integrated with the transceiver 215. The wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244, and/or the antenna 246 may include multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, and/or multiple antennas, respectively, for sending and/or receiving, respectively, appropriate signals.

[0064] The user interface 216 may comprise one or more of several devices such as, for example, a speaker, microphone, display device, vibration device, keyboard, touch screen, etc. The user interface 2.16 may include more than one of any of these devices. The user interface 216 may be configured to enable a user to interact with one or more applications hosted by the UE 200. For example, the user interface 216 may store indications of analog and/or digital signals in the memory 211 to be processed by DSP 231 and/or the general-purpose/application processor 230 in response to action from a user. Similarly, applications hosted on the UE 200 may store indications of analog and/or digital signals in the memory 2.11 to present an output signal to a user. Hie user interface 216 may include an audio input/output. (I/O) device comprising, for example, a

3 speaker, a microphone, digital-to-analog circuitry, analog-to-digital circuitry’, an amplifier and/or gain control circuitry (including more than one of any' of these devices). Oilier configurations of an audio I/O device may be used. Also or alternatively, the user interface 216 may comprise one or more touch sensors responsive to touching and/or pressure, e.g., on a keyboard and/or touch screen of the user interface 216.

[0065] The SPS receiver 217 (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver) may be capable of receiving and acquiring SPS signals 260 via an SPS antenna 262. The SPS antenna 262 is configured to transduce the SPS signals 260 from wireless signals to wired signals, e.g., electrical or optical signals, and may be integrated with the antenna 246. Hie SPS receiver 217 may be configured to process, in whole or in part, the acquired SPS signals 2.60 for estimating a location of the UE 2.00, For example, the SPS receiver 217 may be configured to determine location of the UE 200 by trilateration using the SPS signals 260. The general-purpose/application processor 230, the memory 21 1 , the DSP 2.31 and/or one or more specialized processors (not shown) may be utilized to process acquired SPS signals, in whole or in part, and/or to calculate an estimated location of the UE 200, in conjunction with the SPS receiver 217. The memory 211 may store indications (e.g., measurements) of the SPS signals 260 and/or other signals (e.g., signals acquired from the wireless transceiver 240) for use in performing positioning operations. The general-purpose/application processor 230, the DSP 231, and/or one or more specialized processors, and/or the memory 211 may provide or support a location engine for use in processing measurements to estimate a location of the UE 200.

100661 The UE 200 may include the camera 218 for capturing still or moving imagery. The camera 218 may comprise, for example, an imaging sensor (e.g., a charge coupled device or a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) imager), a lens, analog-to-digital circuitry, frame buffers, etc. Additional processing, conditioning, encoding, and/or compression of signals representing captured images may be performed by the general-purpose/application processor 230 and/or the DSP 231 . Also or alternatively, the video processor 233 may perform conditioning, encoding, compression, and/or manipulation of signals representing captured images. The video processor 233 may decode/decompress stored image data for presentation on a display device (not shown), e.g., of the user interface 216. [0067] The position device (PD) 219 may be configured to determine a position of the UE 200, motion of the UE 200, and/or relative position of the UE 200, and/or time. For example, the PD 219 may communicate with, and/or include some or all of, the SPS receiver 217. lire PD 219 may work in conjunction with the processor 210 and the memory 21 1 as appropriate to perform at least a portion of one or more positioning methods, although the description herein may refer to the PD 219 being configured to perform, or performing, in accordance with the positioning method(s). The PD 219 may also or alternatively be configured to determine location of the UE 200 using terrestrial based signals (e.g., at least some of the wireless signals 248) for trilateration, tor assistance with obtaining and using the SPS signals 260, or both. The PD 219 may be configured to determine location of the UE 200 based on a cell of a serving base station (e.g,, a cell center) and/or another technique such as E-CID. The PD 219 may be configured to use one or more images from the camera 218 and image recognition combined with known locations of landmarks (e.g., natural landmarks such as mountains and/or artificial landmarks such as buildings, bridges, streets, etc.) to determine location of the UE 200. The PD 219 may be configured to use one or more other techniques (e.g., relying on the UE’s self-reported location (e.g., part of the UE’s position beacon)) for determining the location of the UE 200, and may use a combination of techniques (e.g., SPS and terrestrial positioning signals) to determine the location of the UE 200. The PD 219 may include one or more of the sensors 213 (e.g., gyroscope(s), accelerometers), magnetometer(s), etc.) that may sense orientation and/or motion of the UE 200 and provide indications thereof that the processor 210 (e.g., the general-purpose/application processor 230 and/or the DSP 231) may be configured to use to determine motion (e.g., a velocity vector and/or an acceleration vector) of the UE 200. The PD 219 may be configured to provide indications of uncertainty and/or error in the determined position and/or motion. Functionality of the PD 219 may be provided in a variety of manners and/or configurations, e.g., by the general-purpose/application processor 230, the transceiver 215, the SPS receiver 217, and/or another component of the UE 200, and may be provided by hardware, software, firmware, or various combinations thereof.

[0068] Referring also to FIG. 3, an example of a. TRP 300 of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114 comprises a computing platform including a processor 310, memory 31 1 including software (SW) 312, and a transceiver 315. The processor 310, the memory 31 1, and the transceiver 315 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 320 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., a wireless transceiver) may be omitted from the TRI ³ 300. The processor 310 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. Hie processor 310 may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general-purpose/application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and/or a sensor processor as shown in FIG. 2). The memory 31 1 is a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM)), flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 311 stores the software 312 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 310 to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software 312 may not be directly executable by the processor 310 but may be configured to cause the processor 310, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions.

[0069] The description may refer to the processor 310 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 310 executes software and/or firmware. The description may refer to the processor 310 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors contained in the processor 310 performing the function. The description may refer to the TRP 300 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 310 and the memory' 311) of the TRP 300 (and thus of one of the gNBs 110a, 110b and/or the ng-eNB 114) performing the function. The processor 310 may include a memory with stored instructions m addition to and/or instead of the memory' 311. Functionality of the processor 310 is discussed more fully below.

[0070] The transceiver 315 may include a wireless transceiver 340 and/or a wired transceiver 350 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 340 may include a wireless transmitter 342 and a wireless receiver 344 coupled to one or more antennas 346 for transmi tting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and/or one or more downlink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and/or one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 348 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 348 to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals 348. Thus, the wireless transmiter 342 may include multiple transmiters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wireless receiver 344 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wireless transceiver 340 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the UE 200, one or more other UEs, and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE- V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802. Up), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, Zigbee etc. The wired transceiver 350 may include a wired transmitter 352 and a wired receiver 354 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to send communications to, and receive communications from, the LMF 120, for example, and/or one or more other network entities. The wired transmitter 352 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wired receiver 354 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wired transceiver 350 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication.

[ 0071] The configuration of the TRI’ 300 shown in FIG. 3 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, the description herein discusses that the TRP 300 is configured to perform or performs se veral functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the LMF 120 and/orthe UE 200 (i.e., the LMF 120 and/or the UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[0072] Referring also to FIG. 4, a server 400, of which the LMF 120 is an example, comprises a computing platform including a processor 410, memory 411 including software (SW) 412, and a transceiver 415. The processor 410, the memory 411, and the transceiver 415 may be communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 420 (which may be configured, e.g., for optical and/or electrical communication). One or more of the shown apparatus (e.g., a wireless transceiver) may be omited from the server 400. The processor 410 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, e.g,, a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 410 may comprise multiple processors (e.g., including a general-purpose/application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and/or a sensor processor as shown in FIG, 2). The memory 41 1 is a non- transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM)), flash memory, disc memory, and/or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 411 stores the software 412 which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that, are configured to, when executed, cause the processor 410 to perform various functions described herein. Alternatively, the software 412 may not be directly executable by the processor 410 but may be configured to cause the processor 410, e.g., when compiled and executed, to perform the functions. The description may refer to the processor 410 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 410 executes software and/or firmware. The description may refer to the processor 410 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors contained in the processor 410 performing the function. The description may refer to the server 400 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the server 400 performing the function. The processor 410 may include a memory- with stored instructions in addition to and/or instead of the memory 411. Functionality of the processor 410 is discussed more fully below.

[0073] The transceiver 415 may include a wireless transceiver 440 and/or a wired transceiver 450 configured to communicate with other devices through wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may include a wireless transmitter 442 and a wireless receiver 444 coupled to one or more antennas 446 for transmitting (e.g,, on one or more downlink channels) and/or receiving (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 448 and transducing signals from the wireless signals 448 to wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and/or optical) signals to the wireless signals 448. Thus, the wireless transmitter 442 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wireless receiver 444 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components. The wireless transceiver 440 may be configured to communicate signals (e.g., with the UE 200, one or more other UEs, and/or one or more other devices) according to a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobiles), UMTS (Universal Mobile I'elecommumcations System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term

Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.1 Ip), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®), Zigbee etc. lire wired transceiver 450 may include a wired transmitter 452 and a wired receiver 454 configured for wired communication, e.g., a network interface that may be utilized to communicate with the NG-RAN 135 to send communications to, and receive communications from, the TRP 300, for example, and/or one or more other network entities. The wired transmitter 452 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, and/or the wired receiver 454 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined/integrated components, 'the wired transceiver 450 may be configured, e.g., for optical communication and/or electrical communication.

[0074] Hie description herein may refer to the processor 410 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 410 executes software (stored in the memory’ 411) and/or firmware. The description herein may refer to the server 400 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 410 and the memory 411) of the server 400 performing the function. [0075] Hie configuration of the server 400 shown in FIG. 4 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including the claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may be omitted. Also or alternatively, the description herein discusses that the server 400 is configured to perform or performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the TRP 300 and/or the UE 200 (i.e., the TRP 300 and/or the UE 200 may be configured to perfonn one or more of these functions).

[0076] Positioning techniques

[0077] For terrestrial positioning of a UE in cellular networks, techniques such as Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (AFLT) and Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) often operate in “UE-assisted” mode in which measurements of reference signals (e.g,, PRS, CRS, etc.) transmitted by base stations are taken by the UE and then provided to a location server. The location server then calculates the position of the UE based on the measurements and known locations of the base stations.

Because these techniques use the location server to calculate the position of the UE, rather than the UE itself, these positioning techniques are not frequently used in applications such as car or cell-phone navigation, which instead typically rely on satellite-based positioning.

[0078] A UE may use a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) (a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)) for high-accuracy positioning using precise point positioning (PPP) or real time kinematic (RTK) technology. These technologies use assistance data such as measurements from ground-based stations. LTE Release 15 allows the data to be encrypted so that the UEs subscribed to the service exclusively can read the information. Such assistance data varies with time. Thus, a UE subscribed to the service may not easily “break encryption” for other UEs by passing on the data to other UEs that have not paid for the subscription, lire passing on would need to be repeated even' time the assistance data changes.

[0079] In UE-assisted positioning, the UE sends measurements (e.g., TDOA, Angle of Arrival (AoA), etc.) to the positioning server (e.g., LMF/eSMLC). The positioning server has the base station almanac (BSA) that contains multiple ‘entries' or ‘records’, one record per cell, where each record contains geographical cell location but also may include other data. An identifier of the ‘record’ among the multiple ‘records’ in the BSA may be referenced. Hie BSA and the measurements from the UE may be used to compute the position of the UE.

[0080] In conventional UE-based positioning, a UE computes its own position, thus avoiding sending measurements to the network (e.g., location server), which in turn improves latency and scalability. The UE uses relevant BSA record information (e.g., locations of gNBs (more broadly base stations)) from the network. The BSA information may be encrypted. But since the BSA information varies much less often than, for example, the PPP or RTK assistance data described earlier, it may be easier to make the BSA information (compared to the PPP or RTK information) available to UEs that did not subscribe and pay for decryption keys. Transmissions of reference signals by the gNBs make BSA information potentially accessible to crowd-sourcing or wardriving, essentially enabling BSA information to be generated based on in-the-field and/or over-the-top observations. [0081] Positioning techniques may be characterized and/or assessed based on one or more criteria such as position determination accuracy and/or latency. Latency is a time elapsed between an event that triggers determination of position-related data and the availability of that data at a positioning system interface, e.g., an interface of tire LMF 120. At initialization of a positioning system, the latency for the availability of position-related data is called time to first fix (TTFF), and is larger than latencies after the TTFF. An inverse of a time elapsed between two consecutive position-related data availabilities is called an update rate, i.e., the rate at which position-related data are generated after the first fix. Latency may depend on processing capability, e.g., of the UE. For example, a UE may report a processing capability of the UE as a duration of DL PRS symbols m units of time (e.g., milliseconds) that the L ^! E can process ever}' T amount of time (e.g., T ms) assuming 272 PRB (Physical Resource Block) allocation. Other examples of capabilities that may affect latency are a number of TRPs from which the UE can process PRS, a number of PRS that the UE can process, and a bandwidth of the UE.

[0082] One or more of many different positioning techniques (also called positioning methods) may be used to determine position of an entity such as one of the UEs 105, 106. For example, known position-determination techniques include RTT, multi-RTT, OTDOA (also called TDOA and including UL-TDOA and DL-TDOA), Enhanced Cell Identification (E-CID), DL-AoD, UL-AoA, etc. RTT uses a time for a signal to travel from one entity to another and back to determine a range betw een the two entities. The range, plus a known location of a first one of the entities and an angle between the two entities (e.g., an azimuth angle) can be used to determine a location of the second of the entities. In multi-RTT (also called multi-cell RTT), multiple ranges from one entity (e.g., a UE) to other entities (e.g., TRPs) and known locations of the other entities may be used to determine the location of the one entity. In TDOA techniques, the difference in travel times between one entity and other entities may be used to determine relative ranges from the other entities and those, combined with known locations of the other entities may be used to determine the location of the one entity. Angles of arrival and/or departure may be used to help determine location of an entity. For example, an angle of arrival or an angle of departure of a signal combined with a range between devices (determined using signal, e.g., a travel time of the signal, a received power of the signal, etc.) and a known location of one of the devices may be used to determine a location of the other device. The angle of arrival or departure may be an azimuth angle relative to a reference direction such as true north . Tire angle of arrival or departure may be a zenith angle relative to directly upward from an entity (i.e., relative to radially outward from a center of Earth). E-CID uses the identity of a serving cell, the timing advance (i.e., the difference between receive and transmit times at the UE), estimated timing and power of detected neighbor cell signals, and possibly angle of arrival (e.g., of a signal at the UE from the base station or vice versa) to determine location of the UE. In TOO A, the difference in arrival times at a receiving device of signals from different sources along with known locations of the sources and known offset of transmission times from the sources are used to determine the location of the receiving device .

[0083] In a network-centric RTT estimation, the serving base station instructs the UE to scan for / receive RTT measurement signals (e.g., PRS) on serving cells of two or more neighboring base stations (and typically the serving base station, as at least three base stations are needed). The one of more base stations transmit RTT measurement signals on low reuse resources (e.g., resources used by the base station to transmit system information) allocated by the network (e.g., a location server such as the LMF 120). The UE records the arrival time (also referred to as a receive time, a reception time, a time of reception, or a time of arrival (ToA)) of each RTT measurement signal relati ve to the UE’s current downlink timing (e.g., as derived by the UE from a DL signal received from its serving base station), and transmits a common or individual RTT response message (e.g., SRS (sounding reference signal) for positioning, i.e., UL-PRS) to the one or more base stations (e.g., when instructed by its serving base station) and may include the time difference T _RX ^ _TX (i.e., UE TRX-TX or UERX-TX) between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal and the transmission time of the RTT response message in a payload of each RTT response message. The RTT response message would include a reference signal from which the base station can deduce the ToA of the RTT response. By comparing the difference T _TX ^ _RX between the transmission time of the RTT measurement signal from the base station and the ToA of the RTT response at the base station to the UE-reported time difference T _RX .., _TX , the base station can deduce the propagation time between the base station and the UE, from which the base station can determine the distance between the UE and the base station by assuming the speed of light during this propagation time. [0084] A UE-centric RTT estimation is similar to the network-based method, except that the UE transmits uplink RTT measurement signal(s) (e.g., when instructed by a serving base station), which are received by multiple base stations in the neighborhood of the UE. Each involved base station responds with a downlink RTT response message, which may include the time difference between the ToA of the RTT measurement signal at the base station and the transmission time of the RTT response message from the base station in the RTT response message payload.

[0085] For both network-centric and UE-centric procedures, the side (network or UE) that performs the RTT calculation typically (though not always) transmits the first message(s) or signal(s) (e.g., RTT measurement signal(s)), while the other side responds with one or more RTT response message(s) or signal(s) that may include the difference between the ToA of the first message(s) or signal(s) and the transmission time of the RTT response message(s) or signal(s).

[0086] A multi-RIT technique may be used to determine position. For example, a first entity (e.g., a UE) may send out one or more signals (e.g., unicast, multicast, or broadcast from the base station) and multiple second entities (e.g., other TSPs such as base station(s) and/or UE(s)) may receive a signal from the first entity and respond to this received signal. The first entity receives the responses from the multiple second entities. The first entity ⁷ (or another entity such as an LMF) may use the responses from the second entities to determine ranges to the second entities and may use the multiple ranges and known locations of the second entities to determine the location of the first entity by trilateration.

[0087] In some instances, additional information may be obtained in the form of an jingle of arrival (AoA) or angle of departure (AoD) that defines a straight-line direction (e.g., which may be in a horizontal plane or in three dimensions) or possibly a range of directions (e.g., for the UE from the locations of base stations). The intersection of two directions can provide another estimate of the location for the UE.

[0088] For positioning techniques using PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) signals (e.g., TDOA and RTT), PRS signals sent by multiple TRPs are measured and the arrival times of the signals, known transmission times, and known locations of the TRPs used to determine ranges from a UE to the TRPs. For example, an RSTD (Reference Signal Time Difference) may be determined for PRS signals received from multiple TRPs and used in a TDOA technique to determine position (location) of the UE. A positioning reference signal may be referred to as a PRS or a PRS signal . The PRS signals are typically sent using the same power and PRS signals with the same signal characteristics (e.g., same frequency shift) may interfere with each other such that a PRS signal from a more distant TRI’ may be overwhelmed by a PRS signal from a closer TRP such that the signal from the more di stant TRP may not be detected. PRS muting may be used to help reduce interference by muting some PRS signals (reducing the power of the PRS signal, e.g., to zero and thus not transmitting the PRS signal). In this way. a weaker (at the UE) PRS signal may be more easily detected by the UE without a stronger PRS signal interfering with the weaker PRS signal. The term RS, and variations thereof (e.g., PRS, SRS, CSI-RS (Channel State Information - Reference Signal)), may refer to one reference signal or more than one reference signal.

[0089] Positioning reference signals (PRS) include downlink PRS (DL PRS, often referred to simply as PRS) and uplink PRS (UL PRS) (which may be called SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) for positioning). A PRS may comprise a PN code (pseudorandom number code) or be generated using a PN code (e.g., by modulating a carrier signal wi th the PN code) such that a source of the PR S may serve as a pseudosatellite (a pseudolite). The PN code may be unique to the PRS source (at least within a specified area such that identical PRS from different PRS sources do not overlap). PRS may comprise PRS resources and/or PRS resource sets of a frequency layer. A DL, PRS positioning frequency layer (or simply a frequency layer) is a collection of DL PRS resource sets, from one or more TRPs, with PRS resource(s) that have common parameters configured by higher-layer parameters DL-PRS-PositioningP'requencyLayer, DL-PRS-Re source Set, and DL-PRS-Resource . Each frequency layer has a DL PRS subcarrier spacing (SCS) for the DL PRS resource sets and the DL PRS resources in the frequency layer. Each frequency layer has a DL PRS cyclic prefix (CP) for the DL PRS resource sets and the DL PRS resources in the frequency layer. In 5G, a resource block occupies 12 consecutive subcarriers and a specified number of symbols. Common resource blocks are the set of resource blocks that occupy a channel bandwidth. A bandwidth part (BWP) is a set of contiguous common resource blocks and may include all the common resource blocks within a channel bandwidth or a subset of the common resource blocks. Also, a DL PRS Point A parameter defines a frequency of a reference resource block (and the lowest subcarrier of the resource block), with DL PRS resources belonging to the same DL PRS resource set having the same Point A and all DL, PRS resource sets belonging to the same frequency layer having the same Point A. A frequency layer also has the same DL PRS bandwidth, the same start PRB (and center frequency), and the same value of comb size (i.e., a frequency of PRS resource elements per symbol such that for comb-N, every N ^: - resource element is a PRS resource element). A PRS resource set is identified by a PRS resource set ID and may be associated with a particular TRP (identified by a cell ID) transmitted by an antenna panel of a base station. A PRS resource ID in a PRS resource set may be associated with an omnidirectional signal, and/or with a single beam (and/or beam ID) transmitted from a single base station (where a base station may transmit one or more beams). Each PRS resource of a PRS resource set may be transmitted on a different beam and as such, a PRS resource (or simply resource) can also be referred to as a beam. This does not have any implications on whether the base stations and the beams on which PRS are transmitted are known to the UE.

[0090] A TRP may be configured, e.g., by instructions received from a server and/or by software in the TRP, to send DL PRS per a schedule. According to the schedule, the TRP may send the DL PRS intermittently, e.g., periodically at a consistent interval from an initial transmission. The TRP may be configured to send one or more PRS resource sets. A resource set is a collection of PRS resources across one TRP, with the resources having the same periodicity, a common muting pattern configuration (if any), and the same repetition factor across slots. Each of the PRS resource sets comprises multiple PRS resources, with each PRS resource comprising multiple OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Resource Elements (REs) that may be in multiple Resource Blocks (RBs) within N (one or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot.

PRS resources (or reference signal (RS) resources generally) may be referred to as OFDM PRS resources (or OFDM RS resources). An RB is a collection of REs spanning a quantity of one or more consecutive symbols in the time domain and a quantity (12 for a 5G RB) of consecutive sub-carriers in the frequency domain. Each PRS resource is configured with an RE offset, slot offset, a symbol offset within a slot, and a number of consecutive symbols that the PRS resource may occupy within a slot. The RE offset defines the starting RE offset of the first symbol within a DL PRS resource in frequency. The relative RE offsets of the remaining symbols within a DL PRS resource are defined based on the initial offset. Die slot offset is the starting slot of the DL, PRS resource with respect to a corresponding resource set slot, offset. The symbol offset determines the starting symbol of the DL PRS resource within the starting slot. Transmitted REs may repeat across slots, with each transmission being called a repetition such that there may be multiple repetitions in a PRS resource. The DL PRS resources in a DL PRS resource set are associated with the same TRP and each DL PRS resource has a DL, PRS resource ID. A DL PRS resource ID in a DL PRS resource set is associated with a single beam transmitted from a single TRP (although a TRP may transmit one or more beams).

[0091] A PRS resource may also be defined by quasi-co-location and start PRB parameters. A quasi-co-location (QCL) parameter may define any quasi-co-location information of the DL PRS resource with other reference signals. The DL PRS may be configured to be QCL type D with a DL PRS or SS/PBCH (Synchronization Signal/Physical Broadcast Channel) Block from a serving cell or a non-serving cell. The DL PRS may be configured to be QCL type C with an SS/PBCH Block from a serving cell or a non-serving cell. The start PRB parameter defines the starting PRB index of the DL PRS resource with respect to reference Point A. The starting PRB index has a granularity of one PRB and may have a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 2176 PRBs.

[0092] A PRS resource set is a collection of PRS resources with the same periodicity, same muting pattern configuration (if any), and the same repetition factor across slots. Every' time all repetitions of all PRS resources of the PRS resource set are configured to be transmitted is referred as an “instance”. Therefore, an “instance” of a PRS resource set is a specified number of repetitions for each PRS resource and a specified number of PRS resources within the PRS resource set such that once the specified number of repetitions are transmitted for each of the specified number of PRS resources, the instance is complete. An instance may also be referred to as an “occasion.” A DL PRS configuration including a DL PRS transmission schedule may be provided to a UE to facilitate (or even enable) the UE to measure the DL PRS.

[0093] Multiple frequency layers of PRS may be aggregated to provide an effective bandwidth that is larger than any of the bandwidths of the layers individually . Multiple frequency layers of component carriers (which may be consecutive and/or separate) and meeting criteria such as being quasi co-located (QCLed), and having the same antenna port, may be stitched to provide a larger effective PRS bandwidth (for DL PRS and UL PRS) resulting in increased time of arrival measurement accuracy. Stitching comprises combining PRS measurements over individual bandwidth fragments into a unified piece such that the stitched PRS may be treated as having been taken from a single measurement. Being QCLed, the different frequency layers behave similarly, enabling stitching of the PRS to yield the larger effective bandwidth. The larger effective bandwidth, which may be referred to as the bandwidth of an aggregated PRS or the frequency bandwidth of an aggregated PRS, provides for better time-domain resolution (e.g., of TDOA). An aggregated PRS includes a collection of PRS resources and each PRS resource of an aggregated PRS may be called a PRS component, and each PRS component may be transmitted on different component carriers, bands, or frequency layers, or on different portions of the same band.

[0094) RIT positioning is an active positioning technique in that RTT uses positioning signals sent by TRPs to UEs and by UEs (that are participating in RTT positioning) to TRPs. The TRPs may send DL-PRS signals that are received by the UEs and the UEs may send SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) signals that are received by multiple TRPs. A sounding reference signal may be referred to as an SRS or an SRS signal. In 5G multi-RTT, coordinated positioning may be used with the UE sending a single UL-SRS for positioning that is received by multiple TRPs instead of sending a separate UL-SRS for positioning for each TRI’. A TRP that participates in multi -RIT will typically search for UEs that are currently camped on that TRP (served UEs, with the TRP being a serving TRP) and also UEs that are camped on neighboring TRPs (neighbor UEs). Neighbor TRPs may be TRPs of a single BTS (Base Transceiver Station) (e.g., gNB), or may be a TRP of one BTS and a TRI’ of a separate BTS. For RTT positioning, including multi-RTT positioning, the DL-PRS signal and the UL-SRS for positioning signal in a PRS/SRS for positioning signal pair used to determine RTT (and thus used to determine range between the UE and the TRP) may occur close in time to each other such that errors due to UES motion and/or UE clock drift and/or TRP clock drift are within acceptable limits. For example, signals in a PRS/SRS for positioning signal pair may be transmitted from the TRP and the UE, respectively, within about 10 ms of each other. With SRS for positioning being sent by UEs, and with PRS and SRS for positioning being conveyed close in time to each other, it has been found that radiofrequency (RF) signal congestion may result (which may cause excessive noise, etc.) especially if many UEs attempt positioning concurrently and/or that computational congestion may result at the TRPs that are trying to measure many UEs concurrently. [0095] RTT positioning may be UE-based or UE-assisted. In UE-based RTT, the UE 200 determines the RTT and corresponding range to each of the TRPs 300 and the position of the UE 200 based on the ranges to the TRPs 300 and known iocations of the TRPs 300. In UE-assisted RTT, the UE 2.00 measures positioning signals and provides measurement information to the TRP 300, and the TRP 300 determines the RTT and range. The TRP 300 provides ranges to a location server, e.g., the server 400, and the server determines the location of the UE 200, e.g., based on ranges to different TRPs 300. The RTT and/or range may be determined by the TRP 300 that received the signal(s) from the UE 200, by this TRP 300 in combination with one or more other devices, e.g., one or more other TRPs 300 and/or the server 400, or by one or more devices other than the TRP 300 that received the signal(s) from the UE 200.

[0096] Various positioning techniques are supported in 5G NR. The NR native positioning methods supported in 5G NR include DL-only positioning methods, UL- oniy positioning methods, and DL+UL positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include DL-TDOA and DL-AoD. Uplink-based positioning methods include UL-TDOA and UL-AoA. Combined DL+UL-based positioning methods include RTT with one base station and RTT with multiple base stations (multi- RTT).

[0097] A position estimate (e.g,, for a UE) may be referred to by other names, such as a location estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A position estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A position estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A position estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g,, by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0098] The configuration of the server 400 shown in FIG. 4 is an example and not limiting of the disclosure, including tire claims, and other configurations may be used. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may be omitted. Also or alternatively, the description herein discusses that the server 400 is configured to perform or performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the TRP 300 and/or the UE 200 (i.e., the TRP 300 and/or the UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[00991 Measurement gaps for positioning

[00100] Measurement gaps may be scheduled and positioning signals (e.g., DL-PRS) measured during measurement gaps to help ensure accurate measurement of the positioning signals. A measurement gap (MG) may provide time for a UE to re-tune to a frequency of a PRS, e.g., if the UE is presently tuned to a different frequency of a serving cell. A measurement gap may also help improve measurement accuracy of a positioning signal by reducing other signaling which may reduce noise on the positioning signal. Measurement gaps may be scheduled independently for different frequency ranges (e.g., one measurement gap for one or more frequency ranges and no measurement gap or a different measurement gap for one or more other frequency ranges), i.e., on a per-FR (per-frequency-range) basis, or for all frequency ranges supported by tire UE, i.e., on a per-UE basis. Techniques are discussed herein to help ensure that a per-UE measurement gap is scheduled where appropriate and that a per-FR measurement gap is scheduled where supported (e.g., to help improve latency by measuring different PRS of different FRs concurrently and/or to help improve communication by measuring PRS and communication signals concurrently in different frequency ranges).

[00101] Referring to FIG. 5, with further reference to FIGS. 1 -4, a UE 500 includes a processor 510, a transceiver 520, and a memory 530 communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 540. The UE 500 may include some or all of the components shown in FIG . 5, and may include one or more other components such as any of those shown in FIG. 2 such that the UE 200 may be an example of the UE 500. The processor 510 may include one or more components of the processor 210. The transceiver 520 may include one or more of the components of the transceiver 215, e.g., the wireless transmitter 242 and the antenna 246, or the wireless receiver 244 and the antenna 246, or the wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244, and the antenna 246. Also or alternatively, the transceiver 520 may include the wired transmitter 252 and/or the wired receiver 254. The transceiver 520 may include the SPS receiver 217 and the antenna 262. The memory' 530 may be configured similarly to the memory' 211 , e.g., including software with processor-readable instructions configured to cause the processor 510 to perform functions. [00102] The description herein may refer to the processor 510 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 510 executes software (stored in the memory 530) and/or firmware. The description herein may refer to the HE 500 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g,, the processor 510 and the memory 530) of the UE 500 performing the function. The processor 510 (possibly in conjunction with the memory 530 and, as appropriate, the transceiver 520) includes a measurement gap unit 550. lire measurement gap unit 550 may be configured to indicate one or more MG capabilities of the UE 500 (e.g., whether the UE 500 supports pre-FR measurement gaps tor positioning) and/or to request an MG and one or more MG characteristics of the requested MG, e.g., a per-UE MG for positioning. Functionality of the measurement gap unit 550 is discussed further below, and the description may refer to the processor 510 generally, or the UE 500 generally, as performing any of the functions of the measurement gap unit 550, with the UE 500 configured to perform the functions. [00103] Referring also to FIG. 6, a network entity 600 includes a processor 610, a transceiver 620, and a memory 630 communicatively coupled to each other by a bus 640. The network entity 600 may include the components shown in FIG. 6. The network entity may include one or more other components such as any of those shown in FIG. 3 and/or FIG. 4 such that the TRP 300 and/or the server 400 may each be an example of the network entity 600. For example, the processor 610 may include one or more of the components of the processor 310 and/or the processor 410. The transceiver 620 may include one or more of the components of the transceiver 315 and/or the transceiver 415, e.g., the wireless transmitter 342 and the antenna 346, or the wireless receiver 344 and the antenna 346, or the wireless transmitter 342, the wireless receiver 344, and the antenna 346, and/or the wireless transmitter 442 and the antenna 446, or the wireless receiver 444 and the antenna 446, or the wireless transmitter 442, the wireless receiver 444, and the antenna 446. Also or alternatively, the transceiver 520 may include the wired transmitter 352 and/or the wired receiver 354, and/or the wired transmitter 452 and/or the wired receiver 454. The memory 630 may be configured similarly to the memory’ 311 and/or the memory 411, e.g., including software with processor-readable instructions configured to cause the processor 610 to perform functions. [00104] The description herein may referto the processor 610 performing a function, but this includes other implementations such as where the processor 610 executes software (stored in the memory 630) and/or firmware. The description herein may refer to the network entity 600 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components (e.g., the processor 610 and the memory' 630) of the network entity 600 performing the function. The processor 610 (possibly in conjunction with the memory 630 and, as appropriate, the transceiver 620) may include a measurement gap unit 650. Functionality of the measurement gap unit 650 is discussed further below, and the description may refer to the processor 610 generally, or the network entity 600 generally, as performing any of the functions of the measurement gap unit 650, with the network entity 600 configured to perform the functions.

[00105] Referring also to FIG. 7, a signaling and process flow 700 for determining position information includes the stages shown. The flow 700 may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, performed concurrently, etc.

[00106] At stage 710, the UE 500, e.g., the measurement gap unit 550, transmits a UE capabilities message 712 to the network entity 600. The UE capabilities message 712 may indicate one or more capabilities of the UE 500, e.g., processing capability(ies) of the UE 500 (e.g., to process received signal such as PRS, communication signals, etc.). The UE capabilities message 712 may indicate whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps, i.e., independent measurement gap configurations for different frequency ranges or frequency range combinations (e.g., one MG configuration for one frequency range and another MG configuration for a different frequency range, or one MG configuration for a first frequency range and another MG configuration for a combination of frequency ranges not including the first frequency range, or one MG configuration for a first combination of frequency ranges and another MG configuration for a second combination of different frequency ranges) in addition to per-UE measurement gaps. If the UE 500 is capable of supporting per-FR measurement gaps, then the UE 500 can measure a signal (e.g., a positioning signal or a communication signal (e.g., an RRM (Radio Resource Management) signal)) in one frequency range and concurrently measure another signal in another frequency range while meeting one or more QoS criteria. If the UE 500 indicates that the UE 500 supports per-UE measurement gaps and not per-FR measurement gaps, then without a per-UE measurement gap, the UE 500 may not be able to meet one or more QoS criteria for signal measurement.

[00107] Tiie UE capabilities message 712 may indicate, for example, common DL- PRS processing capabilities applicable across positioning methods (e.g., NR positioning methods) supported by the UE 500. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 (e.g., an NR-DL-PRS-ProcessingCapability IE (Information Element) of the UE capabilities message 712) may indicate a maximum number of positioning frequency layers supported by the UE 500, For each supported frequency band, the UE capabilities message 712 may include indications of a PRS buffering capacity, a duration of PRS that the UE 500 can process, and a maximum number (N ') of PRS resources that the UE 500 can process per slot. For example, a dl-PRS-BufferType IE indicates a PRS buffering capability of either type! buffering (symbol-level buffering) or type2 buffering (slot-level buffering). Further, a durationOfPRS IE may indicate the duration (N, in ms) of PRS that the UE 500 can process every I' ms, assuming a maximum PRS bandwidth (BW) indicated in a supportedBandwidthPRS IE. Further, a maxNumOfl)L-PRS-ResPfocessedPefSlot IE indicates the maximum number of PRS resources that the UE 500 can process per slot for each subcarrier spacing (SCS), e.g., SCSI 5, SCS30, SCS60, SCS 120. PRS measurement period criteria scale with the parameters {N, T, N' }, but parameters indicated in the UE capabilities message 712 (e.g., in the NR-DI^-PRS-ProcessingCapability IE) are static and if no distinction is provided between a per-UE MG and a per-FR MG, then there may be concurrent processing, e.g., PRS processing in FR1 colliding with inter-frequency measurements in FR2 or serving cell procedures in FR2, impeding the processing in different frequency ranges, e.g., reducing measurement accuracy and thus positioning accuracy and/or latency, etc.

[00108] The UE capabilities message 712 may indicate whether the UE 500 supports per-UE or per-FR measurement gap configurations generally, and may indicate whether the UE 500 supports per-UE or per-FR measurement gap configurations for positioning measurements specifically. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 may include an independentGapConfig information element (IE) to indicate whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gap configurations generally, e.g., for any purpose such as communication and/or positioning. The UE capabilities message 712 may include an indication of whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gap configurations for positioning measurements specifically, e.g., for DL-PRS measurements. This may help ensure appropriate measurement gaps (e.g., avoiding collisions) to help ensure accurate positioning signal measurement anchor help reduce latency to obtain an accurate positioning signal measurement, and allow the UE 500 to report accurate processing capability (ies) for positioning, while still allowing per-FR measurements for communication. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 may include an independentGapConfigPRS IE to indicate whether the UE 500 supports DL-PRS processing with independent measurement, gap configurations for different frequency ranges/frequency range combinations, e.g., two independent measurement gap configurations, e.g., one for FR1 and another for FR2. If per-FR measurement gaps for positioning is supported, then PRS may be scheduled for one FR (e.g., FR1) and another FR (e.g., FR2) is not affected and thus the other FR may be used for PRS or communication. Frequency Range 1 (FR1) spans frequencies from 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz and is presently used for carrying most traditional cellular mobile communication traffic, while FR2 is a mm-wave band from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz, presently ⁷ focused on short-range, high-data-rate capabilities. The use of FR1 and FR2 is an example, as is per-FR measurement gap support for two frequency ranges, as more ranges, other ranges (e.g., FR2X, FR4), and/or combinations of frequency ranges may be used. If the UE capabilities message 712 indicates that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps generally, then the UE 500 may be presumed to support per-FR measurement gaps for positioning absent the UE capabilities message 712 indicating otherwise. If the UE capabilities message 712 indicates that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps generally and indicates that the UE 500 does not support per-FR measurement gaps for positioning, then the network entity 600 may be expected to configure and schedule a per-UE measurement gap for positioning m order for the UE 500 to perform DL-PRS processing. So that, a serving cell of the UE 500 can determine when the UE 500 is performing PRS processing, the UE may initiate a location measurement message discussed below with respect to stage 720.

[00109] The indication of per-FR measurement gap support for positioning may apply to a combination of frequency ranges. For example, the indication may correspond to an established (e.g., known by the network entity 600) frequency range combination. If the indication (e.g., independentGapConfigPRS IE) indicates that per-FR measurement gaps are supported, then if any ⁷ of the frequency ⁷ ranges in the established combination of frequency ranges is used for positioning measurements, then the measurement gap for that frequency range applies to the other frequency range(s) in the combination of frequency ranges, and does not apply to any frequency range outside of the combination of frequency ranges, lire indication may, for example, be a single bit with a value of “1” implicitly indicating support for per-FR measurement gaps for positioning for a known combination of frequency ranges, and a value of “0” indicating that per-FR measurement gaps for positioning are not supported and thus that measurement gaps for positioning should be per-UE. As an example, for an established frequency range combination of {FR1 , FR2} out of possible frequency ranges {FR1, FR2, FR2X, FR4}, and per-FR measurement gap support being indicated, if the UE 500 is scheduled for an MG in FR1, then the MG applies to FR2 as well, but does not apply to FR2X or FR4. Similarly, if the UE 500 is scheduled for an MG in FR2, then the MG applies to FR1 as well, but does not apply to FR2X or FR4. Alternatively, a combination of frequency ranges may be explicitly identified, e.g., by a multi-bit value.

[00110] Referring also to FIG. 8, the UE capabilities message 712 may indicate one or more measurement gap patterns supported by the UE 500. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 may indicate whether the UE 500 supports one or more standard gap patterns, such as gap patterns 0-26 as shown m a gap pattern table 800 for NR positioning. Gap patterns 24, 25 are positioning specific in that the gap patterns 24, 25 may be configured during a positioning session and not outside of a positioning session, although measurement gaps of the gap pattern 24 may be used to measure positioning signals or LTE RRM communication signals. In New Radio, gap patterns 24, 25 are for positioning exclusively, i.e., dedicated to positioning measurements exclusively and not communication measurements. The MGLs for gap patterns 24, 25 for NR are MGLs for positioning exclusively, being dedicated to positioning measurements. Gap patterns 0-23 may be used for positioning measurements or other signal measurements and may be configured outside of a positioning session. For example, gap patterns 0-1 1, 24, 25 may be used for per-UE measurement gaps, gap patterns 0-11 used for per-FR measurement gaps for FR1 measurements, and gap patterns 12-23 used for per-FR measurement gaps for FR2 measurements.

Measurement purposes that include FR1 or FR2 measurements include RSTD, UE Rx- Tx, and PRS-RSRP measurements in addition to E-UTRA, E-UTRA RSRP. and E~ UTRA RSRQ measurements for E-CID. The UE capabilities message 712 may include an indication of whether the UE 500 supports the gap pattern 24 and/or the gap pattern 25 in particular. For example, a supportedGapPattem IE may indicate which, if any, of the gap patterns 24, 25 is supported by the UE 500 for NR SA (NR standalone mode), NR-DC (NR Dual Connectivity) for PRS measurement, and NR/E-UTRA (NR/Evolved-UMTS Radio Access) RRM measurement. The supportedGapPattem IE may, for example, be a two-bit field with one bit (e.g., the leading/left-most bit) corresponding to the gap pattern 24 and the other bit corresponding to the gap pattern 25, with a logical “0” indicating no support for the corresponding gap pattern and a logical “1” indicating support for the corresponding gap pattern.

[00111] The gap pattern table 800 includes a gap pattern ID field 810, a measurement gap length (MGL) field 82.0, and a measurement gap repetition period (MGRP) field 830. Thus, for each gap partem indicated by a corresponding gap pattern ID, there is a corresponding MGL and a corresponding MGRP. The MGLs and MGRPs are given in milliseconds. Referring also to FIG. 9, a timing diagram 900 of scheduled measurement gaps is shown. The measurement gaps are specified by a measurement gap offset (MGO), an MGL, and an MGRP. Tire MGO is the offset of the measurement gap pattern in a number of slots from a reference slot, e.g., SFN slot 0 (System Frame Number slot 0). Hie MGO value points to a starting subframe within a period. There are numerous possible offset values, although not all offset values may be applicable for all periodicities. The range of values for MGO may be from 0 to MGRP-1 . For example, if the periodicity is 20 ms, the offset ranges from 0 to 19. The MGL is the length of the measurement gap, e.g., in ms. Example measurement gap length magnitudes include 1 .5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5.5, 6, 10, 18, 20, 34, 40, and 50 (or more). The MGRP defines the periodicity (e.g., in ms) at which the measurement gap repeats (if at all). Example magnitudes of the MGRP include 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640. To measure a signal, the UE 500 tunes to a target frequency to perform the measurement, and may tune back to a source frequency after the measurement (e.g., after the measurement gap ends). A measurement gap timing advance (MGTA) may also be provided that indicates an amount of time (e.g., in ms) m advance of a measurement gap subframe that the UE 500 begins to tune to an appropriate frequency such that the UE 500 is able to receive a signal when the measurement gap begins. The MGTA may be referred to as the tune-in or tune-out time. Example values of the MGTA include 0.25 ms (e.g., for FR2) or 0.5 ms (e.g., for FR1). [00112] Returning to stage 720, the UE 500 (e.g., the measurement gap unit 550) transmits a location measurement message 722 to the network entity 600. The location measurement message 722 may indicate to the network entity 600 that the UE 500 is going to start or stop location-related measurements that use measurement gaps and/or to request one or more measurement gaps. The UE 500 may transmit the location measurement message 722 to one or more appropriate network entities (e.g., one or more appropriate TRPs 300, such as an E-UTRA TRI’ and/or an NR TRI’ regarding eutra-RSTD, nr-RSTD, nr-UE-RxTxTimeDiff, nr-PRS-RSRP measurements, respectively). The UE 500 may transmit the location measurement message 722 indicating the start of measurements that use measurements gaps (e.g., that require measurement gaps) based on upper lay ers of the U E 500 indicating to perform location measurements using measurement gaps and the measurement gaps for the corresponding operations either not being configured presently or currently-configured measurement gaps being insufficient. The network entity(ies) 600 may then determine whether to configure the measurement gaps.

[00113] The location measurement message 722 may comprise a LocationMeasurementlndication IE to indicate that the UE 500 is going to start or stop location-related measurement that uses measurement gaps. The LocationMeasurementlndication IE may be defined as follows.

- ASN1 START

- TAG-LOCATIONMEASUREMENTINDICATION-START

LocationMeasurementlndication : := SEQUENCE { criticalExtensions CHOICE { locationMeasurementlndication

LocationMeasurementlndication-IEs, critical Extension sFuture SEQUENCE {}

LocationMeasurementlndication-IEs SEQUENCE { rn easurementlndication

SetupRelease {LocationMeasurementlnfo}, lateNonCriticalExtension OCTET STRING

OPTIONAL, non CriticalExtension SEQUEN CE { }

— TAG-LOCATIONMEASUREMENTINDICATION-STOP - ASN1ST0P

The LocationMeasurementlnfo IE defines information sent by the UE 500 to the network entity 600 to assist with the configuration of measurement gaps for location- related measurements. The LocationMeasurementlnfo IE serves as a request for one or more measurement gaps. As shown below, the LocationMeasurementlnfo IE includes, for each positioning frequency layer, MG periodicity and offset in milliseconds and MG length in milliseconds. Further, the location measurement message 722 includes a request for the measurement gap(s) for positioning to be per-UE, and thus applicable across all frequency ranges. For example, the LocationMeasurementlnfo IE, as shown below, includes an optional nr-MeasPRS-gapUE-r!6 IE that serves as the request for the measurement gaps for positioning to be per-UE measurement gaps.

LocationMeasurementlnfo ::= CHOICE { eutra-RSTD EUTRA-RSTD-InfoList, eutra-FineTimingDetection NULL, nr-PRS-Measurement-r!6 NR-PRS-MeasurementInfoList-rl6

NR-PRS-MeasurementInfoList-rl6 ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE (1 ..maxFreqLayers)) OF NR-PRS-Measurementlnfo-rl 6

NR-PRS-Measurementlnfo-r 16 : : SEQUENCE ' dl-PRS-PointA-r 16 ARFCN-ValueNR, nr-MeasPRS-RepetitionAndOffset-rl6 CHOICE { m s20-r I 6 INTEGER (0..19), ms40-r 16 INTEGER (0..39), m s80-r 16 INTEGER (0. .79), ms 160-rl 6 INTEGER (0.. 159), i nr-MeasPRS-length-rl 6 ENUMERATED {msldoto, ms3, ms3dot5, rns4, ms5dot5, ms6, mslO, ms20}, nr-MeasPRS-gapUE-r!6 ENUMERATED {true} OPTIONAL,

The location measurement message (e.g., the LocationMeasurementlnfo IE, and in particular the nr-MeasPRS-gapUE-rl6 XE) provides a mechanism for the UE 500 to request per-UE measurement gaps for positioning (e.g., DL-PRS), to help ensure that the UE 500 has an appropriate measurement gap to help ensure accurate measurement of a positioning signal and/or help reduce latency to obtain an accurate positioning signal measurement, and allow the UE 500 to report accurate processing capabilrty(ies) for positioning. The network entity 600, e.g,, the measurement gap unit 650, may be configured to honor the request for per-UE measurement gaps provided in the location measurement message 722 and configure measurement gaps accordingly.

[00114] At stage 740, one or more PRS/MG configurations are determined by the netw-ork and provided to the UE 500. At sub-stage 742, the network entity 600 determines the PRS/MG configuration(s), e.g., with the server 400 communicating/hegotiatmg with the TRP 300 serving the LIE 500 to agree on the PRS/MG configuration(s). The network entity’ 600, e.g., the measurement gap unit 650, may be configured (e.g., statically configured during manufacture and/or dynamically configured through a message received via the transceiver 620) to respond to receipt of the location measurement message 722 to configure all measurement gaps for positioning for the UE 500 to be per-UE measurement gaps independent of (regardless of) whether the UE capabilities message 712 indicated that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps for positioning (e.g., regardless of the content of the independentGapConfig IE). Thus, even if the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps, the network entity 600 may configure and schedule measurement gaps for positioning to be per-UE measurement gaps, which helps ensure adequate measurement gaps to help ensure accurate positioning signal measurement and/or help reduce latency to obtain an accurate positioning signal measurement, and allow- the UE 500 to report accurate processing capability(ies) for positioning. In this case, legacy location measurement messages, e.g., legacy LocationMeasnrementlndication IES may be used to indicate start/stop of positioning measurement to the serving cell (i.e., the primary cell (PCell)). At sub-stage 744, the network entity 600 transmits a PRS/MG configuration(s) message 746 indicating the determined PRS/MG configuration(s) to the UE 500.

[00115] Alternatively at sub-stage 742, the network entity’ 600 may configure measurement gaps tor positioning based on the UE capabilities message 712 indicating that the UE 500 supports one or more of the gap patterns 24, 25 (i.e., one or more positioning-specific gap patterns, or m the case of NR, measurement gap patterns for positioning exclusively, in particular MGLs for positioning exclusively). For example, the network entity 600 may be configured to configure the measurement gaps for all the gap lengths to be per-UE measurement gaps regardless of whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps (e.g., as indicated by ⁷ the UE capabilities message 712). Thus, even if a supportedGapP cittern IE indicates that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps, the network entity 600 may respond to an indication that the UE 500 supports one or more gap patterns for positioning exclusively by configuring measurement gaps for positioning (e.g., DL-PRS processing measurement gaps) for ail measurement gap lengths to be per-UE measurement gaps.

[00116] Alternatively at sub-stage 742, the network entity 600 may configure measurement gaps for positioning based on the UE capabilities message 712 indicating whether the UE 500 supports one or more of the gap pattern s 24, 25 for positi oning exclusively (e.g., one or more of the gap patterns 24, 25 for NR). For example, the network entity 600 may be configured to respond to the UE capabilities message 712 indicating that the UE 500 supports one or more of the gap patterns 24, 25 for positioning exclusively by configuring the measurement gaps for positioning to be per- UE measurement gaps. The network entity 600 may be configured to respond to the UE capabilities message 712 indicating that the UE 500 does not support either of the gap patterns 24, 25 by configuring the measurement gaps for positioning to be per-FR measurement gaps.

[00117] Alternatively at sub-stage 742, the network entity 600 may configure measurement gaps for positioning based on a coded indication of the UE capabilities message 712 corresponding to the gap patterns 24, 25 (i.e., positioning-specific gap patterns). For example, a two-bit indication for the gap patterns 24, 25 may comprise a coded indication of whether the UE 500 supports one or more of the gap patterns 24, 25 (e.g., one or more of the gap patterns 24, 25 for positioning exclusively) and what type of measurement gap (per-FR or per-UE) for the network entity 600 to configure. The two-bit indication may indicate support for one or more of the gap patterns 24, 25 (and thus one or more of the corresponding MGLs) for positioning exclusively based on the two-bit indication corresponding to NR (or other RAT for which the gap patterns 24, 2.5 or other gap patterns are for positioning exclusively). The meaning of the coded indication may be statically or dynamically configured at both the UE 500 and the network entity 600 such that the network entity 600 may properly configure tire measurement gap(s) based on the coded indication in the UE capabilities message 712, Previously, a two-bit indication of support tor the gap patterns 24, 25 had each of the two bits indicating whether the corresponding gap pattern was supported such that 00 indicated supported for neither gap pattern, 01 indicated support for the gap pattern 24 but not the gap pattern 2.5, 10 indicated support of the gap patern 25 but not the gap patern 24, and 1 1 indicated support for both of the gap paterns 24, 25. By using a coded indication, the UE 500 and the network entity 600 can coordinate supported measurement gap patterns and types of measurement gaps. This may help ensure adequate measurement gaps to help ensure accurate positioning signal measurement and/or help reduce latency to obtain an accurate positioning signal measurement, and allow the UE 500 to report accurate processing capability(ies) for positioning, lire UE 500 can request a measurement gap type, e.g., through the coded indication, possibly in combination with another indication such as a capability indication (e.g., the IndependentGapConfig IE) .

[00118] Referring also to FIG. 10, a table 1000 of example meanings of coded indications includes a coded value field 1010 and a coded value meaning field 1020. In this example, the coded indication of supported positioning-specific gap patterns is a two-bit indication such that the table 1000 includes four entries 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034. The coded values ofthe entries 1031-1034 are 00, 01 , 10, and 1 1. The meaning corresponding to the coded value of 00 is that the UE 500 supports neither the gap patern 24 nor the gap pattern 25, and the type of measurement gap (per-UE or per-FR) that the network entity 600 should configure is the measurement gap type that the UE capabilities message 712 indicates (e.g,, by the independentGapConfig IE) that the UE 500 supports. Tire meaning corresponding to the code 01 is that both of the gap patterns 24, 25 are supported by the UE 500 and measurement gaps for positioning should be per-UE measurement gaps. The meaning corresponding to the code 10 is that both of the gap patterns 24, 25 are supported by the UE 500 and measurement gaps for positioning should be per-FR measurement gaps. The meaning corresponding to the code 11 is that the UE 500 supports the gap pattern 24 but not the gap pattern 25 and that the type of measurement gap that the network entity 600 should configure is the measurement gap type that the UE capabilities message 712 indicates that the UE 500 supports.

[00119] Referring also to FIG. 11, a table 1100 of other example meanings of coded indications includes a coded value field 1 110 and a coded value meaning field 112.0. In this example, the coded indication of supported positioning-specific gap patterns is a two-bit indication such that the table 1100 includes four entries 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134 of respecti ve coded values of 00, 01, 10, and 1 1 . The meaning corresponding to the coded value of 00 is that the UE 500 supports neither the gap pattern 24 nor the gap patern 25. and the type of measurement gap that the network entity 600 should configure is the measurement gap type that the UE capabilities message 712 indicates that the UE 500 supports. The meaning corresponding to the code 01 is that both of the gap patterns 24, 25 are supported by the UE 500 and measurement gaps for positioning should be per-UE measurement gaps. The meaning corresponding to the code 10 is that both of the gap patterns 24, 25 are supported by the UE 500 and that the type of measurement gap that the network entity 600 should configure is the measurement gap type that the UE capabilities message 712 indicates that the UE 500 supports. The meaning corresponding to the code 11 is that the UE 500 supports the gap pattern 24 but not the gap pattern 2.5 and that the type of measurement gap that the network entity 600 should configure is the measurement gap type that the UE capabilities message 712 indicates that the UE 500 supports. The tables 1000, 1100 are example sets of coded meanings, and other sets of coded meanings are possible.

[00120] Referring again to FIG. 7, with further reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, at stage 750, the network entity 600 transmits PRS to the UE 500. The network entity 600 (e.g., a TRP 300 serving the UE 500) transmits the PRS 752 in accordance with the PRS configuration indicated in the PRS/MS configuration(s) message 746. At stage 770, the UE 500 measures the PRS 752 to determine position information (e.g., PRS measurement, pseudorange, location estimate for the UE 500, etc.). The UE 500 transmits position information 772 to the network entity 600, e.g., for provision to a location client. At stage 780, the network entity 600 (e.g., the server 400) determines position information, e.g., a location estimate for the UE 500, based on the position information 772 (and possibly further position information such as position information based on measurement of PRS from one or more other network entities). The network entity 600 provides a location message 782 to the UE 500 with a location estimate for the UE 500. As mentioned, the flow 700 may be modified. For example, the UE 500 may not transmit the position information 772, or the network entity 600 may not transmit the location message 782.

[00121] Referring to FIG. 12, with further reference to FIGS. 1-11, a positioning signal measurement method 1200 includes the stages shown. The method 1200 is, however, an example and not limiting. The method 1200 may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and/or having single stages split into multiple stages.

[00122] At stage 1210, the method 1200 includes transmitting, from a user equipment to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal. The positioning measurement gap may or may not indicate a specific measurement gap. For example, tire measurement gap unit 550 may transmit the UE capabilities message 712 generally indicating support for a measurement gap for positioning or may transmit the location measurement message 722 requesting a measurement gap and specifying one or more measurement gap criteria. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, and the transceiver 520 (e.g., the antenna 2.46 and the wireless transmiter 242) may comprise means for transmiting a positioning measurement gap indication.

[00123] At stage 1220, the method 1200 includes receiving, at the user equipment from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap. For example, the UE 500 receives a measurement gap configuration in the PRS/MG configuration(s) message 746. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the antenna 246 and the wireless receiver 244) may comprise means for receiving an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap.

[00124] At stage 1230, the method 1200 includes receiving, at the user equipment, the positioning reference signal. For example, at stage 750, the LIE 500 (e.g., the processor 510) receives the PRS 752 transmitted by the network entity' 600 at stage 750. The processor 510, possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the antenna 246 and the wireless receiver 244) may comprise means for receiving the positioning reference signal ,

[00125] At stage 1240, the method 1200 includes measuring, at the user equipment, the positioning reference signal. For example, at stage 770, the UE 500 (e.g., the processor 510) measures the PRS 752 transmitted by the network entity 600 at stage 750 to determine position information. The processor 510, possibly ⁷ in combination with the memory' 530, possibly in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the antenna 246 and the wireless receiver 244) may comprise means for measuring the positioning reference signal. [00126] Implementations of the method 1200 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, the positioning measurement gap indication is a capability indication, for performing positioning measurements, indicating whether the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for a first frequency range and a second frequency range with at least one of the independent measurement gaps being for the measurement of the positioning reference signal. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 may indicate whether the LIE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps, e.g., for FR 1 and FR2, with at least one of the frequency ranges being for PRS measurement, e.g., using the independentGapConfigPRS IE. In a further example implementation, the positioning measurement gap indication indicates whether the user equipment supports a first measurement gap and a second measurement gap that is independent of the first measurement gap, wherein the first measurement gap corresponds to a combination of first frequency ranges, and the second measurement gap corresponds to the second frequency range. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 may implicitly indicate a combination of frequency ranges supported as part of per-FR measurement gaps, and another frequency range or combination of frequency ranges supported as part of the per-FR measurement gaps. The combmation(s) of frequency ranges may be statically configured, e.g., agreed to and/or mandated and/or standardized, or dynamically configured (e.g., specified in the UE capabilities message 712). The statically-configured combination (s) of frequency ranges may be implicitly specified, e.g., a single bit indicating support for a predetermined combination of frequency ranges as part of per-FR measurement gaps. In a further example implementation, the positioning measurement gap indication includes a combination indication of the combination of first frequency ranges. For example, as discussed, the combination(s) of frequency ranges may be dynamically configured with the UE capabilities message 712 indicating multiple frequency ranges for a combination. In another example implementation, transmitting the positioning measurement gap indication comprises transmitting the positioning measurement gap indication based on a transmission, from the user equipment, of a non-positioning- specific measurement gap indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the first frequency range and the second frequency range without indicating that at least one of tire independent measurement gaps is for the measurement of the positioning reference signal. For example, the UE 500 may transmit the indication of whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps for positioning (e.g., the independenlGapConfigPRSIE) based on the UE 500 transmitting (previously or concurrently with such indication) and indication of whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps generally (e.g., the independentGapConfig IE indicating per-FR measurement gap support by the UE 500).

[00127] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1200 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, the positioning measurement gap indication is a request for the positioning measurement gap to be a per-user-equipment measurement gap. In a further example implementation, the positioning measurement gap indication is a portion of a measurement gap request message that includes indications of measurement gap length, measurement gap periodicity, and measurement gap offset. For example, the location measurement message 722 may include the nr-MeasPRS-gapUE IE as part of the LocationMeasurementlnfo IE as part of the LocationMeasurementlndication IE.

[00128] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1200 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, the positioning measurement gap indication is a supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths. For example, tire UE capabilities message 712 may include an indication of whether the UE 500 supports measurement gap patterns established tor positioning, e.g., that can be configured during a positioning session and cannot be configured outside of a positioning session, such as the gap patterns 24, 25, or for positioning exclusively such as the gap patterns 24, 25 for NR. In a further example implementation, the supported gap pattern indication indicates a combination of supported measurement gap length and supported measurement gap type, the supported measurement gap type being either per user equipment or per frequency range. For example, the UE capabilities message 712 may include a coded indication using bits assigned for indicating support of the gap paterns 24, 25 to indicate whether, and if so which, of the gap patterns 24, 25 is/are supported, and which type of measurement gap should be used. The type of measurement gap may be fixed according to a meaning corresponding to a value of the coded indication, or may be conditional, e.g., corresponding to an indication of general support by the UE 500 of per-FR measurement gaps. [00129] Referring to FIG. 13, with further reference to FIGS. 1-11, a method 1300 of providing measurement gap information for a user equipment includes the stages shown. The method 1300 is, however, an example and not limiting. The method 1300 may be altered, e.g., by having stages added, removed, rearranged, combined, performed concurrently, and/or having single stages split into multiple stages.

[00130] At stage 1310, the method 1300 includes receiving, at a network entity, at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively. For example, the network entity 600 receives the UE capabilities message 712 and/or the location measurement message 722 indicating that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps for positioning and/or supports one or more of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively , e.g., of corresponding gap patterns. The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, and the transceiver 62.0 (e.g., the antenna 346 and the wireless receiver 344 and/or the wired receiver 354, and/or the antenna 446 and the wireless receiver 444 and/or the wired receiver 454) may comprise means for receiving a measurement gap support indication and/or a supported gap pattern indication.

[00131] At stage 1320, the method 1300 includes transmitting a measurement gap configuration indication, from the network entity, to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports tire independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges. The measurement gap configuration indication may be transferred, for example, between network entities (e.g,, between the TRP 300 and the server 400) or between the network entity 600 (e.g., the TRP 300) and the UE 500, e.g., in the PRS/MG configuration(s) message 746, For example, the network entity 600 (e.g., the measurement gap unit 650) may send an indication to configure a measurement gap for positioning (e.g., DL-PRS processing) to be per-UE regardless of whether the UE capabilities message 712. indicates that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps for positioning. As another example, the network entity 600 may configure a per-UE measurement gap for positioning based on an indication of one or more supported gap patterns for positioning exclusively (e.g., an indication of whether the UE 500 supports either or both of the gap paterns 24, 25 for NR). As another example, the network entity 600 may configure a measurement gap for positioning to be per-UE or per-FR based at least in part on an indication of one or more supported gap patterns (e.g., a coded indication of whether the UE 500 supports the gap patterns 24, 2.5), The processor 610, possibly in combination with the memory 630, in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the antenna 346 and the wireless transmitter 342 and/or the wared transmitter 352, and/or the antenna 446 and the wireless transmitter 442 and/or the wired transmitter 452) may comprise means for transmitting a measurement gap configuration indication.

[00132] Implementations of the method 1300 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement, gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across the multiple frequency ranges, and for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively. For example, the network entity 600 sends the PRS/MG configuration(s) message 746 to configure a per-UE measurem ent gap for positioning for any length of measurement gap, supported by the UE 500, based on the network entity 600 receiving the UE capabilities message 712 indicating that the UE 500 supports one or more of two measurement gap lengths, e.g., corresponding to the gap paterns 24, 25 established for positioning exclusively (that are dedicated to positioning measurements and not other measurements such as communication measurements).

[00133] Also or alternatively, implementations of the method 1300 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across all of the multiple frequency ranges or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and based on a coded value of the supported gap pattern indication . For example, the network entity may transmit the PRS/MG configuration(s) message 746, and/or an internal message at sub-stage 742, to configure a per-UE MG for positioning or a per-FR MG for positioning based on a coded value corresponding to the gap paterns, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 10 and 1 1. In a further example implementation, transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmiting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges, or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based further on receiving the measurement gap support indication and based on a value of the measurement gap support indication. For example, the network entity’ 600 may further consider whether the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps generally in order to produce and transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure a measurement gap for positioning to be per-UE or per-FR, e.g., as discussed with respect to the entries 1034, 1131, 1133, 1134. In a further example implementation, transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap either: to apply to fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges based on the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges based on absence of the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals. For example, the network entity can indicate to configure a per-FR MG for positioning based on the UE 500 indicating support of per-FR measurement gaps or to configure a per-UE MG for positioning in response to the UE 500 indicating that the UE 500 does not support per-FR measurement gaps or in the absence of the network entity- 600 receiving an indication that the UE 500 supports per-FR measurement gaps.

[00134] Implementation examples

[00135] Implementation examples are provided in the following numbered clauses. [00136] Clause 1. A user equipment comprising: a transceiver; a memory; and a processor, communicatively coupled to the transceiver and the memory, configured to: transmit, via the transceiver to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; receive, via the transceiver from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; receive, via the transceiver, the positioning reference signal; and measure the positioning reference signal,

[00137] Clause 2. The user equipment of clause 1 , wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a capability indication, for performing positioning measurements, indicating whether the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for a first frequency range and a second frequency range with at least one of the independent measurement gaps being for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[00138] Clause 3. The user equipment of clause 2, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication indicates whether the user equipment supports a first measurement gap and a second measurement gap that is independent of the first measurement gap, wherein the first measurement gap corresponds to a combination of first frequency ranges, and the second measurement gap corresponds to the second frequency range.

[00139] Clause 4. lire user equipment of clause 3, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication includes a combination indication of the combination of first frequency ranges.

[00140] Clause 5. The user equipment of clause 2, wherein the processor is further configured to transmit the positioning measurement gap indication based on a transmission from the user equipment of a non-positioning-specific measurement gap indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the first frequency range and the second frequency range without indicating that at least one of the independent measurement gaps is for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[00141] Clause 6. The user equipment of clause 1, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a request for the positioning measurement gap to be a per-user-equipment measurement gap.

[00142] Clause 7. Hie user equipment of clause 6, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a portion of a measurement gap request message that includes indications of measurement gap length, measurement gap periodicity, and measurement gap offset.

[00143] Clause 8. The user equipment of clause 1, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths.

[00144] Clause 9. The user equipment of clause 8, wherein the supported gap pattern indication indicates a combination of supported measurement gap length and supported measurement gap type, the supported measurement gap type being either per user equipment or per frequency range.

[00145] Clause 10. A positioning signal measurement method comprising: transmitting, from a user equipment to a network entity , a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; receiving, at the user equipment from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; receiving, at the user equipment, the positioning reference signal; and measuring, at the user equipment, the positioning reference signal.

[00146] Clause 11. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 10, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a capability indication, for performing positioning measurements, indicating whether the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for a first frequency range and a second frequency range with at least one of the independent measurement gaps being for the measurement of the positioning reference signal .

[00147] Clause 12. Tire positioning signal measurement method of clause 11, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication indicates whether the user equipment supports a first measurement gap and a second measurement gap that is independent of the first measurement gap. wherein the first measurement gap corresponds to a combination of first frequency ranges, and the second measurement gap corresponds to the second frequency range.

[00148] Clause 13. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 12, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication includes a combination indication of the combination of first frequency ranges.

[00149] Clause 14. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 11, wherein transmitting the positioning measurement gap indication comprises transmitting the positioning measurement gap indication based on a transmission, from the user equipment, of a non-positioning-specific measurement gap indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the first frequency range and the second frequency range without indicating that at least one of the independent measurement gaps is for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[ 00150] Clause 15. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 10, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a request for the positioning measurement gap to be a per-user-equipment measurement gap.

[00151] Clause 16. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 15, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a portion of a measurement gap request message that includes indications of measurement gap length , measurement gap periodicity, and measurement gap offset.

[00152] Clause 17. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 10, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths.

[00153] Clause 18. The positioning signal measurement method of clause 17, wherein the supported gap pattern indication indicates a combination of supported measurement gap length and supported measurement gap type, the supported measurement gap type being either per user equipment or per frequency range.

[00154] Clause 19. A user equipment comprising: means for transmitting, to a network entity', a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; means for receiving, from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; means for receiving the positioning reference signal; and means for measuring the positioning reference signal.

[00155] Clause 20. The user equipment of clause 19, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a capability indication, for performing positioning measurements, indicating whether the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for a first frequency range and a second frequency range with at least one of the independent measurement gaps being for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[00156] Clause 21. The user equipment of clause 20, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication indicates whether the user equipment supports a first measurement gap and a second measurement gap that is independent of the first measurement gap, wherein the first measurement gap corresponds to a combination of first frequency ranges, and the second measurement gap corresponds to the second frequency range.

[00157] Clause 22. The user equipment of clause 21, w herein the positioning measurement gap indication includes a combination indication of the combination of first frequency ranges.

[00158] Clause 23. The user equipment of clause 20, wherein the means for transmitting the positioning measurement gap indication comprise means for transmitting the positioning measurement gap indication based on a transmission, from the user equipment, of a non-positioning-specific measurement gap indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the first frequency range and the second frequency range without indicating that at least one of the independent measurement gaps is for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[00159] Clause 24. The user equipment of clause 19, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a request for the positioning measurement gap to be a per-user-equipment measurement gap.

[00160] Clause 25. Hie user equipment of clause 24, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a portion of a measurement gap request message that includes indication s of measurement gap length, measurem ent gap periodicity, and measurement gap offset.

[00161] Clause 26. The user equipment of clause 19, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths.

[00162] Clause 27. The user equipment of clause 26, wherein the supported gap pattern indication indicates a combination of supported measurement gap length and supported measurement gap type, the supported measurement gap type being either per user equipment or per frequency range.

[00163] Clause 28. A non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions to cause a processor of a user equipment to: transmit, to a network entity, a positioning measurement gap indication corresponding to a positioning measurement gap supported by the user equipment for measurement of a positioning reference signal; receive, from the network entity, an indication of a scheduled positioning measurement gap; receive the positioning reference signal; and measure the positioning reference signal.

[00164] Clause 29. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause

28, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a capability indication, for performing positioning measurements, indicating whether the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for a first frequency range and a second frequency range with at least one of the independent measurement gaps being for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[00165] Clause 30. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause

29, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication indicates whether the user equipment supports a first measurement gap and a second measurement gap that is independent of the first measurement gap, wherein the first measurement gap corresponds to a combination of first frequency ranges, and the second measurement gap corresponds to the second frequency range.

[00166] Clause 31. Tire non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause

30, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication includes a combination indication of the combination of first frequency ranges. [00167] Clause 32. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 29, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the positioning measurement gap indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the positioning measurement gap indication based on a transmission, from the user equipment, of a non-positioning-specific measurement gap indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the first frequency range and the second frequency range without indicating that at least one of the independent measurement gaps is for the measurement of the positioning reference signal.

[00168] Clause 33. Hie non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 28, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a request for the positioning measurement gap to be a per-user-equipment measurement gap.

[00169] Clause 34. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 33, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a portion of a measurement gap request message that includes indications of measurement gap length, measurement gap periodicity, and measurement gap offset.

[00170] Clause 35. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 28, wherein the positioning measurement gap indication is a supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths.

[00171] Clause 36. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 35, wherein the supported gap patern indication indicates a combination of supported measurement gap length and supported measurement gap type, the supported measurement gap type being either per user equipment or per frequency range.

[00172] Clause 37. A network entity comprising: a transceiver; a memory'; and a processor, communicatively coupled to the transceiver and the memory, configured to: receive at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps tor different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and transmit a measurement gap configuration indication to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning tor the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges.

[00173] Clause 38. The network entity of clause 37, wherein to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication the processor is further configured to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across the multiple frequency ranges, and for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment, based on receipt of the supported gap pattern indication and the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively.

[00174] Clause 39. Tire network entity of clause 37, wherein to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication the processor is further configured to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across all of the multiple frequency ranges or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based on receipt of the supported gap pattern indication and based on a coded value of the supported gap pattern indication.

[00175] Clause 40. The network entity of clause 39, wherein to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication the processor is further configured to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges, or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based further on receipt of the measurement gap support indication and based on a value of the measurement gap support indication. [00176] Clause 41. The network entity of clause 40, wherein to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication the processor is further configured to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap either: to apply to fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges based on tire measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges based on absence of the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals. [00177] Clause 42. A method of providing measurement gap information for a user equipment comprising: receiving, at a network entity, at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap patern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and transmitting a measurement gap configuration indication, from the network entity, to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap patern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges. [00178] Clause 43. The method of clause 42, wherein transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across the multiple frequency ranges, and for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively. [00179] Clause 44. The method of clause 42, wherein transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across all of the multiple frequency ranges or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and based on a coded value of the supported gap pattern indication.

[00180] Clause 45. The method of clause 44, wherein transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges, or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based further on receiving the measurement gap support indication and based on a value of the measurement gap support indication.

[00181] Clause 46. The method of clause 45, wherein transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprises transmiting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap either: to apply to fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges based on the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges based on absence of the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals. [00182] Clause 47. A network entity comprising: means for receiving at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and means for transmiting a measurement gap configuration indication to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning tor the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap pattern indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges.

[00183] Clause 48. The network entity of clause 47, wherein the means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprise means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across the multiple frequency ranges, and for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively.

[00184] Clause 49. Tire network entity of clause 47, wherein the means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprise means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across all of the multiple frequency ranges or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and based on a coded value of the supported gap pattern indication.

[00185] Clause 50. The network entity of clause 49, wherein the means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprise means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges, or fewer than all ofthe multiple frequency ranges, based further on receiving the measurement gap support, indication and based on a value of the measurement gap support indication. [00186] Clause 51. The network entity of clause 50, wherein the means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication comprise means for transmitting the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap either: to apply to fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges based on tire measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges based on absence of the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals.

[00187] Clause 52. A non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions to cause a processor of a network entity to: receive at least one of: a measurement gap support indication indicating whether a user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for different frequency ranges of signals; or a supported gap pattern indication indicating whether the user equipment supports at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; and transmit a measurement gap configuration indication to configure: a first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment, wherein the first measurement gap is for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment and applies across multiple frequency ranges regardless of whether the measurement gap support indication indicates that the user equipment supports the independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or the first measurement gap for positioning for the user equipment based on the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively; or a second measurement gap for the user equipment for positioning that applies, based on the supported gap partem indication, across the multiple frequency ranges or across fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges.

[00188] Clause 53. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 52, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across tire multiple frequency ranges, and for any measurement gap length supported by the user equipment, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and the supported gap pattern indication indicating that the user equipment supports the at least one of two measurement gap lengths for positioning exclusively.

[00189] Clause 54. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause 52, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply, for positioning for the user equipment, across all of the multiple frequency ranges or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based on receiving the supported gap pattern indication and based on a coded value of the supported gap pattern indication,

[00190] Clause 55. Tire non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause

54, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges, or fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges, based further on receiving the measurement gap support indication and based on a value of the measurement gap support indication.

[00191] Clause 56. The non-transitory, processor-readable storage medium of clause

55, wherein the processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication comprise processor-readable instructions to cause the processor to transmit the measurement gap configuration indication to configure the second measurement gap either: to apply to fewer than all of the multiple frequency ranges based on tire measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals; or to apply across all of the multiple frequency ranges based on absence of the measurement gap support indication indicating that the user equipment supports independent measurement gaps for the different frequency ranges of the signals. [00192] Other considerations

[00193] Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software and computers, functions described above can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or a combination of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[00194] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “'the” include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, in tegers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[00195] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, a statement that a function or operation is “based on” an item or condition means that the function or operation is based on the stated item or condition and may be based on one or more i tems and/or conditions in addition to the stated item or condition.

[00196] Also, as used herein, “or” as used in a list of items (possibly prefaced by “at least one of’ or prefaced by “one or more of’) indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C,” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C” or a list of “A or B or C” means A, or B, or C, or AB (A and B), or AC (A and C), or BC (B and C), or ABC (i.e., A and B and C), or combinations with more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc.). Thus, a recitation that an item, e.g., a processor, is configured to perform a function regarding at least one of A or B, or a recitation that an item is configured to perform a function A or a function B, means that the item may be configured to perform the function regarding A, or may be configured to perform the function regarding B, or may be configured to perform the function regarding A and B. For example, a phrase of “a processor configured to measure at least one of A or B” or “a processor configured to measure A or measure B” means that the processor may be configured to measure A (and may or may not be configured to measure B), or may be configured to measure B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or may be configured to measure A and measure B (and may be configured to select which, or both, of A and B to measure). Similarly, a recitation of a means for measuring at least one of A or B includes means for measuring A (which may or may not be able to measure B), or means for measuring B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or means for measuring A and B (which may be able to select which, or both, of A and B to measure). As another example, a recitation that an item, e.g,, a processor, is configured to at least one of perform function X or perform function ¥ means that the item may be configured to perform the function X, or may be configured to perform the function Y, or may be configured to perform the function X and to perform the function Y. For example, a phrase of “a processor configured to at least one of measure X or measure Y” means that the processor may be configured to measure X (and may or may not be configured to measure Y), or may be configured to measure Y (and may or may not be configured to measure X), or may be configured to measure X and to measure Y (and may be configured to select which, or both, of X and Y to measure).

[00197] Substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used, and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.) executed by a processor, or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed. Components, functional or otherwise, shown in the figures and/or discussed herein as being connected or communicating with each other are communicatively coupled unless otherwise noted. That is, they may be directly or indirectly connected to enable communication between them.

[00198] The systems and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of the configurations may be combined in a similar manner. Also, technology evolves and, thus, many of the elements are examples and do not limit the scope of the disclosure or claims. [00199] A wireless communication system is one in which communications are conveyed wirelessly, i.e., by electromagnetic and/or acoustic waves propagating through atmospheric space rather than through a wire or other physical connection, between wireless communication devices (also called wireless communications devices). A wireless communication system (also called a wireless communications system, a wireless communication network, or a wireless communications network) may not have all communications transmitted wirelessly, but is configured to have at least some communications transmitted wirelessly. Further, the term “'wireless communication device,” or similar term, does not require that the functionality' of the device is exclusively, or even primarily, for communication, or that communication using the wireless communication device is exclusively, or even primarily, wireless, or that the device be a mobile device, but indicates that the device includes wireless communication capability (one-way or two-way), e.g., includes at least one radio (each radio being part of a transmiter, receiver, or transceiver) for wireless communication. [00200] Specific details are given in the description to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including implementations). However, configurations may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well- known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary- detail in order to avoid obscuring the configurations. This description provides example configurations, and does not limit the scope, applicabili ty, or configurations of the claims. Rather, the preceding description of the configurations provides a description for implementing described techniques. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements.

[00201] The terms “processor-readable medium,” “machine-readable medium,” and “computer-readable medium,” as used herein, refer to any medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a specific fashion , Using a computing platform, various processor-readable media might be involved in providing instructions/code to processor(s) for execution and/or might be used to store and/or carry' such instructions/code (e.g., as signals). In many implementations, a processor- readable medium is a physical and/or tangible storage medium , Such a medium may’ take many- forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical and/or magnetic disks. Volatile media include, without limitation, dynamic memory. [00202] Having described several example configurations, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used. For example, the above elements may be components of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the disclosure. Also, a number of operations may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not bound the scope of the claims. [00203] Unless otherwise indicated, “about” and/or “approximately” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or ±0.1 % from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein. Unless otherwise indicated, “substantially” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, a physical attribute (such as frequency), and the like, also encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or ±0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other implementations described herein. [00204] A statement that a value exceeds (or is more than or above) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value meets or exceeds a second threshold value that is slightly greater than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value higher than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system . A statement that a value is less than (or is within or below) a first threshold value is equivalent to a statement that the value is less than or equal to a second threshold value that is slightly lower than the first threshold value, e.g., the second threshold value being one value lower than the first threshold value in the resolution of a computing system.