Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to the separation of submicron-sized parti cl es by hydrodynamic fractionation.

Description of Related Art

Separation by flow was first proposed on theoretical grounds by DiMarzio and Guttman (Polymer Letters 2 267 (1969) ) . According to their analysis, separation by flow according to particl e size is due to two factors: (i) the radial velocity profile dev eloped by a fl uid moving through a capillary tube all owing the particl es to move at diff erent speeds and (ii) the inability of larger particl es to approach the capillary wall as closely as small er particles, which causes the

larger particles to sample fluid streamlines of higher velocity, moving on the av erage at speeds greater than the average eluant velocity.

Separation of micron sized particles by fl ow through tubes has been described by Noel et al. . Ch romathgraphy 1££_, 373 (1978) ) and Mullins and Orr (ln a. J Multiphase £_____- 5., 79 (1979) ) using long capillary tubes (50 to 200 meters in length) , with inner diameters in the range f rom 250 to 500 microns, to fractionate particles with diameters greater than one micron. Al though these investigators achi eved separations between submicron particles and particles larger than a micron, they were not able to fractionate mixtures of submicron particles. Brough and coworkers

._!__ Chromatographyr 2J_Ji, 175 (1981) ) used small er capillary tubes (150 microns in diameter) in an effort to expand the size range of the fractionation. Although Brough and coworkers were abl e to detect diff erences in el ution times between submicron particles, their resol ution was not sufficient to resolve bimodal mixtures of submicron particles, de Jaeger et al . (£_. Cha ract. 1. 187 , (1986) ) improv ed the resol ution of the separation by using a slightly small er diameter capillary (100 microns) in conj unction with a block copolymer, dissolved in the el uant stream, that absorbs on the capillary wall and the particl e surface. These investigators were able to detect the presence of submicron particl es in poly isperse sampl es

containing mixtures of diff erent monodisperse standards .

Summary of the Inventi on

This inv ention provides an apparatus and method for the complete fractionation of submicron particles according to size by capillary hydrodynamic fractionation. This obj ective is achieved by using small diameter capillaries; introducing a minor fraction of a liquid dispersion of particles to be separated into at least one capillary; passing the minor fraction through the capil lary; and, at the exit of the capillary, dil uting the minor f raction with the additional solvent. These modifications in the fl ow patterns are essential to the use of capillaries with diameters small er than 60 microns. This inv ention is especially adapted for rapid analytical separation of not only rigid coll oidal parti cl es but al so of soft latexes, ultrahigh molecular weight biopolymers, and macr omol ecul es .

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic of the capill ary hydrodynamic fractionator of this invention.

Figs. 2-8 are representative spectrometer

tracings of separated dispersions.

Detailed Description of the Invention

As used herein, the term "monodisperse" means that the dispersed particles are all of essentially one size and the term "polydisperse" means that the dispersed particles include a range of sizes.

In accordance with the invention there is provided an apparatus and method for the separation of a polydisperse dispersion of particles in a fluid by size which comprises passing the dispersion of particles through a capillary tube whose diameter is several times larger than the particles to be separated and eluting the capillary tube with a further portion of the dispersing medium whereby the larger particles of the dispersion elute from the capillary first and successively smaller particles elute subsequently.

A schematic diagram of a ^' typical fractionation system employing the principles of this invention is shown in Fig. 1. Reservoir 10 supplies solvent, optionally with a surfactant, via pump 12 to stream splitter 14. The sample of particles dispersed in liquid is introduced via injection port 16 situated upstream from stream splitter 14. A major portion of the stream is discharged to waste; a minor fraction of

the stream passes through one or more capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF) tubes 18 where the particles are separated by velocity profile. After passage through CHDF tubes 18, the separated dispersion is diluted with additional solvent, or make-up fluid, pumped via tube 20, at stream merger 22. The diluted, separated sample is then passed to a suitable analyzer, such as UV detector 24, optionally interfaced to computer 26.

In one embodiment, a pump, such as a Laboratory Data Control Model 1396-57 dual pump with a pulse dampener was used to pump the eluant through the capillary tube. This pump is capable of a maximum pressure of 5000 psi and the flow rate can be adjusted from 580 ml/h down to 29 ml/h. The sample is injected into the eluant stream, without interrupting flow to the capillary, through a Rheodyne Model 7413 sample injection valve with selectable sample loops of 0.5, 1, and 5 1.

The open capillary tubes used were of fused silica and were supplied by Polymicro Technologies, in lengths of 1 to 50 , with diameters of 4, 7, 14, 34, and 60 microns.

Since the problems caused by dead volume in the injection and detection systems are considerably more severe with these narrow capillaries than with

larger inner diameter capillaries, the flow around both injection and detection systems has been modified. In order to minimize dead volume effects, the el uting sol ution was split into two streams after passing through the inj ection valve, whil e at the exit of the capillary more el uant was added to the stream entering the detector cell. The sampl e splitting and make-up ratios used ranged from 1:100 to 1:10 ⁷ and above depending on the diameter of the capillaries and flow rate through the microcapillary. For ev ery combination of capillary and flow rate, the splitting and make-up ratios that give the l east peak spreading should be used.

A mini pump was used to pump the make-up eluant, which is mixed with the fluid exiting from the capillary through the detector cell. The detector used was a Laboratory Data Control SM 4000 Programmable UV- Light Detector fitted with a 14- 1 flow cell. The coll oid and marker species were detected in the effluent by monitoring turbidity at 220 n (but other wavelengths can be used) . The output from the detector was moni tor ed both on a strip chart recorder and al so digitally with a disk drive interfaced to the detector through an Analog Devices DAS1155 A/D converter and a Frequency Devices four-^pole Bessel activ e filter. Digital data, analysis was ^' carried out on a microcomputer, and the processed results were output to a dot matrix printer.

The eluant is generally the same solvent as that in which the sample to be fractionated is dispersed. Preferably, the eluant contains one or more surfactants, in a concentration of from 0.0001M to 0.1 M such as sodium lauryl sulfate or a polyoxyalkylene glycol. Most preferably, the surfactant is a mixture of sodium lauryl sulfate and polyoxyethylene lauryl alcohol.

A wide variety of capillary tubes may be employed in the present invention. Generally, the shape of the capillary is not critical. However, most conveniently employed is a cylindrical capillary tube. The capillary tube desirably has a surface which is generally inert to the dispersing or suspending medium employed; that is, it is insoluble in the dispersing medium, and if coated by solutions in the dispersing medium, it will not absorb particles onto the capillary wall. It is essential and critical in the practice of the present invention that the particles being separated do not adhere to the inner wall of the capillary tube and form multi p r tide layers thereon. The capillary tubes may be constructed of a wide variety of materials such as, for example, fused silica, glass, plastics and metal. Eminently satisfactory for many applications are fused silica glass or plastic tubes from about 3 to 30 microns inside diameter. Advantageously, the process of the

present invention is used for separating polydisperse syntheti c latex particles which range in size from about 100 Angstroms to as large as 1 to 5 microns, and is pre erably employed in separating polydisperse latex particl es having a size range of from 100 Angstroms to 2 microns and most advantageously having a size range of 0.05 to 0.5 microns. Usually it is desi red that the inside diameter of the capill ary tube be f rom 5 to 50 times the diameter of the largest latex particles to be separated. Typically, the capillary tube has a length varying f rom 10 centimeters to 50 or 100 meters or more, depending upon the degree of separation desired. Typical operating pressures for capil laries 7 microns in diameter and 3 meters in length general ly are from about 300 to 6000 pounds per square inch. For most applications, particularly for small scale laboratory operations or for analytical procedures, it is usual ly desirable to employ a capillary tube of small diameter and substantial length, such as 5 microns in diameter and 10 meters in length. Such capillaries, if formed with fl exibl e silica tubing or synthetic pl asti c tubing or flexibl e metal tubing, may be conveniently coiled to occupy a minimum of space. More than one capillary tube, connected in series or in paral l el or both, may be employed.

EXAMPLE 1

A mixture was prepared of two monodisperse polystyrene latexes having particle diameters of 0.357 micron and 0.109 micron respectively. The polydisperse latex so formed was diluted to 3 weight percent with deionized water containing 10~3 molar sodium lauryl sulfate. The capillary tube has an average diameter of 4 microns. Deionized water containing the surfactant was pumped through the system at a rate of 1 milliliter per minute, of which 1.13 x 10~7 1/min pass through the capillary. 0.005 milliliters of the latex mixture was introduced through the sample injection valve and the turbidity of the effluent recorded on a strip chart recorder. A distinct separation of the 0.109 micron and 0.357 micron particles was observed after a period of about 3 minutes. The plot of absorbency versus time of Fig. 2 indicates the relatively sharp separation of the larger and smaller particles.

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with a mixture of 0.234 micron and 0.357 micron monodisperse latexes. The plot, as shown in Fig. 3, consists of a bifurcated peak, with the peak of the larger size particles appearing 155 seconds after sample injection and the peak of the smaller particles 163 seconds after injection.

EXAMPLE 3

The procedure of Exampl e 2 was repeated with the exception that the average velocity of the eluant through the capil lary tube was reduced to 0.67 x 10 ^_ 7 1/min. A compl ete separation of the two latexes was obtained as set forth in Fig. 4.

EXAMPLE 4

The procedure of Exampl e 1 was repeated with a mixture of particles with diameters of 0.357 and 1.1 mi crons inj ected into the system, connected to a capillary tube of diameter 34 microns and length 20 meters- The flow rates through the inj ection valve were 0.41, 0.29, and 0.18 ml/min while the corresponding flow rates through the capil laries were 4, 3 and 1.8 .l/min respectively. A partial separation of the two latexes was obtained as indicated in Fig. 5, which is a representation of the trace obtained from the recording of the light scattering detector, for different eluant av erage velocities. Contrary to what was observed with mixtures of submicron particles, ill ustrated in Exampl es 2 and 3 , in the case of sampl es containing particl es with diameter greater than 0.5 microns, the efficiency of the separation decreases with increasing eluant velocity (shorter elution time) .

EXAMPLE 5

A mixture was prepared of polystyrene latex particles having diameters of 0.357 micron and 1.1 micron and injected into the system of Example 4. The positive displacement pump delivered 1 milliliter per minute of an aqueous solution of a non-ionic surface active agent sold under the trade designation of Pluronic F-108 (BASF), in a concentration of 0.15 gram per liter to the capillary. The flow rate through the capillary tube was 29 μ 1/min. Good separation of the latex particles was obtained, as is indicated in

Fig. 6.

EXAMPLE 6

When the procedure of Example 1 was repeated employing a polydisperse latex, a curve was obtained which is characteristic of the particle size distribution. Fig. 7 illustrates the fractionation obtained with a mixture of particles of 0.109, 0.176,

0.234, and 0.357 microns in diameter.

EXAMPLE 7

An aqueous solution of 10~4 molar sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.1% by weight of po lyoxy ethyl ene lauryl alcohol was pumped through the system at a rate of 1.3 ml/min. The capillary tube used had an inside diameter of 7.0 microns and a length of 5m. Flow through the capillary was at a rate of 2.5 x 10 ^"5 ml/min. A mixture of polystyrene latex particles having diameters of 0.109, 0.176, 0.234 and 0.357 microns was injected into the flowing aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate and po lyoxy ethyl ene lauryl alcohol. A complete separation of the four latexes was obtained as set forth in Fig. 8. In other experiments, larger particles were better separated with a smaller concentration of polyoxy ethyl ene.