BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(i) Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for forming coherent bosons having mass.

(ii) Prior Art

It is well-known that when intense light from a laser is focused on matter, atoms will absorb energy from photons to become ionized and form a hot plasma. Many works in this field are summarized in the book Plasma and Laser Light, by T. D. Hughes, John Wiley & sons (1976).

It is also that if the light from a laser is powerful enough, say with an intensity greater than

^• j 2 10 watt/cm , the atoms will be ionized from the light. Furthermore, the electrons coming out from the atoms will absorb more photons. This is referred to in literature as ATO (= Above Threshod Ionization) . See for example P. Kruit et al, Phys. Rev A 15 _. , 1604 (1977): and R. R. Freeman et al. Phys. Rev Let 511092 (1987)

The following publications relate to laser cooling for producing an ion beam:

"Possibility of Observing a Condensed Crystalline State in Laser-Cooled Beams of Atomic

Ions, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS, J. P. Schiffer and 0. Poulsen, Europhys. Lett., 1 (2), pp. 55-59 (1986).

"Could There be an Ordered Condensed State in Beams of Fully Stripped Heavy Ions?", J. P. Schiffer and P. Kienle, 2. Phys. A. Atoms and nuclei 321, 181 (1985).

According to this invention there is provided a process whereby if the particles in the matter have a density n sufficiently high as to be larger than a critical density n and the temperature lower than a critical temperature T_.

ⁿ > ⁿ c (1) ^τ < ^T c then when intense light from a laser shines on them, bosons will be released upon absorption of the photons, and become a beam of coherent bosons. These bosons may be neutral atoms, ionized atoms, molecules, or nuclei. The mechanism is induced scattering, as outlined in International patent application No. PCT/AU86/00212.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention there is provided a method for forming coherent bosons having mass comprising causing coherent light to be incident on dense matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The invention is further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying

drawing, the single figure of which is a diagram of an apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When a system of bosons is under thermal equilibrium, the distribution of their energy obeys Bose-Einstein statistics. If the density of the bosons increases, or the temperature of the bosons decreases, a critical condition is reached and some of the bosons will share the same ground state at the lowest energy and become coherent. This is called Bose-Einstein condensation, and the temperature at which it occurs is the critical temperature. A more thorough discussion concerning Bose-Einstein condensation is given in, for example, the book "Statistical Physics" by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Pergamon Press, 1958, at page 168. Let the critical density be n C and the critical temperature . We have: c

where p, E are respectively the momentum and energy of the bosons, T is the critical temperature, and k is the Boltzman constant. Upon evaluation of the integral, they are related by

n _c = (2mkT _c ) ^{3 2} (3/2) (3)

where ζ (3/2)=2.612 is the Riemann function and ra is the mass of the charged boson. To evaluate the

numerical values, one can assume a temperature of

10°K and a boson of the order of the. mass of the proton, m 1 GeV, and the critical density n is

24 3 c

10 /cm . This is at least an order of magnitude higher than the density of most normal matter.

Hence, almost all normal matter never reaches this critical condition at this low temperature. Most matter also becomes solid at 10 ^β K, and its density cannot decrease further. The only way to reach the critical temperature or density condition (3) is by lowering the temperature even further.

For liquid helium, the critical temperature is reached at T _c « 2.174 ^β K, at normal atmospheric pressure. The corresponding critical density is of the order of 10 ²² /cm . Once the critical temperature is reached, some of the helium atoms (He ), which are bosons, in the liquid state will become coherent and form a superfluid component in the liquid helium. Focusing an intense light from a laser on the superfluid will cause a coherent boson beam to be formed.

Consider the physical process behind the interaction of light with a helium atom. If there is sufficient intensity of light, the helium atom will absorb many photons to become ionized.

n + He - « + e + e (4)

Energy requirement dictates that

(5)

where E is the energy of each individual photon, and

E„ is the ionization energy of the helium πe

(»27.2eV). If the energy of the photon in the laser is E - lev, it requires at least the absorption of 28 photons by an individual helium atom to become ionized. According to quantum electrodynamics the probability of absorbing each additional photon is down by oC* -y so that the chance of ionization from ordinary light is extremely small. It requires very intense light from a laser to ionize a helium gas. Once the helium is ionised, the absorption of additional photons is generally done by electrons, and the electrons, and the ionized helium atoms, will become hot.

However, if the helium atoms are coherent as they are in a superfluid liquid helium state, then there is collective interaction among the coherent photons and coherent helium atoms. Then we may have a coherent neutral helium beam in the final state

n _γ γ + n _o H _e - n _γ γ + n _o H _e (6)

if the energy of photons is not used up for ionization.

On the other hand, the helium may become ionized and separate into a coherent beam of particles and electrons.

n v + n H _Λ - n. o + 2n. (e+e) (7)

where n . is the number of coherent photons, n is the number of coherent helium atoms, and n. is the

number of coheren c - particles (n _* » n ). As discussed in patent application PCT/AU86/00212, in the scattering among coherent particles, there is a factor m! increase in probability whenever there is m coherent bosons. So the probability that (6) and (7) occurs instead of (4) has an additional factor like (ny! Λ ₀ ^!n i ^! « For a 1 Joule light with a pulse of 10 ns from a single mode Nb-YAG laser or an Eximer

19 laser, there are nv= 10 photons. For superfluid

22 liquid helium, there are about 10 helium atoms in 3 1 cm . For a liquid film of the size 10 mm x 10 mm

12 x 1mm, there are n 10 atoms. So, for the scattering of coherent light with superfluid helium, the probability of producing coherent bosons is practically 1, and the scattering can be regarded as a semiclassical scattering.

The critical condition for creation of coherent bosons is discussed in the aforementioned patent application PCT/AU86/00212. More particularly, the ratio "r" is therein defined as: r « W ^where

W = rate of coherent scattering, and W = rate of normal scattering

For production of coherent bosons, the critical condition is Λl. That is to say, coherent bosons will be produced if the rate of coherent scattering equals or exceeds the rate of normal scattering.

In the context of the system described in application PCT/AU86/00212, the ratio "r" is there

expressed as: ^{r * wnere} n. = number of photons, n ₂ = number of coherent particles, and O ** P ^hase space factor.

In the present context, it is convenient to consider the critical condition as being described by the equation for process (6) W _c iZ ⁿ ^ , where

Wc is as above defined,

W. is the rate of normal scattering, and

2= n^ m _f . oe _where

m = the number of coherent helium atoms , T s possibility of normal photo scattering , 1 ^~ 1 number of final states e is the exponential number

N = the number of photons per helium atom, and ε = a, where

ω = frequency of photons, and M = mass of helium atom

In this case the critical condition for production of coherent bosons is: Z > 1.

small

and can be neglected. The critical condition becomes

Insight into this critical condition may be gained by considering the case where w , the number of helium atoms is equal to the number of photons and each helium interact with only one photon. Then eq. (5.19) reduces to

where

-xr

. cr, T T

P. - l-O x ιo 7T m

-t*

n UU τ- ηox ιo ^m " . _t „- (5.21)

and the γ-He scattering cross section σ. is given by Rayleigh theory to be

at wave length λ=0.488 μm, or ω=2.54eV; (ω o =13.6eV) . C Coonnddiitt:ion (5.20) becomes

π^ /-ιZ> ■/oo- -r)J- (5.23)

where the volume V is the square root of the product of normalization volume for helium V x e and the volume of laser pulse V

\/ r~ T ^* (5.24 )

which are given by the experimental condition.

The interaction time T cannot be determined exactly by the above but the smallest value T can take is the period of the light wave. For

₂

V-10 cm, T lμm, the critical condition is n 10 13. If the laser pulse has energy μJ or above, the critical condition will be satisfied .

General ly, while it is not necessary for existence of the critical condition Z>1 that the aforementioned critical temperature Tc or critical density n prevail it is preferable that such be the case. Particulaly, as above described, for superfluid helium the described Nb-YAG or Eximer lasers provide sufficient energy (n^ = 10 19 photons) to ensure effective coherent boson production, the superfluid helium being at the critical temperature. In the case where the bosons upon which the coherent light is incident are at a temperature exceeding the critical temperature, the critical condition for coherent boson production may still be met, however, by increasing the number of the incident coherent photons.

The requirements in this respect are, considering the case of production of coherent helium atoms only, ascertainable from the following equation:

where the terms thereof have the meanings described above.

Because of momentum conservation, the produced coherent boson beam will tend to travel along the direction of an incident photon beam. If the average number of photons absorbed by helium is la p

10 particles in the final coherent beam is given by

So, a beam of coherent WeParticles with energy above MeV is formed. For a lOMeV Jfe particle, the speed is 2 x 10 cm/sec. The time interval for it to pass through the thickness of the plasma of lμm is 5 x 10 ^" sec. The power contained in the coherentc-beam is:

This is a very substantial concentration of power. Such a powerful beam has many applications including to initiate nuclear fusion in a deuterium pellet under inertia confinement configuration.

The energy of individual coherent bosons produced in the final beam can.be adjusted by changing the number of helium atoms of the superfluid component of the liquid helium. The higher the temperature, the lower the component of superfluid, and the higher the energy of the resultant coherent energy beam.

EXAMPLE APPARATUS

The apparatus is illustrated in the drawing as consisting of three major components:

(1) A pulsed laser 5 and its accessories. It may for example be a pulsed Excimer laser like the HE-400-5M or TE-290 series manufactured by Lumonic, 3629 Vista Mercado, Camarillo, CA 93010 USA. Or, it may be a pulsed Nd-YAG laser such as the DCR-3G(1) manufactured by Spectra-Physics, 1250 West Middlefield Road, P.O. Box 7013, Mountain View, CA 94039-7013, USA.

The laser light is focused into a very small spot on a liquid helium film by a lens 4.

(2) Cryostat - A cryostat that can hold liquid helium down to temperature of l ^β K or below. Such a cryostat is described in the book by R. J. Donnelly entitled Experimental Superfluidity published by The University of Chicago Press (1967), and can be ordered from Cryo Industries of America, Inc., 24 Keewaydi Drive, Salem NH 03079, USA. Only the internal part of 8 of the cryostat is shown in the drawing, this forming a vacuum chamber 31.

(3) A vacuum chamber 31 inside the cryostat. At the left-handed side in the figure, a window 15 is provided open to allow focussed light from the laser to enter the cryostat. At the right-hand side in the figure, a vacuum transport system 17 is provided leading out of the cryostat, where the coherent boson beam is extracted. In the middle of the chamber is an inverted U-shaped bent wire 29 within which a liquid helium film 21 is formed by, for example, capillary action from a resevoir 23 of liquid helium in the vacuum chamber 31.

The laser emits pulsed light which enters the cryostat through the window slit and shines on the liquid helium film at l ^β K 2 ^β K. The helium liquid, in this case superfluid helium liquid, will wet the bent wire from a pool of liquid helium in a reservoir 23 below the wire and within the cryostat 8. To avoid heating the liquid helium directly from laser light, it is advisable to provide insulation 27 between the vacuum chamber that holds the liquid helium film and the liquid helium reservoir below. Further, some means for locally heating the periphery of the interior wall of the vaccuum chamber may be provided at the location between the surface of the liquid helium and the insulation 27, sufficient to slightly heat the wall at that location above the temperature for formation of superfluid helium liquid ^r at that location. On the other side of the vacuum chamber a port 33 leads to the transport system 17. The laser light falls on the liquid helium film and this gives rise to a coherent He particle beam which exits via port 33.

Besides using liquid helium as a target it is also possible to use other materials at temperature below 2 ^β K. The critical temperature will differ from material to material, calculable from the density of material by equation (4). Such material as deuterium will in general be solid at such low temperature. The deuterium is then in a quantum solid state. Because it is solid and not liquid, it does not become superfluid. But, under scattering from coherent light, the coherent deuterium in a quantum solid state will behave similarly as in the case of superfluid helium and become ionized and form a coherent deuterium beam. It is also possible then to generate other boson beams in similar fashion.

The invention may be used for producing energy by nuclear fusion processes involving directing one or more coherent beams of coherent bosons having mass to material capable of undergoing nuclear fusion such as deuterium and/or tritium. In this application the beam formed by the invention may, if necessary, be accelerated by use of conventional accelerators before being so directed. The material against which the beam is directed may, for example, be in the form of pellets, as known, and several beams may be directed simultaneously from different directions.