[1] Devices such as mobile phones, tablets and portable (e.g. laptop or palm) computers are generally provided with a casing. The casing typically provides a number of functional features, e.g. protecting the device from damage .

[2] Increasingly, consumers are also interested in the aesthetic properties of the casing such as the look, colour, and style. In addition, devices such as mobile phones, tablets and portable computers are typically designed for hand-held func ionality, thus the consumer may also consider the weight of the device and the feel of the casing by which they hold the device. Brief Description of Drawings

[3] By way of non-limiting examples, device casings and processes of manufacturing such casings according to the present disclosare will be described with reference to the following drawings in which [4] Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a method of applying a transfer film to a metal surface

[5] Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating another example of a method of applying a transfer film to a metal surface [6] Figure 3 is a sectional side view of an example of a metal oxide layer on a metal produced by the

electrochemical treatment of Figure 1 or Figure 2

[7] Figure 4 is a perspective view of the metal oxide layer of Figure 3

[8] Figure 5 is a sectional side view of an example of a coated metal surface produced by the method of Figure 1 or Figure 2

[9] Figure 6 is a perspective view of an example of a metal casing with a part of the casing cut away

[10] Figure 7 is a perspective view of the casing of Figure 6 after electrochemical treatment

[11] Figure 8 is a perspective view of the casing of Figure 7 after transfer film Detailed Description

[12] The present disclosure describes a method of applying a transfer film to a metal surface, for example the metal surface of a casing for a device. The method comprises the formation of a metal oxide layer on the metal surface through an electrochemical treatment of the metal surface. The electrochemical treatment, disclosed allows for a high degree of control in determining various physical and visual properties of the metal oxide layer. Furthermore, the metal oxide layer formed by the disclosed method provides a good adherence of the oxide to the metal , [13] The metal oxide layer formed by the disclosed methods is porous in nature. This porosity can enhance the bonding between the electrochemically treated surface and the transfer film compared to oxide layers formed by other methods,

[14] Depending on the conditions of the electrochemical treatment and the metal being treated, the disclosed method can be used and may vary to form raetal oxide layers of 1-300 μηι in thickness and more preferably 3-50 yrn in thickness. In comparison, metal oxide layers formed by other techniques are typically in the range of 0.001-0.1 μιη.

[15] Figures 1 and 2 illustrate examples of methods of transfer film a metal surface. [16] Referring to Figure 1, a metal surface (140) is provided (110) . The metal surface may be, for example, in the form of a casing for a device. The casing can be formed using conventional methods, such as stamping or moulding, into the desired shape of the finished product. In one example, the casing is formed of a light metal, such as aluminium, magnesium, titanium or alloys thereof.

[17] The metal surface (140) is electrochemically treated (120) to form a metal oxide layer (150) such as that shown in Figure 3. The electrochemical treatment includes applying a potential greater than the oxide layer's dielectric breakdown potential to the metal surface in an electrolytic solution. [18] The dielectric breakdown potential of a material is the voltage applied via an electric field that the material can withstand without breaking down. When a material such as a raetal oxide is treated with a potential greater than its dielectric breakdown potential, the breakdown results in a disruptive discharge through the metal oxide .

[19] The dielectric breakdown potential of a material varies depending on a number of factors, for example the composition, thickness and temperature of the material.

[2.0] An example of a suitable electrochemical process includes micro-arc oxidation (also known as plasma electrolytic oxidation). Micro-arc oxidation is an electrochemical surface treatment process for generating oxide layers on metal surfaces .

[21] In one example of micro-arc oxidation, a metal is immersed in a bath of electrolytic solution, typically a dilute alkali solution such as potassium hydroxide. The casing is electrically connected so as to become one of the electrodes in the electrochemical cell, with the wall of the bath, typically formed of an inert material such as stainless steel, acting as the counter-electrode. A potential is applied between the two electrodes, which may be continuous or pulsing, and direct, current or

alternating current.

[22] As potentials used in micro-arc oxidation are greater than the dielectric breakdown potential of the raetal oxide layer, disruptive discharges occur and the resulting high temperature, high pressure plasma modifies the structure of the oxide layer. This results in an oxide layer that is porous (as shown in Figure 4) and v/ith the oxide in a substantially crystalline form. [2.3] In addition, oxide layers formed in the above manner are conversion coatings, converting the existing metal material into the oxide layer. This conversion of the metal provides a good adhesion of the oxide to the metal relative to oxide layers deposited on the metal as occurs using other methods.

[24J Properties of the oxide layer such as porosity, hardness, coloar, conductivity, wear resistance,

toughness, corrosion resistance, thickness and adherence to the metal layer can be varied by varying the parameters of the electrochemical treatment. Such parameters include the electrolyte (e.g. temperature and composition), the potential {e.g. pulse or continuous, direct current or alternating current, frequency, duration and voltage) and the processing time. [25] In one example, the resulting colour of a titanium dioxide layer can be altered by varying the voltage applied. In another example, organic acid can be added to the electrolyte to allow for thicker oxide layers being formed . [26] After electrochemically treating the metal surface (120), a transfer film (160) as shown in Figure 5, for example a polymer based transfer film, can then be applied to the metal oxide layer (150) . The porous nature of the metal oxide layer formed by the disclosed method can enhance the bonding between the transfer film and the metal oxide layer.

[27] Examples of polymers that may be used in the transfer film include: polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene

terephthalate (PET), glycol modified polyethylene

terephthalate (PET-G) , polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ,

polyacrylic polymer such as polymethyl raethacrylate (PMMA) , polypheny!ene sulphide (PPS) and UV ink. The polymer based transfer film may contain inorganic or metallic nano- particles .

[28] Examples of processes that can be used to apply the polymer based transfer film include: in-mould decoration, out-side mould decoration, in-mould film, in-mould label, release film and nano- imprint lithography.

[29] The selection of the polymer based transfer film and its application process may depend on desired properties of the film. These properties may include: visual, tactual and textural effects, as well as functional

properties such as UV- rotection, anti-fingerprinting or anti -bacterial capability.

[30] Referring to Figure 2, the oxide layer may undergo a pre-film treatment (125) prior to the application of the transfer film (130) . [31] As v/ith the polymer based transfer film, the pre-film treatment of the oxide layer (125) can be used to alter the visual, tactual and textural properties of the casing. Examples of pre-film treatments include: baking, dyeing, painting, spray coating, sputter coating, electrophoretic deposition, nano-coating, chemical vapour deposition and physical vapour deposition. [32] Figures 4 and 5 show examples of a metal surface as it undergoes a method as shown in Figures 1. Figure 4 shows the metal surface ( 140 ) having a metal oxide layer ( 150 ) formed by the electrochemical treatment of the metal surface ( 120 ) . Figure 5 shows a transfer film ( 160 ) on the metal oxide layer ( 150 ) .

[33J Figures 6 to 8 provide an example of a casing ( 180 ) for a smart phone at various stages of the method of Figure 1 : Figure 6 showing the casing having a metal surface ( 140 ) ; Figure 7 showing the casing of Figure 6 after electrochemical treatment ( 12 0 ) ; and Figure 8 showing a transfer film ( 160 ) on the metal oxide layer ( 150 ) of the casing of Figure 7 .

[34] It will be appreciated that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the above-described examples, without departing from the broad general scope of the present disclosare . The present examples are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as

illustrative and not restrictive.