METHOD FOR DOWNLINK AND UPLINK CARRIER PHASE INTEGER AMBIGUITY CONFIRMATION

FIELD:

[0001] Some example embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) access technology, or other communications systems. For example, certain example embodiments may relate to apparatuses, systems, and/or methods for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) carrier phase integer ambiguity confirmation.

BACKGROUND:

[0002] Examples of mobile or wireless telecommunication systems may include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), LTE- Advanced (LTE- A), MulteFire, LTE-A Pro, and/or fifth generation (5G) radio access technology or new radio (NR) access technology. Fifth generation (5G) wireless systems refer to the next generation (NG) of radio systems and network architecture. 5G network technology is mostly based on new radio (NR) technology, but the 5G (or NG) network can also build on E-UTRAN radio. It is estimated that NR will provide bitrates on the order of 10-20 Gbit/s or higher, and will support at least enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) as well as massive machine-type communication (mMTC). NR is expected to deliver extreme broadband and ultra-robust, low- latency connectivity and massive networking to support the Internet of Things (loT).

SUMMARY: [0003] Some example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include receiving a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The method may further include determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the method may include transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the method may include reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0004] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code may also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to receive a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also be caused to receive a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The apparatus may further be caused to determine a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the apparatus may be caused to transmit an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the apparatus may be caused to report the solution to the first network element.

[0005] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include means for receiving a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The apparatus may further include means for determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the apparatus may include means for transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the apparatus may include means for reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0006] In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include receiving a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The method may further include determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the method may include transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the method may include reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0007] Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include receiving a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The method may further include determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the method may include transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the method may include reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0008] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to receive a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to receive a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The apparatus may further include circuitry configured to determine a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to transmit an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to report the solution to the first network element.

[0009] Certain example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include transmitting a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The method may further include receiving an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the method may include determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the method may include reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0010] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to receive a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also be caused to transmit a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The apparatus may further be caused to receive an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the apparatus may be caused to determine a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the apparatus may be caused to report the solution to the first network element. [0011] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include means for transmitting a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The apparatus may further include means for receiving an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the apparatus may include means for determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the apparatus may include means for reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0012] In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include transmitting a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The method may further include receiving an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the method may include determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the method may include reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0013] Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include transmitting a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The method may further include receiving an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the method may include determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the method may include reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0014] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to receive a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to transmit a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The apparatus may further include circuitry configured to receive an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to determine a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to report the solution to the first network element.

[0015] Certain example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include transmitting, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include receiving, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The method may further include determining, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the method may include, based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0016] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to transmit, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also be caused to receive, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The apparatus may further be caused to determine, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the apparatus may be caused to, based on the determination, continue the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0017] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include means for receiving, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The apparatus may further include means for determining, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the apparatus may include means for based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0018] In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include transmitting, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include receiving, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The method may further include determining, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the method may include, based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0019] Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include transmitting, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include receiving, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The method may further include determining, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the method may include, based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0020] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to transmit, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to receive, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The apparatus may further include circuitry configured to determine, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to, based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

[0021] For proper understanding of example embodiments, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0022] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an real time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS)-like concept in New Radio (NR).

[0023] FIG. 2 illustrates an example system setup for carrier phase positioning. [0024] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of integer separation.

[0025] FIG. 4 illustrates an example signal flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments.

[0026] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of another signal flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of another signal flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 7 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain example embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 8 illustrates an example flow diagram of another method, according to certain example embodiments. [0030] FIG. 9 illustrates an example flow diagram of a further method, according to certain example embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 10 illustrates a set of apparatuses, according to certain example embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

[0032] It will be readily understood that the components of certain example embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. The following is a detailed description of some example embodiments of systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for power saving for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) carrier phase integer ambiguity (IA).

[0033] The features, structures, or characteristics of example embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. Further, the terms “cell”, “node”, “gNB”, or other similar language throughout this specification may be used interchangeably. Additionally, the terms “IA measurement” and “IA solution” throughout this specification may be used interchangeably.

[0034] 3 ^rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) describes new radio (NR) positioning techniques for outdoor applications corresponding to real time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS). However, in some cases, RTK-GNSS may be deployed fully independent of a 3GPP system. Specifically, RTK-GNSS uses phase measurements along with corrections data to achieve 10-cm accuracy in practice. Measuring the carrier phase gives an estimate of the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. However, RTK-GNSS may exhibit cost related issues, and may only work in outdoor environments with good line of sight (LoS) conditions to multiple satellites.

[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a RTK-GNSS-like concept in NR. In RTK-GNSS, the device may measure signals from the satellites, and then calculate its location. However, in NR, the devices may also send signals to the network nodes (e.g., gNBs), which can measure the carrier phase and report it to a location server.

[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates an example system setup for carrier phase positioning. In particular, carrier phase positioning in NR may involve the transmission of carrier phase positioning reference signals (CP-PRS). CP-PRS may be the same as the existing 3 GPP Rel-16/17 PRS or sounding reference signal (SRS) for positioning, or it may be redesigned specifically for the NR carrier phase technique. The CP-PRS may also be any reference signal used for positioning (e.g., SSB or CSI-RS). The CP-PRS may then be used to measure the carrier phase. In some cases, reference devices, with a fixed known location, may also measure the phase on the CP-PRS to enable double differential measurements. Such reference devices may be called reference UEs, reference TRPs, or positioning reference units (PRUs).

[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of integer separation. In particular, the example of FIG. 3 illustrates a one integer separation. In carrier phase positioning, solving the IA problem may pose several challenges. For example, one challenge may include being able to solve the integer number of cycles such that the phase can help determine the overall distance between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0038JRTK-GNSS may have several methods to solve the IA problem using signals from satellites to the devices. However, these types of conventional solutions may still be prone to errors. One advantage that NR-based carrier positioning may provide is that the UE and gNB may both transmit and receive CP-PRS and perform phase measurements. However, this may not be possible in conventional methods due to the fact that satellites can transmit GNSS signals, and satellites do not receive signals from the user equipment (UEs).

[0039] Given the above, when the UE and gNB are using the same carrier frequency, it is desirable that the IA solution be the same using both UL signals and DL signals independently (if there were no errors). Thus, if both the UE and gNB are transmitting CP-PRS and measuring the carrier phase, then there may be different solutions for the I A (i.e., due to algorithm errors). Furthermore, conventional solutions merely cover high level ideas of using carrier phase at the radio frequency (RF), and the IA problem still desires a solution (e.g., as in RTK-GNSS). However, the conventional solutions do not describe or provide any means of IA confirmation/ checking using both UL and DL measurements independently on the same carrier frequency.

[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates an example signal flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments. For example, certain example embodiments may determine IA confirmation by taking advantage of both the DL and UL carrier phase methods at the same carrier frequency. For instance, the example flow diagram of FIG. 4 illustrates that both the UE and the gNBs transmit CP-PRS at the same frequency to estimate the phase (e.g., in time-division multiplexing (TDM)). As illustrated in the example flow diagram of FIG. 4, at 400, the location management function (LMF) may initiate a DL and UL carrier phase positioning on the same frequency at the gNBs and the UE. After the initiation, the LMF may, at 405, request the UE to provide IA measurements. According to certain example embodiments, the LMF may request this IA when the positioning requirements have a high accuracy target, or the LMF may be triggered by a previous poor estimation quality. Further, at 410, the gNBs may transmit the CP-PRS to the UE, and the UE may, at 415, solve the IA problem. In certain example embodiments, the CP-PRS transmission may be periodic or on-demand, and may be sent when the LMF requests that CP-PRS are configured. According to other example embodiments, the UE may independently solve the IA problem using DL signals. For instance, the IA problem may be solved using, for example, a mixed integer solution or other tools from optimization or other solutions from the RTK-GNSS literature (e.g., LAMBDA method). Additionally, in certain example embodiments, the solutions here may be the estimated integer, separate from the phase measurement. Once the UE completes solving the IA problem, the UE may, at 420, transmit the CP-PRS to the gNBs. According to certain example embodiments, the CP-PRS sent by the gNB at 410 may be the same or different than the CP-PRS sent by the UE at 420. Further, in some example embodiments, the CP-PRS transmitted by the UE may be an UL CP-PRS while the CP-PRS sent by the gNBs may be a DL CP-PRS. At 425, the gNBs may independently solve the IA problem based on the CP-PRS using UL signals. At 430 and 435, the UE and gNBs may respectively transmit a report of the estimated integer and phase measurement obtained at the UE and the gNBs to the LMF. In certain example embodiments, the integer may be a differential value (e.g., between two gNBs). In other example embodiments, the reports from the UE and gNBs may include multiple possible integer values, and the LMF may further process the set of values. In addition, according to other example embodiments, the integer values may identified with confidence levels. In certain example embodiments, the confidence levels may correspond to a confidence of 95% the integer is within X values of the estimated value.

[0041] At 440, the LMF may use the received estimates to determine if the UL and DL estimates are aligned. According to certain example embodiments, both integer estimates may be the same since they are measured on the same carrier frequency. At 445, the LMF may take action if the integers are not aligned. In addition, at 450, if the integers are not aligned, the LMF may trigger an appropriate action to resolve the issue. According to certain example embodiments, if the UL and DL integer estimates are aligned, then it may be determined that further integrity (i.e., measure of the trust that can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by a navigation system) has been achieved, and the carrier phase positioning may continue as normal. In certain example embodiments, if the UL and DL frequencies are the same, then the UL and DL integer estimates may be aligned if they are the same. On the other hand, if the frequencies are different, then they may be aligned if the integer values multiplied by their respective wavelengths are equal. For example, if a UE uses 2 GHz in UL and a gNB reports a solution of 50 for the IA problem, and the gNB uses 4 GHz in DL and the UE reports a solution of 100 for the IA problem, then in fact these are aligned. According to some example embodiments, the LMF may use this check as part of the overall integrity computation/report which is reported to the locations services (LCS) client.

[0042] If, on the other hand, the LMF determines that the integers are not aligned, the LMF may take certain actions. For example, these actions may include one or a combination of discarding any phase measurements from the gNBs that have a mismatch, using DL or UL phase measurement if one direction has a much lower quality (e.g., low link quality in UL), solving a trilateration using both values and then computing an additional quality metric to determine which value is more likely to be correct, or triggering a reiteration (i.e., redo) of the IA problem (i.e., re-send CPRS and solve the IA problem again). In other example embodiments, the estimated integers may also be discarded for the link where they are not aligned (i.e., the LMF may remove the TRP from the positioning calculations). [0043] According to certain example embodiments, in the case where the phase measurements from the gNBs are discarded when there is a mismatch, the LMF may filter out links that are less likely to have accurate estimates before performing the final position calculation. In some example embodiments, this may be run locally at the LMF or by sending some additional information to the UE in UE-based positioning. According to certain example embodiments, the additional information may identify which links/gNBs to remove from the positioning calculations (i.e., which links have a mismatch).

[0044] In certain example embodiments, in the case where DL or UL phase measurements are used based on link quality, this option may be used if one of the links has a lower quality (e.g., UE at cell edge has poor UL channel). In this case, the UL phase measurements may be subject to higher noise, and therefore be less accurate. In some example embodiments, this option may be implemented at mmWave or frequency division duplex (FDD) when the channel is not fully reciprocal. In other example embodiments, this option may be utilized to ensure that the phase measurements used for the final calculation are the highest quality available.

[0045] According to certain example embodiments, in the case where trilateration is solved, multiple final location estimates may be reported along with their confidence level. According to certain example embodiments, the UE may perform this reporting (if in UE-based mode), or the LMF may perform this reporting (to the positioning client (i.e., entity requesting the positioning information)). In certain example embodiments, the quality metric may be computed based on a sum of the individual measurement qualities (e.g., sum of RSRP values). According to other example embodiments, another metric quality may be computed as the likelihood of a certain value being true given other measurements and past information at the LMF. For instance, an integer value estimate may be given a high quality if the distance to the UE correlates well with the current timing advance (TA) value of the UE.

[0046] In certain example embodiments, in the case of when a redo is triggered, this may include a re-triggering of phase tracking. In other example embodiments, this option may include a switch of frequencies used for additional frequencies being configured to the UE for CP-PRS transmission/reception. In some example embodiments, multiple frequencies per link (same frequencies in UL and DL), for example, carrier aggregation, may be used to further improve reliability and allow all entities to solve the ambiguity problem locally.

[0047] According to certain example embodiments, the quality metric for phase measurement or IA estimate may be understood as measured reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), or received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the carrier. According to other example embodiments, the LMF functionality may be partly or fully handled by the location management component (LMC). For instance, in some example embodiments, all or part of the signaling flows may terminate to the LMC, and the LMC may perform the explained computation. In addition, the LMC may be, for example, a node in the radio access network (RAN), or a functionality integrated into the gNB.

[0048] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of another signal flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments. For instance, the example flow diagram of FIG. 5 illustrates an IA being fully solved by the LMF, according to certain example embodiments. That is, in certain example embodiments the LMF may at least partially assist in the IA problem by solving itself, and the UE may not need to completely solve the IA problem. As illustrated in the example signal flow diagram in FIG. 5, the LMF may solve both the UL and DL IA problem locally based on additional reports from the UE/gNBs.

[0049] As illustrated in the example signal flow diagram of FIG. 5, at 500, the LMF may initiate a DL and UL carrier phase positioning on the same frequency at the gNBs, serving gNB, and UE. At 505, the LMF may request the gNBs, serving gNB, and UE to provide phase and IA measurements. At 510, the gNBs and serving gNB may transmit CP-PRS to the UE. Similar to the description of the CP-PRS in FIG. 4, in certain example embodiments, the CP-PRS sent by the gNBs, serving gNB, and UE may be the same reference signal across different gNBs, but the configuration may slightly differ (e.g., shifted in time or frequency). At 515, the UE may count the integer number of cycles based on the received CP-PRS. In particular, according to certain example embodiments, the UE may measure a fractional part of the phase, and count the integer number of phase cycles over time when the UE is moving. According to certain example embodiments, such measurements and number of phase cycles may correspond to integer ambiguity solution results, which are not yet the solution of the IA problem, but information related to IA that helps solve the IA problem. At 520, the UE may report the results of these measurements on DL CP-PRS transmitted by multiple gNBs to the LMF.

[0050] At 525, the LMF may combine the measurement results with information from other sources such as, for example, measurements from a reference UE (e.g., PRU or reference device), and solves the DL IA problem. At 530, the UE may transmit the CP-PRS to the serving gNB and the gNBs. At 535 and 540, the serving gNB and the gNBs may respectively count the integer number of phase cycles. At 545, the serving gNB and gNBs may report the results of these measurements on UL CP-PRS transmitted by the UE. In particular, according to certain example embodiments, in the UL, the gNBs and serving gNB may perform the measurements of the fractional parts of the phase and the counting of full phase cycles, and report the results to the LMF. [0051] At 550, the LMF may solve the UL IA problem, and at 555, compare the result with the solution of the DL IA problem based on the same frequencies being used on UL and DL. Based on the comparison, the LMF may determine whether the integers are aligned. At 560, if the integers are not aligned, the LMF may take the appropriate action(s) similar to those described above with respect to FIG. 4.

[0052] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of another signal flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments. In particular, the example flow diagram of FIG. 5 illustrates an IA being solved in DL by the UE, and UL by the LMF, according to certain example embodiments. That is, FIG. 6 illustrates where the LMF solves the UL IA problem locally while the UE still determines the DL IA problems itself. As illustrated in FIG. 6, in this case, the UE may be provided with assistance information such as, for example, measurement results (e.g., time and phase measurements) from a reference UE by the LMF. [0053] As illustrated in FIG. 6, operations 600, 605, 610, and 615 may be similar to operations 500, 505, 510, and 515 of FIG. 5. At 620, the LMF may transmit assistance information on reference UE measurement results. At 625, the UE may solve the DL IA problem based on the received assistance information. The UE may also, at 630, report the estimated integer and phase measurement to the LMF, and at 635, transmit CP-PRS to the serving gNB and the gNBs. At 640 and 645, the serving gNB and gNBs may respectively count the integer number of phase cycles. Finally, operations 650, 655, 660, and 665 may be similar to operations 545, 550, 555, and 560 illustrated in FIG. 5.

[0054] According to certain example embodiments, if the UE/gNB use different carrier frequencies, then they may also report this to the LMF. The LMF may then take this into account when determining whether the IA solutions are aligned. According to some example embodiments, the LMF may accomplish this by converting the IA solutions into a distance estimate (by multiplying by the wavelength). For example, if the UE uses 2 GHz in UL and the gNB reports a solution of 50 for the IA problem, and the gNB uses 4 GHz in DL and the UE reports a solution of 100 for the IA problem, then it may be concluded that these are aligned. In certain example embodiments, since the wavelength is half in the DL as it is in the UL, the IA solutions may also scaled by this factor.

[0055] FIG. 7 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 7 may be performed by a network entity, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 7 may be performed by aUE similar to one of apparatuses 10 or 20 illustrated in FIG. 10.

[0056] According to certain example embodiments, the method of FIG. 7 may include, at 700, receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include, at 705, receiving a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The method may further include, at 710, determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the method may include, at 715, transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the method may include, at 720, reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0057] According to certain example embodiments, the solution may include an estimation of an integer value corresponding to a number of phase cycles over time, or a phase measurement and integer ambiguity solution. According to some example embodiments, the integer value may be a differential value between a plurality of second network elements. According to other example embodiments, the report may include a plurality of integer values.

[0058] In certain example embodiments, the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal may be at a same carrier-frequency as the second network element. According to certain example embodiments, the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal may each be at multiple carrier-frequencies. The method may further include receiving assistance information from the first network element. In other example embodiments, the assistance information may include measurement results from a reference user equipment. In further example embodiments, the solution may be determined based on a combination of the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the assistance information.

[0059] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a flow diagram of another method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 8 may be performed by a network entity, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3 GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 8 may be performed by a gNB similar to one of apparatuses 10 or 20 illustrated in FIG. 10.

[0060] According to certain example embodiments, the method of FIG. 8 may include, at 800, receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include, at 805, transmitting a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The method may further include, at 810, receiving an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, the method may include, at 815, determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, the method may include, at 820, reporting the solution to a network element.

[0061] According to certain example embodiments, the solution may include an estimation of an integer value corresponding to a number of phase cycles over time, or a phase measurement and integer ambiguity solution. According to some example embodiments, the integer value may be a differential value between a plurality of second network elements. According to other example embodiments, the report may include a plurality of integer values. In certain example embodiments, the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal may be at a same carrier- frequency as the second network element. According to certain example embodiments, the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal may each be at multiple carrier-frequencies.

[0062] FIG. 9 illustrates an example flow diagram of a further method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 9 may be performed by a network entity, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3 GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 9 may be performed by a core network element such as, for example, an LMF, or other core network elements similar to one of apparatuses 10 or 20 illustrated in FIG. 10.

[0063] According to certain example embodiments, the method of FIG. 9 may include, at 900, transmitting, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The method may also include, at 905, receiving, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The method may further include, at 910, determining, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the method may include, at 915, based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0064] According to certain example embodiments, the report from the user equipment may include a solution to a downlink integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure, or the report from the user equipment may include phase measurement and integer ambiguity solution results. According to some example embodiments, the report from the network element may include a solution to an uplink integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure, or the report from the network element may include phase and integer ambiguity measurement results. According to other example embodiments, when the report from the user equipment includes the phase measurement and integer ambiguity solution results, and is based on at least a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal, and the report from the network element includes the phase measurement and integer ambiguity solution results, and is based on at least an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal, the method may further include determining a solution to the downlink integer ambiguity problem and the uplink integer ambiguity problem.

[0065] In certain example embodiments, the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal may be at a same carrier-frequency as the second network element. According to certain example embodiments, the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal and the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal may each be at multiple carrier-frequencies. In other example embodiments, the additional action may include discarding any phase measurements from the network element that have a mismatch with corresponding phase measurements from the user equipment, using downlink or uplink phase measurement when there is a difference in link quality between a downlink channel quality and an uplink channel quality, solving a trilateration using the integer values, and then computing an additional quality metric to determine which integer value is more likely to be correct, or triggering a reiteration of the integer ambiguity problem.

[0066] FIG. 10 illustrates a set of apparatus 10 and 20 according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, the apparatus 10 may be a node or element in a communications network or associated with such a network, such as a UE, mobile equipment (ME), mobile station, mobile device, stationary device, loT device, or other device. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus 10 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 10.

[0067] In some example embodiments, apparatus 10 may include one or more processors, one or more computer-readable storage medium (for example, memory, storage, or the like), one or more radio access components (for example, a modem, a transceiver, or the like), and/or a user interface. In some example embodiments, apparatus 10 may be configured to operate using one or more radio access technologies, such as GSM, LTE, LTE-A, NR, 5G, WLAN, WiFi, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, NFC, MulteFire, and/or any other radio access technologies. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus 10 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 10.

[0068] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 10, apparatus 10 may include or be coupled to a processor 12 for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processor 12 may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. In fact, processor 12 may include one or more of general- purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor 12 is shown in FIG. 10, multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 10 may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processor 12 may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. According to certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster).

[0069] Processor 12 may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatus 10 including, as some examples, precoding of antenna gain/phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatus 10, including processes illustrated in FIGs. 1-7.

[0070] Apparatus 10 may further include or be coupled to a memory 14 (internal or external), which may be coupled to processor 12, for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processor 12. Memory 14 may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or nonvolatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and/or removable memory. For example, memory 14 can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory 14 may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processor 12, enable the apparatus 10 to perform tasks as described herein.

[0071] In certain example embodiments, apparatus 10 may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processor 12 and/or apparatus 10 to perform any of the methods illustrated in FIGs. 1-7.

[0072] In some example embodiments, apparatus 10 may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas 15 for receiving a downlink signal and for transmitting via an uplink from apparatus 10. Apparatus 10 may further include a transceiver 18 configured to transmit and receive information. The transceiver 18 may also include a radio interface (e.g., a modem) coupled to the antenna 15. The radio interface may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, LTE, LTE-A, 5G, NR, WLAN, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, RFID, UWB, and the like. The radio interface may include other components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters and the like), symbol demappers, signal shaping components, an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, and the like, to process symbols, such as OFDMA symbols, carried by a downlink or an uplink.

[0073] For instance, transceiver 18 may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s) 15 and demodulate information received via the antenna(s) 15 for further processing by other elements of apparatus 10. In other example embodiments, transceiver 18 may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus 10 may include an input and/or output device (I/O device). In certain example embodiments, apparatus 10 may further include a user interface, such as a graphical user interface or touchscreen.

[0074] In certain example embodiments, memory 14 stores software modules that provide functionality when executed by processor 12. The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatus 10. The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatus 10. The components of apparatus 10 may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. According to certain example embodiments, apparatus 10 may optionally be configured to communicate with apparatus 20 via a wireless or wired communications link 70 according to any radio access technology, such as NR.

[0075] According to certain example embodiments, processor 12 and memory 14 may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceiver 18 may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry.

[0076] For instance, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 10 may be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to receive a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. Apparatus 10 may also be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to receive a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. Apparatus 10 may further be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to determine a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, apparatus 10 may be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, apparatus 10 may be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to report the solution to the first network element.

[0077] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 6, apparatus 20 may be a node, core network element, or element in a communications network or associated with such a network, such as an LMF or gNB. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus 20 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 10.

[0078] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 20, apparatus 20 may include a processor 22 for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processor 22 may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. For example, processor 22 may include one or more of general- purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor 22 is shown in FIG. 20, multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 20 may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processor 22 may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. In certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster).

[0079] According to certain example embodiments, processor 22 may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatus 20, which may include, for example, precoding of antenna gain/phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatus 20, including processes illustrated in FIGs. 1-6, 8, and 9.

[0080] Apparatus 20 may further include or be coupled to a memory 24 (internal or external), which may be coupled to processor 22, for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processor 22. Memory 24 may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or nonvolatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and/or removable memory. For example, memory 24 can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory 24 may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processor 22, enable the apparatus 20 to perform tasks as described herein.

[0081] In certain example embodiments, apparatus 20 may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processor 22 and/or apparatus 20 to perform the methods illustrated in FIGs. 1-6, 8, and 9.

[0082] In certain example embodiments, apparatus 20 may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas 25 for transmitting and receiving signals and/or data to and from apparatus 20. Apparatus 20 may further include or be coupled to a transceiver 28 configured to transmit and receive information. The transceiver 28 may include, for example, a plurality of radio interfaces that may be coupled to the antenna(s) 25. The radio interfaces may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, NB- loT, LTE, 5G, WLAN, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, radio frequency identifier (RFID), ultrawideband (UWB), MulteFire, and the like. The radio interface may include components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to- analog converters and the like), mappers, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) module, and the like, to generate symbols for a transmission via one or more downlinks and to receive symbols (for example, via an uplink).

[0083] As such, transceiver 28 may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s) 25 and demodulate information received via the antenna(s) 25 for further processing by other elements of apparatus 20. In other example embodiments, transceiver 18 may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus 20 may include an input and/or output device (I/O device). [0084] In certain example embodiment, memory 24 may store software modules that provide functionality when executed by processor 22. The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatus 20. The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatus 20. The components of apparatus 20 may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software.

[0085] According to some example embodiments, processor 22 and memory 24 may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceiver 28 may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry.

[0086] As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to hardware-only circuitry implementations (e.g., analog and/or digital circuitry), combinations of hardware circuits and software, combinations of analog and/or digital hardware circuits with software/firmware, any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processors) that work together to cause an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 10 and 20) to perform various functions, and/or hardware circuit(s) and/or processor(s), or portions thereof, that use software for operation but where the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As a further example, as used herein, the term “circuitry” may also cover an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors), or portion of a hardware circuit or processor, and its accompanying software and/or firmware. The term circuitry may also cover, for example, a baseband integrated circuit in a server, cellular network node or device, or other computing or network device.

[0087] For instance, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to receive a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. Apparatus 20 may also be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to transmit a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. Apparatus 20 may further be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to receive an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. In addition, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to determine a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. Further, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to report the solution to a network element.

[0088] According to other example embodiments, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to transmit, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. Apparatus 20 may also be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to receive, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. Apparatus 20 may further be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to determine, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to, based on the determination, continue the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports.

[0089] In some example embodiments, an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 10 and/or apparatus 20) may include means for performing a method, a process, or any of the variants discussed herein. Examples of the means may include one or more processors, memory, controllers, transmitters, receivers, and/or computer program code for causing the performance of the operations.

[0090] Certain example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for performing any of the methods described herein including, for example, means for receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include means for receiving a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal from a second network element. The apparatus may further include means for determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the apparatus may include means for transmitting an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal to the second network element. Further, the apparatus may include means for reporting the solution to the first network element.

[0091] Certain example embodiments may also be directed to an apparatus that includes means for receiving a request from a first network element for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include means for transmitting a downlink carrier phase positioning reference signal to a user equipment. The apparatus may also include means for receiving an uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal from the user equipment. The apparatus may further include means for determining a solution to an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based at least on the uplink carrier phase positioning reference signal. In addition, the apparatus may include means for reporting the solution to a network element.

[0092] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for transmitting, to a user equipment and a network element, a request for integer ambiguity measurements during a carrier phase positioning procedure. The apparatus may also include means for receiving, from the user equipment and the network element, respective reports concerning an integer ambiguity problem of the carrier phase positioning procedure based on a carrier phase positioning reference signal. The apparatus may further include means for determining, based the respective reports, whether integer values in the reports are aligned. In addition, the apparatus may include means for based on the determination, continuing the carrier phase positioning procedure or performing additional action with the reports. [0093] Certain example embodiments described herein provide several technical improvements, enhancements, and /or advantages. In some example embodiments, it may be possible to achieve higher reliability/integrity of carrier phase positioning. It may also be possible to achieve higher possible accuracy, for example, after identifying a mismatch of integer estimates and taking action to address the mismatch.

[0094] A computer program product may include one or more computerexecutable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out some example embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Modifications and configurations required for implementing functionality of certain example embodiments may be performed as routine(s), which may be implemented as added or updated software routine(s). Software routine(s) may be downloaded into the apparatus.

[0095] As an example, software or a computer program code or portions of it may be in a source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers may include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and/or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers. The computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium may be a non-transitory medium. [0096] In other example embodiments, the functionality may be performed by hardware or circuitry included in an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 10 or apparatus 20), for example through the use of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any other combination of hardware and software. In yet another example embodiment, the functionality may be implemented as a signal, a non-tangible means that can be carried by an electromagnetic signal downloaded from the Internet or other network.

[0097] According to certain example embodiments, an apparatus, such as a node, device, or a corresponding component, may be configured as circuitry, a computer or a microprocessor, such as single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage capacity used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation.

[0098] One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the invention as discussed above may be practiced with procedures in a different order, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the invention has been described based upon these example embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of example embodiments. Although the above embodiments refer to 5G NR and LTE technology, the above embodiments may also apply to any other present or future 3 GPP technology, such as LTE-advanced, and/or fourth generation (4G) technology.

[0099] Partial Glossary:

[0100] 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

[0101] 5G 5th Generation

[0102] 5GCN 5G Core Network [0103] 5GS 5G System

[0104] BS Base Station

[0105] CN Core Network [0106J CP-PRS Carrier Phase - Positioning Reference Signal [0107] DL Downlink [0108] eNB Enhanced Node B

[0109] gNB 5G or Next Generation NodeB

[0110] I A Integer Ambiguity

[0111]LCS Location Services

[0112] LMC Local Location Management Component

[0113] LMF Location Management Function

[0114] LPP LTE Positioning Protocol

[0115] LTE Long Term Evolution

[0116] NR New Radio

[0117] PRS Positioning Reference Signal

[0118] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0119]RTK-GNSS Real Time Kinematic-Global Navigation Satellite

System

[0120] TDM Time Division Multiplex

[0121] UE User Equipment

[0122] UL Uplink [0123]URLLC Ultra- Reliable Low-Latency Communications