Method of making alcohols

The present invention relates to a method of making one or more alcohols, in particular. alcohols with a single hydroxy group, such as methanol and/or ethanol .

Methanol and ethanol are useful industrial chemicals which may be used to make, inter alia, biodiesel. Ethanol is typically made commercially by the hydration of ethylene or the

fermentation of starch. The ethylene is often obtained by steam cracking fossil fuels. Methanol is typically made by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst (the carbon monoxide and hydrogen often being

generated in the synthesis of methane) . There are problems with the methods described above. The synthesis of methane and hydration of ethylene rely on fossil fuel products, which may in the future become scarce and/or expensive. The fermentation of starch to produce ethanol can be expensive, depending on the price of the source of the starch (typically cassava) .

There have been attempts to make ethanol and/or methanol from waste materials or by-products. One such waste material or byproduct is glycerol . Glycerol is a by-product of the

production of biodiesel and of the processing of vegetable oils. WO2009/130452 describes a method of making methanol in which a sugar alcohol (such as glycerol) is treated with high pressure hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal hydrogenolysis catalyst. The use of high pressure hydrogen gas may be undesirable, however, because hydrogen gas is explosive and the use of high pressures requires the use of containers which can withstand the pressures used.

The method of the present invention seeks to ameliorate one or more of the problems mentioned above. There is provided in accordance with the present invention, a method of making one or more alcohols with a single hydroxy group, the method comprising contacting a polyol with a basic catalyst .

The applicant has unexpectedly discovered that it is possible to treat polyols so as to form one or more alcohols with a single hydroxy group (such as ethanol and methanol) without the use of hydrogen gas.

Therefore, the method typically comprises contacting the polyol with a basic catalyst in the absence of a flow of hydrogen gas .

The polyol is preferably in the gas phase when contacted with the catalyst .

For the avoidance of doubt, the phrase "with a single hydroxy group" means that the alcohol contains one (and only one) -OH grou .

The method is preferably is method of making one or both of methanol and ethanol. This may typically be achieved using a polyol such as ethylene glycol or glycerol, for example.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the polyol may act as a hydrogen donor.

The method may comprise contacting the polyol with a basic catalyst in the presence of water. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the water is acting as a hydrogen donor .

The polyol may typically be mixed with the water.

If the polyol is contacted with a basic catalyst in the presence of water, or if the polyol is mixed with water, the weight of the water may optionally be greater than the weight of the polyol .

If the polyol is contacted with a basic catalyst in the presence of water, or if the polyol is mixed with water the weight of polyol may be from 0.001 to 10 times the weight of the water, optionally from 0.001 to 2 times the weight of the water, optionally from 0.001 to 0.5 times the weight of the water, optionally from 0.003 to 0.1 times the weight of the water, and optionally from 0.1 to 0.5 times the weight of the water .

The term "polyol" indicates that a compound has two or more hydroxy (-OH) groups.

The polyol may comprise a polyhydroxyalkane , such as propane- 1,2-diol, propane-1 , 3-diol , propane- 1 , 2 , 3 -triol (glycerol) or butane- 1 , 4 -diol . The term "polyol" also includes sugars, such as glucose, lactose and galactose, typically monosaccharide or disaccharide sugars, especially monosaccharide sugars. The method of the present invention has been found to be

particularly effective in making methanol from glycerol.

The polyol may optionally contain up to 6 carbon atoms, and may typically contain 2, 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, and

preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms. The polyol may typically comprise up to 6 hydroxy groups, and may optionally comprise 2, 3 or 4 hydroxy groups. Optionally, hydroxy groups may be provided on adjacent carbon atoms. Typically, no carbon atom is provided with more than one hydroxy group.

The ambient pressure when the polyol is typically contacted with the catalyst is typically 5 atmospheres or less,

optionally 3 atmospheres or less, optionally 2 atmospheres or less and optionally from 1.0 to 1.5 atmospheres. The catalyst may comprise one or more metals, typically one or more alkaline earth metals (i.e. one or more of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium) and/or one or more lanthanide (such as lanthanum) . The catalyst

preferably comprises one or more of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium,

dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium. The catalyst may comprise one or more metal oxides. The catalyst may comprise one or more oxides of one or more alkaline earth metal. The catalyst may comprise one or more of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide and lanthanum oxide. The catalyst may comprise one or more oxides of one or more lanthanide. The catalyst may comprise one or more alkaline earth metal or one or more lanthanide, and a further (non-alkaline earth and non- lanthanide) metal. For example, the catalyst may further comprise lithium. The catalyst may further comprise manganese.

The catalyst may comprise magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. The catalyst may comprise from 10wt% to 90wt% magnesium oxide and from 10wt% to 90wt% calcium oxide. The catalyst may comprise from 25wt% to 75wt% magnesium oxide, and may comprise from 25wt% to 75wt% calcium oxide.

The catalyst preferably comprises magnesium oxide. Magnesium oxide is basic, yet it is relatively stable in air. This is in contrast to calcium oxide, barium oxide and strontium oxide which react in air to form a carbonate which is not an effective catalyst for the present method. Hence, it is anticipated that calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide would be effective catalysts for the method of the present invention, but that appropriate precautions would need to be taken to ensure that the surface of those materials did not become contaminated prior to use. Magnesium oxide may be made by calcining magnesium hydroxide in a gas comprising oxygen, such as air. Calcining may comprising heating

magnesium hydroxide in a gas comprising oxygen at one

temperature for an extended period of time (for example, in excess of two hours) and then heating at a second, higher temperature (optionally in a gas comprising oxygen) for an extended period of time (for example, in excess of two hours) . Magnesium oxide may be made by calcining magnesium hydroxide, then refluxing the product in a carrier liquid (such as water), then calcining the resulting product. This process produces a catalyst with a high surface area, which has proved to be desirable for the method of the present invention.

The term "metal" as used in the present application refers to elemental metals and metal ions.

The catalyst may have a BET surface area of at least lm ² g ^_1 , optionally at least 10m2g ^_1 , optionally at least 20m ² g ^_1 , typically at least 50m ² g ^"1 , especially at least 80m ² g ^_1 , more especially at least 100m ² g ^"'1 and further more especially at least 120mg ^_1 . The BET surface area was determined using the standard nitrogen adsorption technique.

The catalyst may be at a temperature of at least 200°C when contacted with the polyol during the method of the present invention, optionally at no more than 350°C and optionally at no more than 300°C. Whilst the use of a higher temperature generally increases conversion of the starting material, it has been discovered that the use of too high a temperature may, in certain circumstances, lead to an increased production of unwanted by-products. Optionally, the catalyst may be at a temperature of from 300°C to 350°C when contacted with polyol. Contacting the polyol with the catalyst may take place in a flow reactor. It is anticipated that the method of the first aspect of the present invention may be performed using non- basic metal oxides. There is therefore provided in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a method of making one or more alcohols with a single hydroxy group, the method comprising contacting a polyol with a catalyst

comprising a metal oxide. The catalyst may comprise a basic catalyst or an acidic catalyst. The method of the second aspect of the present invention may comprise those features described above in relation to the method of the first aspect of the present invention.

-The—method—of— the— fdrrst- spect—erf— t e—present— rnventiOn—may—be ^~ used to generate products other than alcohols with a single hydroxy group. In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is therefore provided a method of treating a polyol, said method comprising contacting said polyol with a basic catalyst in the presence of water at an ambient pressure of 5 atmospheres or less.

The ambient pressure when the polyol is contacted with the catalyst is typically 3 atmospheres or less, and optionally 2 atmospheres or less, and optionally from 1.0 to 1.5

atmospheres .

The method of the third aspect of the present invention may comprise those features described above in relation to the method of the first aspect of the present invention.

The catalyst used in the method of the second and third aspects of the present invention may have the characteristics and/or properties of the catalyst used in relation to the method of the first aspect of the present invention.

The invention will now be described by way of example only. Catalysts for use in examples of methods of the present invention were manufactured as follows:

Catalyst A

Magnesium hydroxide (Aldrich) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24 hours in air, then sieved using a 250-425 μνα sieve, followed by refluxing with water for 3 hours to obtain a slurry. The slurry was dried at 110 °C for 24 hours and then heated to 600°C at 10°C/min. and calcined at 600°C for 3 hours under flowing nitrogen. The BET surface area of this catalyst was determined to be 144 m ² g ^_1 .

Catalyst B

Magnesium hydroxide (Aldrich) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24 hours in air. The unsieved powder was then refluxed with water for 3 hours until a slurry was formed. The slurry was dried at 110 °C for 24 hours. The resulting material was then heated to 600°C at 10°C/min ramp, and calcined for 3 hours at 600°C under flowing nitrogen. The BET surface area of this catalyst was determined to be

107m ² g ^_1 .

Catalyst C

Magnesium hydroxide (Aldrich) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24 hours in air. The resulting material was then heated at 10°C/min. to 700°C, and then calcined at 700°C for 24 hours. The BET surface area of this catalyst was determined to be 20 m ² g ^"1 . Catalyst D

Magnesium hydroxide (Aldrich) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C in air and used directly. The BET surface area was determined to be 14 m ² g ^"1 .

Catalyst E

Catalyst A is doped with Li by placing Catalyst A in an aqueous solution of LiN0 ₃ (3wt% of lithium in water) and heating at 70°C until the excess water has evaporated to form a paste. The paste is then dried at 110 °C overnight, and the resulting product heated to 600°C at 10°C/min, and then calcined at 600°C for 3 h in air.

Catalyst F

Distilled water was added to a solution of manganese nitrate hydrate at .90°C, and stirred. The amount of water added was lOmL of water/g of support. Magnesium hydroxide (Aldrich) was added to the solution, stirring continuously until a thick slurry was formed. The slurry was dried overnight. The product was heated in air at 10°C/min ramp to 800°C and then calcined at 800°C in air for 3 hours.

Catalyst G

Ca(OH) ₂ (Sigma Aldrich- 99.99%) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24h in air. The resulting material was then refluxed with water for 3 hours. The slurry was dried at 110 °C overnight and then calcined at 600 °C for 3h under nitrogen.

In catalysts H-J below, high surface area MgO catalysts A and B were used interchangeably since catalysts A and B were found to have very similar catalytic properties, particularly in relation to the catalysis of the synthesis of ethanol and methanol from glycerol .

Catalyst H

Catalyst A or B (75wt%) was blended with Catalyst G (25wt%) and thoroughly mixed.

Catalyst I

Catalyst A or B (50wt%) was blended with Catalyst G (50wt%) and thoroughly mixed.

Catalyst J

Catalyst A. or B (25wt%) was blended with Catalyst G (75wt%) and thoroughly mixed .

Catalyst K

Sr(0H) ₂ octahydrate (Sigma Aldrich-95%) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24h in air. The resulting material was then refluxed with water for 3 hours. The slurry was dried at 110 °C overnight and then calcined at 600°C for 3 hours under nitrogen.

Catalyst L

Dilute liquid ammonia was added to a 0.33M aqueous solution of lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate until a precipitate was formed. The precipitate was aged for 2 hours, filtered and washed several times with distilled water. The precipitate was dried overnight at 110°C and activated by heating under nitrogen at a 10°C/min. ramp rate to 600 °C, and then heating at 600°C for 3 hours under nitrogen. Catalyst M

La (OH) ₃ (Sigma Aldrich- 99.9%) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24h in air. The resulting material was then refluxed with water for 3 hours. The slurry was dried at 110 °C overnight and then calcined at 600 °C for 3 hours under nitrogen.

Catalyst N

Cerium octahydrate (Sigma Aldrich-95%) was heated at 10°C/min. to 450°C and then calcined at 450°C for 24h in air. The resulting material was then refluxed with water for 3 hours. The slurry was dried at 110 °C overnight and then calcined at ^~ ¾O ^" 0 ^" °TC ^— for 3 ^~~ hours under nitrogen ⁷ .

Catalyst O

1M aqueous solution of magnesium nitrate heaxahydrate was added dropwise to a 3M solution of anhydrous strontium nitrate with vigorous stirring at 70 °C. Dilute liquid ammonia was then added until a precipitate was obtained. The solvent was allowed to evaporate at 70 °C and the precipitate was collected. The precipitate was heated at 10°C/min. ramp rate to 800°C under nitrogen and then heated at 800°C under nitrogen .

All of the above-mentioned catalysts were sieved using a 250- 425pm sieve prior to use.

The catalysts above were used in several examples of methods in accordance with the present invention as will now be described . Example 1 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol (propane-1 , 2 , 3-triol)

The reactions were carried out in a fixed bed flow reactor with an. injection pump for feed injection, a pre-heater, a reactor (in the centre of which the catalyst was placed) and a product collection trap (at 0°C) . The reaction products were analysed and structures confirmed by GC, NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS (for the confirmation of formaldehyde) . The carrier gas was helium or argon, the flow rate of which was kept constant at lOOml/min. A solution of 0.5wt% glycerol in water was passed over 0.25g of heated catalyst at a rate of lml/hour for a predetermined time (usually three hours) . In the present case, ^~~ the catalys was eated to a pr d t rmin d temperature , ^— i this case 250°C.

The conversion of glycerol for example is defined as: f C-molesof glycerolcollected

1 UU 1 UU X

C-molesof glycerolentering reactor _J

Table 1 shows how the catalytic activity of the catalysts varied .

Catalysts A-E all showed catalytic activity towards the production of ethanol and methanol from glycerol. However, catalysts A and B showed far greater % conversion of glycerol than catalysts C and D, probably on account of the higher surface areas of catalysts A and B. A comparison between

Methods 1A and IF indicates that for this particular reaction, undesirable by-products are formed after the catalyst has been used for longer periods of time (in this case 5 hours) . Time for acetaldehyde

which catalyst MeOH EtOH acetol Conversion

Method Catalyst used (or others)

S/Y S/Y S/Y (%)

(hours) S Y

1A A 3 67/13.5218/3.68 10/2 1/0.2 20

1 B B 3 60/1 1.4716/3.17 15/3 2/0.4 19

1 C C 3 62/2.5 15/0.6 5/0.2 - 4

1 D D 3 68/2.1 10/0.3 13/0.4 - 3

1 E E 3 29/2.04 44/3.1 17/1 .25 7

1 F A 5 25/4.73 8/1.56 36/7 23/4.45 19

1 G [1 ] A 3 64/10.95 18/3.2 10/1.8 1/0.3 17

1 H-[2] A 3 68/7.54 18/2 -3/0;4 OS/OA 1-1-

Table 1 - Conversion of glycerol and the selectivity (S) and yield (Y) (in C mole%) of the products recovered

[1] - performed using C ¹³ -glycerol and H ₂ 0; [2] - performed using C ¹³ -glycerol and D ₂ 0; Acetol is 1 -hydroxy-2 -propanone; acetaldehyde is ethanal . "Others" mentioned in Table 1 were one or more of ethane- 1 , 2 -diol , propane- 1 , 2 -diol and propenol .

Methods 1G and 1H were performed to investigate the source of the methanol and ethanol, and to identify the source of the hydrogen in methanol and ethanol. It was confirmed by NMR analysis that methanol and ethanol were derived from glycerol and water. In this connection, the methanol and ethanol produced in Method 1H contained C ¹³ and deuterium. The decrease in product yields in Method 1H relative to Methods 1A and 1G may be due to the isotopic effect of deuterium.

Attempts were made to reproduce Example 1 using calcium oxide as a catalyst. However, the calcium oxide demonstrated no catalytic activity. It is suspected that the calcium oxide had reacted with carbon dioxide in the air to form a shell of catalytically-inactive calcium carbonate around the calcium oxide. Given the positive results for magnesium oxide catalysts, it is expected that the more basic calcium oxide should give positive catalytic results if handled in such a way as to inhibit exposure of the calcium oxide to air or other reagents.

Example 2 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from propane- 1,3-diol

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using propane- 1 , 3 -diol instead of glycerol. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was investigated by varying the reaction time, the concentration of propane- 1 , 3 -diol , and catalyst temperature. Table 2 provides a summary of the results

obtained.

Time Concentration Catalyst

for of 1 ,3- temperature

Method which propanediol MeOH EtOH acetaldehyde Others Conversion

Catalyst catalyst (°C)

used (wt%) S ¹ /Y ² S/Y S Y S/Y (%)

(hours)

2A A 3 0.5 220 27/20 24/18.4 37/28 6/5.2 75

2B A 3 0.5 250 27/27 21/21 38/38 7/7.3 100

2C A 3 0.5 290 31/31 18/18.8 43/43.4 5/5.3 100

2D A 3 0.5 330 27/27 18/18 44/44 3.6/3.6 100

2E A 6 0.5 290 29/29 18/18.5 35/35 8/8.3 100

2F E 3 0.5 290 31/31 13/13.92 43/43 10/10.5 100

2G A 3 3 250 19/17.6 17/16 24/22 24/22 90

2H A 3 3 290 23/22.4 20/19.5 28/27.9 17/17 97

2I A 3 3 330 25/25 19/19 35/35 15/15 100

2J A 3 3 370 25/25 18/18 39/39 11/11 100

2K E 3 3 290 22/14.4 18/11.5 31/20.1 22/14.3 63

2L A (0.5g) 3 10 330 26/26 18/18.4 31/31 ' 19/19 100 Table 2 - Conversion of propane- 1 , 3 -diol and the selectivity (S) and yield (Y) (in C mole%) of the products recovered over various catalysts

The data from Table 2 indicate that catalysts A and E are effective in catalysing the generation of methanol and ethanol from propane- 1 , 3 -diol . Conversion of the diol was very high, as indicated in the table. The table indicates that conversion is sensitive to temperature; if the catalyst is at too low a temperature, then conversion is less than 100%. The data from Table 2 also indicate that this reaction may be catalysed over a wide concentration range of polyol .

"Others" in Table 2 includes propenal and propanal, and, at higher temperatures, propan-l-ol and prop-2 -en- 1 -ol .

Example 3 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from ethylene glycol (1 , 2-ethanediol)

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using ethylene glycol instead of glycerol . The temperature of the catalyst was 290°C. The effect of concentration of ethylene glycol and flow rate of the solution of ethylene glycol was investigated .

Concentration Flow rate Time for

of ethylene (ml/hour) which

Method glycol (wt%) catalyst WleOH EtOH Acetaldehyde Conversion

Catalyst used

(hours) S/Y S/Y S/Y (%)

3A A 0.5 1 3 20/4.5 68/15 1/0.3 22

3B A 0.5 1 6 18/3.759/11.9 4.5/0.9 20

3C A 3 0.5 3 21/3 50/7.1 13/1.9 14

Table 3 - Conversion of 1 , 2 -ethanediol and the selectivity (S) and yield (Y) (in C mole%) of the products recovered over various catalysts Table 3 indicates that catalyst A is an effective catalyst for the production of methanol and ethanol from ethylene glycol. However, the % conversion of ethylene glycol is a lot lower than for propane- 1 , 3 -diol . Furthermore, whilst the selectivity (and to a lesser extent the yield) for methanol seems to be relatively insensitive to reaction time and the concentration of the ethylene glycol, the yield and selectivity for ethanol seem to be sensitive to both the time for which the catalyst is used and the concentration of ethylene glycol.

Example 4 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from butane-1,4- diol

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using butane- 1 , 4 -diol instead of glycerol. The effect of catalyst temperature on catalytic activity was investigated.

Catalyst EtO

MeOH Acetaldehyde Others Conversion temperature H

Method Catalyst

Y Y Y

Y (%)

(°C)

4A A 250 2 5 0.3 53.7 84

4B A 290 2.2 5.2 0.5 77.9 87

4C A 340 3 8.6 0.1 55.3 82

4D A 390 4.3 12 1.1 68.6 97

Table 4 - Conversion of butane- 1,4-diol and the yield (Y) (in

C mole%) of the products recovered over various catalysts

Catalyst A acts as an effective catalyst in the conversion of butane-1 , 4-diol . , However , the yield of both methanol and ethanol are low compared to other polyols.

"Others" in Table 4 includes prop-2-en-l-ol and propan-l-ol Example 5 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol using MgO catalyst (catalyst A or B) - the effect of glycerol concentration at a catalyst temperature of 250 °C

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using different concentrations of glycerol at 250°C.

Product selectivities (mol %)

Glycerol conc.(wt %) Conv.(mol%)

MeOH EtOH Acetol Ethanal Acrolein EG*

0.5 ¹ 20 65 20 11 2 0 0

10 ² 5 33 0 32 7 11 17 lO ² 6 31 0 34 8 10 —IS -

CatalystΌ.25 g catalyst , ² 0.5 g catalyst , *ethylene glycol.

Table 5 - conversion of glycerol and product selectivities as a function of concentration of glycerol at 250 °C.

The data from Table 5 indicate that whilst the %conversion of glycerol and selectivity for methanol and ethanol decrease when the glycerol concentration is increased from 0.5wt% to 10wt%, there is still an appreciable amount of methanol

produced at 10wt% glycerol. It is notable that selectivity for ethanol decreases dramatically when the feed concentration of glycerol is increased from 0.5wt% to 10wt%.

Example 6 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol using MgO catalyst (catalyst A or B) - the effect of glycerol concentration at a catalyst temperature of 300 °C

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using different concentrations of glycerol at 300°C.

The data from Table 6 indicate that the %conversion of

glycerol and selectivity for methanol and ethanol change very little when the glycerol concentration is increased from 10wt% to 30wt%.

Product selectivities (mol %)

Glycerol conc.(wt %) Conv.(mol%)

MeOH EtOH Acetol Ethanal Acrolein EG

10" 25 45 25 13

20' 20 40 30 11 12

3Cr 25 37 34 14 4

¾. 5 g of catalyst, ² 0.75 g of catalyst, ³ lg of catalst

Table 6 - conversion of glycerol and product selectivities as a function of concentration of glycerol at 300°C

Example 7 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol using MgO catalyst (catalyst A or B) - the effect of catalyst temperature

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using different catalyst temperatures, but with a glycerol

concentration of 10wt% and 0.5g of catalyst.

Product selectivities (mol %)

Temperature (°C) Conv.(mol%)

MeOH EtOH Acetol Ethanal Acrolein EG

250 33 0 32 7 11 17

280 18 41 31 11

300 25 45 2 25 13 9 4 Table 7 - conversion of glycerol and product seleetivities as a function of catalyst temperature

The data from Table 7 indicate that the %conversion of

glycerol and selectivity for methanol increases when the temperature of the catalyst is increased from 250°C to 300°C.

Example 8 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol using MgO catalyst - the effect of lwt% manganese

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using different catalyst temperatures and a different catalyst, but with a glycerol concentration of 10wt%, 0.5g of catalyst.

Product seleetivities (mol %)

Catalyst Temperature (°C) Conv.{mol%)

MeOH EtOH Acetol Ethanal Acrolein EG

A or B 280 18 41 2 31 11 9 4

Table 8 - conversion of glycerol and product seleetivities as a function of temperature and as a function of the presence or absence of lwt% manganese

The data from Table 8 indicate that the %conversion of

glycerol is lower at the selected catalyst temperatures when manganese is incorporated into the MgO catalyst. The data indicated that for the catalyst incorporating the manganese, the %conversion increases from 280°C to 320°C, but for the MgO on its own, the %conversion is better at 300°C than at lower and higher temperatures.

Example 9 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol using MgO, CaO or a mixture of the two as a catalyst, as a function of temperature .

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using either magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or a mixture of the two as catalyst. The method used 10wt% glycerol and 0.5g catalyst.

In the examples below, g _Me oH kgcat. ^-1 h ^"1 refers to the mass of methanol made per kg of catalyst per hour. The data of Table 9 —i-nd-i-ea-te—fcha-1_ _^ e©nve-r-s-i-©n—i-ne-reases—w-i-th- i-ne-rea-s-i-ng- temperature . The data also indicate that catalysts containing CaO at higher temperatures (such as 320°C and 340°C) give a higher conversion than MgO alone, whilst MgO alone gives higher conversion at lower temperatures (250°C and 280°C). Selectivity for methanol appears to be better for catalysts containing CaO than for MgO alone. The data also illustrate that large amounts of methanol can be made, even at high temperatures, especially when using catalysts containing CaO.

Temperature (°C) 250 280 300 320 340 Catalysts A/B G A/B H I J G A/B H I J G A/B H I J G I G

Conversion (mol. %) 6 3 17 14 15 13 10 24 20 21 24 17 27 35 38 40 35 45 39

Selectivities (mol. %)

MeOH 31 72 41 50 63 64 65 45 51 62 60 66 41 53 62 64 62 58 51

EtOH 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 9 7 8 14

Acetol 34 6 31 15 10 17 13 22 15 1 1 17 13 26 14 11 6 12 7 2

Ethanal 8 10 11 12 7 8 9 16 11 9 8 9 14 12 11 1 1 13 13 13

Acrolein 10 5 9 11 5 5 3 9 10 6 4 2 8 9 4 2 1 4 1

Ethylene glycol 15 5 4 7 5 3 7 4 7 8 5 6 8 7 3 3 2 1 1

Propanal 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

Allyl alcohol 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

Acetone 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 6 8 gMeOH kgcat. ' h ¹ 1 1.7 4.7 4.5 6.1 6.4 4.1 7.1 7.5 8.1 10.1 7.5 7.3 13.4 14.7 16.5 14.3 16.9 12.8

Table 9 - conversion of glycerol and product selectivities | as a function of temp, and catalyst

Example 10 - synthesis of methanol and ethanol from glycerol using various catalysts as a function of temperature

The general methodology of Example 1 above was repeated using different catalyst temperatures and different catalysts, but with a glycerol concentration of 10wt%, 0.5g of catalyst. The results are shown in Tables 10 and 11 below.

The data from Tables 10 and 11 demonstrate the effect of different catalysts at different temperatures on the

production of methanol and other products. For example, Ce ₂ 0 ₃ provides a high conversion at high temperatures, and has a high selectivity for methanol at those high temperatures.

Whilst not wishing to be bound by theory,—studies—have—been- - undertaken using glycerol to determine a likely reaction mechanism. Investigations using D ₂ 0 indicate that the water is acting as a hydrogen source for the formation of methanol. The products obtained from the reaction suggest that there is catalyst -assisted C-C cracking of the glycerol to form acrolein which may then be reduced to form propanal and allyl alcohol, acetol which may be reduced to form acetone,

methanol, and an ethylene glycol radical which forms

acetaldehyde and ethylene glycol, the ethylene glycol being cleavable to form ethanol .

300 °C 320 °C 340 °C

Components

A/B G K L A/B G K L A B K L

MeOH %selectivity 45 66 61 30 41 62 55 31 51 55 32

EtOH %selectivity 2 2 3 2 2 7 8 2 14 3 2

Acetol selectivity 25 13 18 18 26 12 13 19 2 9 15

Ethanal %selectivity 13 9 9 28 14 13 12 26 13 12 27

Acrolein %selectivity 9 2 1 6 8 1 0 8 1 1 5

EG %selectivity 4 6 6 3 8 2 3 2 1 1 1

Propanal selectivity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

Allyl alcohol %selectivity 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Acetone/unknown %selectivity 0 0 3 3/8 0 3 5 4/6 8 12 9/7

Conversion % 25 17 15 15 27 35 20 20 37 28 32

S kgcat. ^{1 n 1} 7.1 7.52 5.8 3.8 7.3 14.35 7.4 4.79 12.87 10.3 7.74

Table 10

300 °C 320 °C 340 °C

Components

M N 0 M N O M N

MeOH %selectivity 33 39 55 33 41 43 35 50 4

EtOH %selectivity 2 2 3 2 3 12 2 5 1

Acetol %selectivity 20 3 19 7 2 15 8 0

Ethanal %selectivity 31 21 9 28 18 8 29 13 1

Acrolein %selectivity 8 2 2 9 1 3 6 0

EG %selectivity 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 3

Propanal %selectivity 1 4 1 2 5 1 3 3

Allyl alcohol %selectivity 0 2 1 5 1 2 1 2

Acetone/unknown %selectivity 3 7/17 3/7 4/c ) 9/13 2/12 5/10 14/10 7

Conversion % 12 25 5 16 40 13 20 50 2

SwieOH kgcat. ⁿ 3.1 7.5 2 4.2 10.3 4 5.1 16.8 8.

Table 11

The example methods above use water. It is anticipated that alternative liquids may be used.

The example methods above use magnesium oxide as a catalyst. Those skilled in the art will realise that alternative basic catalysts may be used. For example, calcium oxide may be used if surface of the calcium oxide is kept "clean" i.e. free of contaminants, such as calcium carbonate. This may be achieved by keeping calcium oxide in an inert atmosphere prior to use. Alternatively, the oxides of lanthanides may be used.

The methods above concentrate on the formation of methanol and ethanol . The method of the present invention may be used to make other mono-ols (alcohols with a single hydroxy group) .

The example methods above use a flow reactor. Those skilled in the art will realise that other reactors and methods may be used.

Where, in the foregoing description, integers or elements are mentioned which have known, obvious or foreseeable

equivalents, then such equivalents are herein incorporated as if individually set forth. Reference should be made to the claims for determining the true scope of the present

invention, which should be construed so as to encompass any such equivalents. It will also be appreciated by the reader that integers or features of the invention that are described as preferable, advantageous, convenient or the like are optional and do not limit the scope of the independent claims .