Method for preparing lamotrigine and its intermediate 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride

Field of the invention

The invention relates to an improved method for preparing 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3- dichlorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazine, also commonly known as lamotrigine and the intermediate 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride.

Background

European patent 21121 describes 3,5-diamino-6-(substituted phenyl)- 1, 2 ,4-triazines which are active in central nervous system disorders such as psychiatric and neurological disorders, and are also disclosed as anticonvulsants, for example in the treatment of epilepsy. Herein, 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazine is disclosed.

Lamotrigine can be prepared by the procedures described in, for example, European patent 21121, US patent 4,602,017 or US patent 6,111,101. In these procedures, a condensation reaction of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide with an aminoguanidine salt is carried out in a mixture of a large excess of an aqueous mineral acid such as nitric acid or sulfuric acid and a water-miscible organic solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or acetonitrile. The condensation reaction produces 2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinylamino)acetonitrile, herein referred to as the Schiff base. Further cyclisation of the Schiff base gives crude lamotrigine, which may be further purified by recrystallisation to provide lamotrigine of a pharmaceutically acceptable quality. In these preparations of lamotrigine 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide is prepared starting from 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, whereby said 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride is reacted with cuprous cyanide, possibly with potassium iodide, in the presence of an organic solvent, such as e.g. xylene. 2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride can be prepared by reacting 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid with thionyl chloride in an inert atmosphere.

As lamotrigine has emerged to be one of the more promising anti-epileptic and anticonvulsant agents for treating CNS disorders, its commercial production has assumed greater significance. Despite the several routes known for the synthesis of lamotrigine, the obtained lamotrigine may in some cases be of inadequate purity, such that administration thereof to a patient in need thereof in an appropriate pharmaceutical formulation may cause undesired side-effects.

In addition, methods described for preparing lamotrigine have disadvantages of an environmental and economical type. More in particular, the preparation of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride involves process reactions which are very cumbersome and laborious and are very costly and often generate large and harmful quantities of waste. Moreover, the obtained 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride is of a moderate and inadequate purity.

In view of the above, it is clear that there remains a need for a lamotrigine synthesis route which is safer, more environmental friendly, efficient, economical and which yields lamotrigine of a higher purity.

Therefore, an objective of the present invention is to provide an improved method for producing lamotrigine, which method would have minimal environmental impact with maximum recycling of side -products and toxic reagents and which would result in the preparation of lamotrigine in high purity.

Another objective is to develop an improved method for preparation of the 2,3- dichlorobenzoylchloride intermediate, and thus to increase the overall efficiency of processes for producing lamotrigine. Summary

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing lamotrigine [3 ,5 -diamino-6 -(2,3 -dichlorophenyl)- 1 ,2 ,4-triazine] . The present method comprises the steps of: a) providing 2,3-dichlorotoluene, b) preparing 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride by photochlorination of said 2,3- dichlorotoluene to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride and hydrolyzing said 2,3- dichlorobenzotri chloride to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, c) reacting said 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride with a metal cyanide, preferably cuprous cyanide, to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide, d) reacting said 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide with an aminoguanidine salt in aqueous mineral acid to produce the Schiff base [2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2- (guanidinylamino)acetonitrile] , e) reacting said Schiff base in a suitable solvent, with or without the presence of water, to produce lamotrigine, and f) further crystallizing and drying said lamotrigine.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for preparing 2,3 dichlorobenzoyl chloride, which comprises photochlorination of 2,3 -dichloro toluene to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride and hydrolysis of said 2,3 -dichlorobenzotri chloride to produce 2,3 -dichlorobenzoyl chloride. In the preparation of medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions it is of utmost importance that active compounds that are incorporated in such medicaments or compositions are of the highest possible purity, i.e. contain as less impurities as possible; since the presence of such impurities in the active compounds may cause serious side-effects in patients to which the compositions or medicaments are administered. In view hereof, it is also of importance that the preparation process of active compounds is adequately controlled and performed in the cleanest possible way. It is therefore also very important that especially the first reactions steps in the preparation process of active compounds are well-controlled and yield intermediates having the lowest possible amounts of impurities, since impurities in the intermediates will be further carried throughout the preparation process and ultimately remain in the final active product.

The present invention provides a solution to such problem in the preparation process of lamotrigine. The present invention provides a new process for the synthesis of high purity 3,5- diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazine using 2,3 -dichlorobenzoyl chloride as starting material. In contrast to prior art processes, the present process involves the use of 2,3- dichlorotoluene as starting material for the preparation of 2,3 -dichlorobenzoyl chloride. Moreover, 2,3 -Dichlorobenzoyl chloride that is produced by a method according to the present invention is characterized by a very high degree of purity, thus yielding low amounts of impurities. This is reflected in the fact that 2,3 dichlorobenzoyl chloride is obtained in accordance with the present method containing less than 0.1%, and for instance less than 0.08%; 0.07%; 0.06%, or even less than 0.05% of isomers, such as for instance 3,4- dichlorobenzoyl chloride isomers. Said purer 2,3 -dichlorobenzoyl chloride is therefore an ideal intermediate in the preparation of lamotrigine.

Furthermore, the lamotrigine preparation method according to this invention has several advantages in contrast to known processes. The main advantage of the present method is the production of very pure final product in high yield. In accordance with the present invention, lamotrigine is obtained showing a high purity, i.e. lower amounts of impurities.

This is reflected in the fact that the lamotrigine is obtained in accordance with the present invention wherein the amount of isomers contained in said lamotrigine is lower then 0.1%, and for instance lower than 0.08%; 0.07%; 0.06%, or even lower than 0.05%.

Further advantages of this method involve the possibility to more easily recycle reactants and to eliminate aggressive, hazardous reagents and the shorter reaction time compared to the known procedures. In a preferred embodiment, the present process allows recycling cuprous salts obtained in step c) of the process to cuprous cyanide which can be reused in the process. The obtained cuprous salts can be recycled to cuprous cyanide with a metal cyanide, preferably sodium cyanide. In another preferred embodiment, 2,3- dichlorobenzoic acid, which is formed as a side -product in the process step d), can be recycled to 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride. The latter can be re -used in the process. Preferably, 2,3- dichlorobenzoic acid is recycled to 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride using 2,3- dichlorobenzotrichloride.

In addition, another advantage is that in contrast to reactions disclosed in the prior art, 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide can be prepared in accordance with the present process in the absence of a metal iodide such as e.g. KI or NaI. Carrying out the reaction without metal iodides permits to avoid the formation of complex mixtures of inorganic salts that are difficult to separate.

Also, considerable advantage of this process is that it does not require complicated industrial equipment of expensive structural material.

Detailed description of the invention

The present invention is directed to a method for preparing lamotrigine [3,5-diamino- 6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-l,2,4-triazine] which is represented by formula (I),

(I) 2, 3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride

In a first step of the present method 2,3-dichlorotoluene is provided and further reacted to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride of formula (IV)

(IV)

In accordance with the present invention 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride is prepared by photochlorination of said 2,3-dichlorotoluene to produce 2,3 -dichlorobenzotri chloride followed by hydrolyzing 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride.

The photochlorination reaction is preferably carried out in a UV reactor. In a preferred embodiment the photochlorination reaction is performed using high pressure mercury UV lamps with a power between 2 and 40 kW and a temperature range from 60 to 140 ⁰ C, preferably 80 to 120 ⁰ C and more preferably 90 to 110 ⁰ C. UV-lamps may be doped with Cd, Tl, Ga, In, Fe, Pb or combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment UV-lamps are doped with Cd and/or Pb. Doping of the UV lamps increases the selectivity and efficacy of the photochlorination reaction. Using UV lamps further has the advantage that transfer of energy to the compound is done in a more controlled way which does not necessitate the use of a (further) catalyst or radical initiator. The present method for making 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride avoids the need to use a radical initiator, such as e.g. AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile). Advantageously, therefore also no rest products of such catalysts remain in the prepared 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride which would need to be separated. In accordance with the present process, also other types of UV lamps may be used, e.g. LED lamps.

In another preferred embodiment, the flow of chlorine applied during the photochlorination reaction is linked with the conversion of the starting material and varies between 100 % and 20 % of the initial flow, this way minimizing formation of by-products and impurities.

Preferably, the photochlorination reaction produces 2,3 -dichlorobenzotri chloride at a yield of more than 80 %; and preferably more than 85 %, more than 87 %, more than 90 %, more than 92 % and even more than 95 %. In a further preferred embodiment, the hydrolysis reaction is carried out at temperatures which are comprised between 100 and 180 ⁰ C, preferably between 120 and 160 ⁰ C, in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as metal oxides or metal chlorides, e.g. zinc chloride. Preferably, the hydrolysis reaction produces 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride at a yield of more than 50%; and preferably more than 75 %, more than 90 %, and even more than 95 %.

In addition, in accordance with the above-indicated method 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride is obtained having a very high degree of purity, preferably containing less than 0.1%, and more preferably less than 0.08%; 0.07%; 0.06%, or even less than 0.05% of isomers, e.g. 3,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride. The present invention therefore also relates to 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride which is obtained by carrying out the above-disclosed method. 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide A following step in the preparation of lamotrigine comprises reacting 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride obtained in accordance with the method as disclosed above, with a metal cyanide to produce 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide of formula (III)

(III) The present reaction may be carried out using CuCN, fresh or recovered as described below.

In a preferred embodiment, the present reaction is carried out at temperatures which are comprised between 140 and 180 ⁰ C, preferably during 4 to 10 hours.

In contrast to reactions disclosed in the prior art, the present reaction can also be carried out with recycled CuCN, even in the absence of a solvent and in the absence of an alkali metal iodide such as e.g. KI or NaI, preferably without KI or NaI. The applicant has shown that carrying out the present reaction with recycled CuCN not only reduces production costs, but also advantageously prevents the formation of toxic inorganic waste salts such as

e.g. CuCl. In contrast, in the presence of an alkali metal iodide, complex mixtures of inorganic salts are obtained that are difficult to separate. A further important advantage thereof is that the metal cyanide, preferably CuCN, applied in this reaction step can be easily recycled. More in particular, in a preferred embodiment, the inorganic salts, e.g. cuprous salts, which are formed as side -product in this reaction step, are treated with NaCN to produce the CuCN. This recycling step is therefore not only a serious improvement with respect to the cost price of the preparation method, but also with respect to toxic waste destruction/reduction, and environmental problems.

In a further preferred embodiment, after filtration of the salts, the present reaction step further comprises crystallization of the obtained 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide from a solvent such as n-hexane, n-pentane, n-heptane or petroleum ether.

2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinylamino)acetonitrile

Yet a following step in the preparation of lamotrigine comprises reacting 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl cyanide with an aminoguanidine salt in aqueous mineral acid to produce the Schiff base [2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinylamino)acetonitrile] of formula (II)

(H)

According to the process of the present invention, the condensation reaction of the aminoguanidine salt with 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide to produce the Schiff base is carried out in an aqueous mineral acid, preferably in the absence of any organic solvent.

The aminoguanidine salt is preferably selected from the group comprising bicarbonate, nitrate, sulfate and hydrochloride salts of aminoguanidine, and most preferably is aminoguanidine bicarbonate.

The aqueous mineral acid is preferably selected from the group comprising hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, or mixtures thereof, and preferably is sulfuric acid. The concentration of the mineral acid is preferably comprised between 35% v/v to 80% v/v, and more preferably comprised between 60% v/v and 80% v/v.

In a preferred embodiment of the present process, 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide is reacted with 1 to 4 molequivalent, and preferably 1.5 to 3 molequivalent of aminoguanidine salt, preferably aminoguanidine bicarbonate.

In another preferred embodiment, the 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide is added to a solution of amidoguanidine salt, preferably aminoguanidine bicarbonate, in aqueous mineral acid, preferably sulfuric acid, at a temperature comprised between 20 and 70 ⁰ C, and preferably in crystalline form.

The condensation reaction may be carried out at a temperature in the range of 40 to 80 ⁰ C, and preferably in the range of 50 to 70 ⁰ C. The reaction may be carried out for 4 to 24 hours, preferably for 6 to 10 hours. The reaction mixture is preferably stirred throughout.

The condensation reaction precipitates Schiff base salt, and the precipitated Schiff base salt preferably is then filtered. In accordance with the present invention, the present method involves the addition to the reaction mixture prior to filtration of an important amount of water, and preferably a volume of water which is equal to 20 to 40 % of the reaction mixture, facilitating filtration of the Schiff base salt. The filtrate can be used for adjusting the strength of the acid to the desired concentration in a next batch. In this manner, part of the filtrate can be recycled without affecting the quality and yield of the Schiff base. It will be appreciated that the main objective of recycling the aqueous acidic filtrate is to minimize the environmental impact of the process. The precipitate, comprising Schiff base salt is washed, preferably with water, and then resuspended in an alkaline aqueous solution giving a final pH of about 9 to 10. Aqueous solution of carbonate or hydroxide of an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium can be used or ammonium hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide. The liberated base may be filtered and dried, for example at 50 to 70 ⁰ C, to obtain the dried free Schiff base. Preferably, the Schiff base obtained in this reaction step is isolated at a yield of more than 70 % and preferably more than 80 %.

The alkaline filtrate further comprises the sodium or potassium salt of 2,3- dichlorobenzoic acid, which is formed as side -product in the reaction. Acidifying this filtrate precipitates 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid that can be isolated by means of filtration and recycled into the process as described below. The applicant has shown that starting from 2,3- dichlorobenzoic acid -which is an unavoidable side product in the total process- 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride can be recycled. In a preferred embodiment, the invention therefore relates to a method, wherein 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride is recycled from the present reaction step by reacting dried 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid-with 2,3 -dichlorobenzotri chloride. This acid can be added to the 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride in the hydrolysis reactor prior to dosing of water. Recycling of this 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid has been proven not to affect quality of the 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride obtained. This recycling step is therefore not only a serious improvement with respect to the cost price of the preparation method, but also with respect to organic waste destruction/reduction, and environmental problems.

Lamotrigine

A subsequent step in the preparation of lamotrigine comprises reacting the Schiff base obtained as disclosed above in a suitable solvent, with or without the presence of water, to produce lamotrigine. The obtained lamotrigine may be further crystallized and dried. Preferably the Schiff base is cyclised in organic solvent, with or without the presence of water, to provide lamotrigine of a pharmaceutically acceptable quality.

The organic solvent used for the cyclisation step according to the present invention is a water-miscible or a water-soluble solvent, for instance an alcohol selected from the group comprising from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol and diethylene glycol, or a solvent such as acetonitrile, or any mixtures thereof. Preferably, the organic solvent is an alcohol, most preferably n-propanol.

The cyclisation step is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range from 70 to 110 ⁰ C, preferably from 80 to 90 ⁰ C. The reaction may be conducted over a period from preferably 20 min to 300 min, more preferably 30 min to 180 min. The reaction mixture is preferably stirred throughout. At the end of the reaction, a clear solution is obtained. According to the present invention, activated carbon is then added to the clear solution, the

solution is stirred and the hot solution is filtered. The filtrate is further cooled, e.g. to 40 to 6 ⁰ C, to provide crystalline lamotrigine.

In a preferred embodiment, the crystalline lamotrigine obtained as explained above may be re-crystallized and then further dried. Preferably, lamotrigine obtained in this reaction step is isolated at a yield of more than

80 % and preferably more than 85 %.

In accordance with the present method lamotrigine is obtained having a very high degree of purity, preferably containing less than 0.1%, and more preferably less than 0.08%; 0.07%; 0.06%, or even less than 0.05% of isomers. The present invention therefore also relates to lamotrigine which is obtained by carrying out the above-disclosed method.

Therapeutic applications

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to lamotrigine obtained by the present method and therapeutic uses thereof. The lamotrigine obtained in accordance with the present invention may be provided in any suitable formulation. In an embodiment, the invention may for instance provide a solvated form of lamotrigine containing a solvate wherein the solvate may be dimethylamine, methanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran.

In one embodiment the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutic amount of lamotrigine obtained by the process according to the present invention.

The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein means that amount of active compound or component or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease being treated.

The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in a manner known per se to one of skill in the art. For this purpose, lamotrigine and one or more solid or liquid pharmaceutical excipients are brought into a suitable administration form or dosage form which can then be used as a pharmaceutical in human medicine.

Particular forms of the pharmaceutical composition may be, for example, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, tablets, capsules, nasal sprays, liposomes or micro-reservoirs, especially compositions in orally ingestible or sterile injectable form, for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions or suppositories. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition contemplated is in a dry solid form, and includes capsules, granules, tablets, pills, boluses and powders. The solid carrier may comprise one or more excipients, e.g. lactose, fillers, disintegrating agents, binders, e.g. cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or starch or anti-stick agents, e.g. magnesium stearate, to prevent tablets from adhering to tabletting equipment. Tablets, pills and boluses may be formed so as to disintegrate rapidly or to provide slow release of the active ingredient.

In another embodiment, the present pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of particles consisting of a solid dispersion of lamotrigine obtained according to the present process and one or more suitable pharmaceutically excipients. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising lamotrigine obtained by the present method and a suitable excipient selected from the group comprising lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, povidone K30, sodium starch glycollate, iron oxide yellow (E 172), magnesium stearate, calcium carbonate, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, aluminium magnesium silicate, saccharin sodium, and/or blackcurrant flavour.

Appropriate dosages of lamotrigine can be easily determined by a person of skill in the art by routine experimentation. The amount and frequency of administration will depend, of course, on such factors as the nature and severity of the indication being treated, the desired response, the condition of the individual being treated, and so forth. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the use of lamotrigine obtained by the present method as a medicament.

In another further aspect, the invention relates to the use of lamotrigine obtained by the present method for the preparation of a medicament for treating epilepsy.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of lamotrigine obtained by the present method for the preparation of a medicament for treating bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder, also known as a "manic-depressive illness" or "manic depression", is a complex mood disorder

characterized by dramatic mood swings - from hypomania and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, and then back again, often with periods of normal mood in between. Severe changes in energy and behavior go along with these changes in mood. The term "Bipolar disorder" as used herein encompasses different types of bipolar disorders such as Bipolar I disorder or Bipolar II disorder. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes (symptoms of both a mania and a depression occurring nearly every day for at least 1 week) and one or more major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder is the most severe form of the illness marked by extreme manic episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by one or more depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode. Hypomanic episodes have symptoms similar to manic episodes but are less severe, but must be clearly different from a person's non-depressed mood. For some, hypomanic episodes are not severe enough to cause notable problems in social activities or work. However, for others, they can be troublesome.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating epilepsy comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of lamotrigine obtained with the present method or a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating bipolar disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of lamotrigine obtained with the present method or a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In accordance with the method of the present invention, said pharmaceutical composition can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms. The present invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term "administering" is to be interpreted accordingly. It will be understood, however, that specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific analogue employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.

Examples

Example 1: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride

A UV photochlorination reactor was loaded with 245 g of 2,3-dichlorotoluene (1.52 moles) and 1225 g of CCl ₄ . The reactor was heated to 75 ⁰ C and chlorine was introduced at a flow of 190 g/h. At the end of the reaction, the flow is decreased to minimize break-through of chlorine. The crude mixture was analyzed showing a content of 2,3-dichlorobenzal chloride < 0.2 %. The solvent CCl ₄ was distilled from the reaction mixture at 600 to 800 mbar. The crude product was then let to distil at 13 mbar and 128 ⁰ C giving 334.2 g of 2,3- dichlorobenzotrichloride with a GC assay of 98.2 %. Yield was 81.6 %.

Example 2: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride

A reactor was loaded with 168.9 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride (assay 98.9 %, 0.63 moles). The product was heated to 100 ⁰ C and a catalytic amount of ZnCl ₂ (0.2 g) was added. The mixture was further heated to 160 ⁰ C. To the reactor was added dropwise 12.0 g of water while keeping temperature at 160 ⁰ C. Addition time was 7 hours. The crude product was then let to distil giving 120.5 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride with a GC assay of 99.7 %. Yield was 91.0 %.

Example 3: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride A UV photochlorination reactor was loaded with 220.5 g of 2,3-dichlorotoluene (1.37 moles) and 1584 g of CCl ₄ . The reactor was heated to 75 ⁰ C and chlorine was introduced at a flow of 190 g/h. At the end of the reaction, the flow was decreased to minimize break-through of chlorine. The crude mixture was analyzed showing a content of 2,3-dichlorobenzal chloride < 0.2 %. The solvent was distilled from the reaction mixture (1808 g) giving 1351 g of CCl ₄ . The crude 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride (366.5 g) had a GC assay of 96.0 %. Yield was 97.1

%.

Example 4: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride

A reactor was loaded with 366.5 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride (assay 96.0 %, 1.33 moles) and 1 g Of ZnCl ₂ . The mixture was heated to 160-165 ⁰ C. To the reactor was added dropwise

24.0 g of water while keeping temperature at 160-165 ⁰ C. Addition time was 1 hour. The

crude product was then let to distil giving 247.9 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride with a GC assay of 98.9 %. Residue was 23.0 g. Yield was 88.0 %.

Example 5: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride A UV photochlorination reactor was loaded with 1042 g of 2,3-dichlorotoluene (6.47 moles). The reactor was heated to 100 ⁰ C and chlorine was introduced at a flow of 370 g/h. At the end of the reaction, the flow was decreased to 40 g/h to minimize break-through of chlorine. The crude mixture was analysed showing a content of 2,3-dichlorobenzal chloride of 0.3 %. The 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride (1675.5 g) was obtained with a GC assay of 97.2 %. Yield was 95.2 %.

Example 6: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide

A reactor was loaded with 350.0 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (1.67 moles) and 200.0 g of cuprous cyanide. The mixture was heated to 160-165 ⁰ C and stirred at this temperature for 7 hours. The mixture was cooled to 85 ⁰ C and 1200 ml of toluene was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 60 ⁰ C, cooled to 15 ⁰ C and the inorganic salts were filtrated. The solvent toluene was distilled from the filtrate at 55 ⁰ C under reduced pressure. The crude product was crystallised from petroleum ether giving 323.3 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide with an assay of 97.4 %. Yield was 94.2 %.

Example 7: Recuperation of cuprous cyanide

A reactor was loaded with 300 g of water and 167.2 g of crude CuCl that was filtered during a preparation of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide. The mixture was heated to 100 ⁰ C and to the reactor was added dropwise a solution of 63.5 g sodium cyanide (1.30 moles) in 300 g of water. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 100 ⁰ C, cooled to 20 ⁰ C, stirred for 1 hour at 20 ⁰ C, filtered and washed with 200 ml of methanol. The filtered cuprous cyanide is dried at 80 ⁰ C under reduced pressure. Yield of recovered cuprous cyanide is 94.2 %.

Example 8: Synthesis of2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(suanidinylamino)acetonitrile A 3L reactor was loaded with 982 g of water. To the reactor was added 1808 g of H2SO4 keeping temperature below 90 ⁰ C. The solution was cooled down to 25 ⁰ C. To the reactor was

added 272.1 g of aminoguanidine bicarbonate (2.0 moles) in small portions to control CO2 evolution. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Then 200.0 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide (1.0 mole) was added to the aminoguanidine solution. The mixture was heated gently to 60 ⁰ C and stirred for 6 hours at 60 ⁰ C. The mixture was cooled down to 20 ⁰ C and 982 g of water was slowly added keeping temperature below 24 ⁰ C. Addition time was 30 min. The precipitate was filtered and washed three times with 500 g portions of water.

A 3 L reactor was loaded with 840 g of water and 45 g of NaOH. The content was stirred at 25 ⁰ C. To the flask was added portionwise the wet crude filtered cake. The suspension was heated to 60 ⁰ C, stirred for 1 hour at 60 ⁰ C and filtered while warm. The precipitate was washed three times with 400 g portions of water. The wet cake (496.0 g) was dried at 70 ⁰ C and P < 50 mbar, giving 198.2 g of 2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinylamino)acetonitrile with HPLC assay of 99.2 %. Yield was 76.8 %.

Example 9: Synthesis of2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(suanidinylamino)acetonitrile

A 3L reactor was loaded with 982 g of water. To the reactor was added 1808 g of H2SO4 keeping temperature below 90 ⁰ C. The solution was cooled down to 25 ⁰ C. To the reactor was added 408.4 g of aminoguanidine bicarbonate (3.0 moles) in small portions to control CO2 evolution. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Then 200.0 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide (1.0 mole) was added to the aminoguanidine solution. The mixture was heated gently to 60 ⁰ C and stirred for 6 hours at 60 ⁰ C. The mixture was cooled down to 20 ⁰ C and 982 g of water was slowly added keeping temperature below 24 ⁰ C. Addition time was 30 min. The precipitate was filtered and washed three times with 500 g portions of water.

A 3 L reactor was loaded with 840 g of water and 40 g of NaOH. The content was stirred at 25 ⁰ C. To the flask was added portionwise the wet crude filtered cake. The suspension was heated to 60 ⁰ C, stirred for 1 hour at 60 ⁰ C and filtered while warm. The precipitate was washed three times with 400 g portions of water. The wet cake was dried at 70 ⁰ C and P < 50 mbar, giving 221.8 g of 2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinylamino)acetonitrile with HPLC assay of 98.9 %. Yield was 85.6 %.

Example 10: Synthesis of 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl chloride with recovered 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid

The alkaline filtrates of example 8 were combined and treated with concentrated HCl until having a suspension at pH 1-2. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried at 60 ⁰ C and reduced pressure to give 22.9 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid. A reactor was loaded with 352.3 g of 2,3-dichlorobenzotrichloride (assay 96.4 %, 1.28 moles) and 1 g Of ZnCl ₂ . The mixture was heated to 160-165 ⁰ C. To the reactor was added portionwise the 22.9 g of 2,3- dichlorobenzoic acid followed by dropwise addition of 21.0 g of water while keeping temperature at 160-165 ⁰ C. The crude product was then let to distil giving 261.9 g of 2,3- dichlorobenzoyl chloride with a GC assay of 99.1 %. Yield was 88.5 %.

Example 11: Synthesis of Lamotrisine

A 1OL reactor was loaded with 3521 g of R-propanol, 1200 g of water and 400.0 g of 2-(2,3- dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinylamino)acetonitrile (1.56 moles). The suspension was stirred and gently heated to 87 ⁰ C. Stirring was continued for 2 h 10 min at 87 ⁰ C until reaction was complete. To the reactor was added 30 g of charcoal and stirring at 87 ⁰ C was continued for another 40 min. The charcoal was filtered warm over a glass filter and was washed with 100 g of R-propanol. The warm filtrate was stirred well and gently let to cool down to 40 ⁰ C. When reaching 40 ⁰ C, external cooling was applied and the mixture was gradually cooled down from 40 ⁰ C to 8 ⁰ C in 6 hours. The mixture was stirred at 8 ⁰ C overnight. The precipitate was filtered and washed three times with 250 g portions of R-propanol. The wet precipitate was dried for 1.5 h at 50 ⁰ C and 10 mbar, followed by 2 h at 100 ⁰ C and 7 mbar, giving 352.9 g of Lamotrigine (HPLC assay 99.9 %). Yield was 88.2 %.

Example 12: Recrystallisation of Lamotrisine

A 1OL reactor was loaded with 1100 g of R-propanol, 377 g of water and 125.2 g of Lamotrigine crude (0.49 moles). The suspension was stirred and gently heated to 85 ⁰ C. To the reactor was added 14 g of charcoal and stirring at 85 ⁰ C was continued for 30 min. The charcoal was filtered warm over a glass filter and was washed with 100 g of R-propanol. The warm filtrate was stirred well and gently let to cool down to 40 ⁰ C. When reaching 40 ⁰ C, external cooling was applied and the mixture was gradually cooled down from 40 ⁰ C to 11 ⁰ C

in 6 hours. The mixture was stirred at 11 ⁰ C overnight followed by 2 h at 6 ⁰ C. The precipitate was filtered and washed three times with 80 g portions of R-propanol. The wet precipitate was dried for 1 h at 40 ⁰ C and 10 mbar, followed by 2 h at 110 ⁰ C and 10 mbar, giving 111.4 g of Lamotrigine (HPLC assay 99.9 %). Yield was 89.0 %.

Example 13: Synthesis of Lamotrisine

A 1OL reactor was loaded with 6000 g of R-propanol and 400.0 g of 2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2- (guanidinylamino)acetonitrile (1.56 moles). The suspension was stirred and gently heated to 90 ⁰ C. Stirring was continued for 2 h 45 min at 90 ⁰ C until reaction was complete. To the reactor was added 30 g of charcoal and stirring at 87 ⁰ C was continued for another 30 min. The charcoal was filtered warm over a glass filter and was washed with 100 g of R-propanol. The warm filtrate was stirred well and gently let to cool down to 40 ⁰ C. When reaching 40 ⁰ C, external cooling was applied and the mixture was gradually cooled down from 40 ⁰ C to 8 ⁰ C in 6 hours. The mixture was stirred at 8 ⁰ C overnight. The precipitate was filtered and washed three times with 185 g portions of R-propanol. The wet precipitate was dried for 1 h at 40 ⁰ C and 40 mbar, followed by 16 h at 140 ⁰ C and 8 mbar, giving 338.9 g of Lamotrigine (HPLC assay 99.9 %). Yield was 84.7 %.