BACKGROUND

[0001] Commercial gasoline, which is fuel for internal combustion engines, is a refined petroleum product that is typically a mixture of hydrocarbons (base gasoline), additives, and blending agents. Additives and blending agents are added to the base gasoline to enhance the performance and the stability of gasoline, for example octane boosters.

[0002] When used in high compression internal combustion engines, gasoline has the tendency to“knock.” Knocking occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not start off correctly in response to ignition because one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture pre-ignite outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. Anti knocking agents, also known as octane boosters, reduce the engine knocking phenomenon, and increase the octane rating of the gasoline.

[0003] Hydrocarbon cracking processes are important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries. For example, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is widely used to convert the high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and other products. Thermal cracking of naphtha and gas oil is also widely used in the petrochemical industry to produce a variety of olefins and aromatics. For example, hydrocarbon feed stocks can be mixed with steam and subjected to elevated temperatures (e.g., 700-900°C) in a steam cracker furnace 'wherein the feed stock components are cracked into various fractions. The effluent of the steam cracker can contain a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons, for example, saturated and unsaturated olefins and aromatics (C1-C35). The effluent can then be separated into individual olefins (for example, ethylene, propylene and C4’s) and pyrolysis gasoline. Recycle streams of crude hydrocarbons are often formed as by-products during these cracking processes.

[0004] The presence of isobutylene, butadiene, 1 -butene, 2-butene, and other components within the crude hydrocarbon streams can allow' for the formation of valuable alcohols and fuel additives. However, the conversion of crude hydrocarbon streams to fuel additive products can often be inefficient and costly. Furthermore, the final product specifications for such alcohols can be undesirable and can fail to meet market quality requirements. For example, alcohol products can have high levels of impurities, high Reid vapor pressures, e.g., greater than 2.0 pounds per square inch (psi) (greater than 10 kilopascals, greater than 12 kilopascals, greater than 13 kilopascals, greater than 14 kilopascals), and low octane numbers (e.g., 82 Research Octane Number (RON)), all of which correlate with poor product quality. Any improvement in these specifications and/or the efficiency of the process can provide a more valuable fuel additive product.

[0005] Thus, there is a need for an efficient method of producing fuel additives that can make use of crude hydrocarbon streams and produce final products with low impurities and high performance specifications.

SUMMARY

[0006] Disclosed, in various embodiments, are methods of producing fuel additives.

[0007] A method of producing a fuel additive comprises: passing a feed stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit producing a first process stream; passing the first process stream through a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit transforming greater than or equal to 90% by weight of the butadiene to 1 -butene and 2- hutene, preferably greater than or equal to 93%, preferably, greater than or equal to 94%, more preferably, greater than or equal to 95% producing a second process stream; passing tire second process stream through a hydration unit producing a third process stream and the fuel additive; passing the third process stream through a total hydrogenation unit producing a hydrogenated stream; and passing the hydrogenated stream to a cracker unit.

[0008] A method of producing a fuel additive comprises: passing a feed stream comprising hydrocarbons through a cracker unit producing a cracked stream; passing the cracked stream through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit to produce a first process stream, wherein methanol and isobutylene are present in the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit in a molar ratio of one mole of isobutylene to 0.1 mole to 5 moles of methanol; withdrawing a methyl tertiary butyl ether product from the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit; passing the first process stream through a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit to produce a second process stream; passing the second process stream through a hydration unit producing a third process steam, wherein a temperature within the hydration unit is 30°C to 190°C, a pressure within the hydration unit is 500 kiloPascals to 20,000 kiloPascals, and wherein greater than or equal to 0.10% of any butene present in the third process stream is converted to butanol within the hydration unit; withdrawing a fuel additive product from the hydration unit, wherein the fuel additive product comprises 1- butanol, 2-butanol, tert-hutyl alcohol, di-isobutene, or a combination thereof; passing the third process stream through a total hydrogenation unit producing a hydrogenated process stream; and recycling the hydrogenated process stream to a cracker unit. [0009] These and other features and characteristics are more particularly described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The following is a brief description of the drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike and which are presented for the purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for the purposes of limiting the same.

[0011] The FIGURE is a schematic diagram representing a unit sequence for producing fuel additives.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Disclosed herein is an efficient method of producing fuel additives that can make use of crude hydrocarbon streams and produce final products with low impurities and high performance specifications. For example, the method disclosed herein can provide a unique sequence of unit operations that converts crude hydrocarbons into valuable fuel additives, such as alcohol fuel additives. This unique sequence can significantly improve the efficiency of the process, thereby reducing total capital costs. The final fuel additive products can have levels of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, C4- dimer, or a combination thereof, for example, the final fuel additive products can have levels of the C4-dimer comprising trimethylpentane, di-isobutylene, 2,2,4 trimethylpentane, 2,3,3 trimethylpentane, or a combination thereof in an amount of 0.01 weight % to 50 weight%, based on the total weight of tire fuel additive, high octane numbers (e.g., greater than or equal to 85 RON, or greater than or equal to 87 RON), and low Reid vapor pressures of greater than or equal to 55 Kilopascals. For example, the trimethylpentane can be present in an amount of 0.1 to 25 weight percent, for example, 1 to 20 weight %. Any one or all of these properties can correlate with high performance and high market value. The method disclosed herein can also produce secondary products along with the fuel additive product. For example, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) products can be produced along with the fuel additive, thus maximizing the efficiency and productivity of the process.

[0013] A system used in the method can include a methyl tertiary butyl ether synthesis unit that can handle a butadiene concentration up to an including 45% by weight to utilize the isobutylene to produce methyl tertiary butyl ether with an external methanol stream. Such a product can be used as a fuel additive. A selective hydrogenation unit can be used to help achieve maximum increase in the production of 1 -butene and 2-butene from butadiene present in the feed stream. For example, less than or equal to 10% by weight, for example, less than or equal to 5% by weight of butadiene can be left in the feed stream after conversion to 1 -butene and 2-butene. The fuel additive can be made from, among other components, 1-butene and 2-butene together with a minimum amount (e.g., 0.1 to 15% by weight) of isobutylene. The method disclosed herein can provide two fuel additives, methyl tertiary butyl ether and another gasoline octane booster comprising mixed alcohols (i.e., C4 alcohols).

[0014] The method can include passing a feed stream of crude hydrocarbons through a MTBE unit producing a first process stream. The feed stream can first be cracked in a cracker unit to produce a cracked stream that is withdrawn from the cracker unit and passed into the MTBE unit. The MTBE unit can convert isobutylene present in the feed stream to a MTBE product. The first process stream can then be passed through a selective

hydrogenation unit, e.g., a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit, to produce a second process stream. This selective hydrogenation unit can convert the butadiene present in the first process stream to 1 -butene and 2-butene. For example, greater than or equal to 90% by weight of the butadiene present in the first process stream to 1 -butene and 2-butene, for example, greater than or equal to 93%, for example, greater than or equal to 95%, for example, greater than or equal to 95%. The selectivity for 1 -butene and 2-butene can be tuned by carbon monoxide injection as discussed in detail further herein.

[0015] Minimization of butadiene in the method can increase desirable product specifications, such as octane number. The second process stream can then be passed through a hydration unit to produce a fuel additive, for example, an alcohol fuel additive, such as a mixed alcohol fuel additive, such as a C4 alcohol fuel additive. A third process stream can also be produced in the hydration unit, which can be recycled through an additional hydrogenation unit, for example, a C4 hydrogenation unit or a total hydrogenation unit. A hydrogenated stream can be formed in the hydrogenation unit and recycled to a point prior to the MTBE unit, for example, recycled to the cracker unit, which can be a steam cracker unit. The present process can maximize product quality for a fuel additive product while also producing additional MTBE products in an efficient manner, where the MTBE products can also be used as fuel additives.

[0016] The method disclosed herein can include passing a feed stream through an olefin production unit, for example, a hydrocarbon cracking unit, for example, a catalytic and/or steam cracking unit, such that a source of the feed stream can include a product of an olefin cracking process and/or an olefin production process. The feed stream can comprise hydrocarbons, for example, C4 hydrocarbons. Additional hydrocarbons, for example, C2 and C3 hydrocarbons, can also be fed to the olefin production unit. The feed stream can then be withdrawn from the olefin production unit as a crude C4 hydrocarbon stream. The process stream produced by the olefin production unit can comprise propane, propylene, ethyl acetylene, vinyl acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,2-butadiene, isobutylene, cis-2-butene, trans-2- butene, 1 -butene, isobutane, n-butane, or a combination thereof. The total C4 olefin content of the feed stream when withdrawn from a steam cracking unit can be greater than or equal to 90% by weight and the feed stream can comprise greater than or equal to 40% by weight isobutylene. The total C4 olefin content of the feed stream when withdrawn from a fluid catalytic cracking unit can be greater than or equal to 50% by weight and the stream can comprise greater than or equal to 30% by weight isobutane.

[0017] A cracked stream withdrawn from the cracker unit can then be passed through a MTBE unit. Methanol can be fed through the MTBE unit via a methanol stream. The MTBE unit can convert isobutylene present in the cracked stream to a MTBE product. The cracked stream can be contacted with the methanol and a catalyst, for example, an acid-type ion-exchange resin catalyst, within the MTBE unit. Methanol and isobutylene can be present within the MTBE unit in a molar ratio of 1.0 mole of isobutylene to 0.05 moles to 10.0 moles of methanol, for example, one mole of isobutylene to 0.1 moles to 5.0 moles of methanol, for example, one mole of isobutylene to 0.5 moles to 2.0 moles of methanol. The MTBE product can be withdrawn from the MTBE unit via a MTBE product stream. The purity of the MTBE product can be greater than or equal to 90%. The conversion rate from isobutylene to MTBE within the MTBE unit can greater than or equal to 75%, for example, greater than or equal to 85%, for example, greater than or equal to 95%.

[0018 ] A first process stream can be withdrawn from the MTBE unit with reduced isobutylene content. For example, the first process stream exiting the MTBE unit can comprise less than or equal to 5% by weight isobutylene. A temperature within the MTBE unit can be 15°C to 150°C, for example, 35°C to 125°C. A pressure within the MTBE unit can be 500 kiloPascals to 2800 kiloPascals, for example, 1000 kiloPascals to 2000 kiloPascals, for example, 1500 kiloPascals The MTBE unit can process a stream having tire presence of butadiene in an amount of up to 45% by weight. This can be accomplished through process improvements and the insertion of chemicals in selected places in the scheme to avoid polymerization, as further described below.

[0019] The etherification of isobutylene can be carried out in two reaction stages: a) the first reactor consists of a Water Cooled Tubular Reactor (WCTR), and b ) a second adiabatic reactor. The reaction can be carried out in liquid phase over sulfonic resin catalyst with feed flows upwards through the reactor tubes whereas the reaction mixture can enter at a pressure such as to assure that the mixture stays in the liquid phase also where the highest temperature is attained. The reaction can be carried out nearly isothermally and the reaction heat can he removed by circulating temperate water in co-current flow in a closed circuit, through the shell side of the reactors. The reaction product, leaving the reactor, can be sent to a fractionation tower where MTBE product can be recovered at the bottom. The

polymerization inhibitor (e.g , a mixture of tert-butylcatechol (TBC) and methanol) can be injected in the reactors and tower overhead.

[0020] The first process stream exiting the MTBE unit can then be passed through a selective hydrogenation unit. For example, the hydrogenation unit can be a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit. The selective hydrogenation unit can convert butadiene present in the process stream to 1 -butene and 2-butene, for example, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene. The conversion rate from butadiene to 1 -butene, cis-2 -butene and trans-2-butene can be greater than or equal to 90% by weight of the butadiene to 1 -butene and 2-butene, preferably greater than or equal to 93%, preferably, greater than or equal to 94%, more preferably, greater than or equal to 95%. Propylene, ethyl acetylene, and vinyl acetylene present in the first process stream can also undergo hydrogenation within the selective hydrogenation unit. The hydrogenation unit can comprise multiple reactors in series, for example, the hydrogenation unit can comprise three reactor stages. The first two reactor stages can convert butadiene present in the first process stream to 2-butene, cis-2-butene and trans -2-butene. The first two reactor stages can comprise a selective hydrogenation catalyst. For example, the hydrogenation catalyst can comprise palladium with an aluminum base. The hydrogenation catalyst can comprise platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, copper, or a combination thereof. The catalyst can be the same for the first two reactor stages. Hydrogen can be injected into the first process stream prior to passing through the first reactor stage.

[0021] Final hydrogenation reaction of di-olefins to a desired product of mono-olefin can be achieved in tire third reactor. Carbon monoxide can be injected into the third reactor to attenuate the catalyst and minimize the isomerization reaction from 1 -butene to 2-butene. During normal operations, the desired carbon monoxide injection rate can be 2 parts per million of the feed stream to the third reactor. The rate can be increased if too much 1 -butene is being lost to 2-butene. The first process stream can then be withdrawn from the selective hydrogenation unit. Operation conditions for the selective hydrogenation unit are shown in Table 1. Temperature is reported in degrees Celsius and pressure in pounds per square inch gage and kiloPascals.

[0022] The second process stream exiting the selective hydrogenation unit can then be passed through a hydration unit to produce a third process stream and a fuel additive, for example, an alcohol additive, for example, a mixed alcohols fuel additive, for example, a C4 alcohol fuel additive. The second process stream entering the hydration unit can comprise less than or equal to 5% butadiene by weight, for example, less than or equal to 3%, for example, less than or equal to 1%. The fuel additive product can be withdrawn from the hydration unit via a product stream. Water can be fed to the hydration unit via a water stream. The hydration unit can comprise an oscillating baffle reactor, a fixed bed reactor, a membrane integrated reactor, or a combination thereof. The hydration unit can convert butene present in the second process stream to butanol. For example, greater than or equal to 0.1% by weight of the butene present in the feed stream can be converted to butanol within the hydration unit, for example, greater than or equal to 30% by weight, for example, greater than or equal to 50% by weight, for example, greater than or equal 90% by weight. The second process stream can be contacted with water and a catalyst within the hydration unit. For example, the catalyst can comprise phosphoric acid, hypophosphorous acid, an ion-exchange resin, sulfur, polystyrene, polymer, niobium oxide, or a combination thereof. Water and butene can be present within the hydration unit in a molar ratio of 1.0 mole of water to 1 mole to 20 moles of butene, for example, one mole of water to 5 moles to 10 moles of butene. A temperature within the hydration unit can be 30°C to 250°C, for example, 100°C to 200°C. A pressure within the hydration unit can be 500 kiloPascals to 20,000 kiloPascals, for example, 5000 kiloPascals to 10,000 kiloPascals, for example, 7500 kiloPascals.

[0023] The fuel additive product can comprise 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, C4~dirner, or a combination thereof, for example, the C4-dimer comprising trimethylpentane, di -isobutylene, 2,2,4 trimethylpentane, 2,3,3 trimethyipentane, or a combination thereof. The fuel additive product can comprise greater than or equal to 0.1 % by weight trimethylpentane, for example, greater than or equal to 0.5% by weight, for example, greater than or equal to 0.1 by weight. In some instances, tire fuel additive product can comprise 10% by weight to 20% by weight trimethylpentane. A research octane number of the fuel additive product can be greater than or equal to 80, for example, greater than or equal to 82, for example, greater than or equal to 85, for example, greater than or equal to 91, for example, greater than or equal to 95. A motor octane number can be greater than or equal to 70, for example, greater than or equal to 75, for example, greater than or equal to 80, for example, greater than or equal to 82, for example, greater than or equal to 85, for example, greater than or equal to 90, for example, greater than or equal to 95.

[0024] The octane number is a standard measurement used to gage the performance of an engine or fuel. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel is able to withstand before igniting. Fuels with higher octane ratings are generally used in high performance gasoline engines that need higher compression ratios. Fuels with lower octane numbers can be desirable for diesel engines because diesel engines do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air and then inject fuel into the air which is heated by compression. Gasoline engines rely on ignition of air and fuel compressed together as a mixture, which is ignited at the end of the compression stroke using spark plugs. As a result, high

compressibility of fuel is a consideration for gasoline engines.

[0025] The Research Octane Number is determined by running the fuel in a test engine at a speed of 600 revolutions per minute with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing the results with those for mixtures of iso-octane and n~ heptane. Higher octane ratings can give higher amounts of energy needed to initiate combustion. Fuels with higher octane ratings are less prone to auto-ignition and can withstand a greater rise in temperature during the compression stroke of an internal combustion engine without auto-igniting.

[0026] Reid vapor pressure is used to measure the volatility of gasoline defined as tire absolute vapor pressure exerted by a liquid at 37.8°C as determined by ASTM D-323 The test measures the vapor pressure of gasoline volatile crude oil, and other volatile petroleum products, except for liquefied petroleum gases. Reid vapor pressure is measured in kiloPascals and represents a relative pressure to atmospheric pressure since ASTM D-323 measures the gage pressure of the sample in a non-evacuated chamber. High levels of vaporization are desired for winter starting and operation and lower levels are desirable in avoiding vapor lock during summer heat. Fuel cannot be pumped when vapor is present in the fuel line and winter starting will be difficult when liquid gasoline in the combustion chambers has not vaporized. This means that the Reid vapor pressure is changed accordingly by oil producers seasonally to maintain gasoline engine reliability.

[0027] The Reid vapor pressure of the fuel additive product can be less than or equal to 75 MloPascals, for example, less than or equal to 55 kiloPascals, for example, less than or equal to 25 MloPascals. The fuel additive product can also comprise less than or equal to 1 % by weight impurities such as diene. For example, the fuel additive product can comprise less than or equal to 0.1% by weight of butylene dimers.

[0028] The third process stream can comprise 1 -butene, 2-butene, isobutane, isobutylene, n-butane, or a combination thereof. The third process stream exiting the hydration unit can be passed through a hydrogenation unit, e.g., a C4 hydrogenation unit, to produce a hydrogenated stream wherein greater than or equal to 0.01% of any butene present in the third process stream is converted to butane within the hydrogenation unit, preferably wherein the amount of butane in the hydrogenated stream is greater than or equal to 90%.

[0029] In some embodiments, the hydrogenation unit is a total hydrogenation unit.

The total hydrogenation unit converts C4 olefins into saturated hydrocarbons before recycling to steam cracker. Optionally, the hydrogenated stream can be recycled to a steam cracker unit and/or to the initial feed stream.

[0030] A more complete understanding of the components, processes, and apparatuses disclosed herein can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings. These figures (also referred to herein as“FIG.”) are merely schematic representations based on convenience and the ease of demonstrating the present disclosure, and are, therefore, not intended to indicate relative size and dimensions of the devices or components thereof and/or to define or limit the scope of the exemplary embodiments. Although specific terms are used in the following description for the sake of clarity, these terms are intended to refer only to the particular structure of the embodiments selected for illustration in the drawings, and are not intended to define or limit the scope of the disclosure. In the drawings and the following description below, it is to be understood that like numeric designations refer to components of like function.

[0031] Referring now to the FIGURE, this simplified schematic diagram represents a unit sequence 10 used in a method for producing fuel additives. The sequence 10 can include passing a first feed stream 12 comprising hydrocarbons through a hydrocarbon cracking unit 14. For example, the hydrocarbon cracking unit 14 can be a steam cracking and/or catalytic cracking unit.

[0032] A cracked process stream 16 can then be withdrawn from the cracking unit 14. The cracked process stream 16 can comprise crude hydrocarbons, for example, C4 hydrocarbons. The cracked process stream 16 can then he passed through a MTBE unit 18. Methanol can be fed through the MTBE unit 18 via stream 20. The MTBE unit 18 can convert isobutylene present in the second process stream 16 to a MTBE product 22 that can he withdrawn from the MTBE unit 18.

[0033] A first process stream 24 can then be withdrawn from the MTBE unit 18, wherein the first process stream 24 comprises a reduced isobutylene content. The first process stream 24 can then be passed through a selective hydrogenation unit 26. The hydrogenation unit 26 can be a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit and can comprise multiple reactors in series. The hydrogenation unit 26 can convert butadiene present in the stream 24 to 1 -butene and 2-butene as previously described in detail herein.

[0034] A second process stream 28 can then be withdrawn from the hydrogenation unit 26 and passed through a hydration unit 30 to produce a fuel additive 46, such as an alcohol fuel additive. The fuel additive 46 can be withdrawn from the hydration unit 30. Water can be fed to the hydration unit 30 via stream 44.

[0035] A third process stream 32 can be withdrawn from the hydration unit 30 and recycled to the initial feed stream 12. Optionally, the third process stream 32 can be passed through a total hydrogenation unit 42, e.g , a C4 hydrogenation unit, prior to returning to the feed stream 12. A hydrogenated stream 48 can be produced in the hydrogenation unit 42.

The total hydrogenation unit 42 can convert the 1 -butene and 2-butene present in the third process stream 32 to n-butane and isobutane. The resulting hydrogenated stream 48 can then be combined with the feed stream 12. Optionally, the hydrogenated stream 48 can be sent to a cracking unit, such as a steam cracking unit.

[0036] The methods disclosed herein include(s) at least the following aspects: [0037] Aspect 1 : A method of producing a fuel additive, comprising: passing a feed stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit producing a first process stream; passing the first process stream through a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit transforming greater than or equal to 90% by weight of the butadiene to 1 -butene and 2-butene, preferably greater than or equal to 93%, preferably, greater than or equal to 94%, more preferably, greater than or equal to 95% producing a second process stream; passing the second process stream through a hydration unit producing a third process stream and the fuel additive; passing the third process stream through a total hydrogenation unit producing a hydrogenated stream; and passing the hydrogenated stream to a cracker unit

[0038] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1 , wherein a source of the feed stream comprises a product of an olefin cracking process and/or an olefin production process.

[0039 ] Aspect 3: The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the feed stream comprises propane, propylene, ethyl acetylene, vinyl acetylene, 1 ,3-butadiene, 1 ,2-butadiene, isobutylene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, 1 -butene, isobutane, n-butane, or a combination thereof.

[0040] Aspect 4: The method of any of the preceding aspects, further comprising contacting the feed stream with a catalyst within the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit, wherein the catalyst comprises an acid-type ion-exchange resin.

[0041] Aspect 5: The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein a temperature within the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit is 15°C to 150°C and a pressure within the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit is 500 kiloPascals to 2800 kiloPasca1s.

[0042] Aspect 6: The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein methanol and isobutylene are present in the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit in a molar ratio of one mole of isobutylene to 0.1 mole to 5 moles of methanol.

[0043] Aspect 7: The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein greater than or equal to 0.1 % by weight of any isobutylene present in the feed stream is converted to methyl tertiary butyl ether within the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit.

[0044] Aspect 8: The method of Aspect 7, further comprising withdrawing a methyl tertiary butyl ether product from the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit.

[0045] Aspect 9: The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein the second process stream comprises less than or equal to 5.0% by weight, preferably less than or equal to 3.0%, more preferably less than or equal to 1.0% by weight butadiene prior to passing through the hydration unit. [0046] Aspect 10: The method of any of the preceding aspects, further comprising contacting the second process stream with a catalyst within the hydration unit, wherein the catalyst comprises phosphoric acid, hypophosphorous acid, ion-exchange resin, sulfur, polystyrene, polymer, niobium oxide, or a combination thereof.

[0047] Aspect 11 : The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein a temperature within the hydration unit is 30°C to 250°C and a pressure within the hydration unit is 500 kiloPascals to 20,000 kiloPascals.

[0048] Aspect 12: The method of any of the preceding aspects, wherein greater than or equal to 0.10% of any butene present in the second process stream is converted to butanol within the hydration unit, preferably 1% to 90% of any butadiene present in the second process stream is converted to butanol within the hydration unit.

[0049] Aspect 13: The method of any of the preceding aspects, further comprising withdrawing a fuel additive product from the hydration unit.

[0050] Aspect 14: The method of Aspect 13, wherein the fuel additive product comprises 1 -butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, di-isobutene, or a combination thereof.

[0051] Aspect 15: The method of Aspect 13, wherein a research octane number of the fuel additive product is greater than or equal to 80, preferably, greater than or equal to 82, more preferably, greater than or equal to 85.

[0052] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 13, wherein a Reid vapor pressure of the fuel additive product is less than or equal to 55 kiloPascals, preferably, less than or equal to 45 kiloPascals, more preferably, less than or equal to 35 kiloPascals, most preferably, less than or equal to 25 kiloPascals.

[0053] Aspect 17: The method of any of the preceding aspects, w'herein greater than or equal to 0.01%, preferably greater than or equal to 90%, of any butene present in the third process stream is converted to butane within the hydrogenation unit.

[0054] Aspect 18: A method of producing a fuel additive, comprising: passing a feed stream comprising hydrocarbons through a cracker unit producing a cracked stream; passing the cracked stream through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit to produce a first process stream, wherein methanol and isobutylene are present in the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit in a molar ratio of one mole of isobutylene to 0.1 mole to 5 moles of methanol; withdrawing a methyl tertiary butyl ether product from the methyl tertiary butyl ether unit; passing the first process stream through a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit to produce a second process stream; passing the second process stream through a hydration unit producing a third process steam, wherein a temperature within the hydration unit is 30°C to 190°C, a pressure within the hydration unit is 500 kiloPascals to 20,000 kiloPascals, and wherein greater than or equal to 0.10% of any butene present in the third process stream is converted to butanol within the hydration unit; withdrawing a fuel additive product from the hydration unit, wherein the fuel additive product comprises 1 -butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, di-isobutene, or a combination thereof; passing the third process stream through a total hydrogenation unit producing a hydrogenated process stream; and recycling the hydrogenated process stream to a cracker unit.

[0055] In general, the invention may alternately comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, any appropriate components herein disclosed. The invention may additionally, or alternatively, be formulated so as to be devoid, or substantially free, of any components, materials, ingredients, adjuvants or species used in the prior art compositions or that are otherwise not necessary to the achievement of the function and/or objectives of the present invention. The endpoints of all ranges directed to the same component or property are inclusive and independently combinable (e.g., ranges of‘‘less than or equal to 25 wt%, or 5 wt% to 20 wt%,” is inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges of“5 wt% to 25 wt%,” etc.). Disclosure of a narrower range or more specific group in addition to a broader range is not a disclaimer of the broader range or larger group. Furthermore, the terms“first,”“second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to denote one element from another. The terms“a” and“an” and“the” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. “Or” means“and/or.” The suffix“(s)” as used herein is intended to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby including one or more of that term (e.g., the film(s) includes one or more films). Reference throughout the specification to“one embodiment”,“another embodiment”,“an embodiment”, and so forth, means that a particular element (e.g., feature, structure, and/or characteristic) described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment described herein, and may or may not be present in other embodiments. In addition, it is to be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in the various embodiments.

[0056] The modifier“about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). The notation“+ 10%” means that the indicated measurement can be from an amount that is minus 10% to an amount that is plus 10% of the stated value. The terms“front”,“back”,“bottom”, and/or“top” are used herein, unless otherwise noted, merely for convenience of description, and are not limited to any one position or spatial orientation. “Optional” or“optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. A“combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, and the like. In a list of alternatively useable species,“a combination thereof’ means that the combination can include a combination of at least one element of the list with one or more like elements not named. Also,“at least one of’ means that the list is inclusive of each element individually, as well as combinations of two or more elements of the list, and combinations of at least one element of the list with like elements not named.

[0057] All cited patents, patent applications, and other references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. However, if a term in the present application contradicts or conflicts with a term in the incorporated reference, the term from the present application takes precedence over the conflicting term from the incorporated reference

[0058] While particular embodiments have been described, alternatives,

modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents that are or may be presently unforeseen may arise to applicants or others skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed and as they may be amended are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.