COAL GASIFICATION

Burl Edward Davis

Kieran Maurice O'Leary

Field

The disclosure relates generally to underground coal gasification ("UCG") and in particular to a method for automatically shortening an injection pipe.

Background

It is well known that underground coal may be gasified and the gasification of the coal process (the UCG process) produces syngas. This process involves the operation of a gasification reactor cavity (the reactor) between parallel horizontal boreholes within a coal seam that is fed with an oxidant gas, examples are air, oxygen, steam or combinations of these gases, through one borehole (the injection well). After ignition of the seam, gasification reactions between the coal and injected oxidant gases form syngas ( a mixture of CO, C0 ₂ , ¾, CH ₄ , and other gasses) and the syngas is removed via the second borehole (the product well).

In the coal gasification process, there are a number of reactions that occur which generate the syngas. Those reactions include:

C+ H ₂ 0 = ¾ + CO (Hetergeneous water-gas shift reaction)

CO+ H ₂ 0 = H ₂ + C0 ₂ (Shift conversion)

CO + 3 H ₂ = CH4 + H ₂ 0 (Methanation)

C+2H2 = CH4 (Hydrogenating gasification)

C+ 1/2 0 ₂ = CO (Partial oxidation) C+ 0 ₂ = C0 ₂ (Oxidation)

C+ C0 ₂ = 2 CO (Boudouard reaction)

In the typical UCG process, as coal is removed by the gasification process, the cavity grows in size and the coal face gradually migrates between the two boreholes as coal is removed by hot gases flowing across the face. When injection gases are fed into the reactor via a liner within the injection well, the emission point of the gas is fixed at the end of the injection well liner. With growth of the reactor, the hot reaction zone of gasification moves away from the injection point of the oxidant gases, which reduces the efficiency of the gasification process resulting in a decline in product quality. There is a known shortening of the injection point process that is known as Continuous Retracting Injection Point (CRIP).

The currently used method to maintain gas quality is to move the injection point of the oxidant gases to match the movement of the coal gasification face, so the injected gases are always accessing fresh coal and product quality is maintained. The movement of the end of the injection well liner is typically achieved by either shortening the liner by cutting off a section of the liner to relocate the delivery point for the oxidant gases, or withdrawing the liner up the injection well which moves the point of injection. The cutting of the injection well liner or withdrawing it from the injection well both achieve repositioning of the injection point, but require significant logistic operations and specialized equipment operated from the surface, to achieve the objectives. It is desirable to be able to move the injection point of the oxidant gases along with the movement of the gasification face, without the use of devices inserted into the injection well and operated from the surface, such as cutters or liner withdrawal equipment.

Thus, it is desirable to provide a method for automatically shortening a liner for underground coal gasification and it is to this end that the disclosure is directed. This sacrificial liner linkage process for shortening can apply to all UCG activities which require a repositioning of the injection point in a horizontal injection well within the coal seam.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 illustrates an example of an underground coal gasification apparatus in which the injection well liner may be shortened;

Figure 2 illustrates a close up view of a reactor and an injection well with a sacrificial liner that is used to automatically shorten the liner; Figure 3 illustrates details of the underground coal gasification process in which oxidizing gas is injected down the annulus of the injection well;

Figure 4 illustrates details of the underground coal gasification process in which a sacrificial liner linkage portion of the liner is impinged by the fire of the UCG process; and Figure 5 illustrates details of the underground coal gasification process when the sacrificial liner linkage portion is eliminated thus automatically shortening the liner.

Detailed Description of One or More Embodiments

The disclosure is particularly applicable to an underground coal gasification process (UCG) in which the injection well liner is automatically shortened for

underground coal gasification and it is in this context that the disclosure will be described.

Figure 1 illustrates an example of an underground coal gasification apparatus 10 in which the injection well liner may be shortened. The apparatus 10 may include an injection well 12, a production well 14 and an initiation well 16. During the UCG process, the injection well 12 is used to inject oxidizing gas (such as air, oxygen, steam or combinations of these gases as shown by the light blue arrow) into a reactor area 18 (also known as a gasification cavity) that is a cavity in the coal created initially by drilling and subsequently expanded by gasification of the coal. The cavity forms between the point of injection and the roof of the coal seam and laterally grows to the limit of the gasification process. During the UCG process, the production well 14 is used to extract the syngas formed during the UCG process as shown by the green arrow and the initiation well 16 is used to initiate the gasification process in a coal seam as shown by the red arrow in Figure 1. Each of the wells has a casing 20 (20i being a casing of the injection well, 20 ₂ being a casing of the production well and 2Ο ₃ being a casing of the initiation well although not shown in Figure 1) and a liner 22 (22] being a liner of the injection well, 22 ₂ being a liner of the production well and 22 ₃ being a liner of the initiation well although not shown in Figure 1) that is within each casing. A typical diameter of casing is 250mm and for a liner is 100 to 130mm. In the disclosure below, we are focused on the injection well liner 22]. During the UCG process, the coal is gasified and the gasification cavity moves away from the injection point at the end of the injection well and the injection well liner. In the example in Figure 1, a direction 24 of the gasification process is from right to left as shown by the arrow. A key aspect of the UCG process is to move the injection point of the oxidant gases to match the movement of the coal gasification face without having to cut the injection well liner or retract the injection well liner as will now be described in more detail.

Figure 2 illustrates a close up view of a reactor and a sacrificial liner linkage that is used to automatically shorten the liner. The injection well 12 has a point 30 at which the oxidizing gas is injected into the gasification cavity 18 at the end of the injection liner 22]. As shown in Figure 2, the injection well has the liner 22] and an annulus 26 between the edge of the borehole and the liner. The injection liner 22] may have one or more liner portions (such as 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d in the example in Figure 2) and one or more sacrificial liner linkages 32 (such as liner portions 32], 32 ₂ and 33 ₃ in the example shown in Figure 2) in between the liner portions. The liner 22 typically has sacrificial liner linkages at periodic intervals of 6 to 8 metres. The injection liner 22] may be made of steel (or similar material) to withstand the rigors of the UCG process. The steel may not melt/disintegrate at a temperature below 600°C. Each sacrificial liner portion 32 (that may also be known as a linkage) may be made of a material that melts/burns/disintegrates at a temperature below that at which the steel liner melts/disintegrates. For example, each sacrificial liner portion 32 may be made of fiberglass or a resin material. A typical resin is high-temperature epoxy tooling resin. The sacrificial liner linkage and liner portions are joined together by threaded joints. In one embodiment shown in Figure 2, the liner and the liner portions have a circular shape (like a pipe) while each sacrificial liner portion 32 has a square or rectangular shape. However, each sacrificial liner portion 32 may also have other shapes including a circular shape similar to the other liner portions. In the configuration shown in Figure 2, the temperature along the length of the injection well liner is less than 200 degrees Celsius and both the liner portions and sacrificial liner portions allow the oxidizing gases to flow to the gasificiation cavity internal to the liner.

Figure 3 illustrates details of the underground coal gasification process in which oxidizing gas is injected down the annulus of the injection borehole. During the UCG process, oxidizing gases 40 are sent down the annulus 26 to the gasificiation cavity 18 (not inside of the liner.) The direction of the oxidizing gases through the annulus of the injection well results in the hot zone of the reactor migrating up the injection well to a point where it impacts on a sacrificial liner linkage section of injection well liner that becomes unstable and this shortens the injection well liner to this position of liner failure. In the method, the operator can send the oxidation gas down the annulus of the injection well to draw the hot zone up the liner and shorten the liner and then send the oxidation gas inside of the liner during normal underground coal gasification. When the hot zone is drawn up into the injection well, the gasification cavity 18 has a temperature of approximately 800 -1200 degrees Celsius. The portion of the liner into which the hot zone has impinged 34 (as shown in Figure 3) may be at a temperature of about 600 degrees Celsius while the rest of the injection well liner into which the hot zone has not been drawn is still at less than 200 degrees Celsius.

When oxidant gas flow reverts to inside the injection well liner, the gases enter the reactor at the new injection point where the gases can access fresh coal and maintain high quality of the product gas.

Figure 4 illustrates details of the underground coal gasification process in which a sacrificial liner portion of the liner is impinged by the hot zone of the UCG process. As shown in Figure 4, the sacrificial liner portion that has been engulfed by the hot zone of the gasification cavity deforms, burns or melts (possibly into the gasification cavity) which results in the length of the injection well liner being automatically shortened (as shown in Figure 5) at the appropriate time so that the injection point of the oxidant gases (at the end of the liner) is automatically moved with the coal face. For example, in one embodiment, the sacrificial liner portion may melt/disintegrate at a temperature of about 350 degrees Celsius. While the foregoing has been with reference to a particular embodiment of the invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes in this embodiment may be made without departing from the principles and spirit of the disclosure, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.