| JP2002068804 | CONCRETE COMPOSITION |
| JP5378653 | Cement composition and cement-based solidifying material |
| JP2710337 | [Title of Invention] Sprayed concrete method |
OPRAVIL TOMÁŠ (CZ)
ŠOUKAL FRANTIŠEK (CZ)
HAJZLER JAN (CZ)
| US3994787A | 1976-11-30 | |||
| US3900554A | 1975-08-19 |
D. A. LEWANDOWSKI: "Design of Thermal Oxidation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds", 1999, CRC PRESS, ISBN: 978-1566704106, pages: 368
K. ANNAMALAI; I. K. PURI: "Computational Mechanics and Applied Analysis", 2006, CRC PRESS, ISBN: 978-0849320712, article "Combustion Science and Engineering", pages: 1184
ZHANGFA TONG, SUNG HYUN KIM: "Frontiers on Separation Science and Technology", 2004, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, ISBN: 9789814482332, article S. LEE; K. PARK; H.-CH. SONG; H.-CH. SHIN; E. CHUNG; J. PARK: "The study on denitrification with NaOH as additive and temperature in the NOxOUt SNCR processs", pages: 1064
H. BERNARD; Z. SIMEK; R. MALY: "All for Power", 2012, AF POWER AGENCY A.S., article "Pokrocila technologie SNCR - nove moznosti a hranice"
R.K. LYON., KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THERMAL DENO : A REVIEW
"Bobrow Test Preparation Services. CliffsAP Chemistry, 4th Edition.", 2011, HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT, ISBN: 978-0544178977, pages: 480
R. W. HEMINGWAY; J. J. KARCHESY: "Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins", 2012, SPRINGER SCIENCE & BUSINESS MEDIA, ISBN: 978-1468475111, pages: 553
M. N. BELGACEM; A. GANDINI. MONOMERS: "Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources", 2011, ELSEVIER, ISBN: 978-0080560519, pages: 560
"Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by Microorganisms and Their Metalloenzymes. Metal Ions in Biological Systems", vol. 28, 1992, CRC PRESS, ISBN: 978-0824786397, article J.A. FIELD; G. LETTINGA: "Biodegradation of Tannins. In.: H. Sigel, A. Sigel Metal Ions in Biological Systems", pages: 616
J. BODKER: "Ammonia in fly ash. Instrumentations for concrete manufacturers", DANISH TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 2006, pages 9
| C L A I M S 1. The method of stabilization of ammonia residues in the mixture containing energy by - products, characterized in that sodium hexanitrocobaltitane in the amount of 1 x 10" kg up to 3 x 10 kg per 1000 kg of energy by - product or per the mixture of energy by - products containing ammonia residues is addend to the mixture of cement or quick lime or lime water solution or plasticizer for building materials or their mixture and by - product or the mixture of by - products,forming an insoluble salt. 2. The method of stabilization of ammonia residues in the mixture according to claim 1 characterized in that the energy by - product is siliceous ash or fluidized ash or calcareous ash or high-temperature ash from coal combustion or power plant gypsum. 3. The method of stabilization of ammonia residues in the mixture according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that inorganic binder is addend to the mixture. 4. The use of the mixture containing stabilized ammonia residues according to claims 1 through 3 in building industry and in the production of building materials. |
Technical Field
The subject of the invention is the method of stabilization of ammonia residues in the mixture of cement, quicklime or lime water or plasticizer for building materials or their mixture and energy by - products or the mixture of energy by - products using sodium hexanitrocobaltitane and also the application of the mixture containing stabilized ammonia.
Background Art
The energy by - products, particularly fly ash from electrostatic or mechanic separation of particles from flue-gasses of solid and ordinarily fine-ground fuels in coal combustion power plants contain ammonia residues due to the application of selective reduction (SRC), as well as selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology. These technologies decrease the emmisions of NO x by spraying ammonia, ammonia water solution, urea or cyanuric acid into the combustion proces. Applying SNRC, the conversion ranges within 50 to 60 %. Ammonia residues (so called ammonia slip) are formed, which further react to ammonium hydrogencarbonate, ammonium nitrate, sulphate or hydrogensulphate due to the reduction processes. These compounds are then the source of ammonia which liberates from coal combustion by - products to the environment. The rate of this process is strongly enhanced by basic conditions. That limits the utilization of such raw materials in the production of Portland blended, pozzolanic and composite cements, concretes, mortars and other building materials. Also the production of stabilized material is not possible. It causes environmental burden (NH 3 is a greenhouse gas, it has long-time toxic effect on water organisms). Also the workers can be exposed (NH 3 is toxic when inhaled, causes skin burns and eye injury) when using fly ash containing the reaction products of ammonia slip in building and energetic industry as well as in other branches, in which SCR or SNCR is used. Fly ash is one of energy by - products. According to CSN EN 1414227-4 standard, replacing CSN 72 2072-7 and CSN P 72 2081-12 standards there are classic siliceous fly ash, and calcareous fluidized ash. These materials are certified as raw materials for the production of cement (SCMs, supplementary cementitious materials [¾]), and thus for the production of concretes, mortars, aerated concrete etc. Other types of energy by - products are slag, power plant gypsum and so - called stabilized fly ash (CSN 73 6124-2) containing coal combustion side products and flue gas desulphurization side products, which is used as filling material for the recultivation of exhausted mines, for the formation of landscapes, dams and wasteponds, etc. Furthermore there is aggregate fly ash bound granular mixture (CSN EN 14227-3, originally a part of CSN 73 6124-3: Stabilized fly ash) and fly ash bound ground (CSN EN 14227-14, originally partially specified in CSN 73 6125).
There are three mechanisms introduced in literature, which are applied in the combustion process when NO x is formed: nitrogen from fuel combines with oxygen from air (1), cracking of hydrocarbon chains followed by the recombination with atmospheric nitrogen, so-called Fenimor process (2) and thermaly activated reaction of atmospheric nitrogen with atmospheric oxygen, so - called thermic NO x (3). The rate, at which these three processes apply during the combustion, depends on the conditions, at which the combustion proceeds [§].
The methods of removal of nitrogen oxides (NO x , i.e.. NO and N0 2 , where the concentration is usually of NO » N0 2 [|]) from flue gas can be devided to primary actions (1), which reduce the formation of NO x by recirculation of flue gas, lowering the temperature or decreasing the fuel/air ratio, whereas the secondary actions (2) aim at removal of NO x from flue gas. Common technologies are selective catalytic reduction (SRC) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)
The principle of the method of selective catalytic reduction is spraying flue gas with diluted ammonia solution (thermal DeNO x process) or with urea (NO x OUT proces), where the reduction of nitrogen oxides proceeds at the temperature of 300 az 400 °C on the surface of oxidic catalyzer (the mixture of Ti0 2 , V 2 0 5 , W0 3 , etc. and metal Mo, W, Fe, Co, Cu,...). The idealized course of proceeding reactions can be stoichiometricaly described in the following way [|]:
(1) 4 NO + 4 NH 3 + 0 2 →4 N 2 + 6 H 2 6> ; (2) 2 N0 2 + 4 NH 3 + 0 2 →3 N 2 + 6 H 2 0 ;
(3) N0 2 + N0 2 + 2 NH3→ 2 N 2 + 3 H 2 0 .
The main advantage of SRC is high efficiency (80 to 90 %), the technology itself lays high demands on maintenance and operating conditions though. CH4, CO and H 2 are used for the reduction together with ammonia [§].
The method of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) applies spraying of ammonia (thermal DeNO x invented by Exxon Research and Eng. Co. in 1972 [§] and patented in 1975 [§]), ammonia water solution, urea (NO x OUT) or cyanuric acid (RAPENO x ) at the temperature of 870 up to 1050 °C. The technology lays high demands on the accuracy of measurement of boiler temperature profile. The efficiency also depends on the amount of used material and on elapsed time [ ]. A homogenous conversion of NO x to nitrogen and water proceeds, which can be described by following reaction [§]:
(4) CO(NH 2 ) 2 + 2 NO + l/2 0 2 →2 N 2 + C0 2 + 2 H 2 0 .
The application of urea, which decomposes with increasing temperature to ammonia (NH 2 CONH 2 + H 2 0→ 2 NH 3 + C0 2 ) is more favourable compared to toxic NH 3 due to easier storage and dosage. When the cyanuric acid is used, the process can be described as follows [2j]:
(5) (HNCO) 3 + 7 / 2 NO x → 13 /4 N 2 + 2 C0 2 + 3/ 2 H 2 0+ CO .
The efficiency of SNCR is only 50 to 60 % and so called ammonia slip is formed, which can be characterized by the presence of ammonia residues in flue gas. The amount of ammonia slip depends on normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR, which usualy ranges within 1 to 3), on temperature (so called temperature gap, which, among others, is influenced by the concentration of CO), on the type of used reagent and on other conditions of combustion process [S].
Other substances are formed from ammonia residues by following reduction reactions, namely ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium nitrate. Also ammonium sulphate and ammonium hydrogen sulphate are formed by the reaction with S0 3 . The formation of ammonia salts can result in consequential technical problems, such as corrosion or sediments formation. These substances are also the source of ammonia when being deposited or utilized together with materials, in which they are contained, particularly in building industry, because in basic environment the rate of ammonia release is significantly increased, for example by the reactions[|]:
(6) NH 4 HS0 4 + CaO + H 2 0→ CaSO, + 2H 2 0 + NH 3 (g) ;
(7) (NH4 ) 2 SO + OH-→ SO ' + H 2 0+ NH3 (g) .
Total amount of ammonia in fly ash does not usually exceed 100 mg kg " , but at certain circumstances it can be significantly higher [ 2j].
Used Literature:
[1] ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete.
[2] D. A. Lewandowski. Design of Thermal Oxidation Systems for Volatile Organic Compounds. CRC Press, 1999, 368 p. ISBN: 978-1566704106
[3] K. Annamalai, I. K. Puri. Combustion Science and Engineering. Computational Mechanics and Applied Analysis. CRC Press, 2006, 1184 p. ISBN: 978-0849320712
[4] S. Lee, K. Park, H.-Ch. Song, H.-Ch. Shin, E. Chung, J. Park. The study on denitrification with NaOH as additive and temperature in the NOxOUt SNCR processs. In.: Zhangfa Tong, Sung Hyun Kim. Frontiers on Separation Science and Technology. World Scientific, 2004, 1064 p. ISBN: 9789814482332.
[5] H. Bernard, Z. Simek, R. Maly. Pokrocila technologie SNCR - nove moznosti a hranice. All for Power. Praha: AF POWER agency a.s., 2012, roc. 6, c. 2. ISSN 1802- 8535.
[6] R.K. Lyon. Kinetics and mechanism of thermal DeNO x : A review. [7] R.K. Lyon. U.S. Patent 3, 900, 554, 1975.
[8] Bobrow Test Preparation Services. CliffsAP Chemistry, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011, 480 p. ISBN: 978-0544178977 [9] R. W. Hemingway, J. J. Karchesy. Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, 553 p. ISBN: 978-1468475111
[10] M. N. Belgacem, A. Gandini. Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources. Elsevier, 2011, 560 p. ISBN: 978-0080560519.
[11] J. A. Field, G. Lettinga. Biodegradation of Tannins. In.: H. Sigel, A. Sigel Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Volume 28: Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by Microorganisms and Their Metalloenzymes. Metal Ions in Biological Systems. CRC Press, 1992, 616 p. ISBN: 978-0824786397.
[12] J. Bodker. Ammonia in fly ash. Instrumentations for concrete manufacturers. Danish Technological Institute, 2006, 9p.
Invention Principle
The drawback presented above consists in the release of ammonia residues from energy by - products during the preparation of stabilized material, concrete and other building materials. When deposited, it is removed by the addition of sodium hexanitrocobaltitane (Na 3 [Co(N0 2 ) 6 ] to prepared products (stabilized material, concrete, another mixture). Sodium hexanitrocobaltitane reacts with ammonia displaced from ammonia salt or directly with ammonia ion in the solution to form insoluble salt, which keeps it in the mixture and effectively hinders the emmision of ammonia and thus the contamination of environment (immsion) or working space. This method can also be applied to process water and very probably also to gases.
The subject of the invention is the method of stabilization of ammonia residues in the mixture containing energy by - products. Sodium hexanitrocobaltitane is added to the mixture of cement or quick lime or lime water or plasticizer for building materials or their mixture and energy by - product or the mixture of energy by - products in the amount of 1 x 10 " kg up to 3 x 10 kg per 1000 kg of energy by - product or the mixture of energy by - products containing ammonia residues to form insoluble ammonia salt.
The energy by - product can be the siliceous fly ash or fluidized ash or calcareous ash or high-temperature ash from the combustion of coal, biomass, municipal waste and other fuel mixtures or power plant gypsum. Inorganic filler, such as sand, can be added to the mixture of inorganic or organic substance or their mixture with energy by - product or to the mixture of energy by - products and sodium hexanitrocobaltitane.
The subject of the invention is also the application of mixture containing stabilized ammonia residues in accordance with the invention in building industry and for the production of building materials.
The advantage of application of sodium hexanitrocobaltitane lays also in non - affecting the setting and hardening process. It does not destabilize heavy metals in the cement stone (by contrast it has positive effect) moreover, its anticorrosive effect on reinforcing materials can be expected, which however, due to low concentration of that substance, will be just negligible .
The effective dosage of sodium hexanitrocobaltitane depends on anaytically detrmined concentration of ammonia in fly ash and on the purity of used sodium hexanitrocobaltitane. The mixture prepared according to the invention has increased utility value; Its usage lowers the environmental burden and reduces the risk of exposition at work. The interior climate in the buildings made of such materials will be markedly improved.
The invention is further explained using the examples of invention realisation, which in no way brings any limitations to other possible solutions within the patent claims.
Examples of the Invention
Example 1
The method of production of mixture consisting of Portland cement, plasticiser, fluidized ash containing ammonia residues stabilized by sodium hexanitrocobaltitane and of normalized sand
30 g of sodium hexanitrocobaltitane (Na 3 [Co(N0 2 ) 6 ]) were added to the mixture prepared in accordance with CSN EN 196-1, containing 450 g of cement mixture, 4,5 g of plasticizer, 150 g of fliudized (calcareous) ash, 1350 g of normalized sand and 225 g of water. The measurement of gas above the concrete (IR equipped with flow KBr cell) did not detect ammonia compared to untreated refference mixture. Moreover, treated sample did not exhibit the ammonia odour compared to concrete which did not contain sodium hexanitrocobaltitane.
Example 2
The method of production of suspension from lime water solution and classic fly ash containing ammonia residues stabilized by sodium hexanitrocobaltitane
Sodium hexanitrocobaltitane (Na 3 [Co(N0 2 ) 6 ]) in the amount of 0,002 kg was added to classic fly (siliceous) ash in the amount of 100 kg. Next, filtered water suspension of calcium oxide (lime water solution) in the amount of 200 kg was added to the mixture. The measurement of gas composition above the mixture (IR equipped with flow KBr cell) revealed significantly lower amount of released ammonia, compared to untreated secondary raw material. Example 3
The method of production of mixture from lime slurry, fluidized ash containing ammonia residues stabilized by sodium hexanitrocobaltitane and from normalized sand
The mixture of fluidized ash in the amount of 250 kg and sodium hexanitrocobaltitane (Na 3 [Co(N0 2 ) ]) in the amount of 60 kg was mixed with lime slurry in the amount of 75 kg and with normalized sand in the amount of 2,6 kg (1 : 1 : 1 ; coarse : medium : fine). The measurement of gas above the concrete (IR equipped with flow KBr cell) revealed significantly lower amount of released ammonia compared to untreated secondary raw material.
Example 4
The method of production of the mixture from qiuck lime with water, high - temperature fly ash and power plant gypsum containing ammonia residues stabilized by sodium hexanitrocobaltitane
High - temperature fly ahs in the amount of 200 kg was mixed with 48 kg of quick lime with water, 10 kg of power plant gypsum and sodium hexanitrocobaltitane in the amount of 5 kg. Next the mixture was mixed with moisty bulk material (stabilized material). The measurement of gas composition above the concrete (IR equipped with flow KBr cell) revealed almost zero amount of ammonia compared to untreated secondary raw material.
Industrial Applicability
The subject of the invention eliminates the limitations arising from the presence of ammonia residues in secondary raw materials (fly ash, power plant gypsum, industrial water, etc.) and their release, which leads to increased utility value of those side products. Another indispensable, and for some products the main aspect is the elimination of environmental burden and risks of workers" exposition. The mixtures containing energy by - products prepared with sodium hexanitrocobaltitane according to the invention are applicable in energetics and building industry. They are mainly used for the preparation of stabilized material, for industrial water treatment, for the preparation of binders, mortars and concretes. They are also used in the preparation of sanitation coatings for interiors, which had already been built from materials containing the by - products with ammonia residues.