METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IMPROVED ENERGY OR HEAT UTILIZATION AND IMPROVED MODULAR CO-GENERATING DESIGN

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority from provisional patent application 60/785,465 filed

24 March 2006 and incorporated herein by reference.

PRECAUTIONARY REQUEST TO FILE AN INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION AND DESIGNATION OF ALL STATES

[0002] Should this document be filed electronically or in paper according to any procedure indicating an international application, Applicant hereby requests the filing of an international application and designation of all states. Should this application be filed in as a national application in the United States, this paragraph shall be disregarded.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

[0003] Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.71(e), applicants note that a portion of this disclosure contains material that is subject to and for which is claimed copyright protection (such as, but not limited to, source code listings, screen shots, user interfaces, or user instructions, or any other aspects of this submission for which copyright protection is or may be available in any jurisdiction.). The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records. All other rights are reserved, and all other reproduction, distribution, creation of derivative works based on the contents, public display, and public performance of the application or any part thereof are prohibited by applicable copyright law.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The present invention relates to devices, systems, and methods related to the capture, generation, and/or utilization of energy. In particular embodiments, the invention is involved with methods or systems for improved modular systems for heat capture and/or energy generation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The discussion of any work, publications, sales, or activity anywhere in this submission, including in any documents submitted with this application, shall not be taken as an admission that any such work constitutes prior art. The discussion of any activity, work, or publication herein is not an admission that such activity, work, or publication existed or was known in any particular jurisdiction.

[0006] Some earlier work discusses methods or systems for capture or generation of energy and/or heat. Examples of such earlier work is discussed in the following issued U.S. patents: 6983585, 6938423, 6895740, 6598399, 6065280.

[0007] By the early 1980s, the first generation WTE plants started to appear. In North America, these were predominately huge capacity plants equipped with inefficient pollution control and power generation equipment. Most of them emphasized disposal capacity over power generation. However, large capacity meant huge capital costs. Energy inefficiency meant many of them could not generate enough power to make them profitable. Without profit they could not keep up with the changes necessary to make them conform to new more restrictive emissions standards.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a combustion facility using a number of modules according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the outline of a single combustion facility module according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an operational configuration of a ScrubPower™ and an AddPower™ cogeneration components according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an operational configuration of a combustion module according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing aspects of a ScrubPower flu gas cleaning component according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative cogeneration system and/or method showing details of a fly ash treatment and recovery according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing aspects of an example implementation of a cogeneration system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention having multiple phases of heat recovery.

FIG. 8 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative cogeneration system and/or method providing air conditioning and hot water from a water heat pump and using solar collectors according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative cogeneration system and/or method for a smaller installation such as a home, small residence or office, or small commercial facility according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative cogeneration system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of solar generation system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative solar generation system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention.

SUMMARY [0008] According to specific embodiments, the present invention is involved with methods and/or systems and/or devices that can be used together or independently to improve energy capture, generation, recover, and/or cogeneration. In specific embodiments, the present invention can be understood as involving new business methods related to purchasing or selling or providing energy.

[0009] The invention and various specific aspects and embodiments will be better understood with reference to the following drawings and detailed descriptions. For purposes of clarity, this discussion refers to devices, methods, and concepts in terms of specific examples. However, the

invention and aspects thereof may have applications to a variety of types of devices and systems. It is therefore intended that the invention not be limited except as provided in the attached claims and equivalents.

[0010] Furthermore, it will be understood to those of skill in the art that systems and methods such as described herein can include different components and different functions in a modular fashion. Different embodiments of the invention can include different mixtures of elements and functions and may group various functions as parts of various elements. For purposes of clarity, the invention is described in terms of systems that include many different innovative components and innovative combinations of innovative components and known components. No inference should be taken to limit the invention to combinations containing all of the innovative components listed in any illustrative embodiment in this specification.

[0011] All references, publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 1. Energy Capture and/or Generation Systems

[0012] According to specific embodiments, the present invention is involved with improved systems for the generation, cogeneration, or capturing of energy from various sources, such as municipal waste, agricultural waste materials, combustible materials, solar energy, or from a waste heat source.

[0013] In particular embodiments, the invention is involved with improved energy facilities and/or methods having a modular design. For example, a modular waste to energy facility or cogeneration facility according to specific embodiments of the invention provides one or more of the following advantages: standardizing and precise manufacturing of combustion, heat capture, and/or pollution control components; facilities to be expanded as needed over time, and allows for multiple small facilities to be located locating in a distributed fashion, thus potentially reducing location/siting issues, reducing transportation costs of combustible materials, and reducing energy transmission costs. Thus, in particular embodiments, the invention allows for turn-key facilities that can be expanded or located in a distributed fashion to meet particular situations.

[0014] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to waste burning facilities that include an improved low temperature turbine (LTT) technique (referred to at times herein as AddPower™ or Add Power Technique™) or AddPower™ module to increase conversion efficiency and thereby capture a higher percentage of the energy available from the combustible material.

[0015] In further embodiments, the invention is involved with a WTE (waste-to-energy) plant that uses two power generation stages with two separate and distinct turbines with generators. In a Primary Power Generator according to the invention, water or a similar fluid, absorbs the heat produced, via a high efficiency boiler, thus creating high temperature steam. The high temperature steam has enough pressure to drive a standard steam turbine connected to a generator. In a Secondary Power Generator the spent steam, after leaving the steam turbine (now with less temperature and lower pressure) is added to the flow of hot water produced from the flue gas cleaning process using a novel wet scrubber technology. This mixture is fed to a low temperature turbine (LTT) unit connected to another generator to produce approximately 30% more electricity or other effective output. In further embodiments, a Tertiary Power Generator uses LTT technology to allow for as much as 1 megawatt (MW) of additional power production by converting the remaining flue gas heat into electricity.

[0016] According to specific embodiments of the invention, a Low Temperature Turbine (LTT) allows each energy module to produce more electricity per input (e.g., ton of waste, solar, waste heat, etc.) This technology converts otherwise wasted energy in saturated steam and flue gases to electricity using an environmentally benign fluid and turbine design. The result is up to 30% more electricity from a secondary turbine (the LTT) and standard generator, all while using the same fuel involved in the primary generation of power.

Example Operation [0017] In a particular embodiment, a lower evaporation temperature fluid in the LTT circulates in a closed loop system exchanging with the waste heat and as thermal energy is absorbed, the fluid boils, creating gas pressure that drives the secondary turbine connected to the secondary generator. Because of the properties of the fluid, all that is needed is a steady flow of heat at an optimum temperature of about 90° C and the LTT can be operated without interruption and surging or slowing down. In particular systems, the flow of waste heat at this temperature is

derived from condensing the saturated steam through a series of heat exchangers and mixing it with the hot water recovered from the wet flue gas cleaning process.

[0018] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to waste burning facilities that employ an improved technique or module for reducing the temperature, capturing heat, and reducing exhaust particles in flu gasses (referred to at times as ScrubPower™ or Scrub Power

Technique™).

[0019] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to facilities that employ an improved technique or module for a heat pump for capturing waste heat.

[0020] In further embodiments, the invention is directed to facilities that employ an improved technique or module for a heat pump for capturing solar power heat.

2. Example Modular Facilities

[0021] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a combustion facility using a number of modules according to specific embodiments of the invention. While not all embodiments of the invention will necessarily include multiple modules, the novel modular design provides a number of specific benefits as described in more detail herein. The modular design of systems can encompass the various generation and co-generation facilities described herein.

[0022] In one example embodiment, a waste-to-energy (WTE) module according to specific embodiments of the invention combusts municipal solid waste (MSW) at approximately 1100° C to generate heat used to create steam. This steam can be used to generate electricity, to distill potable water, or to provide hot water for industrial uses or residential heating. In one specific implementation, an example module can combust 180 metric tons of MSW and generate some 144 Megawatt hours of electricity, as well as 912,000 liters of potable water in one day.

[0023] As further described below, combustion modules according to specific embodiments of the invention are designed to substantially exceed known air quality standards in the United

States and Europe. Bottom and fly ash left as residue represent only around 5% of the total original volume of the waste combusted and are rendered environmentally sound by special treatments used in each plant's ash recovery processes.

[0024] An example plant module requires 12,400 cubic meters per day in cooling water, which can be salt water, and 552 cubic meters per day of process water, which cannot be salt water. If water is in short supply, it can be recycled using a cooling tower if the ambient temperature and humidity at the facility are within design limits of the cooling tower.

[0025] The ground surface area required for an example facility is 15,000 square meters or 1.5 hectares for the first module, plus 3,000 square meters or 0.3 hectares for each additional module.

[0026] Modules can include Waste Heat to Energy (WHE) systems as described herein that utilize the waste heat in the saturated steam exiting from the primary steam turbine and the waste heat recovered from the wet scrubbing of the furnace flue gases to generate additional electricity. This additional electricity allows each module to produce more electricity per ton of MSW than other WTE plants and the cooling of flue gasses facilitates low emissions.

[0027] Thus, the invention provides methods and systems for WTE plants that are cleaner, more visually pleasing in their appearance, and less costly to run than similar facilities. As an example, WTE facilities according to the invention can range in any size from one module, capable of combusting about 180 tons of waste per day and producing a minimum of 6 megawatts per hour of power, to, for example, 10 modules, capable of consuming 1800 tons of waste per day and producing 60 megawatts per hour of power.

[0028] The modular design according to specific embodiments of the invention facilitates engineering, procurement and construction, resulting in less overall time spent on each development project from approval to completion. After operation begins, the modular aspect of the design provides that during shut down, only the module requiring servicing needs to be shut down. The capacity of the plant is only affected by that one module being off line. The overall reliability of the plant is therefore assured.

[0029] The present invention furthermore provides a module design that operates cleanly enough to be situated in close proximity to residential areas. The air coming out of the flue stacks in many instances is cleaner than the ambient air of most cities. Fluid effluent is purified through sophisticated sand filters before being released into the environment. Waste brought to the plants is generally not left for longer than 3 days so there is no decaying material left out in the open.

All of the waste is stored inside storage halls that are in a constant state of air rushing in from outside, because the powerful induction fans that feed the combustion unit get their air from the storage hall itself. Fowl, smelly air does not exit the building even when trucks are offloading with the doors open.

[0030] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the outline of a single combustion facility module according to specific embodiments of the invention. This outline is provides for example purposes only and to facilitate thereby further understanding of the invention. Dimensions are in meters in this example.

Operational View Of Example Two Stage Waste Heat Capture System

[0031] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an operational configuration of a ScrubPower™ and an AddPower™ cogeneration components according to specific embodiments of the invention. The overall novel configuration of the system and methods of operation will be understood from the figure. Various details of example systems are discussed further herein.

Example 3-Phase Combustion & Automated Ash Handling

[0032] In particular embodiments, the overall cleanliness of the WTE modules is enhanced by using a highly efficient 3 phase combustion process and optionally automated ash handling.

[0033] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an operational configuration of a combustion module according to specific embodiments of the invention. This figure provides an overview of the operation and configuration of a facility that includes waste combustion according to the invention. In the figure, seen from the left, is a waste receiving system 400 with a means for delivering waste into a combustion chamber, such as the waste crane shown. Next a side view of the boiler and steam expansion chamber is shown. In one example system, an efficient boiler 404 stands atop the combustion unit 402 approximately 7 or 8 stories above the ground. A wet scrubber 408 utilizes a microscopic, electrostatically charged mist to collect dust and other airborne pollutants coming from the combustion unit. A dry fabric bag house scrubber 412 is also shown. A chemical reaction chamber 410 binds heavy metals and renders them benign before the bag house can recover them. The Low Temperature Turbine (LTT) Unit 414 captures up to 30% more electricity from the waste energy.

[0034] An example of the Phase 1 combustion process operates as follows: (1) Waste is fed into the combustor unit 402 via a moving grate; (2) hot air from prior combustion, rising through the grate, dries the waste quickly, (3) the waste then is ignited by the heat in the combustor unit and allowed to gasify, (4) the hot gases are then ignited higher up in the combustor unit generating the thermal energy needed to heat the boiler 404, which then produces the steam desired for the initial steam turbine 407 to create electricity (Phase 1). The high temperature of the efficient combustion process, reaching, for example, over 1,050 ⁰ C (1,920 ⁰ F) means that combustible material contained in the waste is destroyed and reduced to fly ash and bottom ash. (5) The fly ash and other fine particles leave the combustor unit via the flue gases, to be recovered by both wet and dry scrubbing processes. (6) The bottom ash falls to an automated conveyor system 420 which transports it to a cooling room. (7) Both the fly ash and bottom ash are automatically sorted by ash handling equipment into separate bins, including two bottom ash bins; one for material containing scrap iron and the other for mostly aggregate material resembling gravel. According to specific embodiments of the invention, scrap iron is separated from other ash using magnetic sorting and a dry process to produce clean iron scrap.

ScrubPower

[0035] In specific embodiments, portions of the system described above can be understood as comprising a ScrubPower™ wet flue gas cleaning process that uses both a wet and dry (bag house) flue gas cleaning to provide more effective cleaning than systems that usually use only one or the other. According to specific embodiments of the invention, adding ScrubPower to a

WTE or other system provides further protection for the environment and also an additional source of energy recovery. ScrubPower uses microscopic mist to collect fine particles of dust and other pollutants. In the process the water droplets absorb heat from the flue gases which is otherwise wasted. The heat energy, now in the form of the hot water that forms, is an additional source of heat for an AddPower module as herein described.

3. Water Production

[0036] In many parts of the world, potable water is in very short supply. According to specific embodiments of the invention, one byproduct of each WTE module is distilled water in substantial quantity. While functioning primarily for the purpose of disposing of waste and generating electricity, each WTE module produces approximately 38,000 liters of potable water per hour. Furthermore, if water is more important than electricity, WTE modules can be configured to be dedicated primarily to the production of potable water and/or the desalination of sea water. In this case, the volume of potable water produced is can be nearly doubled. According to the invention design, none of the water used comes into contact with the waste being combusted, so there is no chance of the water being contaminated during or after being produced. Thus, the volume of water produced means that user of an WTE according to the invention can have an adequate supply of potable water for community drinking water, household and industrial cleaning and agricultural irrigation of crop lands.

4. Example Multiple-Phase Combustion [0037] In further embodiments, the invention is involved with an advanced thermal energy utilization system. In such a system, the source of heat energy can be any of a variety of materials, such as municipal waste, commercial waste, agricultural or lumber waste, fossil fuels, etc. According to specific embodiments of the invention, a optionally modular combustion system comprises four stages of heat recovery, each of which captures useable energy and can result in up to about 90% of the available heat energy being captured or put to use.

[0038] In specific embodiments, stages of thermal recovery comprise the stages described above, plus a further stage heat exchanger. The heat exchanger according to specific embodiments of the invention using improvements on understood heat exchange technology as described herein. The heat pump operates chemically and works both sides of the heat system in water fluid. The heat pump captures most of the remaining heat that exists in the water and runs it back to the AddPower system and creates a total efficiency of the whole system.

[0039] According to specific embodiments of the invention, a rotating furnace is used with created hot air into a drying process for the waste. This dry air is drying out all the water and the water is today going through the stack and with the techniques described herein, the system captures the energy in the flu gas. A scrubber and a heat exchanger that uses the special liquid with a pump and increase the pressure with an incoming temp of 18C and out coming of 72C. All the energy from the flu gasses and cooling water goes to the turbine and is operating the generator.

[0040] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing aspects of a ScrubPower flu gas cleaning component according to specific embodiments of the invention.

[0041] FIG. 6 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative cogeneration system and/or method showing details of a fly ash treatment and recovery according to specific embodiments of the invention. Some steps of fly ash treatment will be understood to those of skill in the art. The figure illustrates: (1) an optional water spray curtain to prevent waste dust;; (2) water spray curtain; (3) slag quenching; (4) water spray curtain/grate ash; (5) emergency quenching; (6) transfer belts; (7) recovery; (8) slag ash; (9) automatic scrap processing; (10) manageable bales; (11) warm conveyer; (12) fly ash treatment.

[0042] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing aspects of an example implementation of a cogeneration system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention having multiple phases of heat recovery. This figure illustrates a primary steam turbine connected to a

4.85 Megawatt generator (G), a secondary lower temperature AddPower™ turbine connected to a 3.9 Megawatt generator (G), a ScrubPower™ system for capturing further energy from flu gasses, and an adsorption heat pump. Throughout the figure, a number of fluid tanks and pumps

are shown for the purposes of better illustrating the invention, as are specific temperatures, wattages, pressures, etc. These are examples only and should not be taken as limiting.

5. Other Applications for AddPower Technique Nuclear Power [0043] AddPower Technique can further be used to add to the volume of electricity produced in a nuclear power plant by utilizing the waste heat that might otherwise go into lakes and oceans, AddPower converts that energy into useful electricity, thereby having a positive environmental impact. AddPower Technique is capable of converting the waste heat energy from nuclear power plants into electricity. In typical plants, Heat from the steam that has passed through the turbine is cooled away in cooling towers or condensed back into hot water. During either of these cooling processes, AddPower Technique is capable of recapturing a significant portion of waste heat energy (as much as 30%) in the form of electricity. Various sizes of AddPower Technique units can be applied to the waste-heat from nuclear power plants, up to a 15 mW unit. Because of the large volumes of waste heat recovered, multiple units of AddPower Technique may be applied to maximize power output. AddPower Technique uses a fluid that gasifies at an optimum temperature of only 85 degrees Celsius. This low temperature gas contains enough pressure to turn a low temperature turbine to generate commercial quantities of electricity.

[0044] With AddPower Technique and ScrubPower Technique, incineration of agriculture waste can now gain maximum revenues in addition to the sale of hot water and electricity.

AddPower Technique can recover up to an additional 30% more electricity from the hot water produced, whereas ScrubPower Technique can produce electricity from the energy in the flue gases make additional revenue from their agricultural waste. For instance, in many parts of the world, agricultural waste, such as corn husks, straw, manure, and even peanut shells, is a growing problem. Farmers can only find so many uses for it and then it just overflows storage capacity.

However, agriculture waste is also a valuable source of biomass fuel which can easily be converted into hot water and electricity using the invention.

6. General

[0045] In further embodiments, energy plants according to specific embodiments of the invention can be built within close proximity to populated areas as they are environmentally safe,

odorless and have very low emissions. The waste is consumed almost immediately in the incineration process and there is only enough storage capacity to allow for a long weekend without garbage delivery. Emissions that are measured constantly from the flue stack are well below the toughest standards in the industry.

[0046] These facilities can use forestry or agricultural biomass as a fuel source, or a combination of biomass and garbage. However, incinerator plants, configured strictly for biomass, are smaller and cost less to build since they do not require state-of-the-art flue gas scrubbing technology. Nonetheless, they do produce commercial quantities of energy and therefore can quickly pay for themselves, resulting in a healthy return on investment for their owners.

[0047] With WTE technologies according to specific embodiments of the invention, municipalities can afford to dispose of their MSW in a safe, environmentally friendly and economical way. An example plant consumes 7.5 tons of MSW per hour or 64,000 tons per year, equal to that produced by a typical population of 100,000 people. Furthermore, a standard system produces 15 MW of total thermal energy which is converted to 6 MW of electricity using a conventional turbine and a low temperature turbine (LTT) according to specific embodiments of the invention.

7. Solar Energy

[0048] Solar energy is a valuable source of energy because it is abundant, clean and essentially free. However, until now, it has been very expensive to harness that energy into an economical source of electricity. The AddPower Technique according to specific embodiments of the invention makes it possible to convert the sun's energy into electricity at a fraction of the cost of photovoltaic solar technology. Since AddPower requires only 70-90 degrees Celsius to produce electricity, passive solar and parabolic solar technologies can produce commercial quantities of electricity from the sun. In some systems, ground water is used as a cooling water and cold air, hot air and electricity are produced. Some example systems involve a four pipe heating and cooling system with electric generation.

[0049] FIG. 11 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of solar generation system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention. In this system, a solar collector

1100 receives water out from a closed loop of the system. This water is heated by the solar collector and returned to the solar collector loop. An optional heat exchanger 1102 can be used to exchange heat between the flows in and out of the solar heater. Water coming in to the system from the heat exchanger is distributed to super heater 1104, evaporator 1102, and preheater 1108. Each of these exchange heat with the Low Temperature Vapor input into LTT and generator 1110, which generate electricity. The output vapor then enters condensor 1112, where heat is exchanged with the lower evaporating temperature fluid. Essentially the same process is repeated in Unit 2 in this example. Note that in this example system there are shown two closed loops. The higher temperature evaporating fluid (e.g., water) loop runs through solar collector 1100 and the left sides of 1104, 1105, and 1106. The lower temperature evaporating fluid (e.g., the fluid discussed above and in the references and other fluids known to be used in lower temperature turbines) loop runs the right sides of 1104, 1105, and 1106, where it is vaporized, and the vapor used in the two low temperature turbines shown. In this system, an open loop for cooling water is shown at the right of condenser 1114.

[0050] FIG. 12 is a block technical diagram showing aspects of an alternative solar generation system and/or method according to specific embodiments of the invention. This alternative system operates much as indicated above, except for the higher evaporation fluid closed loop connecting to solar collector 1100. In this case, the closed system flows directly through 1104, 1106 and 1108 as shown. In this diagram, some examples are given of temperature differences of the fluid/vapor in different parts of the system to further illustrate this example of the invention.

[0051] It will be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art that the operation of the two units as shown herein further illustrates various example embodiments of the AddPower systems discussed above. 8. Waste Heat

[0052] Applying AddPower to the processing industry, waste-heat from various sources, such as kilns, smelters, boilers and dryers, can be used to make commercial quantities of electricity. This electricity can be used in the manufacturing process directly or it can be sold to the electricity markets. With ScrubPower, commercial quantities of electricity can be produced from the waste-heat in flue gases ordinarily vented away without any benefit. Not only are harmful

emissions removed, but this technology helps companies to protect the environment and earn enough revenue or savings from produced power sales to pay for the technology in less than two years.

9. Process Industry Heating [0053] Process heating is vital to nearly all manufacturing processes around the world, supplying heat needed to produce basic materials and commodities. Through the use of AddPower Technique and ScrubPower Technique, many companies in the process industry can convert 30% of their waste heat into electricity. As indicated, ScrubPower Technique uses a fluid that gasifies at an optimum temperature of only 85 degrees Celsius. This low temperature gas contains enough pressure to turn a low temperature turbine to generate commercial quantities of electricity.

10. Other Embodiments

[0054] The invention has now been described with reference to specific embodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested by the teachings herein to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the claims.

[0055] All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein or filed with this application, including any references filed as part of an Information Disclosure Statement, are incorporated by reference in their entirety.