LI FENG (US)
GUHA ASHRITH (US)
WO2021155151A1 | 2021-08-05 | |||
WO2005117977A2 | 2005-12-15 |
US20180333508A1 | 2018-11-22 | |||
US20170073328A1 | 2017-03-16 | |||
US20210315823A1 | 2021-10-14 |
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method of detecting a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject, the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in lungs of the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to determine uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the lungs; wherein retention of the compound in the pulmonary vasculature reflects vascular remodeling; and wherein: R1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, and –NR7R8, R7 and R8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl; A is -O-, -CH2-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NR7CO-, -CONR7-, -SO2NR7-, -NR7SO2-, or –NR7-; Q is N or CH; L is a linker; R6 contains a positron emission tomography (PET) detectable moiety; n is an integer from 1 to 5; m is an integer from 1 to 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18F labeled moiety or 68Ga labeled moiety. 3. The method of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and ; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the compound is of Formula III wherein: R1 is hydroxy, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio. 5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the linker is –(CO-R14)3N, -(R14)3N, -(SO2R14)3N, -(SOR14)3N, -(OR14)3N, -(O-CO-R14)3N, -(CO-O-R14)3N, –(CO-R14)3CH, -(R14)3CH, -(SO2R14)3CH, -(SOR14)3CH, -(O-CO-R14)3CH, or –(OR14)3CH. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the linker is –(CO-O-R14)3N or –(CO-O-R14)3CH, wherein R14 is a C2-4 alkyl. 7. The method of claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the linker is 8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein n is 1. 9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the compound is of Formula IV: 10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the compound is selected from: and or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is selected from: pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I); pulmonary veno-occlusive disease or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (WHO Group I’); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (WHO Group I’’); pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (WHO Group II); pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia (WHO Group III); chronic arterial obstruction (WHO Group IV); and pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms (WHO Group V). 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). 14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the subject is a human. 15. A method of treating a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject, the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in lungs of the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the lungs; if retention of the compound is detected in the pulmonary vasculature in (b), then (c) administering to the subject a therapy for the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling; wherein: R1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, and –NR7R8, R7 and R8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl; A is -O-, -CH2-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NR7CO-, -CONR7-, -SO2NR7-, -NR7SO2-, or –NR7-; Q is N or CH; L is a linker; R6 contains a positron emission tomography (PET) detectable moiety; n is an integer from 1 to 5; m is an integer from 1 to 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18F labeled moiety or 68Ga labeled moiety. 17. The method of any one of claims 15 or 16, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and ; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 18. The method of any one of claims 15-17, wherein the compound is of Formula III wherein: R1 is hydroxy, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio. 19. The method of any one of claims 15-18, wherein the linker is –(CO-R14)3N, -(R14)3N, -(SO2R14)3N, -(SOR14)3N, -(OR14)3N, -(O-CO-R14)3N, -(CO-O-R14)3N, –(CO-R14)3CH, -(R14)3CH, -(SO2R14)3CH, -(SOR14)3CH, -(O-CO-R14)3CH, or –(OR14)3CH. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the linker is –(CO-O-R14)3N or –(CO-O-R14)3CH, wherein R14 is a C2-4 alkyl. 21. The method of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the linker is . 22. The method of any one of claims 15-21, wherein n is 1. 23. The method of any one of claims 15-22, wherein the compound is of Formula IV: 24. The method of any one of claims 15-23, wherein the compound is selected from: and or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 25. The method of any one of claims 15-24, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is selected from: pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I); pulmonary veno-occlusive disease or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (WHO Group I’); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (WHO Group I’’); pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (WHO Group II); pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia (WHO Group III); chronic arterial obstruction (WHO Group IV); and pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms (WHO Group V). 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). 28. The method of any one of claims 15-27, wherein the subject is a human. 29. The method of any one of claims 15-28, wherein the therapy comprises surgery. 30. The method of any one of claims 15-29, wherein the therapy comprises one or more additional therapeutic agent. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the one or more additional therapeutic agents are selected from a vasodilator, a guanylate cyclase activator, an endothelin receptor antagonist, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, an anticoagulant, digoxin, or a diuretic. 32. A method for imaging a pulmonary vasculature in a subject, the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) detecting a positron emission tomography (PET) signal in the pulmonary vasculature of the subject; wherein: R1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, and –NR7R8, R7 and R8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl; A is -O-, -CH2-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NR7CO-, -CONR7-, -SO2NR7-, -NR7SO2-, or –NR7-; Q is N or CH; L is a linker; R6 contains a positron emission tomography (PET) detectable moiety; n is an integer from 1 to 5; m is an integer from 1 to 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18F labeled moiety or 68Ga moiety. 34. The method of any one of claims 32 or 33, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and ; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 35. The method of any one of claims 32-34, wherein the compound is of Formula III wherein: R1 is hydroxy, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio. 36. The method of any one of claims 32-35, wherein the linker is –(CO-R14)3N, - (R14)3N, -(SO2R14)3N, -(SOR14)3N, -(OR14)3N, -(O-CO-R14)3N, -(CO-O-R14)3N, –(CO- R14)3CH, -(R14)3CH, -(SO2R14)3CH, -(SOR14)3CH, -(O-CO-R14)3CH, or –(OR14)3CH. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the linker is –(CO-O-R14)3N or –(CO-O-R14)3CH, wherein R14 is a C2-4 alkyl. 38. The method of claim 36 or claim 37, wherein the linker is 39. The method of any one of claims 32-38, wherein n is 1. 40. The method of any one of claims 32-39, wherein the compound is of Formula IV: 41. The method of any one of claims 32-40, wherein the compound is selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 42. The method of any one of claims 32-41, wherein the subject is a human. 43. A compound selected from: and or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and RZ is H or COOH. 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. |
wherein: R 1 can be hydroxyl, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino or nitro; R 3 and R 4 can be, independent of one another, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, or –NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 , which can be the same or different, each represents hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl; L is a linker; R 6 contains a PET detectable moiety; m is an integer from 1 to 5, for example, m can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4, for example 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some aspects, the compounds have Formula IV: wherein R 6 contains a PET detectable moiety. In some aspects, the compound can have a chemical formula of Formula V, which corresponds to Formula II wherein A is -O-, Q is N, R 2 is hydrogen, and n is 1:
wherein: R 1 can be hydroxyl, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, or nitro; R 3 can be hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 alkylthio, or –NR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 and R 8 , which can be the same or different, each represents hydrogen or C 1-3 alkyl; L is a linker; R 6 contains a PET detectable moiety; and p is an integer from 1 to 4, for example, p can be 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some aspects, the compounds have the following structure:
wherein R 6 contains PET detectable moiety. The VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety on the compounds are linked via a linker. The term “linker”, as used herein, refers to one or more polyfunctional, e.g. bifunctional molecules or trifunctional molecules, which can be used to covalently couple the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety and which do not interfere with the properties of the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety in the compounds. The VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety can be attached to any part of the linker. The linker can be attached to any part of the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and the detectable moiety. In some aspects, the linker is flexible. In some aspects, the linker is stable and biocompatible. In some aspects, the covalent bond formed between the linker and the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and/or the detectable moiety is stable. Stable, as used herein refers to a covalent bond that remains at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% intact in aqueous solution at temperatures ranging from about 0 o C to about 100 o C, at a pH ranging from about 2 to about 12, for at least 1 hour. The covalent bond formed between the linker and the VEGFR-2 binding moiety and/or the detectable moiety is hydrolytically and reductively stable. The linker can be a single atom, such as a heteroatom (e.g., O, N, or S), a group of atoms, such as a functional group (e.g., amine, -C(=O)-, -CH2-), or multiple groups of atoms, such as an alkylene chain. Suitable linkers include but are not limited to oxygen, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, ether, amine, diamine, amide, alkylamine, thioether, carboxylates, polymer, derivatives or combinations thereof. The linker can be R 14 , C(O)R 14 C(O), C(O)OR 14 OC(O), C(O)R 14 N, C(O)OR 14 NH, NHR 14 NH, or C(O)NHR 14 NHC(O), C(S)OR 14 OC(S); wherein R 14 is O, S, C1-C20 alkyl; C1- C 20 heteroalkyl; C 1 -C 20 alkylamine; C 1 -C 20 alkoxyl; C 1 -C 20 alkanoyloxyl; or C 1 -C 20 alkylamido, any of which can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents including halogen, alkoxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amine, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, carbonyl, acyl, carboxylic acid (-COOH), - C(O)R 12 , -C(O)OR 12 , carboxylate (-COO - ), primary amide (e.g., -CONH2), secondary amide (e.g., -CONHR 12 ), -C(O)NR 12 R 13 , -NR 12 R 13 , -NR 12 S(O) 2 R 13 , -NR 12 C(O)R 13 , - S(O)2R 12 , -SR 12 , and -S(O)2NR 12 R 13 , sulfinyl group (e.g., -SOR 12 ), and sulfonyl group (e.g., -SOOR 12 ); wherein R 12 and R 13 can each independently be hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbonyl, cyano, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, or dialkylaminocarbonyl. In some aspects, the linker is NR 14 R 15 R 16 or (CH)R 14 R 15 R 16 ; wherein the VEGFR-2 binding moiety or detectable moiety are bonded to at least one of R 14 R 15 R 16 , and wherein R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl; C1-C20 heteroalkyl; C1-C20 alkylamine; C 1 -C 20 alkoxy; C 1 -C 20 alkanoyloxy; or C 1 -C 20 alkylamido; any of which can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; hydroxyl; cyano; nitro; amino; alkylamino; dialkylamino; amido; alkylamido; =O; -S(O) 2 ; -SO-; -S-; -S(O) 2 N-; haloalkyl; hydroxyalkyl; carboxy; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkoxycarbonyl; aminocarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; and dialkylaminocarbonyl. For example, the linker is –(C(O)R 14 ) 3 N, -(R 14 ) 3 N, -(S(O) 2 R 14 ) 3 N, –(C(O)R 14 ) 3 CH, - (R 14 )3CH, or –(S(O)2R 14 )3CH. In some aspects, C1-20 refers to alkyl groups containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbons. In some aspects, the linker is –(CO-R 14 )2NH, -(R 14 )2NH, -(SO2R 14 )2NH, - (SOR 14 ) 2 NH, -(OR 14 ) 2 NH, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 2 NH, -(CO-O-R 14 ) 2 NH, –(CO-R 14 ) 2 CH 2 , - (R 14 )2CH2, -(SO2R 14 )2CH2, -(SOR 14 )2CH2, -(O-CO-R 14 )2CH2, or –(OR 14 )2CH2. In some aspects, the linker is –(CO-R 14 ) 3 N, -(R 14 ) 3 N, -(SO 2 R 14 ) 3 N, -(SOR 14 ) 3 N, - (OR 14 )3N, -(O-CO-R 14 )3N, -(CO-O-R 14 )3N, –(CO-R 14 )3CH, -(R 14 )3CH, -(SO2R 14 )3CH, - (SOR 14 ) 3 CH, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 3 CH, or –(OR 14 ) 3 CH. In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be selected from –(CO-(C2-C4 alkyl)) 3 N, -(C 2 -C 4 alkyl) 3 N, -(SO 2 -(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 N, -(SO-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 N, -(O-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl))3N, -(O-CO-(C2-C4 alkyl))3N, -(CO-O-(C2-C4 alkyl))3N, –(CO-(C2-C4 alkyl))3CH, - (C 2 -C 4 alkyl) 3 CH, -(SO 2 -(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 CH, -(SO-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl)) 3 CH, -(O-CO-(C 2 -C 4 alkyl))3CH, or –(O-(C2-C4 alkyl))3CH. In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be –(CO-O-R 14 )3N or –(CO-O- R 14 )3CH, wherein R 14 is a C2-4 alkyl. In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be -(CO-O-(independently C2-C4 alkyl))3N. In some aspects of Formula III, the linker can be . In some aspects, the linker can be an amino acid. The amino acid can be a natural or non-natural amino acid. The term “non-natural amino acid” refers to an organic compound that is a congener of a natural amino acid in that it has a structure similar to a natural amino acid so that it mimics the structure and reactivity of a natural amino acid. The non-natural amino acid can be a modified amino acid, and/or amino acid analog, that is not one of the 20 common naturally occurring amino acids or the rare natural amino acids selenocysteine or pyrrolysine. Examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, a derivative, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the linker is an amino dicarboxylic acid. In some aspects, the amino dicarboxylic acid can have from 2 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable amino dicarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, 1,6-dicarboxylic-2-amino hexanoic acid, 1,7-dicarboxylic-2-amino heptanoic acid, 1,8-dicarboxylic-2-amino octanoic acid, α- aminosuccinic acid, β-aminoglutaric acid, β-aminosebacic acid, 2,6-piperidine dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrrole dicarboxylic acid, 2-carboxypyrrole-5-acetic acid, 2-carboxypiperidine-6- propionic acid, 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, α-aminoazelaic acid, and 4- aminobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. In some aspects, the linker can be a dicarboxylic acid. In some aspects, the dicarboxylic acid can have from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of dicarboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, butanedioic acid, pentanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid, heptanedioic acid, octanedioic acid, nonanedioic acid, decanedioic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,15- pentadecanedicarboxylic acid, hexadecanedioic acid, and 1,15-pentadecanedicarboxylic acid. In some aspects, the dicarboxylic acid is an halogenated dicarboxylic acid, hydroxy dicarboxylic acid, or ether dicarboxylic acid. In some aspects, the linker can be a tricarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. In some aspects, the tricarboxylic acid can have from 2 to 30 carbon atoms. The tricarboxylic acid can be aliphatic or cyclic. Examples of tricarboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid and 1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid. In some aspects, the linker can be an alcohol or a derivative thereof. The alcohol can be a diol, triol, amino alcohol, amino dialcohol, amino trialcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or a derivative. In some aspects, the alcohol can have from 2 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, triethanolamine, 2- aminoethanol, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, amino hexanol, 2-[(2- methoxyethyl)methylamino]-ethanol, propanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, diethanolamine, butanol amine, isobutanolamine, pentanol amine, 1-amino-3-(2- methoxyethoxy)- 2-propanol, 2-methyl-4-(methylamino)- 2-butanol, 6-amino-1-hexanol, heptaminol, isoetarine, norepinephrine, sphingosine, phenylpropanolamine, derivatives, and combinations thereof. In other aspects, the linker can be a polymer. A wide variety of polymers and methods for forming the polymers are known in the art of polymer science. Polymers can be degradable or non-degradable polymers. Polymers can be natural or unnatural (synthetic) polymers Polymers can be homopolymers or copolymers comprising two or more monomers. In terms of sequence, copolymers can be random, block, or comprise a combination of random and block sequences. The polymers can in some aspects be linear polymers, branched polymers, or hyperbranched/dendritic polymers. The polymers can also be present as a crosslinked particle or surface functionalized inorganic particle. Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to poly(vinyl acetate), copolymers of styrene and alkyl acrylates, and copolymers of vinyl acetate and acrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyalkylene, polyanhydrides, poly(ester anhydrides), polyhydroxy acids, such as polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polycaprolactone, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates; polyanhydrides; polyorthoesters; polysytyrene (PS), poly(ethylene-co-maleic anhydride), poly(ethylene maleic anhydride-co-L-dopamine), poly(ethylene maleic anhydride-co-phenylalanine), poly(ethylene maleic anhydride-co-tyrosine), poly(butadiene-co-maleic anhydride), poly(butadiene maleic anhydride-co-L-dopamine) (pBMAD), poly(butadiene maleic anhydride-co-phenylalanine), poly(butadiene maleic anhydride-co-tyrosine), poly(bis carboxy phenoxy propane-co-sebacic anhydride) (poly (CCP:SA)), alginate; and poly(fumaric anhydride-co-sebacic anhydride (p[FA:SA]), copolymers of p[FA:SA], polyacrylates, and polyacrylamides, and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. Other suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, diamino compounds such as ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, and the like. The compounds as used in the present methods contain a PET detectable moiety. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F radiolabeled moiety or a 68 Ga radiolabeled moiety. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety is biocompatible. “Biocompatible” and “biologically compatible”, as used herein, generally refer to compounds that are, along with any metabolites or degradation products thereof, generally non-toxic to cells and tissues, and which do not cause any significant adverse effects to cells and tissues when cells and tissues are incubated (e.g., cultured) in their presence. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F radiolabeled moiety. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety is selected from:
wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R z is H or COOH. In some aspects, the compound is of Formula A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R z is H or COOH. In some aspects of Formula A, x is 1. In some aspects of Formula A, x is 2. In some aspects of Formula A, y is 0. In some aspects of Formula A, y is 1. In some aspects of Formula A, R z is H. In some aspects of Formula A, R z is COOH. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some aspects of Formula A, the compound is selected from:
In another aspect, a compound is provided of Formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some aspects, the compound is Compound 1 or Compound 2. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety is a 68 Ga radiolabeled moiety. In some aspects, the PET detectable moiety can be: In some aspects, the compound is Compound 3: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some aspects, the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs. A patient is deemed to have pulmonary hypertension if the pulmonary mean arterial pressure is greater than 23 mmHg at rest, or greater than 30 mmHg during exercise. There are 5 groups of pulmonary hypertension according to WHO classification, with the most recent system being as follows: WHO Group I comprises disorders associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH may be idiopathic, due to a heritable condition (such as BMPR2, ALK1, SMAD9, caveolin 1, or KCNK3 mutations), drug- or toxin-induced (such as the result of methamphetamine use), or may be associated with other disorders such as connective tissue disease, HIV infection, portal hypertension, congenital heart diseases, or schistosomiasis. WHO Group I may be further divided in WHO Group I’ and WHO Group I’’. WHO Group I’ comprises pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH). PVOD is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension caused by progressive blockage of the small veins in the lungs. The blockage leads to high blood pressures in the arteries of the lungs which, in turn, leads to heart failure. PCH is a disease affective the blood vessels of the lungs, where abnormal capillary proliferation and venous fibrous intimal thickening result in progressive increase in vascular resistance. PH categorized in WHO Group I’ may be idiopathic the result of a heritable conditions (such as EIF2AK4 mutations), drug-, toxin-, or radiation-induced, or associated with other conditions such as connective tissue disease or HIV infection. WHO Group I’’ comprises persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. WHO Group II comprises pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease, such as left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, valvular heart disease, congenital/acquired left heart inflow/outflow tract obstruction and congenital cardiomyopathy, and congenital/acquired pulmonary venous stenosis. WHO Group III comprises pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia. WHO Group III PH may be the result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern pulmonary diseases, sleep-disordered breathing, alveolar hypoventilation disorders, chronic exposure to high altitude, and developmental abnormalities. WHO Group IV comprises pulmonary hypertension due to chronic arterial obstruction. WHO Group IV PH may comprise chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Alternatively, it may be the result of other pulmonary artery obstructions such as those resulting from angiosarcoma or other tumor within the blood vessels, arteritis, congenital pulmonary artery stenosis, or parasitic infection (such as hydatidosis). WHO Group V comprises pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms. PH in this group may be the result of hematologic diseases (such as chronic hemolytic anemia including sickle cell disease), systemic diseases (such as sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, or vasculitis), metabolic disorders (such as glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, or thyroid diseases), or others (such as pulmonary tumoral thrombotic microangiopathy, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic kidney failure, or segmental pulmonary hypertension). In some aspects, the compounds as used herein accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature if vascular remodeling is and/or has previously occurred. In some aspects, the compounds as used herein can accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature if vascular remodeling is and/or has previously occurred within about 48 hours, about 36 hours, about 24 hours, about 23 hours, about 22 hours, about 21 hours, about 19 hours, about 18 hours, about 17 hours, about 16 hours, about 15 hours, about 14 hours, about 13 hours, about 12 hours, about 11 hours, about 10 hours, about 9 hours, about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1.5 hours, about 1 hour about 50 minutes about 45 minutes about 40 minutes about 35 minutes about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes post administration. In some aspects, vascular remodeling is determined to be occurring and/or to have occurred when the pulmonary vasculature exhibits sufficient uptake of the compounds used herein post administration. Sufficient, as used herein, refers to uptake of the disclosed compounds into the pulmonary vasculature such that imaging of the vasculature exhibits low background noise. In some aspects, the pulmonary vasculature exhibits uptake of greater than about 5%ID/g, greater than about 4.7%ID/g, greater than about 4.5%ID/g, greater than about 4.3%ID/g, greater than about 4%ID/g, greater than about 3.7%ID/g, greater than about 3.5%ID/g, greater than about 3.3%ID/g, greater than about 3%ID/g, greater than about 2.7%ID/g, greater than about 2.5%ID/g, greater than about 2.3%ID/g, greater than about 2%ID/g, greater than about 1.8%ID/g, greater than about 1.5%ID/g, greater than about 1.3%ID/g, greater than about 1%ID/g, greater than about 0.9%ID/g, greater than about 0.8%ID/g, greater than about 0.6%ID/g, greater than about 0.5%ID/g, greater than about 0.4%ID/g, greater than about 0.3%ID/g, greater than about 0.2%ID/g, greater than about 0.1%ID/g, for example about 2.7%ID/g, about 3.70%ID/g, about 3.8%ID/g, about 0.3%ID/g, about 0.7%ID/g, or about 0.5%ID/g of the disclosed compounds post administration. In some aspects, the pulmonary vasculature exhibits a standard uptake value (SUV) ranging from about 2 to about 10, for example 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.05.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, or 9.5. In some aspects, the pulmonary vasculature exhibits a SUV of 2 or greater, 2.5 or greater, 3 or greater, 3.5 or greater, 4 or greater, 4.5 or greater, 5 or greater, 4.5 or greater, 5 or greater, 5.5 or greater, 6 or greater, 6.5 or greater, 7 or greater, 7.5 or greater, 8 or greater, 8.5 or greater, 9 or greater, 9.5 or greater, or 10 or greater. In some aspects, non-targeted tissues, such as the kidney, muscles, heart, blood, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and/or spleen exhibit low uptake of the compounds used herein. In some aspects, uptake of the compounds used herein in the non-targeted tissues is less than about 2.5%ID/g, less than about 2.3%ID/g, less than about 2%ID/g, less than about 1.8%ID/g, less than about 1.5%ID/g, less than about 1.3%ID/g, less than about 1%ID/g, less than about 0.9%ID/g, less than about 0.8%ID/g, less than about 0.6%ID/g, less than about 0.5%ID/g, less than about 0.4%ID/g, less than about 0.3%ID/g, less than about 0.2%ID/g, or less than about 0.1%ID/g at about 24 hours, about 23 hours, about 22 hours, about 20 hours, about 19 hours, about 18 hours, about 17 hours, about 16 hours, about 15 hours, about 14 hours about 13 hours about 12 hours about 11 hours about 10 about 9 hours about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1.5 hour, about 1 hour, about 50 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes post administration. In some aspects, the ratio of compound uptake in the pulmonary vasculature to non- targeted tissue can be high. In some aspects, the ratio of compound uptake in the pulmonary vasculature to non-targeted tissue can be greater than 5, greater than 6, greater than 7, greater than 8, greater than 9, greater than 10, greater than 11, greater than 12, greater than 13, greater than 14, greater than 15, greater than 16, greater than 17, greater than 18, greater than 19, greater than 20, greater than 25, greater than 30, greater than 35, greater than 40, greater than 45, or greater than 50. In some aspects, the ratio of compound uptake in the pulmonary vasculature to non-targeted tissue can remain high for as long as about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 10 hours, about 15 hours, about 18 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 46 hours, or as long as the compound is in a subject, post administration. In another aspect, a method of treating a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject is provided, the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) imaging the compound in the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the subject; and if uptake of the compound is detected in the pulmonary vasculature in (b), then (c) administering to the subject a therapy for the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling. In some aspects, the therapy may comprise surgery. In some aspects, the surgery may comprise atrial septostomy. Atrial septostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a communication between the right and left atria of the heart. It relieves pressure on the right side of the heart, but at the cost of lower oxygen levels in the blood. In some aspects, the surgery may comprise pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). PTE is a surgical procedure that is used for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension that comprises the removal of an organized thrombus along with the lining of the pulmonary artery. In some aspects, the therapy may comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents. Representative examples of additional therapeutic agents which may be administered include but are not limited to a vasodilator a guanylate cyclase activator an endothelin receptor antagonist, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, an anticoagulant, digoxin, or a diuretic. Representative examples of vasodilators which may be used include, but are not limited to, epoprostenol, Treprostinil, and iloprost. Representative examples of guanylate cyclase activators which may be used include, but are not limited to, cinaciguat and riociguat. Representative examples of endothelin receptor antagonists which may be used include, but are not limited to, sitaxentan, ambrisentan, atrasentan, BQ-123, zibotentan, bosentan, mcitentan, tezosentan, BQ-788, and A192621. Representative examples of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor which may be used include, but are not limited to, sildenafil and tadalafil. Representative examples of calcium channel blockers which may be used include, but are not limited to, amlodipine, diltiazem, and nifedipine. Methods of Administration The compounds as used in the methods described herein can be administered by any suitable method and technique presently or prospectively known to those skilled in the art. For example, the active components described herein can be formulated in a physiologically- or pharmaceutically-acceptable form and administered by any suitable route known in the art including, for example, oral and parenteral routes of administering. As used herein, the term “parenteral” includes subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intrasternal administration, such as by injection. Administration of the active components of their compositions can be a single administration, or at continuous and distinct intervals as can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art. Compositions, as described herein, comprising an active compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient of some sort may be useful in a variety of medical and non-medical applications. For example, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active compound and an excipient may be useful for the diagnosis or treatment of a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling, for example pulmonary hypertension, in a subject in need thereof. “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” (sometimes referred to as a “carrier”) means a carrier or excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical or therapeutic composition that is generally safe and non-toxic and includes a carrier that is acceptable for veterinary and/or human pharmaceutical or therapeutic use The terms “carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” can include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion) and/or various types of wetting agents. As used herein, the term “carrier” encompasses, but is not limited to, any excipient, diluent, filler, salt, buffer, stabilizer, solubilizer, lipid, stabilizer, or other material well known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations and as described further herein. “Excipients” include any and all solvents, diluents or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. General considerations in formulation and/or manufacture can be found, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980), and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005). Exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to, any non-toxic, inert solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as excipients include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; detergents such as Tween 80; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. As would be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the excipients may be chosen based on what the composition is useful for. For example, with a pharmaceutical composition or cosmetic composition, the choice of the excipient will depend on the route of administration, the agent being delivered, time course of delivery of the agent, etc., and can be administered to humans and/or to animals, orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, creams, ointments, or drops), buccally, or as an oral or nasal spray. In some aspects, the active compounds disclosed herein are administered topically. Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc., and combinations thereof. Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross- linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc., and combinations thereof. Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxy vinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate [Tween 20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [Tween 60], polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [Tween 80], sorbitan monopalmitate [Span 40], sorbitan monostearate [Span 60], sorbitan tristearate [Span 65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [Span 80]), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [Myrj 45], polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. Cremophor), polyoxyethylene ethers (eg polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [Brij 30]) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F 68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof. Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, etc., and/or combinations thereof. Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives. Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite. Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta- carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid. Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl. In certain aspects, the preservative is an anti-oxidant. In other aspects, the preservative is a chelating agent. Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen- free water, isotonic saline, Ringer’s solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and combinations thereof. Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl ^ uccal^ i, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof. Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, chamomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel peanut poppy seed pumpkin seed rapeseed rice bran rosemary safflower sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, ^ uccal^ , vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the composition may further comprise a polymer. Exemplary polymers contemplated herein include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers and copolymers, for example, cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), methylhydroxypropylcellulose (MHPC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its various salts, including, e.g., the sodium salt, hydroxyethylcarboxymethylcellulose (HECMC) and its various salts, carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose (CMHEC) and its various salts, other polysaccharides and polysaccharide derivatives such as starch, dextran, dextran derivatives, chitosan, and alginic acid and its various salts, buccal ions, buccal gums, including xanthan gum, guar gum, gum buccal, gum karaya, gum ghatti, konjac and gum tragacanth, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans such as hyaluronic acid and its salts, proteins such as gelatin, collagen, albumin, and fibrin, other polymers, for example, polyhydroxyacids such as polylactide, polyglycolide, polyl(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone-co-glycolide)-, carboxyvinyl polymers and their salts (e.g., carbomer), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylic acid and its salts, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer, polyalkylene oxides such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, poly(ethylene oxide- propylene oxide), and a Pluronic polymer, polyoxy ethylene (polyethylene glycol), polyanhydrides, polyvinylalchol, polyethyleneamine and polypyrridine, polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers, such as PEGylated lipids (e.g., PEG-stearate, l,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- Phosphoethanolamine-N-[Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-1000], 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero- 3-Phosphoethanolamine-N-[Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-2000], and 1,2-Distearoyl-sn- glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine-N-[Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-5000]), copolymers and salts thereof. Additionally, the composition may further comprise an emulsifying agent. Exemplary emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, a polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polypropylene glycol, a polyvinyl alcohol, a poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone and copolymers thereof, poloxamer nonionic surfactants, neutral water-soluble polysaccharides (e.g., dextran Ficoll celluloses) non cationic poly(meth)acrylates non cationic polyacrylates such as poly (meth) acrylic acid, and esters amide and hydroxy alkyl amides thereof, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and Veegum [magnesium aluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxy vinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate [Tween 20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [Tween 60], polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [Tween 80], sorbitan monopalmitate [Span 40], sorbitan monostearate [Span 60], sorbitan tristearate [Span 65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [Span 80]), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [Myrj 45], polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. Cremophor), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [Brij 30]), poly(vinyl- pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F 68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof. In certain aspects, the emulsifying agent is cholesterol. Liquid compositions include emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active compound, the liquid composition may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. Injectable compositions, for example, injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents for pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. Any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables. In certain aspects, the particles are suspended in a carrier fluid comprising 1% (w/v) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 0.1% (v/v) Tween 80. The injectable composition can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use. In one aspect, the compounds are formulated for pulmonary delivery, such as intranasal administration or oral inhalation. The respiratory tract is the structure involved in the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood stream. The lungs are branching structures ultimately ending with the alveoli where the exchange of gases occurs. The alveolar surface area is the largest in the respiratory system and is where drug occurs. The alveoli are covered by a thin epithelium without cilia or a mucus blanket and secrete surfactant phospholipids. Carriers for pulmonary formulations can be divided into those for dry powder formulations and for administration as solutions. Aerosols for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the respiratory tract are known in the art. For administration via the upper respiratory tract, the formulation can be formulated into a solution, e.g., water or isotonic saline, buffered or unbuffered, or as a suspension, for intranasal administration as drops or as a spray. Preferably, such solutions or suspensions are isotonic relative to nasal secretions and of about the same pH, ranging e.g., from about pH 4.0 to about pH 7.4 or, from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0. Buffers should be physiologically compatible and include, simply by way of example, phosphate buffers. One skilled in the art can readily determine a suitable saline content and pH for an innocuous aqueous solution for nasal and/or upper respiratory administration. The active ingredient may be administered in such amounts, time, and route deemed necessary in order to achieve the desired result The exact amount of the active ingredient will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the medical disorder, the particular active ingredient, its mode of administration, its mode of activity, and the like. The active ingredient, whether the active compound itself, or the active compound in combination with an agent, is preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the active ingredient will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts. The active ingredient may be administered by any route. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is administered via a variety of routes, including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, ^ uccal, enteral, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol. In general, the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the active ingredient (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration), etc. The exact amount of an active ingredient required to achieve a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound(s), mode of administration, and the like. The amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult. Useful dosages of the active agents and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be determined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art. In another aspect, the following embodiments of the present disclosure are also provided: Embodiment 1. A method of detecting a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject, the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in lungs of the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to determine uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the lungs; wherein retention of the compound in the pulmonary vasculature reflects vascular remodeling; and wherein: R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkylthio, and –NR 7 R 8 , R 7 and R 8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl; A is -O-, -CH 2 -, -S-, -SO-, -SO 2 -, -NR 7 CO-, -CONR 7 -, -SO 2 NR 7 -, -NR 7 SO2-, or –NR 7 -; Q is N or CH; L is a linker; R 6 contains a positron emission tomography (PET) detectable moiety; n is an integer from 1 to 5; m is an integer from 1 to 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4. Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F labeled moiety or 68 Ga labeled moiety. Embodiment 3. The method of any one of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 4. The method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the compound is of Formula III wherein: R 1 is hydroxy, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, or C 1-3 alkylthio. Embodiment 5. The method of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the linker is –(CO-R 14 )3N, -(R 14 )3N, -(SO2R 14 )3N, -(SOR 14 )3N, -(OR 14 )3N, -(O-CO-R 14 )3N, -(CO-O-R 14 ) 3 N, –(CO-R 14 ) 3 CH, -(R 14 ) 3 CH, -(SO 2 R 14 ) 3 CH, -(SOR 14 ) 3 CH, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 3 CH, or –(OR 14 )3CH. Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the linker is –(CO-O-R 14 )3N or –(CO-O-R 14 ) 3 CH, wherein R 14 is a C 2-4 alkyl. Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 5 or embodiment 6, wherein the linker is Embodiment 8. The method of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein n is 1. Embodiment 9. The method of any one of embodiments 1-8, wherein the compound is of Formula IV:
Embodiment 10. The method of any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the compound is selected from: and
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 11. The method of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension. Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 11, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is selected from: pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I); pulmonary veno- occlusive disease or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (WHO Group I’); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (WHO Group I’’); pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (WHO Group II); pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia (WHO Group III); chronic arterial obstruction (WHO Group IV); and pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms (WHO Group V). Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Embodiment 14. The method of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the subject is a human. Embodiment 15. A method of treating a disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling in a subject the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) imaging the compound in lungs of the subject using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect uptake of the compound in a pulmonary vasculature of the lungs; if retention of the compound is detected in the pulmonary vasculature in (b), then (c) administering to the subject a therapy for the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling; wherein: R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, and –NR 7 R 8 , R 7 and R 8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl; A is -O-, -CH2-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -NR 7 CO-, -CONR 7 -, -SO2NR 7 -, -NR 7 SO2-, or –NR 7 -; Q is N or CH; L is a linker; R 6 contains a positron emission tomography (PET) detectable moiety; n is an integer from 1 to 5; m is an integer from 1 to 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4. Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F labeled moiety or 68 Ga labeled moiety. Embodiment 17. The method of any one of embodiments 15 or 16, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 18. The method of any one of embodiments 15-17, wherein the compound is of Formula III
wherein: R 1 is hydroxy, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio. Embodiment 19. The method of any one of embodiments 15-18, wherein the linker is –(CO-R 14 ) 3 N, -(R 14 ) 3 N, -(SO 2 R 14 ) 3 N, -(SOR 14 ) 3 N, -(OR 14 ) 3 N, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 3 N, -(CO-O-R 14 )3N, –(CO-R 14 )3CH, -(R 14 )3CH, -(SO2R 14 )3CH, -(SOR 14 )3CH, -(O-CO-R 14 )3CH, or –(OR 14 ) 3 CH. Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the linker is –(CO-O-R 14 )3N or –(CO-O-R 14 ) 3 CH, wherein R 14 is a C 2-4 alkyl. Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 19 or embodiment 20, wherein the linker is . Embodiment 22. The method of any one of embodiments 15-21, wherein n is 1. Embodiment 23. The method of any one of embodiments 15-22, wherein the compound is of Formula IV:
Embodiment 24. The method of any one of embodiments 15-23, wherein the compound is selected from: and
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 25. The method of any one of embodiments 15-24, wherein the disease associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling is pulmonary hypertension. Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is selected from: pulmonary arterial hypertension (WHO Group I); pulmonary veno- occlusive disease or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (WHO Group I’); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (WHO Group I’’); pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (WHO Group II); pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or chronic hypoxia (WHO Group III); chronic arterial obstruction (WHO Group IV); and pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms (WHO Group V). Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Embodiment 28. The method of any one of embodiments 15-27, wherein the subject is a human. Embodiment 29. The method of any one of embodiments 15-28, wherein the therapy comprises surgery Embodiment 30. The method of any one of embodiments 15-29, wherein the therapy comprises one or more additional therapeutic agent. Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the one or more additional therapeutic agents are selected from a vasodilator, a guanylate cyclase activator, an endothelin receptor antagonist, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, an anticoagulant, digoxin, or a diuretic. Embodiment 32. A method for imaging a pulmonary vasculature in a subject, the method comprising: (a) administering to the subject a compound of Formula I or Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) detecting a positron emission tomography (PET) signal in the pulmonary vasculature of the subject; wherein: R 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkanoyloxyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and nitro; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkylthio, and –NR 7 R 8 , R 7 and R 8 are independently at each occurrence from hydrogen and C1-3 alkyl; A is -O-, -CH 2 -, -S-, -SO-, -SO 2 -, -NR 7 CO-, -CONR 7 -, -SO 2 NR 7 -, -NR 7 SO2-, or –NR 7 -; Q is N or CH; L is a linker; R 6 contains a positron emission tomography (PET) detectable moiety; n is an integer from 1 to 5; m is an integer from 1 to 5; and p is an integer from 1 to 4. Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the PET detectable moiety is an 18 F labeled moiety or 68 Ga moiety. Embodiment 34. The method of any one of embodiments 32 or 33, wherein the PET detectable moiety is selected from: and wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 35. The method of any one of embodiments 32-34, wherein the compound is of Formula III wherein: R 1 is hydroxy, halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxyl, C 1-3 alkanoyloxyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxyl, or C1-3 alkylthio. Embodiment 36. The method of any one of embodiments 32-35, wherein the linker is –(CO-R 14 ) 3 N, -(R 14 ) 3 N, -(SO 2 R 14 ) 3 N, -(SOR 14 ) 3 N, -(OR 14 ) 3 N, -(O-CO-R 14 ) 3 N, -(CO-O-R 14 )3N, –(CO-R 14 )3CH, -(R 14 )3CH, -(SO2R 14 )3CH, -(SOR 14 )3CH, -(O-CO-R 14 )3CH, or –(OR 14 ) 3 CH. Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the linker is –(CO-O-R 14 )3N or –(CO-O-R 14 )3CH, wherein R 14 is a C2-4 alkyl. Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 36 or embodiment 37, wherein the linker is . Embodiment 39. The method of any one of embodiments 32-38, wherein n is 1. Embodiment 40. The method of any one of embodiments 32-39, wherein the compound is of Formula IV:
Embodiment 41. The method of any one of embodiments 32-40, wherein the compound is selected from: and
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 42. The method of any one of embodiments 32-41, wherein the subject is a human. Embodiment 43. A compound selected from:
and or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: x is 1 or 2; y is 0 or 1; and R Z is H or COOH. Embodiment 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of embodiment 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of certain embodiments of the present disclosure are given below. EXAMPLES The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, devices and/or methods described and claimed herein are made and evaluated and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. High affinity VEGFr2 radiotracer development Vandetanib is an orally bioavailable anti-angiogenic quinazoline drug selective for the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFr2 with a Kd value of 40 nM. Based on the structure of vandetanib, we developed a lead compound (ZD-G2) with improved binding to VEGFr2 in sub-nanomolar range (Kd 0.45 ± 0.32 nM). This compound demonstrated approximately two logarithmic orders of magnitude improvement in VEGF receptor binding affinity in vitro compared to vandetanib and significantly enhanced tumor localization (FIG. 2). PET imaging using U87 glioblastoma xenograft models demonstrated 7-fold higher tumor uptake of the developed agent than that of vandetanib while maintaining pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties well suited for PET imaging. To assess VEGFr2 specificity in vivo, we also performed blocking experiments by co-injection of nonradioactive VEGFr inhibitor with 64 Cu-ZD-G2. Tumor activity was effective reduced at all-time points in the blocking study, which indicated specific VEGFr binding in vivo. Cy55-ZD-G2 staining using PAH human lung To study the binding of ZD-G2 to pulmonary arteries of PAH patients we used explanted lung tissue from lung transplant patients with PAH. We synthesized a fluorescence probe Cy5.5-ZD-G2 by conjugated fluorophore Cy5.5 to ZD-G2 for human PAH lung staining. As shown in FIG. 3, fluorescence Cy5.5-ZD-G2 staining shows an excellent correspondence to the VEGFr2 immunohistochemistry staining on the arterial endothelial cells in the PAH human lung. It gives compelling evidence that the developed ZD-G2 radiotracer shows promise as a noninvasive imaging tool for diagnosis of PAH. Near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging using MCT rat model A rat model of PAH was generated using 2-month-old Sprague Dawley rats by IP injection of monocrotaline (50 mg/lg), which has been extensively studied and characterized. NIR optical imaging of Cy5.5-ZD-G2 was carried out using MCT rats 4 weeks after injection of monocrotaline. Fluorescence imaging were performed with an IVIS200 imaging system and quantified by Living Imaging software (Xenogen, Alameda, CA). Excitation and emission filters were set at 675 and 720 nm, respectively, as suggested by the system for image acquisition. Each rat was injected intravenously with 10 nmol of Cy5.5-ZD-G2 conjugate. After 30 mins, rats were sacrifice, and lungs, heart, muscles, and other major organs (i.e., liver, spleen, kidney, and intestines) were excised for ex vivo imaging acquisition. As shown in FIG. 4, the imaging results clearly shows the specific uptake of the Cy5.5-ZD-G2 probe in the PAH rat lung, while the histology sample further supports the staining of the Cy5.5-ZD-G2 on the arterioles of the PAH lung tissue. The immunohistochemistry staining also confirmed high VEGFr2 expression in the rat PAH lung. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of 64 Cu-ZD-G2 using MCT rat model A PET imaging study was carried out with 64 Cu-ZD-G2 using MCT rat model that is generated by one-time IP injected on monocrotaline (MCT, 50 mg/kg), previously described. We quantified changes in the uptake of 64 Cu-ZD-G2 by in vivo PET imaging, mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and cardiac output using echocardiography, and invasive cardiac catheterization at different time points (week 2 and 4). At week 2, no lung pressure change was observed compared to control mice (no PAH). As shown in FIG. 5, lung uptake can be clearly visualized at the early stage of week 2 and increased lung uptake is observed along the PAH progression at week 4. The result in the blocking studies demonstrated the probe specificity. Development of 18 F-ZD-G2 Radiolabeling compounds with positron-emitting radionuclides like 18 F often involves a time-consuming, customized process. Here, we successfully radiolabeled ZD-G2 with a rapid one-step 18 F labeling reaction with fluoridealuminum complex. The whole radiosynthesis was accomplished within 35 min with radiochemical purity of more than 98% (n = 8). The specific activity of purified 18 F-ZD-G2 was calculated as 450-500 mCi/micromole. As shown in FIG. 6, chemical stability of 18 F-ZD-G2 was evaluated by radio-HPLC analysis that revealed no change in the chromatograph after 5 h incubation in mouse serum at 37 °C. PET imaging of 18 F-ZD-G2 using MCT rat model A PET imaging study was further performed with 18 F-ZD-G2 using MCT rat model as previous described. Healthy rats were used as control. Clinically used 18 FDG PET imaging was also performed on both groups of mice following the same imaging protocol for comparison. As shown in FIG. 7, increased lung uptake of 18 F-ZD-G2 was visualized in MCT mice compared to the control mice, but no obvious difference showed with 18 FDG PET in both mice groups at early stage of PAH (MCT-10 days and MCT-2 weeks). Beside the PAH lung uptake, there is much lowered heart uptake and more clean background in 18 F-ZD-G2 PET images in comparison to 18 FDG PET. As we know that 18 FDG is a non- specific radiopharmaceutical for tissue metabolism, our result demonstrated that 18 F-ZD- G2, which specifically targets the PAH biomarker VEGFr2, could effectively detect PAH at the early stage and have great potential for clinical translation. Synthetic Methods Compound a obtained as a yellow solid after work up (washed with saturated citric acid solution and 1 M NaOH, extracted with DCM two times) and purification (triturated with n-heptane : EtOAc = 10:1).
Compound 2 obtained as a yellow solid after work up (pour into H2O, filter, and concentrate the cake in vacuum) and purification (triturated with MeOH). B Fragment B obtained as a yellow solid after work up (concentrate the reaction mixture in vacuum, then dissolve the crude product in MeOH, adjust to pH=9 with solid NaHCO 3 , filter) and purification (triturate the filter cake with DCM).
Compound 4 and Compound 5 obtained after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by column chromatography). Compound 8 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum). OTBS Compound 9 was obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrated under vacuum).
Compound 11 obtained as a brown solid after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum).
Compound 12 obtained as an off-white solid after work up (filter, dissolve the filter cake into water, adjust the pH of the mixture to 8-9, extract with DCM, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum). Compound 13 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by column chromatography). Compound 17 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by column chromatography). Compound 18 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (filter and concentrate the filtrate under vacuum). Three separate sets of conditions were evaluated. The above conditions were found to be the best compared to the alternatives tested (Ethyl 2-oxoacetate (2 eq), NaBH(OAC)3 (2.5 eq), DCM (20.0 V), 20 °C, 6 hrs; or Ethyl 2-oxoacetate (2 eq), NaBH 3 CN (2.5 eq), MeOH (20.0 V), 20 °C, 6 hrs). Compound 19 was obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum). Compound 20 obtained as a yellow after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, and concentrate under vacuum) and purification (by preparatory HPLC).
Compound 21 obtained as a yellow oil after work up (pour into water, separate the organic layer, wash the organic layer twice with saturated citric acid, and concentrate under vacuum).
From a combination of two runs of the above reaction (8.35 g and 80.8 g of Compound 21), 33.0 g of impure Compound A was obtained. 14.0 g was obtained (99.1% purity) after performing a second prep-HPLC.
When prepared from 1.10 g of Compound A, 580 mg of Compound B (99.2% HPLC purity) was obtained after purification (prep-HPLC and free-drying). When prepared from 18.0 g of Compound A, 11.5 g of Compound B (98.6% purity) was obtained. The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein; however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.
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