Modified norovirus VP1 proteins and VLPs comprising modified norovirus VP1 proteins

FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to modified norovirus VP1 proteins, VLPs comprising modified norovirus VP1 proteins, and methods of producing the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The global disease burden attributed to norovirus infection is high, being associated with an estimated 20% of all worldwide diarrheal cases and causing over 200,000 deaths annually. Noroviruses are the primary cause of foodbome disease outbreaks in North America and are the causative agent for the majority of healthcare- associated outbreaks amongst the elderly. Norovirus strains are also recognized as being the leading cause of pediatric gastrointestinal illness worldwide.

[0003] Noroviruses comprise one of a number of genera of the family Caliciviridae. The human norovirus genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule encoding three open reading frames (ORFs) and capped on its 5' end by a VPg protein.

ORF1 encodes six non-structural viral proteins, including VPg, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and a viral protease. ORF2 encodes the major structural capsid protein (VP1). ORF3 encodes a minor capsid protein (VP2).

[0004] VP1 is comprised of 2 domains: a shell (S) domain, and a protruding (P) domain. The S domain, for example of GI.1 strains, comprises the first 225 N- terminal amino acids and contains structural elements necessary for capsid assembly and the formation of the viral icosahedron. The P domain comprises the remainder of the VP1 protein and is further comprised of a Pl sub-domain and a P2 sub-domain. The P2 sub-domain is referred to as the hypervariable domain and is thought to play an important role in receptor binding and immune reactivity.

[0005] VP1 proteins form dimers via P domain-mediated protein interactions.

Dimerization increases the stability of the virion capsid and results in formation of the protrusions extending from the base core of the norovirus particle formed by S domains. When expressed, noro virus VP1 proteins can automatically assemble to form 2 virion structures: a l80-mer capsid structure with T=3 icosahedral symmetry having a 38-40 nm diameter; and a 60-mer capsid structure with T=l icosahedral symmetry having a 23 nm diameter.

[0006] VP2, the minor structural protein, has a molecular weight (MW) of approximately 21-24 kDa. Studies suggest that VP2 is highly basic and located inside the capsid. The function of VP2 is not yet fully understood but it is generally believed to play a role in capsid stability by protecting the virions from disassembly and degradation (Bertolotti-Ciarlet A., Crawford S.E., Hutson A.M., Estes M.K. 2003, J. Virol. 77: 11603-11615). VP2 may also have a function during RNA genome packaging. The amount of VP2 minor structural protein in virions is relatively low with 1.5 to 8 copies incorporated into the mature virion. Bertolotti-Ciarlet et. al. (2003) report that in insect and mammalian cells, VLPs composed of VP1/VP2 are more resistant to protease cleavage than those with only VP1, and that expression of VP2 in cis, results in an increase in VP1 protein production. In addition, the presence of the 3’UTR downstream of the ORF2 gene increases the steady-state levels of NV ORF2 mRNA. The greatest increase in VP1 expression was observed when ORF2 + ORF3 + 3’UTR, residing on the same construct and under regulation of one promoter, was expressed. Expression of VP2 in trans did not result in any increase in VP1 expression, indicating that the subgenomic organization of ORF2-ORF2-3’UTR was required for the observed increase in VP1 production.

[0007] Noroviruses are classified according to their phylogenetic clustering of the VP1 amino acid sequence. Seven genogroups have been classified to date (GI through GVII) with only genogroups GI, GII, and GIV known to infect humans. Of the 32 specific genotypes currently associated with human infections, GII.4 noroviruses have been responsible for the majority of recent norovirus outbreaks. New strains of GII.4 emerge every two to three years, evolving by a process driven by mutations in epitope determining regions of the hypervariable P2 domain of VP1. This process allows the norovirus to escape humoral immune responses acquired by previous exposure to earlier strains. [0008] While faced with the difficulty of rapidly evolving and genetically diverse norovirus strains, the development of effective norovirus vaccines has been exacerbated by additional challenges. For instance, until recently, human norovirus could not be grown in cell culture and even now, robust cell culture systems for both VLPs and live attenuated noroviruses are lacking.

[0009] An additional challenge in vaccine development is that immunity to norovirus infection is strain and genotype specific with minimal cross-immunity conferred against other genogroups. Furthermore, immunity to a norovirus strain is not life-long and is estimated to persist from anywhere between six months and nine years. [0010] Various approaches have been undertaken to develop a suitable vaccine against norovirus infection including the production of recombinant norovirus proteins in insect and plant expression systems.

[0011] Huo et al. ( Virus Research, 2015, 204: 1-5) demonstrated that an M27G mutant capsid protein, of norovirus VP1 VLPs produced in insect SF9 cells, resulted in the production of 38 nm and 21 nm VLPs, comprising proteins of 58 kDa and 55 kDa.

The 55 kDa protein was a result of degradation or cleavage of the full-length Pl capsid protein as opposed to the translated product of an internal start codon. N- terminal deletion mutants comprising 26 or 38 deleted amino acid residues of the VP1 protein, resulted in the production of 21 nm VLPs. The 26 amino acid deletion mutants produced low numbers of 38 nm VLPs whereas 38 amino acid deletion mutants did not result in formation of 38 nm VLPs.

[0012] US 2013/0273105 teaches the production of norovirus formulations comprising antigenic peptides, proteins or VLPs derived from genogroup I (Gl), genogroup II (GII), or consensus viral sequences. The norovirus antigens may include variants of the capsid proteins expressed in the VLPs.

[0013] US 2015/0023995 provides a vaccine formulation comprising VLPs produced in insect Sf9 cells, the VLPs comprising a composite amino acid sequence derived from at least two viral protein sequences. For Example, a composite GII.4 VP1 VLP, comprising a VP1 sequence from GII.4 Minerva 2006-a, and GII.4 Laurens 2006-b and GII.4 Houston 2002 norovirus strains, is described. Composite sequences derived from GII.1, GII.2 Snow Mountain and GII.3, as well as GI composite sequences derived from Norwalk GI.1, Southampton GI.1, and Chiba GI.1 are also described.

[0014] Mason et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 1996, 93(11):5335-40) teach the use of genetically engineered tobacco plants and potato tubers to express GI.1 norovirus VLPs from native VP1 protein. The plant produced norovirus VLPs are

morphologically and physically similar to the 38 nm Norwalk VLPs produced in insect cells. Oral administration of purified tobacco-produced Norwalk VLPs from native capsid protein, or potato tubers expressing GI.1 capsid protein induced a humoral immune response in mice and humans (Tacket et al, J. Infect. Dis., 2000, l82(l):302-5).

[0015] Huang et al. ( Biotechnol . Bioeng., 2009, 103(4):706-14) describe a geminivirus-derived DNA replicon vector for production of GI.1 norovirus VLP in plants. Co-delivery of bean yellow dwarf virus-derived vector and Rep/RepA- supplying vector in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in rapid and robust protein production.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The present invention relates to modified norovirus proteins, virus like particles (VLPs) comprising modified norovirus proteins, and methods of producing norovirus proteins, and virus like particles (VLPs) comprising modified norovirus proteins.

[0017] It is an object of the invention to produce modified norovirus proteins, VLPs comprising modified norovirus proteins, and to produce VLPs comprising modified norovirus proteins in plants.

[0018] As described herein, there is provided a recombinant polynucleotide comprising, a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified norovirus VP1 protein, wherein the modified norovirus VP1 protein comprises one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation at: an amino acid selected from positions in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1, a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39-46 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1, amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1, are mutated to the sequence SSTAVATA, or a combination thereof, and the nucleotide sequence is not derived from a genotype GI.1 norovirus VP1.

[0019] Also provided is the recombinant polynucleotide as described above, wherein the nucleotide sequence is derived from a norovirus VP1 selected from a group consisting of genotypes GI.2, GI.3. GI.5, GI.7, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.12 and GII.17. For example, which is not to be considered limiting, the nucleotide sequence may be derived from the group comprising of Gl.2/Leuven/2003/BEL

GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden, GI.5/Siklos-HUN5407/20l 3/HUN,

GI.7/US A/2014/GA5043, GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW; GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN, GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU, GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA,

GII.12/HS206/2010/USA, and GII. l7_Kawa_20l4_A0A077KVU6.

[0020] The recombinant polynucleotide described above may comprise specific substitutions, modifications or mutations, independently selected from the following: a substitution, modification or mutation at the position in sequence alignment with amino acid 43 of VP1 genotype GI.1 to valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine; a substitution, modification or mutation at the position in sequence alignment with amino acid 57 of VP1 genotype GI.1 to isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine; a substitution, modification or mutation at the position in sequence alignment with amino acid 84 of VP1 genotype GI.1 to serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine or histidine; and a substitution, modification or mutation at the position in sequence alignment with amino acid 94 of VP1 genotype GI.1 to leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine. [0021] Any of the recombinant polynucleotides described above may also be optimized for human codon usage, increased GC content, or a combination thereof.

[0022] A modified norovirus VP1 protein encoded by any one of the recombinant polynucleotides described above is also described herein. Furthermore, a VLP comprising the modified norovirus VP1 protein encoded by any one of the recombinant polynucleotides described above, is also disclosed. The VLP comprising the norovirus VP1 protein encoded by any one of the recombinant polynucleotides described above, may further comprise a norovirus VP2 protein.

[0023] A method for producing a modified norovirus VP1 in a plant, portion of a plant or plant cell is also provided herein. The modified norovirus VP1 may be encoded by any one of the recombinant polynucleotides described above. The method comprises introducing one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide described above into the plant, the portion of the plant or the plant cell, and incubating the plant, the portion of the plant or the plant cell under conditions that permit expression of the one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein. The method provided herein may further comprise a step of harvesting the plant, portion of the plant, or the plant cell. Additionally, the method may comprise a step of extracting, purifying, or both extracting and purifying the one or more than one modofied norovirus VP1 protein from the plant, the portion of the plant or the plant cell.

Furthermore, in the step of introducing, the method may further comprise introducing a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a norovirus VP2 protein into the plant, the portion of the plant, or the plant cell, and in the step of incubating, the conditions permit co-expression and co-production of both the one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein and the norovirus VP2 protein in the plant, portion of the plant or the plant cell. [0024] Also described is a method for producing a norovirus virus like particle (VLP) in a plant, portion of a plant or plant cell, wherein the VLP comprises one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 proteins encoded by one or more of the recombinant polynucleotides described above. The method comprises introducing one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotides described above into the plant, the portion of the plant or the plant cell, and incubating the plant, the portion of the plant or the plant cell under conditions that permit expression of the one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein, thereby producing the norovirus VLP. The method provided herein may further comprise a step of harvesting the plant, portion of the plant, or the plant cell. Additionally, the method may comprise a step of extracting, purifying, or both extracting and purifying the norovirus VLP from the plant, the portion of the plant or the plant cell. Furthermore, in the step of introducing, the method may further comprise introducing a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a norovirus VP2 protein into the plant, the portion of the plant, or the plant cell, and in the step of incubating, the conditions permit co-expression and co-production of both the modified norovirus VP1 protein and the norovirus VP2 protein in the plant, portion of the plant or the plant cell thereby producing the norovirus VLP. The norovirus VLP produced by the method described herein may have a diameter of about 15 nm to 50nm. Alternatively, the VLP may have a diameter of about 23 nm (for T=l icosahedral symmetry) or about 38 nm (for T=3 icosahedral symmetry).

[0025] A method of producing an antibody or antibody fragment is provided herein, wherein the method comprises administering one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 proteins encoded by one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide described above, or the norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein, to a subject or a host animal, thereby producing the antibody or the antibody fragment.

[0026] Also provided herein is a plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell comprising the recombinant polynucleotide described above, the modified norovirus VP1 encoded by one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide, or the norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one the modified norovirus VP1 protein. [0027] A composition for inducing an immune response is also described herein. The composition comprises, an effective dose of one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein encoded by one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide described above, or the norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, vehicle or excipient.

[0028] The present disclosure also provides a vaccine for inducing an immune response, wherein the vaccine comprises an effective dose of one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 proteins encoded by one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide described above, or the VLP comprising one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein.

[0029] Multiple strains of Norovirus have been characterized, and norovirus strains may evolve over time. Therefore, the present disclosure is also directed to VP1 and VP2 proteins from norovirus that exhibit from about 30-100% or any amount therebetween, amino acid sequence identity, to the VP1 protein, the VP2 protein, or both the VP1 and the VP2 proteins, of any of the norovirus strains listed in Figures 2A and 2B, provided that the VP1 protein can be expressed in a plant, and that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus in a subject, when the VP1 protein is administered to the subject. For example, norovirus strains include strains having 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100%, or any amount therebetween, amino acid sequence identity (sequence similarity; percent identity; percent similarity) to the VP1 protein, the VP2 protein, or both the VP1 and the VP2 proteins, with any of the strains listed in Figures 2A and 2B, provided that the VP1 protein can be expressed in a plant, and the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus in a subject, when the VP1 protein is administered to the subject.

[0030] An antibody or antibody fragment is provided herein, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment is prepared by administering one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 encoded by one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide described above, or the norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1, to a subject or host animal. [0031] Also described herein is a method of inducing immunity to a noro virus infection in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein encoded by one or more than one of the recombinant polynucleotide described above, or the norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein. The one or more than one of the modified norovirus VP1 protein, or the norovirus VLP may be administered to the subject orally, intranasally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously subcutaneously, rectally, or intravaginally.

[0032] This summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all features of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:

[0034] FIGURE 1A shows a schematic representation of the linear structure of the norovirus genome and the polyprotein and proteins translated therefrom. FIGURE IB shows a ribbon diagram representation of the 3-dimensional structure of the norovirus VP1 protein comprising a shell (S) domain, a Pl subdomain (Pl), and a P2 subdomain (P2). FIGURE 1C shows a ribbon diagram representation of the 3- dimensional structure of a norovirus VP1 protein dimer comprising of two S domains (S), two Pl subdomains (Pl), and two P2 subdomains (P2).

[0035] FIGURE 2A shows Uniprot and NCBI references for several norovirus VP1 (upper panel) and VP2 (lower panel) proteins. FIGURE 2B shows NCBI references for several norovirus VP1 (upper panel) and VP2 (lower panel) nucleic acid sequences. FIGURE 2C shows an alignment of several S domains of norovirus VP1 proteins. The norovirus GI.1 sequence (SEQ ID NO: l) is used as a reference sequence to which the other norovirus VP1 sequences (GI.2, SEQ ID NO:4; GI.3, SEQ ID NO:6; GI.5, SEQ ID NO: l2; GI.7 SEQ ID NO: lOl; Gil l. SEQ ID NO: l3; GII.2.

SEQ ID NO: 14; GII.3, SEQ ID NO: 15; GII.4, SEQ ID NO: 16; GII.5,SEQ ID NO: 17; GII.6, SEQ ID NO:20; GII.7,SEQ ID NO: 18; GIL 12, SEQ ID NO: 19; GII.13, SEQ ID NO:22; GIIT4,SEQ ID NO:32; GII.17, SEQ ID NO:24; and GII.2l, SEQ ID NO:26) are aligned. The VP1 amino acid sequences for the“GII” family of VP1 proteins comprise a 3 amino acid deletion at amino acids 14-16, and a one amino acid deletion at position 26, this results in an alignment offset between the GII VP1 sequences and the GI VP1 sequences by 4 amino acids. [0036] FIGURE 3A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with left panel: wild type (wt) human codon-optimized (hCod) Gl. l/United States/Norwalk/l968 VP1 (Construct #: 2724; SEQ ID NO:3 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 1 (amino acid)) and hCod GI.5 VP1 (Construct #: 3980; SEQ ID NO:33

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 12 (amino acid); center panel: wild type GI.1 and wt hCod

GII.12/United States/HS206/20l0 VP1 (Construct #: 3995; SEQ ID NO:87

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 19 (amino acid)); and right panel: wild type GI.1 and wt hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012 VP1 (Construct #: 3760; SEQ ID NO:52 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 16 (amino acid)). Arrow: VP1 norovirus protein. First lane in each of the panels crude protein extracts prepared from mock infiltrated N.

benthamiana leaves. FIGURE 3B upper panel shows norovirus protein expression and VLP assembly using Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of fractions from an iodixanol density gradient separation of crude protein extracts prepared from N.

benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod VP1 Gl. l/United States/Norwalk/l968 VP1 (construct #2724), or wt hCod VP1 (construct #2724) and co-expressed with wt hCod

VP2 (construct #2725). Lower panel shows electron micrographs of norovirus VLPs purified from 33% iodixanol gradient fractions of VP1 or co-expression of VP1 and VP2 proteins. An electron micrograph of native norovirus VLP is shown for comparison. FIGURE 3C shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N.

benthamiana leaves expressing left panel: wt hCod

GI.5/Hungary/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3 VP1 (Construct #: 3980; SEQ ID NO:33 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 12 (amino acid)); right panel: GII. l2/United

States/HS206/20l 0 VP1 (Construct #: 3995; SEQ ID NO:87 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 19 (amino acid). FIGURE 3D shows GI.1 VLP-specific total IgG titers measured in serum samples from animals after IM immunization with one dose (Day 21) and two doses (Day 42) of 1 pg or 10 pg of each formulation. Total IgG titers were measured by ELISA using GI.1 VLP-coated plates (LOQ = 100). Total IgG titers per treatment group (n=8 animals/group) are represented by geometric mean titer (GMT) with a 95 % confidence interval. Same letter (A, B, C, D): no significant difference detected between treatment groups (p > 0.05). [0037] FIGURE 4A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GI.2 VP1 (Construct #: 3300; SEQ ID NO:5 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:4 (amino acid)). FIGURE 4B shows electron micrographs of norovirus VLPs purified from 29-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of VP1. [0038] FIGURE 5A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with wt hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VP1 (Construct #: 3979; SEQ ID NO:7 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:6 (amino acid)), mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden_S94L VP1 (Construct #: 4141; SEQ ID NO:9 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:8 (amino acid)), or mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden_Q84S+S94L VP1

(Construct #: 4142; SEQ ID NO: 11 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 10 (amino acid)), with and without wt hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VP2 (Construct #: 3303; SEQ ID NO:95 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:94 (amino acid)). First lane: crude protein extracts prepared from mock infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves. FIGURE 5B shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VP1 (Construct #: 3979, left panel), mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VPl_S94L (Construct #: 4141, middle panel), or mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VPl_Q84S+S94L (Construct #:4l42, right panel). FIGURE 5C shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod

GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VP1 (Construct #: 3979, left panel; fractions F2+F3, F6+F7 of Figure 5B), mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VPl_S94L

(Construct #: 4141, middle panel; fractions F2 - F6 of Figure 5B), or mut hCod

GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden VPl_Q84S+S94L (Construct #: 4142, right panel; fractions F2 - F6 of Figure 5B). 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 500 nm.

FIGURE 5D shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila Edet/Sweden_M57I+S94L VP1 (Construct #:4l80; SEQ ID NO: l7l (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: l72 (amino acid)). FIGURE 5E shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing mut hCod GI.3/S29/2008/Lila

Edet/Sweden_M57I+S94L VP1 (Construct #: 4180); 15, 000X magnification; scale bar = 500 nm. FIGURE 5F shows the relative yield of VLPs comprising non-native

VP1 GI.3 with substitutions at amino acid position 94, compared to the VLP yield of wild-type GI.3 (GI.3 S94; set as“Fold Change” of 1): C#: construct number.

[0039] FIGURE 6A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with wt hCod GI. l/United States/Norwalk/l968 VP1 (Construct #:2724; SEQ ID

NO:3 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: l (amino acid)), wt hCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l 3/HUN VP1 (Construct #: 3980; SEQ ID NO:33

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 12 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_Q84S VP1 (Construct #: 4130; SEQ ID NO:35 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:34 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_A94L VP1 (Construct #: 4131; SEQ ID NO:37 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:36 (amino acid)) or mut hCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_Q84S+A94L VP1 (Construct #: 4132; SEQ ID NO:39 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:38 (amino acid)). Arrow: VP1 norovirus protein; First lane = crude protein extracts prepared from mock infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves. FIGURE 6B shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing, from left to right, wt hCod GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN VP1 (Construct # 3980), mut hCod GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_Q84S VP1

(Construct #: 4130, left panel), mut hCod GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_A94L

VP1 (Construct #: 4131, middle panel), or mut HCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_Q84S+A94L VP1 (Construct #: 4132, right panel). FIGURE 6C shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from/V. benthamiana leaves expressing, from left to right, wt hCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/2013/HUN VP1 (Construct # 3980), wt hCod

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_Q84S VP1 (Construct #:4l30, left panel), mut hCod GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_A94L VP1 (Construct #: 4131, middle panel), or mut hCod GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN_Q84S+A94L VP1 (Construct #: 4132, right panel). 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 200 nm. FIGURE 6D shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing, from left to right, wt hCod GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 VP1 (Construct # 4209; SEQ ID NO: 101 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:204 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_R84S (Construct #4210; SEQ ID NO: 176 (nucleotide);

SEQ ID NO: 177 (amino acid)), mut hCod GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I (Construct 4217; SEQ ID NO: 178 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 179 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I+R84S Construct # 4218; SEQ ID

NO: l80(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: l8l (amino acid)). * samples obtained for TEM analysis (see Figure 6E). FIGURE 6E shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing,

Top left: wt hCod GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 VP1 (Construct # 4209), Top right: mut hCod GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_R84S (Construct #4210); Bottom left: mut hCod GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I (Construct 4217); Bottom Right mut hCod

GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I+R84S Contract # 4218). 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 500 nm. FIGURE 6F shows the relative yield of VLPs comprising non native VP1 GI.7 with substitutions at amino acid position 57, compared to the VLP yield of wild-type GI.7 (GI.7 M57; set as“Fold Change” of 1): C#: construct number.

[0040] FIGURE 7A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with wt hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW VP1 (Construct #: 3982; SEQ ID NO:40

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 14 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW_E80S VP1 (Construct #: 4143; SEQ ID NO:86 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 85 (amino acid)), mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW _A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4144; SEQ ID NO:42 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:4l (amino acid)) or mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/2011/TW _E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4145; SEQ ID NO:44 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:43 (amino acid)). Arrow: VP1 norovirus protein; First lane = crude protein extracts prepared from mock infiltrated N.

benthamiana leaves. FIGURE 7B shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing, from left to right, wt hCod GII.2/CGMH47/2011/TW VP1 (Construct # 3982), mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW_E80S VP1 (Construct #4143), mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW _A90L (Construct #: 4144), or mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW _E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4145). FIGURE 7C shows Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves (upper part of each panel), and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 29-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves (lower part of each panel), expressing: Top Left Panel: wt hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW VP1 (Construct # 3982), Top Right panel mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW_E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct #4145); Bottom Left Panel: mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW_A39V+E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct # 4182; SEQ ID NO: l83 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: l82 (amino acid)); Bottom Right

Panel: mut hCod GII.2/CGMH47/201 l/TW_M53I+E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct # 4183 SEQ ID NO: l85 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: l84 (amino acid)); 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 500 nm.

[0041] FIGURE 8A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing, from left to right, wt hCod GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN VP1 (Construct #: 3983; SEQ ID NO:45 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 15 (amino acid; first panel)), mut hCod GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN_E80S VP1 (Construct #: 4146, ; SEQ ID NO:47 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:46 (amino acid; second panel)), mut hCod GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN_A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4147, ; SEQ ID NO:49

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:48 (amino acid; third panel)), or mut hCod

GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN_E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4148, SEQ ID NO:5l (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:50 (amino acid; fourth panel)). FIGURE 8B shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from/V.

benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN VP1

(Construct #3983, first panel), or mut hCod GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN_E80S VP1

(Construct #: 4146, second panel). 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 500 nm.

[0042] FIGURE 9A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with wt Gl. l/United States/Norwalk/l968 VP1 (Construct #: 2724; SEQ ID NO:3 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 1 (amino acid)), wt hCod

GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU VP1 (Construct #: 3760; SEQ ID NO:52

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 16 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU _A39V VP1 (Construct #: 4155; SEQ ID NO:54 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:53 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_V47P VP1 (Construct #: 4156; SEQ ID NO:56

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:55 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_R53I VP1 (Construct #: 4157; SEQ ID NO:58 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:57 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4133; SEQ ID NO:60 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:59 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney /N S W 0514/2012/AU_S90L VP 1 (Construct #: 4134; SEQ ID NO:62 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:6l (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/ Sydney /N SW0514/2012/ AU_A35-42 VP1 (Construct #: 4158; SEQ ID NO:64 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:63 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU_S ST AV AT A VP1 (Construct #: 4159; SEQ ID

NO:66 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:65 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/ Sydney /N SW0514/2012/ AU_P 8 OS +A39 V (Construct # : 4165; SEQ ID NO:68 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:67 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S+V47P VP1 (Construct #: 4166; SEQ ID NO:70 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:69 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_ P80S+R53I VP1 (Construct #: 4167; SEQ ID NO:72 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:7l (amino acid)), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S+S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4135; SEQ ID NO:74 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:73 (amino acid)), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S+A35-42 VP1 (Construct #: 4168; SEQ ID NO:76 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:75 (amino acid)), or mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney /NSW0514/2012/ AU_P80S+SSTAV AT A VP1 (Construct #: 4169; SEQ

ID NO:78 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:77 (amino acid)). Arrow: VP1 norovirus protein; First lane = crude protein extracts prepared from mock infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves. FIGURE 9B shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis (upper panel) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM; lower panel; 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 200 nm) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU VP1 (Construct #: 3760), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4133), mut hCod GII.4/Sy dney/N S W 0514/2012/AU_S90L VP 1 (Construct #: 4134),

GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S+S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4135). FIGURE

9C shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis (upper panel) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM; lower panel; 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 200 nm) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.4/Sy dney/N S W0514/2012/AU VP1 (Construct #: 3760), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4133), mut hCod GII.4/Sy dney/N S W0514/2012/AU _A39V VP1 (Construct #: 4155), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_ P80S+A39V (Construct #: 4165), mut hCod GII.4/Sy dney/N S W 0514/2012/AU_A35 -42 VP1 (Construct #: 4158), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S+A35-42 VP1 (Construct #: 4168).

FIGURE 9D shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis (upper panel) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM; lower panel; 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 200 nm) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU VP1 (Construct #: 3760), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4133), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_R53I VP1 (Construct #: 4157), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_R53I+P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4167). FIGURE 9E shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU VP1 (Construct #: 3760), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4133), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/N S W0514/2012/AU_V47P VP1

(Construct #: 4156, mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU_P80S+V47P VP1 (Construct #: 4166). FIGURE 9F shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod

GII.4/Sydney/N S W0514/2012/AU VP1 (Construct #: 3760), mut hCod

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4133), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/N S W0514/2012/AU_S ST AV AT A VP 1 (Construct #: 4159), mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/N S W0514/2012/AU_S ST AV AT A+P 80S VP1 (Construct #: 4169). FIGURE 9G shows Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves

(upper panel), and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves (lower panel), expressing: Left Panel: mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/N S W 0514/2012/AU_R53I+P 80S VP1 (Construct # 4167); Right panel mut hCod GII.4/Sydney/NS W0514/2012/ AU_A39V+R53I+ P80S VP1 (Construct

#4186; SEQ ID NO: 191 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 190 (amino acid)); 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 500 nm. FIGURE 9H shows the relative yield of VLPs comprising non-native VP1 GII.4/2012 with substitutions at amino acid position 80, compared to the VLP yield of wild-type (native) GII.4/2012 (GII.4/2012 P80 set as “Fold Change” of 1; C#: construct number. FIGURE 91 shows the relative yield of

VLPs comprising VP1 GII.4/2012 (P80S) with an additional substitution at amino acid position 39, compared to the VLP yield of GII.4/2012 (P80S) comprising A39. GII.4/2012 (P80S) A39 set as“Fold Change” of 1; C#: construct number.

[0043] FIGURE 10A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA VP1 (Construct #: 3993; SEQ ID NO:2l (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 20 (amino acid)) and wt hCod GII.6/HS245/2010/USA VP2 (Construct #: 3307; SEQ ID NO:97 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:96 (amino acid)), mut hCod GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA_E80S VP1 (Construct #: 4149; SEQ ID NO:80 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:79 (amino acid)) and wt hCod GII.6/HS245/2010/USA VP2 (Construct #: 3307), mut hCod

GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA_S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4150; SEQ ID NO:82

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:8l (amino acid))) and wt hCod GII.6/HS245/2010/USA VP2 (Construct #3307), or mut hCod GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA_E80S+S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4151; SEQ ID NO:84 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:83 (amino acid)) and wt hCod GII.6/HS245/2010/USA VP2 (Construct #: 3307). FIGURE 10B shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N.

benthamiana leaves expressing wt hCod GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA VP1 (Construct #: 3993) and wt hCod GII.6/HS245/2010/USA VP2 (Construct #: 3307), mut hCod GII.6/Ohio/490/20l 2/US A_S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4150) and wt hCod

GII.6/HS245/2010/USA VP2 (Construct #: 3307). 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 200 nm.

[0044] FIGURE 11A shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE of crude protein extracts prepared from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves, 9 days post infiltration (DPI) with wt hCod Gl. l/United States/Norwalk/l968 VP1 (Construct #: 2724; SEQ ID NO:3 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 1 (amino acid)), wt hCod

GII.12/HS206/2010/USA VP 1 (Construct #: 3995; SEQ ID NO:87 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: l9 (amino acid)), mut hCod GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_E80S VP1 (Construct #: 4136; SEQ ID NO:89 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:88 (amino acid)), mut hCod GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4137; SEQ ID NO:9l

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:90 (amino acid)), or mut hCod

GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4138; SEQ ID NO:93 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:92 (amino acid)). First lane = crude protein extracts prepared from mock infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves. FIGURE 11B shows a Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt

GII.12/HS206/2010/USA VP 1 (Construct #: 3995), GII. l2/HS206/20l0/USA_E80S VP1 (Construct #: 4136), GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4137), or GII.l2/HS206/20l0/USA_E80S+A90L VP1 (Construct #: 4138). FIGURE 11C shows transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves expressing wt GII.12/HS206/2010/USA VP 1 (Construct #: 3995, first panel GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_P80S VP1 (Construct #: 4136, second panel), GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4137, third panel), or GII.12/HS206/2010/US A_P80S+S90L VP1 (Construct #: 4138, fourth

panel).15, 000X magnification; scale bar = 500 nm. FIGURE 11D shows Coomassie- stained SDS-PAGE analysis of iodixanol density gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N. benthamiana leaves (upper part of each panel), and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of virus like particles (VLPs) purified from 31-35% iodixanol gradient fractions of crude protein extracts prepared from N.

benthamiana leaves (lower part of each panel), expressing: Top Left Panel: wt hCod GII.17 Kawa 20l4 A0A077KVU6VP1 (Construct # 3998; SEQ ID NO:25

(nucleotide); SEQ ID NO:24 (amino acid)), Top Right panel mut hCod GII.17 Kawa

2014 A0A077KVU6_A90L VP1 (Construct #4232; SEQ ID NO: 197 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 196 (amino acid)); Bottom Left Panel: mut hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_A39V VP1 (Construct # 4234; SEQ ID NO: 193 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 192 (amino acid)); Bottom Right Panel: mut hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014

A0A077KVU6_R53I VP1 (Construct # 4235; SEQ ID NO: 195 (nucleotide); SEQ ID

NO: 194 (amino acid)); 15,000C magnification; scale bar = 500 nm.

[0045] FIGURE 12A shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl GI.1 United States Norwalk 1968 (SEQ ID NO: l); FIGURE 12B shows the nucleic acid sequence of wild type VP1 GI.1 United States Norwalk 1968 (SEQ ID NO:2); FIGURE 12C shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.1 United States Norwalk 1968 (SEQ

ID NO:3).

[0046] FIGURE 13A shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl G1.2 Leuven 2003 D2DEL3 (SEQ ID NO:4); FIGURE 13B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 G1.2 Leuven 2003 D2DEL3 (SEQ ID NO:5). [0047] FIGURE 14A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.3 LillaEdet 2008 H2DG70 (SEQ ID NO:6); FIGURE 14B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod GI.3 LillaEdet 2008 H2DG70 (SEQ ID NO: 7).

[0048] FIGURE 15A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.5 Siklos HUN5407 2013 HUN AHW99832 (SEQ ID NO: 12). FIGURE 15B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.5 Siklos HUN5407 2013 HUN AHW99832 (SEQ ID NO: 33).

[0049] FIGURE 16A shows the amino acid sequence of GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 VP1 (SEQ ID NO: 101). FIGURE 16B shows the nucleic acid sequence of

GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 VP1 (SEQ ID NO: 175). FIGURE 16C shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl GII.1 Ascension208 2010 USA AFA55174 (SEQ ID NO: 13).

[0050] FIGURE 17A shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl GII.2 CGMH47 2011 TW AGT39206 (SEQ ID NO: 14). FIGURE 17B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.2 CGMH47 2011 TW AGT39206 (SEQ ID NO:40). [0051] FIGURE 18A shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl GII.3 Jingzhou

2013402 CHN AGX01095 (SEQ ID NO: 15). Figure 18B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.3 Jingzhou 2013402 CHN AGX01095 (SEQ ID NO:45).

[0052] FIGURE 19A shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl GII.4 Sydney NSW0514 2012 (SEQ ID NO: 16). FIGURE 19B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4 Sydney NSW0514 2012 (SEQ ID NO: 52). FIGURE 19C shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl US96: GII.4 Dresdenl74 1997 DE AY741811 (SEQ ID NO:27). FIGURE 19D shows the amino acid sequence of VPl FH02: GII.4

FarmingtonHills 2002 US AY502023 (SEQ ID NO:28). FIGURE 19E shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl Hnt04:GII.4 Hunter-NSW504D 2004 AU DQ078814 (SEQ ID NO:29). FIGURE 19F shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl 2006b: GII.4

Shellharbour-N S W696T 2006 AU EF684915 (SEQ ID NO:30). FIGURE 19G shows the amino acid sequence of VP1NO09: GII.4 Orange-NSWOOlP 2008 AU GQ845367 (SEQ ID NO: 31). [0053] FIGURE 20 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.5 Alberta 2013 CA ALT54485 (SEQ ID NO: 17).

[0054] FIGURE 21A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.6 Ohio 2012 M9T020 (SEQ ID NO: 20). FIGURE 21B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod- optimized VP1 GII.6 Ohio 2012 M9T020 (SEQ ID NO:2l);

[0055] FIGURE 22 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.7 Musa 2010 AII73774 (SEQ ID NO: 18).

[0056] FIGURE 23A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1

GII.l2_HS206_20l0_USA_AEI29586 (SEQ ID NO: 19); FIGURE 23B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII. l2_HS206_20l0_USA AEI29586 (SEQ ID

NO: 87).

[0057] FIGURE 24A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.13 VA173 2010 H9AWU4 (SEQ ID NO:22). FIGURE 24B shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon-optimized VP1 GII.13 VA173 2010 H9AWU4 (SEQ ID NO: 23). [0058] FIGURE 25 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.14 Saga 2008 JPN

ADE28701 (SEQ ID NO:32).

[0059] FIGURE 26A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6 (SEQ ID NO:24). FIGURE 26B shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon-optimized VP1 GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6 (SEQ ID NO:25). [0060] FIGURE 27 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.21 Sali 2011 USA

AFC89665 (SEQ ID NO:26).

[0061] FIGURE 28A shows the amino acid sequence of modified VP1 GI.3_ Lil08_Q84S (SEQ ID NO:98). FIGURE 28B shows the nucleic acid sequence of VP1 GI.3_Lil08_Q84S (SEQ ID NO: 167). FIGURE 28C shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.3 Lil08_S94L (SEQ ID NO:8). FIGURE 28D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.3 Lil08_S94L (SEQ ID NO:9). FIGURE 28E shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.3 Lil08_Q84S+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 10). FIGURE 28F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.3 Lil08_Q84S+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 11). FIGURE 28G shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.3

Lil08_A43V+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 170). FIGURE 28H shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.3 Lil08_A43V+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 169). FIGURE 281 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.3 Lil08_M57I+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 172). FIGURE 28J shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.3 Lil08_M57I+S94L

(SEQ ID NO: 171). FIGURE 28K shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.3 Lil08_A43V+M57I+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 174). FIGURE 28L shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.3 Lil08_A43V+M57I+S94L (SEQ ID NO: 173). FIGURE 28M shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GI.3_Lil08_S942L(SEQ ID NO:292); wherein X is selected from V, I M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H. FIGURE 28N shows the human codon optimized sequence of VPl_GI.3_Lil08_S94X (SEQ ID NO:293); wherein X is selected from a codon encoding V (e.g. XXX=GTG). I (e.g.

XXX=ATC). M (e.g. XXX=ATG). T (e.g. XXX=ACC). E (e.g. XXX=GAG). D (e.g. XXX=GAC ). N (e.g. XXX=AAC ). Q (e.g. XXX=CAG). K (e.g. XXX=AAG). or H (e.g. XXX=CAC).

[0062] FIGURE 29A shows the amino acid sequence of modified VP1 GI.5 Siklos Q84S (SEQ ID NO:34). FIGURE 29B shows the nucleic acid sequence of modified VP1 GI.5 Siklos Q84S (SEQ ID NO:35). FIGURE 29C shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.5 Siklos A94L (SEQ ID NO:36). FIGURE 29D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.5 Siklos A94L (SEQ ID NO:37). FIGURE

29E shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GI.5 Siklos Q84S+A94L (SEQ ID

NO: 38). FIGURE 29F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GI.5 Siklos Q84S+A94L (SEQ ID NO:39). FIGURE 29G shows the amino acid sequence of modified VP1 GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_R84S (SEQ ID NO: 177). FIGURE 29H shows the nucleic acid sequence of modified VP1 hCod

GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_R84S (SEQ ID NO: 176). FIGURE 291 shows the amino acid sequence of modified VP1 GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I (SEQ ID NO: 179). FIGURE 29 J shows the nucleic acid sequence of modified VP1 hCod

GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I (SEQ ID NO: 178). FIGURE 29K shows the amino acid sequence of modified VPlGI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I+R84S (SEQ ID

NO: 181). FIGURE 29L shows the nucleic acid sequence of modified VP1 hCod GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57I+R84S (SEQ ID NO: 180). FIGURE 29M shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57X _. (SEQ ID NO:290); wherein X is selected from L, G, S, T, N, Q, K or H. FIGURE 29N shows human codon optimized VPl_GI.7/GA5043/USA/20l4_M57X (SEQ ID NO:29l); wherein X is selected from a codon encoding L (e.g. XXX=CTG). G (e.g. S (e.g.

XXX=AGC), T (e.g. XXX=ACC). N (e.g. XXX=AAC). Q (e.g. XXX=CAG). K (e.g.

XXX=AAG). or H (e.g. XXX=CAC).

[0063] FIGURE 30A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.2 CGMH47 E80S (SEQ ID NO:85). FIGURE 30B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.2 CGMH47 E80S (SEQ ID NO: 86) . FIGURE 30C shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.2 CGMH47 A90L (SEQ ID NO:4l); FIGURE 30D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.2 CGMH47 A90L (SEQ ID NO:42).

FIGURE 30E shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GII.2_CGMH47_E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:43). FIGURE 30F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod

VP l_GII.2_CGMH47_E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:44). FIGURE 30G shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GII.2_CGMH47_A39V+E80S+A90L (SEQ ID

NO: 182). FIGURE 30H shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod

VPl_GII.2_CGMH47_ A39V+E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO: 183). FIGURE 301 shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GII.2_CGMH47_R53I+E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO: 184). FIGURE 30J shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod

VP l_GII.2_CGMH47_ R53I+E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO: 185). FIGURE 30K shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GII.2_CGMH47_ A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO: 186). FIGURE 30L shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod

VPl_GII.2_CGMH47_ A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO: 187).

[0064] FIGURE 31A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.3_Jing_E80S (SEQ ID NO:46). FIGURE 31B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.3_Jing_E80S (SEQ ID NO:47). FIGURE 31C the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.3_Jing_A90L (SEQ ID NO:48). FIGURE 31D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.3_Jing_A90L (SEQ ID NO:49). FIGURE 31E the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.3_Jing_E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:50). FIGURE 31F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.3_Jing_E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:5l). [0065] FIGURE 32A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4 Sydl2 A39V (SEQ ID NO:53). FIGURE 32B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_A39V (SEQ ID NO:54). FIGURE 32C shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_V47P (SEQ ID NO:55). FIGURE 32D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_V47P (SEQ ID NO:56). FIGURE 32E shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_R53I (SEQ ID NO:57). FIGURE 32F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_R53I (SEQ ID NO:58). FIGURE 32G shows the amino acid sequence of VP1; GII.4_Sydl2_P80S (SEQ ID NO:59). FIGURE 32H shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.4_Sydl2_P80S (SEQ IDNO:60). FIGURE 321 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sy d 12_S 90L (SEQ ID NO:6l). FIGURE 32J shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_S90L (SEQ IDNO:62). FIGURE 32K shows the amino acid sequence of VPlGII.4_Sydl2_A35-42 (SEQ ID NO:63). FIGURE 32L shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VPlGII.4_Sydl2_A35-42 (SEQ IDNO:64). FIGURE 32M shows the amino acid sequence of VP 1

GII.4_Sydl2_SSTAVATA (SEQ ID NO:65). FIGURE 32N shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCodVPl GII.4_Sydl2_SSTAVATA (SEQ ID NO:66). FIGURE 320 shows the amino acid sequence of VPlGII.4_Sydl2_P80S+A39V (SEQ ID NO:67). FIGURE 32P shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+A39V (SEQ ID NO: 68). FIGURE 32Q shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+V47P (SEQ ID NO:69). FIGURE 32R shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+V47P (SEQ ID NO:70). FIGURE 32S shows the amino acid sequence of VPlGII.4_Sydl2_P80S+R53I (SEQ ID NO:7l). FIGURE 32T shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.4_Sy d 12_P 80 S+R531 (SEQ ID NO:72). FIGURE 32U shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+S90L (SEQ ID NO:73). FIGURE 32V shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+S90L (SEQ ID NO:74). FIGURE 32W shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+A35-42 (SEQ ID NO:75). FIGURE 32X shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sy d 12_P 80 S+A35-42 (SEQ ID NO:76). FIGURE 32Y shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+SSTAVATA (SEQ ID NO:77). FIGURE 32Z shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+SSTAVATA (SEQ ID NO:78). FIGURE 32AA shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4 Sydl2 A39V+R53I (SEQ ID NO: 188). FIGURE 32BB shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP 1 GII.4_Sydl2_A39V+R53I (SEQ ID NO: 189). FIGURE 32CC shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.4 Sydl2 A39V+R53I+P80S (SEQ ID NO: 190). FIGURE 32DD shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.4_Sy d 12_A39V +R531+P 80S (SEQ ID NO: 191). FIGURE 32EE shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon optimized VP1 GII.4 Svdl2 P80X (SEQ ID NO:287); wherein X is selected from a codon encoding A (e.g. XXX=GCC). N (e.g. XXX=AAC). K (e.g. XXX=AAG). or H (e.g. XXX=CAC). FIGURE 32FF shows the amino acid sequence of VPl_GII.4_Sydl2_P80X (SEQ ID NO:286); wherein X is selected from A, N, K, or H. FIGURE 32GG shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon optimize sequence of VP1 GII.4 Svdl2 P80S+A39X (SEQ ID

NO:289); wherein X is selected from a codon encoding I (e.g. XXX=ATC). M (e.g. XXX=ATG). G (e.g. XXX=GGC ). S (e g. XXX=AGC ). E (e g. XXX=GAG), D (e.g. XXX=GAC). N (e.g. XXX=AAC). Q (e.g. XXX=CAG). K (e.g. XXX=AAG). or H

(e.g. XXX=CAC). FIGURE 32HH show the amino acid sequence of

VPl_GII.4_Sydl2_P80S+A39X (SEQ ID NO:288); wherein X is selected from I, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H.

[0066] FIGURE 33A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.6_Ohio_E80S (SEQ ID NO:79). FIGURE 33B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP 1

GII.6_Ohio_E80S (SEQ ID NO: 80). FIGURE 33C shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.6_Ohio_S90L (SEQ ID NO:8l). FIGURE 33D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.6_Ohio_S90L (SEQ ID NO: 82). FIGURE 33E shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.6_Ohio_E80S+S90L (SEQ ID NO:83). FIGURE 33F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.6_Ohio_E80S+S90L (SEQ ID

NO: 84).

FIGURE 34A shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.12 HS10 E80S (SEQ ID NO: 88). FIGURE 34B shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.12_HS 10 E80S (SEQ ID NO:89). FIGURE 34C shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.12_HS 10 A90L (SEQ ID NO:90). FIGURE 34D shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1 GII.l2_HSl0_A90L (SEQ ID NO:9l). FIGURE 34E shows the amino acid sequence of VP1 GII.12 HS10 E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:92);

FIGURE 34F shows the nucleic acid sequence of hCod VP1

GII.12_HS 10 E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:93). FIGURE 34G shows the amino acid sequence ofVPl GII.17 Kawa 20l4 A0A077KVU6_A39V (SEQ ID NO: l92).

FIGURE 34H shows the nucleic acid sequence of VPl hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014

A0A077KVU6_A39V (SEQ ID NO: 193). FIGURE 341 shows the amino acid sequence of VP1GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_R53I (SEQ ID NO: 194).

FIGURE 34J shows the nucleic acid sequence ofVPl hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_R53I (SEQ ID NO: 195). FIGURE 34K shows the amino acid sequence of VP1GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_A90L (SEQ ID NO: 196).

FIGURE 34L shows the nucleic acid sequence ofVPl hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_A90L (SEQ ID NO: 197). FIGURE 34M shows the amino acid sequence of VP1GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_A39V+M53I (SEQ ID NO: 198). FIGURE 34N shows the nucleic acid sequence of VPl hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0 A077KVU 6_A39V +M531 (SEQ ID NO: 199). FIGURE 340 shows the amino acid sequence ofVPlGIU7 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:200). FIGURE 34P shows the nucleic acid sequence of VPl hCod GII.17 Kawa 2014 A0A077KVU6_E80S+A90L (SEQ ID NO:20l);

[0067] FIGURE 35A shows the amino acid sequence of VP2 GI. l_Norwalk (SEQ ID NO:99). FIGURE 35B shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon optimized VP.2_GIl_Norwalk (SEQ ID NO: 100).

[0068] FIGURE 36A shows the amino acid sequence of VP2_GI.3_Lil08 (SEQ ID NO:94). FIGURE 36B shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon optimized VP2_GI.3_Lil08 (SEQ ID NO:95). [0069] FIGURE 37A shows the amino acid sequence of VP2 GII.6 HS10 (SEQ

ID NO:96). FIGURE 37B shows the nucleic acid sequence of human codon optimized VP2 GII6 HS10 (SEQ ID NO:97).

[0070] FIGURE 38A shows the cloning vector 1190 from left to right T-DNA (SEQ ID NO: 162). FIGURE 38B shows the construct 2724 from 2X35S promoter to NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 163). FIGURE 38C shows the cloning vector 3677 from left to right T-DNA (SEQ ID NO: 164). FIGURE 38D shows the construct 4133 from 2X35S promoter to NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 165). FIGURE 38E shows the construct 4135 from 2X35S promoter to NOS terminator (SEQ ID NO: 166).

[0071] FIGURE 39A shows a schematic representation of construct 2724 (VP1 Wt GI.1 hCod). FIGURE 39B shows a schematic representation of construct 3300

(VP1 Wt GI.2 hCod). FIGURE 39C shows a schematic representation of construct 3979 (VP1 Wt GI.3 hCod).

[0072] FIGURE 40A shows a schematic representation of construct 4140 (VP1 GI.3_Q84S hCod). FIGURE 40B shows a schematic representation of construct 4141 (VP1 GI.3_S94L hCod). FIGURE 40C shows a schematic representation of construct 4142 (VP1 GI.3_P84S+S94L hCod). FIGURE 40D shows a schematic representation of construct 4179 (VP1 GI.3_A43V+S94L hCod). FIGURE 40E shows a schematic representation of construct 4180 (VP1 GI.3_M57I+S94L hCod). FIGURE 40F shows a schematic representation of construct 4181 (VP1

GI.3_A43V+M57I+S94L hCod).

[0073] FIGURE 41A shows a schematic representation of construct 3980 (VP1 Wt GI.5 hCod (Wt GI.5 hCod). FIGURE 41B shows a schematic representation of construct 4130 (VP1 GI.5_Q84S). FIGURE 41C shows a schematic representation of construct 4131 (VP1 GI.5_A94L hCod). FIGURE 41D shows a schematic representation of construct 4132 (VP 1 GI.5 Q84S+A94L hCod). FIGURE 4 IE shows a schematic representation of construct 4210 (VP1 GI.7_R84S hCod).

FIGURE 41F shows a schematic representation of construct 4217 (VP1 GI.7_M57I hCod). FIGURE 41G shows a schematic representation of construct 4218 (VP1 GI.7 M57I+R84S hCod). [0074] FIGURE 42A shows a schematic representation of construct 3982 (Wt VP1

GII.2 hCod). FIGURE 42B shows a schematic representation of construct 4143 (VP1 GII.2_E80S). FIGURE 42C shows a schematic representation of construct 4144 (VP1 GII.2_A90L hCod). FIGURE 42D shows a schematic representation of construct 4145 (VP1 GII.2_E80S+A90L hCod). FIGURE 42E shows a schematic representation of construct 4182 (VP 1 GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L hCod). FIGURE 42F shows a schematic representation of construct 4183 (VP1

GII.2_R53I+E80S+A90L hCod). FIGURE 42G shows a schematic representation of construct 4184 (VP1 GII.2_A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L hCod).

[0075] FIGURE 43A shows a schematic representation of construct 3983 (Wt VP1 GII.3 hCod). FIGURE 43B shows a schematic representation of construct 4146

(VP1 GII.3_E80S hCod). FIGURE 43C shows a schematic representation of construct 4147 (VP1 GII.3_A90L hCod). FIGURE 43D shows a schematic representation of construct 4148 (VP1 GII.3_E80S+A90L).

[0076] FIGURE 44A shows a schematic representation of construct 3760 (Wt VP1 GII.4 hCod). FIGURE 44B shows a schematic representation of construct 4155

(VP1 GII.4_A39V hCod). FIGURE 44C shows a schematic representation of construct 4156 (VP1 GII.4_V47P hCod). FIGURE 44D shows a schematic representation of construct 4157 (VP1 GII.4_R53I hCod). FIGURE 44E shows a schematic representation of construct 4133 (VP1 GII.4_P80S hCod). FIGURE 44F shows a schematic representation of construct 4134 (VP1 GII.4 S90L hCod).

FIGURE 44G shows a schematic representation of construct 4158 (VP1 GII.4_ D35- 42 hCod). FIGURE 44H shows a schematic representation of construct 4159 (VP1 GII.4_SSTAVATA hCod). FIGURE 441 shows a schematic representation of construct 4165 (VP1 GII.4_A39V+P80S hCod). FIGURE 44J shows a schematic representation of construct 4166 (VP1 GII.4_V47P+P80S hCod). FIGURE 44K shows a schematic representation of construct 4167 (VP1 GII.4 R53I+P80S hCod). FIGURE 44L shows a schematic representation of construct 4135 (VP1

GII.4_P80S+S90L hCod). FIGURE 44M shows a schematic representation of construct 4168 (GII.4_ P80S+A35-42 hCod). FIGURE 44N shows a schematic representation of construct 4169 (VP1 GII.4_P80S+SSTAVATA hCod). FIGURE

440 shows a schematic representation of construct 4185 (VP1 GII.4_A39V+R53I hCod). FIGURE 44P shows a schematic representation of construct 4186 (VP1 GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S hCod).

[0077] FIGURE 45A shows a schematic representation of construct 3993 (Wt VP1 GII.6 hCod). FIGURE 45B shows a schematic representation of construct 4149

(VP1 GII.6_E80S hCod). FIGURE 45C shows a schematic representation of construct 4150 (VP1 GII.6_S90L hCod). FIGURE 45D shows a schematic representation of construct 4151 (VP1 GII.6_E80S+S90L).

[0078] FIGURE 46A shows a schematic representation of construct 3995 (Wt VP1 GII.12 hCod). FIGURE 46B shows a schematic representation of construct 4136 (VP1 GII.l2_E80S hCod. FIGURE 46C shows a schematic representation of construct 4137 (VP1 GII. l2_A90L hCod). FIGURE 46D shows a schematic representation of construct 4138 (VP1 GII. l2_E80S+A90L). FIGURE 46E shows a schematic representation of construct 4234 (VP1 GII. l7_A39V). FIGURE 46F shows a schematic representation of construct 4235 (VP1 GII. l7_R53I). FIGURE 46G shows a schematic representation of construct 4232 (VP1 GII. l7_ A90L).

FIGURE 46H shows a schematic representation of construct 4236 (VP1

GII.l7_A39V+R53I). FIGURE 461 shows a schematic representation of construct 4233 (VP1 GII.17_E80S+A90L).

[0079] FIGURE 47A shows a schematic representation of construct 2725 (Wt VP2 GI.1). FIGURE 47B shows a schematic representation of construct 3303 (Wt

VP2 GI.3 hCod). FIGURE 47C shows a schematic representation of construct 3307 (Wt VP2 GII.6).

[0080] FIGURE 48 shows a schematic representation of construct 1190 (Cloning vector 1190). [0081] FIGURE 49 shows a schematic representation of construct 3677 (Cloning vector 3677).

[0082] FIGURE 50A shows a schematic representation of GII.4 P80X constructs (cloning vectors), wherein X is selected from: A (construct 4281); N (construct 4285); K (construct 4286); or H (construct 4287). FIGURE 50B shows a schematic representation of GII.4 P80s+A39X constructs (cloning vectors), wherein X is selected from I (construct 4256); M (construct 4257); G (construct 4258); S (construct 4259); E (construct 4260); D (construct 4261); N (construct 4262); Q (construct 4263); construct K (4264); or H (construct 4265). [0083] FIGURE 51 shows a schematic representation of GI.7 M57X constructs (cloning vectors), wherein X is selected from: L (construct 4266); G (construct 4268); S (construct 4269); T (construct 4270; N (construct 4273); Q (construct 4274); K (construct 4275); or H (construct 4276).

[0084] FIGURE 52 shows a schematic representation of GI.3 S94X constructs (cloning vectors), wherein X is selected from: V (construct 4288); I (construct 4289); M (construct 4290); T (construct 4292); E (construct 4293); D (construct 4294); N (construct 4295); Q (construct 4296); K (construct 4297); or H (construct 4298).

[0085] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0086] The following description is of a preferred embodiment.

[0087] As used herein, the terms“comprising,”“having,”“including” and “containing,” and grammatical variations thereof, are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements and/or method steps. The term “consisting essentially of’ when used herein in connection with a use or method, denotes that additional elements and/or method steps may be present, but that these additions do not materially affect the manner in which the recited method or use functions. The term“consisting of’ when used herein in connection with a use or method, excludes the presence of additional elements and/or method steps. A use or method described herein as comprising certain elements and/or steps may also, in certain embodiments, consist essentially of those elements and/or steps, and in other embodiments consist of those elements and/or steps, whether or not these

embodiments are specifically referred to. In addition, the use of the singular includes the plural, and“or” means“and/or” unless otherwise stated. The term“plurality” as used herein means more than one, for example, two or more, three or more, four or more, and the like. Unless otherwise defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term“about” refers to an approximately +/-l0% variation from a given value. It is to be understood that such a variation is always included in any given value provided herein, whether or not it is specifically referred to. The use of the word“a” or“an” when used herein in conjunction with the term “comprising” may mean“one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of“one or more,”“at least one” and“one or more than one.”

[0088] The term“plant”,“portion of a plant”,“plant portion”,“plant matter”,“plant biomass”,“plant material”, plant extract”, or“plant leaves”, as used herein, may comprise an entire plant, tissue, cells, or any fraction thereof, intracellular plant components, extracellular plant components, liquid or solid extracts of plants, or a combination thereof, that are capable of providing the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational machinery for expression of one or more than one nucleic acids described herein, and/or from which an expressed protein or VLP may be extracted and purified. Plants may include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops including for example canola, Brassica spp., maize, Nicotiana spp., (tobacco) for example, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana, tabacum, Nicotiana alata, Arabidopsis thaliana, alfalfa, potato, sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatus), ginseng, pea, oat, rice, soybean, wheat, barley, sunflower, cotton, com, rye ( Secale cereale), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius).

[0089] The term“plant portion”, as used herein, refers to any part of the plant including but not limited to leaves, stem, root, flowers, fruits, a plant cell obtained from leaves, stem, root, flowers, fruits, a plant extract obtained from leaves, stem, root, flowers, fruits, or a combination thereof. The term“plant extract”, as used herein, refers to a plant-derived product that is obtained following treating a plant, a portion of a plant, a plant cell, or a combination thereof, physically (for example by freezing followed by extraction in a suitable buffer), mechanically (for example by grinding or homogenizing the plant or portion of the plant followed by extraction in a suitable buffer), enzymatically (for example using cell wall degrading enzymes), chemically (for example using one or more chelators or buffers), or a combination thereof. A plant extract may be further processed to remove undesired plant components for example cell wall debris. A plant extract may be obtained to assist in the recovery of one or more components from the plant, portion of the plant or plant cell, for example a protein (including protein complexes, protein surprastructures and/or VLPs), a nucleic acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, or a combination thereof from the plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell. If the plant extract comprises proteins, then it may be referred to as a protein extract. A protein extract may be a crude plant extract, a partially purified plant or protein extract, or a purified product, that comprises one or more proteins, protein complexes, protein suprastructures, and/or VLPs, from the plant tissue. If desired a protein extract, or a plant extract, may be partially purified using techniques known to one of skill in the art, for example, the extract may be subjected to salt or pH precipitation, centrifugation, gradient density centrifugation, filtration, chromatography, for example, size exclusion

chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or a combination thereof. A protein extract may also be purified, using techniques that are known to one of skill in the art. [0090] The term“nucleic acid segment” as used herein refers to a sequence of nucleic acids that encodes a protein of interest. In addition to the sequence of nucleic acids, the nucleic acid segment comprises a regulatory region and a terminator that are operatively linked to the sequence of nucleic acids. The regulatory region may for example comprise a promoter, and optionally, an enhancer element operatively linked to the promoter.

[0091] The term“nucleic acid complex” as used herein refers to a combination of two or more than two nucleic acid segments. The two or more than two nucleic acid segments may be present in a single nucleic acid, so that the nucleic acid complex comprises two, or more than two nucleic acid segments, with each nucleic acid segment under the control of a regulatory region and a terminator. Alternatively, the nucleic acid complex may comprise two or more separate nucleic acids, each of the nucleic acids comprising one or more than one nucleic acid segment, where each nucleic acid segment is under the control of a regulatory region and a terminator. For example a nucleic acid complex may comprise one nucleic acid that comprises two nucleic acid segments, a nucleic acid complex may comprise two nucleic acids, each nucleic acid comprising one nucleic acid segment, or a nucleic acid complex may comprise two or more than two nucleic acids, with each nucleic acid comprising one or more than one nucleic acid segment.

[0092] The term“vector” or“expression vector”, as used herein, refers to a recombinant nucleic acid for transferring exogenous nucleic acid sequences into host cells (e.g. plant cells) and directing expression of the exogenous nucleic acid sequences in the host cells. “Expression cassette” refers to a nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleic acid of interest under the control of, and operably (or operatively) linked to, an appropriate promoter or other regulatory elements for transcription of the nucleic acid of interest in a host cell. As one of skill in the art would appreciate, the expression cassette may comprise a termination (terminator) sequence that is any sequence that is active in the plant host. For example the termination sequence may be derived from the RNA-2 genome segment of a bipartite RNA virus, e.g. a comovirus, the termination sequence may be a NOS terminator, or terminator sequence may be obtained from the 3’UTR of the alfalfa plastocyanin gene.

[0093] The constructs of the present disclosure may further comprise a 3’ untranslated region (UTR). A 3’ untranslated region contains a polyadenylation signal and any other regulatory signals capable of effecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by effecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracks to the 3’ end of the mRNA precursor. Polyadenylation signals are commonly recognized by the presence of homology to the canonical form 5’ AAT AAA-3’ although variations are not uncommon. Non-limiting examples of suitable 3’untranslated regions are the 3’ transcribed non-translated regions containing a polyadenylation signal of Agrobacterium tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid genes, such as the nopaline synthase (Nos gene) and plant genes such as the soybean storage protein genes, the small subunit of the ribulose-l, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene

(ssRUBISCO; US 4,962,028; which is incorporated herein by reference), the promoter used in regulating plastocyanin expression.

[0094] By“regulatory region”“regulatory element” or“promoter” it is meant a portion of nucleic acid typically, but not always, upstream of the protein coding region of a gene, which may be comprised of either DNA or RNA, or both DNA and RNA. When a regulatory region is active, and in operative association, or operatively linked, with a nucleotide sequence of interest, this may result in expression of the nucleotide sequence of interest. A regulatory element may be capable of mediating organ specificity, or controlling developmental or temporal gene activation. A“regulatory region” includes promoter elements, core promoter elements exhibiting a basal promoter activity, elements that are inducible in response to an external stimulus, elements that mediate promoter activity such as negative regulatory elements or transcriptional enhancers.“Regulatory region”, as used herein, also includes elements that are active following transcription, for example, regulatory elements that modulate gene expression such as translational and transcriptional enhancers, translational and transcriptional repressors, upstream activating sequences, and mRNA instability determinants. Several of these latter elements may be located proximal to the coding region.

[0095] In the context of this disclosure, the term“regulatory element” or“regulatory region” typically refers to a sequence of DNA, usually, but not always, upstream (5’) to the coding sequence of a structural gene, which controls the expression of the coding region by providing the recognition for RNA polymerase and/or other factors required for transcription to start at a particular site. However, it is to be understood that other nucleotide sequences, located within introns, or 3' of the sequence may also contribute to the regulation of expression of a coding region of interest. An example of a regulatory element that provides for the recognition for RNA polymerase or other transcriptional factors to ensure initiation at a particular site is a promoter element. Most, but not all, eukaryotic promoter elements contain a TATA box, a conserved nucleic acid sequence comprised of adenosine and thymidine nucleotide base pairs usually situated approximately 25 base pairs upstream of a transcriptional start site. A promoter element may comprise a basal promoter element, responsible for the initiation of transcription, as well as other regulatory elements that modify gene expression.

[0096] There are several types of regulatory regions, including those that are developmentally regulated, inducible or constitutive. A regulatory region that is developmentally regulated, or controls the differential expression of a gene under its control, is activated within certain organs or tissues of an organ at specific times during the development of that organ or tissue. However, some regulatory regions that are developmentally regulated may preferentially be active within certain organs or tissues at specific developmental stages, they may also be active in a

developmentally regulated manner, or at a basal level in other organs or tissues within the plant as well. Examples of tissue-specific regulatory regions, for example see- specific a regulatory region, include the napin promoter, and the cruciferin promoter (Rask et ah, 1998, J. Plant Physiol. 152: 595-599; Bilodeau et ah, 1994, Plant Cell 14: 125-130). An example of a leaf-specific promoter includes the plastocyanin promoter (see US 7,125,978, which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0097] An inducible regulatory region is one that is capable of directly or indirectly activating transcription of one or more DNA sequences or genes in response to an inducer. In the absence of an inducer the DNA sequences or genes will not be transcribed. Typically the protein factor that binds specifically to an inducible regulatory region to activate transcription may be present in an inactive form, which is then directly or indirectly converted to the active form by the inducer. However, the protein factor may also be absent. The inducer can be a chemical agent such as a protein, metabolite, growth regulator, herbicide or phenolic compound or a physiological stress imposed directly by heat, cold, salt, or toxic elements or indirectly through the action of a pathogen or disease agent such as a virus. A plant cell containing an inducible regulatory region may be exposed to an inducer by externally applying the inducer to the cell or plant such as by spraying, watering, heating or similar methods. Inducible regulatory elements may be derived from either plant or non-plant genes (e.g. Gatz, C. and Lenk, I.R.P., 1998, Trends Plant Sci. 3, 352-358). Examples, of potential inducible promoters include, but not limited to, tetracycline- inducible promoter (Gatz, C.,l997, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48, 89- 108), steroid inducible promoter (Aoyama, T. and Chua, N.H.,l997, Plant J. 2, 397- 404) and ethanol-inducible promoter (Salter, M.G., et al, 1998, Plant Journal 16, 127- 132; Caddick, M.X., et al,l998, Nature Biotech. 16, 177-180) cytokinin inducible IB6 and CKI1 genes (Brandstatter, I. and Kieber, J.J.,l998, Plant Cell 10, 1009-1019; Kakimoto, T., 1996, Science 274, 982-985) and the auxin inducible element, DR5 (Ulmasov, T., et al, 1997, Plant Cell 9, 1963-1971).

[0098] A constitutive regulatory region directs the expression of a gene throughout the various parts of a plant and continuously throughout plant development.

Examples of known constitutive regulatory elements include promoters associated with the CaMV 35S transcript. (p35S; Odell et al, 1985, Nature, 313: 810-812; which is incorporated herein by reference), the rice actin 1 (Zhang et al, 1991, Plant Cell, 3: 1155-1165), actin 2 (An et al, 1996, Plant J., 10: 107-121), or tms 2 (U.S.

5,428,147), and triosephosphate isomerase 1 (Xu et. al., 1994, Plant Physiol. 106: 459-467) genes, the maize ubiquitin 1 gene (Cornejo et al, 1993, Plant Mol. Biol. 29: 637-646), the Arabidopsis ubiquitin 1 and 6 genes (Holtorf et al, 1995, Plant Mol.

Biol. 29: 637-646), the tobacco translational initiation factor 4A gene (Mandel et al, 1995 Plant Mol. Biol. 29: 995-1004); the Cassava Vein Mosaic Virus promoter, pCAS, (Verdaguer et al, 1996); the promoter of the small subunit of ribulose bi phosphate carboxylase, pRbcS: (Outchkourov et al, 2003), the pUbi (for monocots and dicots).

[0099] The term "constitutive" as used herein does not necessarily indicate that a nucleotide sequence under control of the constitutive regulatory region is expressed at the same level in all cell types, but that the sequence is expressed in a wide range of cell types even though variation in abundance is often observed.

[00100] The expression constructs as described above may be present in a vector. The vector may comprise border sequences which permit the transfer and integration of the expression cassette into the genome of the organism or host. The construct may be a plant binary vector, for example a binary transformation vector based on pPZP (Hajdukiewicz, et al. 1994). Other example constructs include pBinl9 (see Frisch, D.

A., L. W. Harris-Haller, et al. 1995, Plant Molecular Biology 27: 405-409).

[00101] The term“native”,“native protein” or“native domain”, as used herein, refers to a protein or domain having a primary amino acid sequence identical to wildtype. Native proteins or domains may be encoded by nucleotide sequences having 100% sequence similarity to the wildtype sequence. A native amino acid sequence may also be encoded by a human codon (hCod) optimized nucleotide sequence or a nucleotide sequence comprising an increased GC content when compared to the wild type nucleotide sequence provided that the amino acid sequence encoded by the hCod-nucleotide sequence exhibits 100% sequence identity with the native amino acid sequence.

[00102] By a nucleotide sequence that is“human codon optimized” or a“hCod” nucleotide sequence, it is meant the selection of appropriate DNA nucleotides for the synthesis of an oligonucleotide sequence or fragment thereof that approaches the codon usage generally found within an oligonucleotide sequence of a human nucleotide sequence. By“increased GC content” it is meant the selection of appropriate DNA nucleotides for the synthesis of an oligonucleotide sequence or fragment thereof in order to approach codon usage that, when compared to the corresponding native oligonucleotide sequence, comprises an increase of GC content, for example, from about 1 to about 30%, or any amount therebetween, over the length of the coding portion of the oligonucleotide sequence. For example, from about 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30%, or any amount therebetween, over the length of the coding portion of the oligonucleotide sequence. As described below, a human codon optimized nucleotide sequence, or a nucleotide sequence comprising an increased GC content (when compared to the wild type nucleotide sequence) exhibits increased expression within a plant, portion of a plant, or a plant cell, when compared to expression of the non-human optimized (or lower GC content) nucleotide sequence.

[00103] Noro virus VP1 mutant proteins (also termed modified VP1 protein, or modified norovirus VP1 protein) and methods of producing noro virus VP1 mutant proteins in plants are described herein. Several of the modified norovirus VP1 proteins comprise specific substitutions, modifications or mutations in the S domain of non-GI. l VPls, to the corresponding amino acids that are found in GI.1 S domains. It has been observed that in certain norovirus genotypes, mutating specific amino acids to the corresponding amino acids found in GI.1 VPls, results in similar or improved VP1 and/or VLP characteristics as compared to the wildtype (non-GI.1)

VP1 and/or VLP. Examples of improved characteristics of the VPland/or VLP include:

- increased VP1 protein yield when expressed in plant cells as compared to the yield of wildtype VP1 of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation(s);

- increased density of VLPs comprised of the modified VP1 proteins (for example as determined using density gradient separation, and optionally SDS- PAGE and/or Western analysis) as compared to the density of VLPs comprising wildtype VP1 of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation(s); - improved integrity, stability, or both integrity and stability, of VLPs that are comprised of the modified VP1 proteins as compared to the integrity, stability or both of VLPs comprising wildtype VP1 of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation(s);

- increased VLP yield when expressed in plant cells as compared to the wildtype level of VLP production of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation(s);

- improved accumulation of VLPs that are comprised of the modified VP1 proteins as compared to the accumulation of VLPs comprising wildtype VP1 of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s),

modification(s) or mutation(s);

- a greater proportion of VLPs that assemble into 38 nm VLPs as opposed to 23 nm VLPs as compared to the wildtype VP1 of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation(s); and

- a combination thereof.

[00104] For example, the modified norovirus VP1 protein, and methods of producing the modified norovirus VP1 protein, may include a nucleotide sequence encoding a VP1 protein comprising an S domain substitution, mutation, or modification, at any one or more amino acids in sequence alignment with positions 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l; see Figure 2C), or a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a combination thereof. The sequence encoding the norovirus VP1 mutant protein may be optimized for human codon usage, for increased GC content, or a combination thereof.

[00105] With reference to the sequences shown in Figure 2C, the norovirus GI.1 sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) is used as a reference sequence against which the other norovirus VP1 sequences may be aligned. The VP1 amino acid sequences for the “GII” family of VP1 proteins comprise a 4 amino acid deletion relative to the GI.1 sequence, comprising a 3 amino acid deletion at positions 14-16, and a one amino acid deletion at position 26. As a result, the alignments between the GII VP1 sequences and the GI VP1 sequences are offset by 3 amino acids after amino acid 13, and 4 amino acids after position 26. For example, amino acid 84 of GI.1, aligns with amino acid 80 of GII.4 (see Figure 2C). Reference to a substitution, modification or mutation at position 84 (GI.1) and 80 (GII.4) therefore refer to the same aligned amino acids:

Strain_ amino acid alignment

GI: 39-46 43 57 84 94

GII: 35-42 39 53 80 90 [00106] Also provided herein are methods of increasing production of VLPs comprising modified norovirus VP1 proteins, in plants. For example, a method may involve introducing a nucleic acid encoding a norovirus VP1 mutant protein, as described herein, into the plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell. One or more than one norovirus mutant protein may be expressed in a plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell, in order to produce a VLP comprising one or more than one modified norovirus protein. Alternatively, the method may comprise providing a plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell that comprises the nucleic acid encoding the modified norovirus VP1 protein as described herein, and expressing the nucleic acid encoding the modified norovirus VP1 protein in order to produce a VLP comprising the one or more than one modified norovirus protein.

[00107] The methods of producing a VLP comprising a VP1 mutant protein may also comprise a step of co-expressing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a VP2 protein in the plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell.

[00108] The term“single construct” or“single constructs”, as used herein, refers to nucleic acid vectors comprising a single nucleic acid sequence. The term“dual construct” or“dual constructs”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid vector comprising two nucleic acid sequences.

[00109] By co-expression it is meant the introduction and expression of two or more nucleotide sequences, each of the two or more nucleotide sequences encoding a protein of interest, or a fragment of a protein of interest within a plant, portion of a plant or a plant cell. The two or more nucleotide sequences may be introduced into the plant, portion of the plant or the plant cell within one vector, so that each of the two or more nucleotide sequences is under the control of a separate regulatory region (e.g. comprising a dual construct). Alternatively, the two or more nucleotide sequences may be introduced into the plant, portion of the plant or the plant cell within separate vectors (e.g. comprising single constructs), and each vector comprising appropriate regulatory regions for the expression of the corresponding nucleic acid. For example, two nucleotide sequences, each on a separate vector and introduced into separat e Agrobacterium tumefaciens hosts, may be co-expressed by mixing suspensions of each A. tumefaciens host in a desired volume (for example, an equal volume, or the ratios of each A. tumefaciens host may be altered) before vacuum infiltration. In this manner, co-infiltration of multiple A. tumifaciens suspensions permits co-expression of multiple transgenes. [00110] The nucleic acid comprising encoding a norovirus VP 1 mutant protein as described herein may further comprise sequences that enhance expression of the norovirus VP1 mutant protein in the plant, portion of the plant, or plant cell.

Sequences that enhance expression may include, a CPMV enhancer element, or a plant-derived expression enhancer, in operative association with the nucleic acid encoding the norovirus VP1 mutant protein. The sequence encoding the VP1 mutant protein may also be optimized for human codon usage, increased GC content, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, a nucleic acid encoding VP2 may be co-expressed along with the sequence encoding the VP1 mutant protein. The co-expression of a nucleic acid encoding VP2 may lead to an increased yield, increased density, increased integrity, or combination thereof, of VLPs that comprise the one or more than one type of VP1 mutant protein.

[00111] The term“CPMV enhancer element”, as used herein, refers to a nucleotide sequence encoding the 5'UTR regulating the Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) RNA2 polypeptide or a modified CPMV sequence as is known in the art. For example, a CPMV enhancer element or a CPMV expression enhancer, includes a nucleotide sequence as described in WO2015/14367; W02015/103704; W02007/135480;

W02009/087391; Sainsbury F., and Lomonossoff G.P., (2008, Plant Physiol. 148: pp. 1212-1218), each of which is incorporated herein by reference. A CPMV enhancer sequence can enhance expression of a downstream heterologous open reading frame (ORF) to which they are attached. The CPMV expression enhancer may include CPMV HT, CPMVX (where X=l60, 155, 150, 114), for example CPMV 160, CPMVX+ (where X=l60, 155, 150, 114), for example CPMV 160+, CPMV-HT+, CPMV HT+[WTl l5], or CPMV HT+ [511] (WO2015/143567; W02015/103704 which are incorporated herein by reference). The CPMV expression enhancer may be used within a plant expression system comprising a regulatory region that is operatively linked with the CPMV expression enhancer sequence and a nucleotide sequence of interest. The term“5’UTR” or“5’ untranslated region” or“5’ leader sequence” refers to regions of an mRNA that are not translated. The 5’UTR typically begins at the transcription start site and ends just before the translation initiation site or start codon of the coding region. The 5’ UTR may modulate the stability and/or translation of an mRNA transcript.

[00112] The term“plant-derived expression enhancer”, as used herein, refers to a nucleotide sequence obtained from a plant, the nucleotide sequence encoding a 5'UTR. Examples of a plant derived expression enhancer are described in US Provisional Patent Application No.62/643,053 (Filed March 14, 2018; which is incorporated herein by reference) or in Diamos A.G. et. al. (2016, Front Plt Sci. 7: 1- 15; which is incorporated herein by reference). The plant-derived expression enhancer may be selected from nbMT78, nbATL75, nbDJ46, nbCHP79, nbEN42, atHSP69, atGRP62, atPK65, atRP46, nb30S72, nbGT6l, nbPV55, nbPPI43, nbPM64 (SEQ ID NO: 14), and nbH2A86 as described in US 62/643,053). The plant derived expression enhancer may be used within a plant expression system comprising a regulatory region that is operatively linked with the plant-derived expression enhancer sequence and a nucleotide sequence of interest.

[00113] The term“5’UTR” or“5’ untranslated region” or“5’ leader sequence” refers to regions of an mRNA that are not translated. The 5’UTR typically begins at the transcription start site and ends just before the translation initiation site or start codon of the coding region. The 5’ UTR may modulate the stability and/or translation of an mRNA transcript. [00114] By "operatively linked" it is meant that the particular sequences interact either directly or indirectly to carry out an intended function, such as mediation or modulation of expression of a nucleic acid sequence. The interaction of operatively linked sequences may, for example, be mediated by proteins that interact with the operatively linked sequences.

[00115] When one or more than one type of the modified norovirus VP1 protein is expressed in the plant, portion of the plant or the plant cell, the one or more than one modified VP1 proteins auto-assemble into VLPs. The plant or portion of the plant may be harvested under suitable extraction and purification conditions to maintain the integrity of the VLP, and the VLP comprising the one or more than one type of VP1 mutant (modified) protein may be purified. The one or more than one VP1 mutant protein may also be co-expressed with nucleotide sequence encoding VP2, so that the VLP may comprise both modified VP1 protein and VP2 protein. The present disclosure also provides for the production of one or more than one type of VP1 mutant protein as described herein within a plant, portion of a plant, or plant cell, and the extraction and purification of the one or more than one type of VP1 mutant protein from the plant, the portion of the plant, or the plant cell to produce plant matter, a plant extract, or a protein extract, comprising the modified (mutant) VP1 protein.

[00116] Plant matter, a plant extract, or a protein extract comprising the norovirus VP1 mutant protein as described herein is also provided. The plant matter, plant extract, or protein extract may be used to induce immunity to norovirus infection in a subject. Alternatively, the VP1 mutant protein, or the VLP comprising the VP1 mutant protein (and optionally VP2), may be purified or partially purified, and the purified or partially purified preparation may be used to induce immunity to a norovirus infection in a subject.

[00117] The present disclosure also provides a composition comprising an effective dose of one or more than one type of modified norovirus VP1 protein, or VLPs comprising one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein, and optionally VP2, for inducing an immune response, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, vehicle, or excipient. [00118] Also provided herein are methods of inducing immunity to a noro virus infection in a subject comprising of administering one or more than one type of mutant (modified) norovirus VP1 protein or VLPs comprising one or more than one types of norovirus VP1 mutant proteins to a subject orally, intranasally,

intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously, subcutaneously, rectally, or intravaginally.

[00119] The term“norovirus”, as used herein, refers to a non-enveloped viral strain of the genus norovirus of the family Caliciviridae that is characterized as having a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA. The norovirus genome is 7,654 nucleotides in length. The ORF1 encodes a nonstructural polyprotein that is cleaved by viral 3C-like protease into 6 proteins, including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 and ORF3 encode a major (VP1) and a minor (VP2) capsid protein, respectively (see Figure 1A).

[00120] Norovirus strains as disclosed herein include any known norovirus strain, but also modifications to known norovirus strains that are known to develop on a regular basis over time. For example, norovirus strains may include (as described by their amino acids sequences), but are not limited to Hu/GI. l/United

States/Norwalk/l968 (GI.1; SEQ ID NO: l; Figure 12A), Hu/GI.2/Leuven/2003/BEL (GI.2; SEQ ID NO:4; Figure 13A), Hu/GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (GI.3; SEQ ID NO:6; Figure 14A), Hu/GI.5/Siklos/Hun5407/20l3/HUN (GI.5; SEQ ID NO: 12;

Figure 15A), Hu/GI.7/USA/2014/GA5043 (GI.7; SEQ ID NO: 101; Figure 16A), Hu/GII. l/Ascension208/20l 0/USA (GII.1; SEQ ID NO: l3; Figure 16B),

Hu/GII.2/C GMH47/201 l/TW (GII.2; SEQ ID NO: 14; Figure 17A),

Hu/GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN (GII.3; SEQ ID NO: 15; Figure 18A),

Hu/GII.4/Sydney/NS W0514/2012/AU (GII.4; SEQ ID NO: 16; Figure 19A),

US 96/ GII.4/Dresden 174/1997 /DE_AY 741811 (SEQ ID NO: 27; Figure 19C), FH02/GII.4/FarmingtonHills/2002/US_AY502023 (SEQ ID NO: 28; Figure 19D), Hnt04: GII.4/Hunter-N S W504D/ 2004/AU_DQ078814 (SEQ ID NO: 29; Figure 19E), 2006b: GII.4/Shellharbour-NSW696T/2006/AU_EF6849l5 (SEQ ID NO: 30; Figure 19F), NO09: GII.4/Orange-NSW00lP/2008/AU_GQ845367 (SEQ ID NO: 31; Figure

19G), Hu/GII.5/AlbertaEI390/20l 3/C A (GII.5; SEQ ID No: 17; Figure 20),

Hu/GII.6/Ohio/490/20l 2/USA (GII.6; SEQ ID NO: 20; Figure 21A), GII.7/Musa/20l0/All73774 (GII.7; SEQ ID NO: 18; Figure 22),

Hu/GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (GII.12; SEQ ID NO: 19; Figure 23 A),

GII.13/VA173/2010/H9AWU4 (GIL 13; SEQ ID NO:22; Figure 24A),

GIL l4_Saga_2008_JPN_ADE2870l native VP1 (GII.14; SEQ ID NO: 32; Figure 25), Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (GIL 17; SEQ ID NO: 24; Figure 26A), and

Hu/GII.2l/Salisburyl50/20l l/USA (GII.21; SEQ ID NO:26; Figure 27). Norovirus strains are known to readily mutate from year-to-year. Therefore, Norovirus strains also include strains having from about 30-100% or any amount therebetween, amino acid sequence identity, to the VP1 protein, the VP2 protein, or both the VP1 and the VP2 proteins, with any of the above norovirus strains of the strains listed above and in Figures 2A and 2B, provided that the VP1 protein can be expressed (i.e. produced) in a plant and that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus in a subject, when the VP1 protein is administered to the subject. For example, norovirus strains also include strains having 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100%, or any amount therebetween, amino acid sequence identity (sequence similarity; percent identity; percent similarity) to the VP1 protein, the VP2 protein, or both the VP1 and the VP2 proteins, with any of the above norovirus strains of the strains listed above and in Figures 2A and 2B, provided that the that the VP1 protein can be expressed in a plant and that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus in a subject, when the VP1 protein is administered to the subject. An amino acid sequence identity comparison between the S domain of VP1 proteins of several norovirus strains, which are not to be considered limiting, is shown in Figure 2C.

[00121] The terms“percent similarity”,“sequence similarity”,“percent identity”, or “sequence identity”, when referring to a particular sequence, are used for example as set forth in the University of Wisconsin GCG software program, or by manual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel et aL, eds. 1995 supplement). Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, using for example the algorithm of Smith & Waterman, (1981, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482), by the alignment algorithm of Needleman &

Wunsch, (1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443), by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, (1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444), by computerized

implementations of these algorithms (for example: GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.). [00122] An example of an algorithm suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al., (1977, Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402) and Altschul et al., (1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410), respectively. BLAST and BLAST 2.0 are used, with the parameters described herein, to determine percent sequence identity for the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention. For example the BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) may use as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=-4 and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program may use as defaults a word length of 3, and expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff, 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915) alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=-4, and a comparison of both strands. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (see URL: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

[00123] The term“VP1”, as used herein, refers to the norovirus major capsid protein or polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence similar to the protein or polypeptide encoded by ORF2 of one or more strains of norovirus as described herein. The major capsid protein folds into two principal domains, a shell (S) domain and a protruding (P) domain (see Figure 1B). The VP1 protein forms a dimer (Figure 1C) when incorporated into a virus like particle, or a VLP. The first portion of the N- terminal of VP1 comprise the S domain, with the remainder of the VP1 polypeptide comprising the P domain. For example, in GI.1, the first 225 amino acids of the N- terminal VP1 protein comprise the S domain. When folded, the VP1 assumes a conformation as depicted in FIGURE 1B, comprising of a globular S domain (bottom of ribbon structure) and a P domain (top of ribbon structure). [00124] As shown in Figure 1C, the VP1 protein dimerizes via P-domain interactions. These interactions stabilize the spontaneous assembly of norovirus capsid molecules.

[00125] Methods to produce norovirus VP1 proteins and modified norovirus VP1 proteins in a plant, portion of a plant or a plant cell are described herein that involve introducing the recombinant polynucleotide encoding the norovirus VP1 protein or modified VP1 protein, and incubating the plant, portion of the plant or the plant cell under conditions that permit expression of the norovirus VP1 protein or modified norovirus protein. However, it is also to be understood that norovirus VP1 proteins may be obtained from norovirus VLPs that comprise the VP1 protein, as described in Ausar et al. (Ausar S.F., Foubert T.R, Hudson M.H., Vedvick T.S., Middaugh C.R., 2006, J. Biol. Chem. 281 : 19478-19488). For example norovirus VLPs comprising norovirus proteins or modified norovirus proteins may dissociate at pH 8 and above, or at temperatures above 55°C, into their VP1 protein constituents, thereby yielding VP1 protein.

[00126] The term“virus like particle”,“VLP”,“virus like particles”, or“VLPs”, as used herein, refers to a norovirus virus like particle(s) that comprise one or more than one type of norovirus VP1 protein, one or more than one type of VP1 mutant protein, or a combination thereof, and that self-assemble into non-replicating, non-enveloped, non-infectious viral capsid structures lacking all parts of the norovirus genome. For example, the VLP may comprise one type of a modified VP1 protein as described herein, or the VLP may comprise two or more different modified VP1 proteins described herein. Furthermore the VLP may comprise a VP2 protein. VLPs comprising VP1 protein, VP1+VP2 protein, modified VP1 protein, or modified VP1 protein +VP2 protein are of the size from about l5nm to 50nm or any amount therebetween, for example 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50nm, or any amount therebetween. For example, for T=l icosahedral symmetry, VLPs may be about 23 nm, or for T=3 icosahedral symmetry, VLPs may be from about 38 to about 40 nm. [00127] As shown in the electron micrographs of Figures 3B, 4B, 5C, 5E, 6C, 6E, 7C, 8B, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9G, 10B, 11C and 11D, plant produced VP1 proteins and modified VP1 proteins derived from several noro virus strains self-assemble into VLPs.

Norovirus VP1 Protein Production in Plants

[00128] The VP1 protein includes any VP1 protein comprising an amino acid sequence having from about 30 to about 100%, from about 40 to about 100%, from about 50 to about 100%, from about 60 to about 100%, from about 70 to about 100%, from about 80 to about 100%, from about 85 to about 100% from about 90 to about 100%, or from about 95 to about 100% from about 98 to about 100%, or any amount therebetween, sequence identity (which may be also termed sequence similarity) with a VP1 amino acid sequence from a norovirus GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l; Figure 12A), GI.2 (SEQ ID NO:4; Figure 13A), GI.3 (SEQ ID NO:6; Figure 14A), GI.5 (SEQ ID NO: 12; Figure 15A), Hu/GI.7/USA/20l4/GA5043 (GI.7; SEQ ID NO: 101; Figure 16A), GII.1 (SEQ ID NO: 13; Figure 16B), GII.2 (SEQ ID NO: 14; Figure 17A), GII.3 (SEQ ID NO: 15; Figure 18A), GII.4/Sydney (SEQ ID NO: 16; Figure 19A), GII.4/Dresden (SEQ ID NO:27; Figure 19C), GII.4/FarmingtonHills (SEQ ID NO:28; Figure 19D), GII.4/Hunter (SEQ ID NO:29; Figure 19E), GII.4/Shellharbour (SEQ ID NO:30; Figure 19F), GII.4/Orange (SEQ ID NO:3l; Figure 19G), GII.5 (SEQ ID No: l7;

Figure 20), GII.6 (SEQ ID NO:20; Figure 21 A), GII. 7 (SEQ ID NO: 18; Figure 22), GII.12 (SEQ ID NO: l9; Figure 23A), GII.13 (SEQ ID NO:22; Figure 24A),

GII.14/Saga (SEQ ID NO:32; Figure 25), GII.17 (SEQ ID NO:24; Figure 26A), GII.21 (SEQ ID NO:26; Figure 27), provided that the VP1 protein is expressed in a plant and it induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject.

[00129] The VP1 protein as described herein is modified and comprises an S domain substitution, modification or mutation, at any one or more amino acids in sequence alignment with positions 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1; see Figure 2C), or a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l), or a combination thereof. The nucleotide sequence encoding the modified norovirus VP1 protein may be optimized for human codon usage, for increased GC content, or a combination thereof. The modified VP1 protein may be expressed in a plant, portion of a plant, or plant cell.

[00130] As shown in Figure 2C, relative to the hypervariable P domain, the primary amino acid sequence of the norovirus VP1 S domain is well conserved. For example, the VP1 S domain sequences of the norovirus strains shown in Figure 2C, have sequences ranging from 55.2 - 98.9% identity to the S domain of GI.1 VP1. For example, nucleic acid sequences described herein may exhibit from about 55 to about 99%, or any amount therebetween sequence identity to the S domain of GI.1 VP1,

For example, nucleic acid sequences described herein may exhibit from about 55, 56,

58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96

97, 98, 99% or any amount therebetween, sequence identity to the S domain of GI.1

VP1.

[00131] As previously shown in US provisional application 62/475,660 (filed March 23, 2017; which is incorporated herein by reference) and PCT/CA2018/050352 (filed March 23, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference), wild type (also termed native) norovirus VP1 protein may be produced in plants and VLPs comprising the VP1 protein produced. Vacuum infiltration of leaves (from N. benthamiana ) with Agrobacterium tumefaciens comprising expression vectors encoding GI.1 VP1 as a single nucleic acid construct, GI.1 VP2 as a single nucleic acid construct, both GI.1 VP1 and VP2, with VP1 and VP2 nucleic acid sequences introduced in separate vectors (“VP1+VP2”; dual constructs), or on the same vector (“VP1/VP2” or “VPl/VP2/3’UTR”; single nucleic acid constructs) to permit co-expression of the VP1 and/or VP2 sequences and the leaves examined for VP1 and VP2 production. After 6 or 9 days post infiltration (6 DPI and 9 DPI, respectively), total crude protein extracts were prepared from leaf homogenates, separated by SDS-PAGE, and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye. Leaves infiltrated with expression vectors comprising nucleotide sequences that correspond to wildtype GI.1 ORF2, encoding the VP1 protein, produced low or non-detectable levels of GI.1 VP1 as determined using Coomassie stained gels. In contrast, leaves infiltrated with expression vectors comprising GI.1 VP1 nucleotide sequences that were codon optimized for human expression (hCod), or enriched for GC content when compared to the GC content of the wildtype VP1 nucleic acid sequence, produced increased amounts of GI.1 VP1 protein in Coomassie stained gels. Demonstrating that hCod GI.1 VP1 may be produced in plants when VP1 is expressed on its own.

[00132] Furthermore, as described in US provisional application 62/475,660 and PCT/CA2018/050352 (filed March 23, 2017; and March 23, 2018, respectively, both of which are incorporated herein by reference), leaves infiltrated with vectors comprising either wildtype GI.1 VP1 and VP2 or human codon optimized GI.1 VP1 and VP2 produced low levels of GI.1 VP1 protein in Coomassie stained gels, suggesting that expression of VP1 is not enhanced by the presence of VP2 when co expressed in cis on the same vector, using the same organization as found in the viral genome (using one promoter to control expression). However, when VP1 or human codon optimized VP1 was co-expressed in trans (on a separate construct) along with VP2 or hCod VP2 (hCod VP1+VP2), respectively, an increase in VP1 protein was observed. Each of the VP1 and VP2 nucleic acid segments comprised a regulatory region and a terminator, and the constructs were introduced into the plants as a nucleic acid complex, and this resulted in a corresponding increase in VP1 protein yield.

[00133] This observation is in contrast to that observed in insect and mammalian cells (Bertolotti-Ciarlet A., Crawford S.E., Hutson A.M., Estes M.K. 2003, J. Virol.

77: 11603-11615), who reported that an increase in VP1 expression was only observed when VP1 and VP2 (or VPl+VP2+3’UTR) resided in cis, and were co-expressed using the same organization as that found in the viral genome, under the control of one promoter and terminator. No increase in VP1 expression was observed by Bertolotti-Ciarlet (2003) in insect or mammalian cells, when VP1 and VP2 were co expressed in trans.

[00134] As described in more detail below, when the modified VP1 proteins, as described herein, are expressed in plants, it is preferred that the ORF3 sequence encoding VP2 is obtained from the same norovirus genotype and strain as that used to obtain the modified VP1 sequence. In the examples provided herein, and unless otherwise stated, the modified VP1 protein and the VP2 protein are obtained from the same norovirus genotype and strain , and the nucleotide sequences encoding the modified VP1 protein and the VP2 protein are co-expressed in the plant using separate expression systems, for example, on separate plasmids, or VP1 and VP2 may be expressed on the same vector but each of the sequences encoding VP1 and VP2 should be under the control of separate promoter and terminator sequences, so that they have a separate expression system.

[00135] The yield, or amount of extracted, noro virus VP1 protein and the production of VLPs comprising noro virus VP1 proteins in a plant, differs depending on the genotype of the norovirus VP1 being expressed. For example, as shown in Figure 3A, the expression of wild type GI.1 VP1, GI.5 VP1, and GII.12 VP1 was robust with good protein yields (determined using SDS PAGE). Furthermore, high density wild type GI.1 VLPs, having well-formed capsids that are predominantly 38 nm in diameter were also produced (Figure 3B), and high density VLPs were produced from plants expressing wild type GI.5 VLPs, GII.12 VLPs (Figure 3C) and GI.2 VLPs, (Figure 4A). In contrast, wild type GII.4 VP1 was poorly expressed in plants (Figures 3 A right hand panel), and low yields of VP1 protein, or non- detectable amounts of VP1 protein (using SDS-PAGE) were observed following expression other wild type VP1 proteins in plants, for example, GII.2 VP1, GII.3 VP1 and GII.6 VP1 (Table 5, Example 3).

[00136] Furthermore, expression of native VP1 proteins in plants may result in VLPs characterized as comprising a higher proportion of 23 nm VLPs rather than 38nm VLPs. For example, expression of wild type GI.3 VP1 results in the production of a significant number of 23nm VLPs (see Figure 5C, left hand panel). A greater proportion of 23nm VLPs also results in the VLPs characterized as being less dense following density gradient centrifugation (see Figure 5B left hand panel).

[00137] The present disclosure provides nucleic acid sequences encoding modified norovirus VP1 proteins, wherein the modified norovirus VP1 comprises one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation at an amino acid selected from a group consisting of amino acids in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus genotype VP1 GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a combination thereof. Plant expressing nucleic acid sequences encoding the modified norovirus VP1 protein, and comprising one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation at an amino acid selected from a group consisting of amino acids in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 or a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of noro virus genotype VP1 GI.1, or a combination thereof, exhibit similar or improved VP1, and/or VLP characteristics as compared to the wildtype VP1 and/or VLP that does not comprise the one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation.

[00138] Examples of improved characteristics of the modified VP1 and/or VLP include,

- increased modified VP1 protein yield (determined for example using Coomassie stained SDS-PAGE and Western analysis) when expressed in plant cells as compared to the wildtype VP1 that does not comprise the one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation. For example, increased yields of modified VP1 protein may range from 1.5 to 50 fold, or any amount there between, over that of the corresponding wild type VP1 yield; - increased density of VLPs comprising the modified VP1 proteins, for example as determined using iodixanol density gradient separation of protein extracts as compared to density gradient separation of the wildtype VP1 that does not comprise the one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation. For example, VLPs comprising modified VP1 protein may be observed in the same or more dense fractions following density gradient centrifugation;

- improved integrity of VLPs that are comprised of the modified VP1 proteins compared to the wildtype VP1 that does not comprise the one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation. For example, the number of disrupted, or partially assembled, VLPs may be determined using TEM; - increased VLP yield when expressed in plant cells as compared to the wildtype level of VLP production of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation (s). VLP yield may be determined in washed samples obtained from VLP containing fractions following density gradient centrifugation using TEM. For example, increased yields of VLPs comprising modified VP1 protein may range from 1.5 to 20 fold, or any amount there between, over that of the corresponding yield of VLPs comprising wild type VP1 protein;

- improved accumulation of VLPs that are comprised of the modified VP1 proteins as compared to the accumulation of VLPs comprising wildtype VP1 of the same genotype that does not comprise the substitution(s), modification(s) or mutation

(s);

- a greater proportion of VLPs that assemble into 38 nm VLPs as opposed to 23 nm VLPs, compared to VLPs comprising the wildtype VP1 that does not comprise the one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation (determined using TEM); and

- a combination of these improved characteristics.

[00139] Without wishing to be bound by theory, VLPs that are observed in higher density fractions following density gradient centrifugation, as compared to wildtype norovirus VLPs, indicates that the assembly of the VLPs comprising native VP1 may be less stable when expressed in, and extracted from, plants, than VLPs comprising the modified VP1 protein. The native VLP may therefore be more susceptible to malformed capsid particles and the generation of fragmentation products. As a result, the VLPs comprising modified VP1 protein that are characterized as having increased density may also exhibit greater structural integrity than VLPs produced using the corresponding wildtype VP1.

[00140] The nucleic acid sequences described herein may exhibit from about 50% to about 99% sequence similarity with any of the nucleic acid sequences encoding VP1 as identified above and as listed in Figures 2A-C, excluding GI. For example, nucleic acid sequences described herein may exhibit from about 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or any amount therebetween, sequence identity with any of the nucleic acid sequences encoding a norovirus VP1, for example from, Hu/GI.2/Leuven/2003/BEL (GI.2; SEQ ID NO:4; Figure 12A), Hu/GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (GI.3; SEQ ID NO:6; Figure 14A), Hu/GI.5/Siklos/Hun5407/20l 3/HUN (GI.5; SEQ ID NO: 12; Figure 15 A), Hu/GI.7/USA/20l4/GA5043 (GI.7; SEQ ID NO: lOl; Figure 16A), Hu/GII. l/Ascension208/20l 0/USA (GII.1; SEQ ID NO: l3; Figure 16B),

Hu/GII.2/C GMH47/201 l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14; Figure 17A),

Hu/GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN (GII.3; SEQ ID NO: 15; Figure

l8A),Hu/GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (GII.4; SEQ ID NO: 16; Figure 19A), US 96/ GII.4/Dresden 174/1997 /DE_AY 741811 (SEQ ID NO: 27; Figure 19C),

FH02/GII.4/FarmingtonHills/2002/US_AY502023 (SEQ ID NO: 28; Figure 19D), Hnt04: GII.4/Hunter-N S W504D/ 2004/AU_DQ078814 (SEQ ID NO: 29; Figure 19E), 2006b: GII.4/Shellharbour-NSW696T/2006/AU_EF6849l5 (SEQ ID NO: 30; Figure 19F), NO09: GII.4/Orange-NSW00lP/2008/AU_GQ845367 (SEQ ID NO: 31; Figure 19G), Hu/GII.5/AlbertaEI390/20l 3/C A (GII.5; SEQ ID No: 17; Figure 20),

Hu/GII.6/Ohio/490/20l 2/USA (GII.6; SEQ ID NO: 20; Figure 21A),

Gl l.7/Musa/20l0/All73774 (GII7; SEQ ID NO: 18; Figure 22),

Hu/GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (GII.12; SEQ ID NO: 19; Figure 23 A),

GII.13/VA173/2010/H9AWU4 (SEQ ID NO:22; Figure 24A),

GII. l4_Saga_2008_JPN_ADE2870l native VP1 (SEQ ID NO: 32; Figure 25),

Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (GII.17; SEQ ID NO: 24; Figure 26A),

Hu/GII.2l/Salisburyl50/20l l/USA (GII.21; SEQ ID NO:26; Figure 27), provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus in a subject, when the VP1 protein is administered to the subject.

[00141] Similarly, the present invention includes amino acid sequences that exhibit from about 30% to about 99% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with any of the VP1 sequences for example, Hu/GI.2/Leuven/2003/BEL (GI.2; SEQ ID NO:4; Figure 12A), Hu/GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (GI.3; SEQ ID NO:6; Figure 14A), Hu/GI.5/Siklos/Hun5407/20l 3/HUN (GI.5; SEQ ID NO: 12; Figure 15 A), Hu/GI.7/USA/20l4/GA5043 (GI.7; SEQ ID NO: l0l; Figure 16A),

Hu/GII. l/Ascension208/20l 0/USA (GII.1; SEQ ID NO: l3; Figure 16B),

Hu/GII.2/C GMH47/201 l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14; Figure 17A),

Hu/GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN (GII.3; SEQ ID NO: 15; Figure

l8A),Hu/GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (GII.4; SEQ ID NO: 16; Figure 19A), US 96/ GII.4/Dresden 174/1997 /DE_AY 741811 (SEQ ID NO: 27; Figure 19C),

FH02/GII.4/FarmingtonHills/2002/US_AY502023 (SEQ ID NO: 28; Figure 19D), Hnt04: GII.4/Hunter-N S W504D/ 2004/AU_DQ078814 (SEQ ID NO: 29; Figure 19E), 2006b: GII.4/Shellharbour-NSW696T/2006/AU_EF6849l5 (SEQ ID NO: 30; Figure 19F), NO09: GII.4/Orange-NSW00lP/2008/AU_GQ845367 (SEQ ID NO: 31; Figure 19G), Hu/GII.5/AlbertaEI390/20l3/CA (GII.5; SEQ ID No: 17; Figure 20),

Hu/GII.6/Ohio/490/2012/USA (GII.6; SEQ ID NO: 20; Figure 21A),

Gl l.7/Musa/20l0/All73774 (GII7; SEQ ID NO: 18; Figure 22),

Hu/GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (GII.12; SEQ ID NO: 19; Figure 23 A),

GII.13/VA173/2010/H9AWU4 (SEQ ID NO:22; Figure 24A),

GIL l4_Saga_2008_JPN_ADE2870l native VP1 (SEQ ID NO: 32; Figure 25),

Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (GIL 17; SEQ ID NO: 24; Figure 26A),

Hu/GII.2l/Salisburyl50/20l l/USA (GII.21; SEQ ID NO:26; Figure 27), provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. For example, the amino acid sequences described herein may have from about 30, 32, 34,

36, 38. 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with any of the VP1 amino acid sequences defined above, provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject.

[00142] By“VP1 mutant protein”,“mutant VP1 protein”,“modified VP1 protein”, “modified norovirus VP1 protein” and the like, it is meant, a norovirus VP1 protein comprising one or more than one substitution, mutation, or modification, at positions or amino acids in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l; see Table 1 below), or a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a combination thereof. The terms“residue”,“residue amino acid” and“amino acid” are used interchangeably, and typically refer to an amino acid at a specified position (location) within an amino acid sequence. [00143]

Table 1: Listing of Norovirus genotypes (strains) and equivalent amino acid locations of GI and GII strains.

[00144] As used herein, the term“conserved substitution” or“conservative substitution” refers to the presence of an amino acid residue in the sequence of the GII.4 VP1 protein that is different from, but it is in the same class of amino acid as the described substitution. For example, a nonpolar amino acid may be used to replace a nonpolar amino acid, an aromatic amino acid to replace an aromatic amino acid, a polar-uncharged amino acid to replace a polar-uncharged amino acid, and/or a charged amino acid to replace a charged amino acid). In addition, conservative substitutions can encompass an amino acid having an interfacial hydropathy value of the same sign and generally of similar magnitude as the amino acid that is replacing the

corresponding wild type amino acid. [00145] As used herein, the term“nonpolar amino acid” refers to glycine (G, Gly), alanine (A, Ala), valine (V, Val), leucine (L, Leu), isoleucine (I, II e), and proline (P, Pro); the term“aromatic residue”(or aromatic amino acid) refers to phenylalanine (F, Phe), tyrosine (Y, Tyr), and tryptophan (W, Trp); the term“polar uncharged amino acid” refers to serine (S, Ser), threonine (T, Thr), cysteine (C, Cys), methionine (M, Met), asparagine (N, Asn) and glutamine (Q, Gln); the term“charged amino acid” refers to the negatively charged amino acids aspartic acid (D, Asp) and glutamic acid (E, Glu), as well as the positively charged amino acids lysine (K, Lys), arginine (R, Arg), and histidine (H, His). Other classification of amino acids may be as follows: amino acids with hydrophobic side chain (aliphatic): Alanine (A, Ala), Isoleucine (I, Ile), Leucine (L, Leu), Methionine (M, Met) and Valine (V, Val);amino acids with hydrophobic side chain (aromatic): Phenylalanine (F, Phe), Tryptophan (W, Trp), Tyrosine (Y, Tyr); amino acids with polar neutral side chain: Asparagine (N, Asn), Cysteine (C, Cys), Glutamine (Q, Gln), Serine (S, Ser) and Threonine (T, Thr); amino acids with electrically charged side chains (acidic): Aspartic acid (D, Asp), Glutamic acid (E, Glu);amino acids with electrically charged side chains (basic): Arginine (R, Arg); Histidine (H, His); Lysine (K, Lys), Glycine G, Gly) and Proline (P, Pro).

[00146] Conservative amino acid substitutions are likely to have a similar effect on the activity of the resultant modified GII.4 VP1 protein as the original substitution or modification. Further information about conservative substitutions can be found, for example, in Ben Bassat et al. (J. Bacteriol, 169:751-757, 1987), O'Regan et al. (Gene, 77:237-251, 1989), Sahin-Toth et al. (Protein ScL, 3:240-247, 1994), Hochuli et al (Bio/Technology, 6: 1321-1325, 1988).

[00147] The Blosum matrices are commonly used for determining the relatedness of polypeptide sequences (Henikoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 10915-10919, 1992). A threshold of 90% identity was used for the highly conserved target frequencies of the BLOSUM90 matrix. A threshold of 65% identity was used for the BLOSUM65 matrix. Scores of zero and above in the Blosum matrices are considered "conservative substitutions" at the percentage identity selected. The following table shows examples of conservative amino acid substitutions: Table 2. [00148] Table 2. Exemplary conservative amino acid substitutions.

[00149] For the modifications described herein, the amino acids may be substituted using very high conserved substitutions, highly conserved substitutions or conserved substitutions as outlined in Table 2, as well as aromatic, polar, polar uncharged, polar neutral, or non-polar, negatively charged, positively charged, hydrophobic amino acids as described above.

[00150] As described herein, modified VP1 proteins comprising one or more than one substitutions of amino acids at amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 (in GI strains, equivalent to amino acids 39, 53, 80 and 90 in GII strains), resulted in an improved characteristic of the modified VP1 protein, or VLP produced using the modified VP1 protein. It is to be understood that the improved characteristic is not limited to substituting the specific amino acid at the specified sites, as one of skill in the art would understand that amino acids with similar properties may be substituted for the amino acids at the identified positions. For example, the modification Q84S, comprises substituting glutamine at position 84 with serine, an amino acid characterized as having a polar neutral side chain. The glutamine at this position may also be substituted with an alternate amino acid characterized as having a polar neutral side chain, for example either asparagine, cysteine, or threonine, i.e. Q84X, where X=S, N, C or T. Similarly, E80S, comprising a substitution of glutamate at position 80 with serine, or P80S (a proline to serine substitution), in addition to substituting the native amino acid with serine, the amino acid at this position may also be substituted with an amino acid having a polar neutral side chain, for example asparagine, cysteine, or threonine, i.e. P80X, where X=S, N, C or T. Furthermore, as described herein additional P80X variants may be used to produce VP1, where X is selected from S, A, N, K or H. In the modifications S94L, S90L, A94L, or A90L, that comprise substituting serine or alanine with leucine (an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain), the native amino acid may be substituted using an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain, for example either isoleucine, methionine, valine, or in the case of S94X or S90X, an alanine, i.e. S94X (S90X), where X=L, I, M, V or A, or A94X (A90X), where X=L, I, M or V.

Furthermore, as described herein additional S94X variants may be used to produce VP1, where X is selected from V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H. The modification A39V that comprises substituting an alanine with valine (an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain) at position 39, in addition to valine, native amino acid may also be substituted with an amino acid characterized as having a

hydrophobic side chain, for example, isoleucine, leucine, or methionine i.e. A39X, where X=V, I, L or M. Furthermore, as described herein additional A39X variants may be used to produce VP1, where X is selected from I, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H. The modification V47P comprising a substitution of valine with proline, may also comprise a substitution of valine with a glycine, i.e. V47X, where X=P or G. The modification R53I that comprises substituting an arginine with isoleucine (an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain) at position 53, in addition to isoleucine, arginine may also be substituted with an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain, for example, leucine, valine, alanine or methionine i.e. R53X, where X=I, L, V, A or M. The modification M57I that comprises substituting a methionine with isoleucine (an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain) at position 57, in addition to isoleucine, methionine may also be substituted with an amino acid characterized as having a hydrophobic side chain, for example, leucine, valine, or alanine i.e. M57X, where X=I, L, V or A. Furthermore, as described herein additional M57X variants may be used to produce VP1, where X is selected from L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H.

[00151] Examples of VP1 mutant proteins (modified VP1 proteins) include, but are not limited to, the following.

- GI.3 Q84S VP1 (GI.3_ Q84X, where X=S, N, C or T VP1): wherein the glutamine corresponding to amino acid 84 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GI.3 Q84S; SEQ ID NO:98, Figure 28 A), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3 Q84S VP1 protein. For example, the GI.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3 Q84S VP1 protein (SEQ ID

NO: 98, Figure 28A), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the GI.3 Q84X VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (SEQ ID NO:6 amino acid; SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotide; Figures 14A, 14B).

- GI.3 S94X VP1, where X=L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, wherein the serine corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GI.3 S94L; SEQ ID NO: 8, Figure 28C), valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine lysine or histidine (GI.3_S94X, where X=V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H; SEQ ID NO:292, Figure 28M), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the

GI.3 S94X VP1 protein, where X=L, V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H. For example, the GI.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3 S94X VP1 protein, where X=L,

V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 8, Figure 28C, SEQ ID NO:292; Figure 28M), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine lysine or histidine, and provided that the GI.3 S94X VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (SEQ ID NO:6 amino acid; SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotide; Figures 14A, 14B).

- GI.3_ A43X+S94x VP1, where X= V, L, I or M, and x= L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, wherein the alanine and serine corresponding to amino acids 43 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been substituted or mutated, for example but not limited to, to valine and leucine, respectively (GI.3_A43V+S94L; SEQ ID NO: 170, Figure 28G), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_ A43V+S94L VP1 protein. For example, the GI.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_A43V+S94L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 170, Figure 28G), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, L, I or M, for example valine, and an L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the GI.3 A43X +S94x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (SEQ ID NO:6, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotide; Figures 14A, 14B).

- GI.3_ M57X+S94x VP1, where X= I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H and x= L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, wherein the methionine and serine corresponding to amino acids 57 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to isoleucine and leucine, respectively (GI.3_M57I+S94L; SEQ ID NO: 172, Figure 281), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3 M57I+S94L VP1 protein. For example, the GI.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_M57I+S94L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 172, Figure 281), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 57 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H, for example isoleucine, and an L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the GI.3_M57X+S94x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (SEQ ID NO:6, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotide; Figures 14A, 14B).

- GI.3_Q84X+S94x, VP1, where X=S, N, C or T, and x= L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, wherein the glutamine and serine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively (GI.3 Q84S+S94L; SEQ ID NO: 10, Figure 28E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_

Q84S+S94L VP1 protein. For example, the GI.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_ Q84S+S94L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 10, Figure 28E), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the GI.3_Q84X+S94x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (SEQ ID NO:6, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotide; Figures 14A, 14B).

- GI.3_ A43X+M57z+S94x VP1, where X= V, L, I or M, z= I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H, and x= L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, wherein the alanine, methionine and serine corresponding to amino acids 43, 57 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to valine, isoleucine and leucine, respectively (GI.3_A43V+M57I+S94L; SEQ ID NO: 174, Figure 28K), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_

A43V+M57I+S94L VP1 protein. For example, the GI.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.3_A43V+M57I+S94L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 174, Figure 28K), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43, 57 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, L, I or M, for example valine, a I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H, for example isoleucine, and L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the GI.3_A43X+M57z+S94x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (SEQ ID NO:6, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotide; Figures 14A, 14B).

- GI.5 Q84S VP1 (GI.5_ Q84X, where X=S, N, C or T, VP1): wherein the glutamine corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GI.5 Q84S; SEQ ID NO:34, Figure 29 A), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.5 Q84S VP1 protein. For example, the GI.5 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.5 Q84S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 34, Figure 29 A), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.5 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.5 strain, for example, but not limited to

GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/2013/HUN (SEQ ID NO: l2, amino acid; Figure 15A). - GI.5 A94L VP1 (GI.5_ A94X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the alanine corresponding to amino acid 94 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GI.5 A94L; SEQ ID NO:36, Figure 29C), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.5 A94L VP1 protein. For example, the GI.5 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.5 A94L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 36, Figure 29C), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.5 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.5 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/2013/HUN (SEQ ID NO: l2, amino acid; Figure 15A).

- GI.5_Q84S+A94L VP1 (GI.5_Q84X, where X=S, N, C or T + A94X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the glutamine and alanine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively

(GI.5 Q84S+A94L; SEQ ID NO:38, Figure 29E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.5 Q84S+A94L VP1 protein. For example, the GI.5 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.5 Q84S+A94L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:38, Figure 29E), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.5 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.5 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.5/Siklos/HUN5407/20l3/HUN (SEQ ID NO: 12, amino acid; Figure 15A). - GI.7 M57X VP1, where X=I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H, wherein the methionine corresponding to amino acid 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to isoleucine (GI.7_M57I; SEQ ID NO: 179, Figure 291), valine, alanine, leucine, glycine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine or histidine (GI.7_M57X VP1, where X=I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H;

SEQ ID NO: 290; Figure 29M), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.7_M57X VP1 protein, where X=I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H. For example, the GI.7 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.7_M57X VP1 protein, where X=I, V, A, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H; (SEQ ID NO: 179, Figure 291; SEQ ID NO:290; Figure 29M), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an I, V, A,

L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H, for example isoleucine, valine, alanine, leucine, glycine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine or histidine, and provided that the GI.7 M57X VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.7 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.7 strain, for example, but not limited to GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 (SEQ ID NO: 101, amino acid; Figure 16A).

- GI.7 R84S VP1 (GI.7_R84X, where X=S, N, C, or T, VP1): wherein the arginine corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GI.7 R84S; SEQ ID NO: 177, Figure 29G), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.7 R84S VP1 protein. For example, the GI.7 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.7 R84S VP1 protein (SEQ ID

NO: 177, Figure 29G), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.7 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.7 strain, for example, but not limited to

GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 (SEQ ID NO: 101, amino acid; Figure 16A).

- GI.7_M57X+R84x VP1, where X= L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, and x=S, N, C, or T, wherein the methionine and arginine, corresponding to amino acids 57 and 84, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to isoleucine and serine, respectively (GI.7_M57I+R84S; SEQ ID NO: 181, Figure 29K), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.7 M57I+R84S VP1 protein. For example, the GI.7 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GI.7 M57I+R84S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 181, Figure 29K), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 57 and 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an L, I, A, V, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example isoleucine, and an S, N, C or T, for example serine, respectively, and provided that the GI.7_M57X+R84x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GI.7 VP1 may be obtained from any GI.7 strain, for example, but not limited to

GI.7/GA5043/USA/2014 (SEQ ID NO: 101, amino acid; Figure 16A).

- GII.2 E80S VP1 (GII.2_ E80X, where X=S, N, C or T, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GII.2 E80S; SEQ ID NO:85, Figure 30A), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2 E80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.2 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2 E80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 85, Figure 30A), provided that the substitution,

modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.2 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.2 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acid; Figure 17 A).

-GII.2 A90L VP1 (GII.2_A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP 1): wherein alanine corresponding to amino acid 94 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GII.2 A90L; SEQ ID NO:4l,

Figure 30C), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the mut

GII.2 A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.2 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2 A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:4l, Figure 30C), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M or V for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.2 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.2 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acid; Figure 17 A).

-GII.2_E80S+A90L VP1 (GII.2_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively

(GII.2_E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO:43, Figure 30E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the mut GII.2 E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.2 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2 E80S+A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:43, Figure 30E), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.2 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.2 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acid; Figure 17A).

-GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L VP1 (GII.2_A39X, where X=V, L. I or M + E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the alanine, glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 43, 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to valine, serine and leucine, respectively (GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO: 182, Figure 30G), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2 A39V+E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.2 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 182, Figure 30G), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, I, L or M, for example valine, an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.2 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.2 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acid; Figure 17A).

-GII.2 R53I+E80S+A90L VP1 (GII.2 R53X, where X=I, L, M, V or A + E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the arginine, glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 57, 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to isoleucine, serine and leucine, respectively (GII.2_M53I+E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO: 184, Figure 301), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2_M53I+E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.2 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2_M53I+E80S+A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 184, Figure 301), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an I, L, M or A, for example isoleucine, an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.2 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.2 strain, for example, but not limited to

Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acid; Figure 17A).

-GII.2 A39 V +R531+E8 OS + A90L VP1 (GII.2 A39X, where X=V, I, L or, M + R53X, where X=I, L, M, A or V + E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to valine, isoleucine, serine and leucine, respectively (GII.2_ A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO: 186, Figure 30K), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2_ A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.2 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,

88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.2 A39V+R53I+E80S+ A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 186, Figure 30K), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an V, I, L or M, for example valine, an I, L, M, A or V, for example isoleucine, an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.2 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.2 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acid; Figure 17A).

- GII.3 E80S VP1 (GII.3_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GII.3 E80S; SEQ ID NO:46, Figure 31 A), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the mut

GII.3 E80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.3 E80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:46, Figure 31A), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN (SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acid; Figure 18 A).

- GII.3 A90L VP1 (GII.3 A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the alanine corresponding to amino acid 94 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GII.3 A90L; SEQ ID NO:48,

Figure 31C), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.3 A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.3 A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 48, Figure 31C), provided that the substitution,

modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN (SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acid; Figure 18 A).

- GII.3_E80S+A90L VP1 (GII.3_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively

(GII.3 E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO:50, Figure 31E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.3_ E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.3 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.3_ E80S+A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:50, Figure 31E), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.3 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.3 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CLLN (SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acid; Figure 18A).

- GII.4 A39X VP1, where X=V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, wherein the alanine corresponding to amino acid 43 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID

NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to valine (GII.4 A39V; SEQ ID NO:53, Figure 32A), isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, or a sequence that exhibits from about 80- 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 A39X VP1, where X=V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, VP1 protein.

For example which is not to be considered limiting, the GIL 4 VP1 protein may have from about 0, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 A39V VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:53, Figure 32A), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 43 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains a V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine, and provided that the GII.4 A39X VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GIL 4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 V47P VP1 (GII.4 V47X, where X=P or G, VP1): wherein the valine corresponding to amino acid 51 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to proline (GII.4_V47P; SEQ ID NO: 55, Figure

32C), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 V47P VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,

87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 V47P VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 55, Figure 32C), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 51 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains a P or G, for example proline, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 R53I VP1 (GII.4 R53I, where X=I, L, V, A or M, VP1): wherein the arginine corresponding to amino acid 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to isoleucine (GII.4 R53I; SEQ ID NO:57, Figure 32E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 R53I VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 R53I VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 57, Figure 32E), provided that the substitution,

modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an I, L, V, A or M, for example isoleucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 P80X VP1, where X=S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, wherein the proline corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GII.4 P80S; SEQ ID NO:59, Figure 32G), asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, histidine, or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 P80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 P80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:59, Figure 32G), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, and provided that the GII.4 P80X VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to

GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 S90L VP1 (GII.4 S90X, where X=L, I, M, A or V, VP1): wherein the serine conesponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GII.4 S90L; SEQ ID NO:6l, Figure 321), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 S90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,

88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 S90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:6l, Figure 321), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position conesponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M, A or V, for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4_A35-42 VP1 : wherein the amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been deleted (GII.4_A35- 42; SEQ ID NO:63, Figure 32K), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ D35-42 VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ D35-42 VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:63, Figure 32K), provided that the amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) remain deleted, and that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to

GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 SSTAVATA VP1 : wherein the amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated to the peptide sequence SSTAVATA (SEQ ID NO: 168; GII.4 SSTAVATA; SEQ ID NO:65, Figure 32M), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the mut GII.4_ SSTAVATA VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ SSTAVATA VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:65, Figure 32M), provided that the positions corresponding to amino acids 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain the peptide sequence SSTAVATA, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to

GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4_A39X+R53x VP1, where X=V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, and x=I, L, M, A or V, wherein the alanine and arginine corresponding to amino acids 43 and 57, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine or histidine and isoleucine, respectively (e.g. GII.4_A39V+R53I; SEQ ID NO: 188, Figure 32AA), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 A39V+R53I VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 A39V+R53I VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 188, Figure 32AA), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43 and 57 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine or histidine, and an I, L, M, V or A, for example isoleucine, respectively, and provided that the GII.4_A39X+R53x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to

GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4_A39X+P80x VP1, where X= V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, and x= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, VP1): wherein the alanine and proline corresponding to amino acids 43 and 84, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been substituted or mutated, for example but not limited to, to valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine, and serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively (e.g. GII.4_A39V+P80S; SEQ ID NO:67, Figure 320), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_A39X+P80x VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_

A39V+P80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:67, Figure 320), provided that the

substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43 and 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, for example valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine, and an S, N, C, T, A,

K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively, and provided that the GII.4_A39X+P80x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney /N S W0514/2012/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 V47P+P80S VP1 (GII.4 V47X, where X=P or G + P80x, where x= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H VP1): wherein the valine and proline corresponding to amino acids 51 and 84, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been substituted or mutated, for example, to proline and serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively (e.g. GII.4 V47P+P80S; SEQ ID NO:69, Figure 32Q), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the

GII.4 V47P+P80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 V47P+P80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:69, Figure 32Q), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 51 and 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a P or G, for example proline, and an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively, and provided that the GII.4_V47X+P80x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/(SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 R53I+P80S VP1 (GII.4 R53X, where X=I, L, V, A or M + P80x, where x= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, VP1): wherein the arginine and proline

corresponding to amino acids 57 and 84, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to an isoleucine and a serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively (e.g. GII.4_R53I+P80S; SEQ ID NO:7l, Figure 32S), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 R53I+P80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4 R53I+P80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:7l, Figure 32S), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acids 57 and 84 of noro virus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an I, L, V, A or M, for example isoleucine, and an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, histidine, respectively, and provided that the

GII.4_R53X+P80x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 P80S+S90L VP1 (GII.4_P80X, where X= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H + S90x, where x=L, I, M, A or V, VP1): wherein the proline and serine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, and leucine, respectively (e.g. GII.4_P80S+S90L; SEQ ID NO:73, Figure 32U), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ P80S+S90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ P80S+S90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 73, Figure 32U), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine and an L, I, M, A or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the

GII.4_P80X+S90x VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4_A39X+R53x+P80z VP1, where X=V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, where x=I, L, M, A or V, and z= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, wherein the alanine and arginine corresponding to amino acids 43, 57 and 84, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been substituted or mutated, for example, at position 39, to valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine, at portion 53 to isoleucine, and at position 80 to serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively (e.g. GII.4_A39V+R53I+P80S; SEQ ID NO: 190, Figure 32CC), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ A39V+R53I+P80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_

A39V+R53I+P80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 190, Figure 32CC), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 43, 57 and 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, I, L, M, G, S, E, D,

N, Q, K, or H, for example valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine, an I, L, M, V or A, for example isoleucine, and an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, respectively, and provided that the GII.4_A39X+R53x+P80z VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4_P80S+A35-42 VP1 (GII.4_P80X, where X= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, + D35-42, VP1): wherein the proline corresponding to position 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) has been mutated, for example, to serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, and the amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 have been deleted (GII.4_P80S+A35- 42; SEQ ID NO:75, Figure 32W), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_P80S+A35-42 VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_P80S+A35-42 VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:75, Figure 32W), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, and the amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain deleted, and that the GII.4_P80X+A35-42 VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.4 P80S+SSTAVATA VP1 (GII.4 P80X, where X= S, N, C, T, A, K, or H + SSTAVATA, VP1): wherein the proline corresponding to position 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, and the amino acids corresponding to positions 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 have been mutated to the peptide sequence SSTAVATA (SEQ ID NO: 168;

GII.4_P80S+SSTAVATA; SEQ ID NO:77, Figure 32Y), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the mut GII.4_ P80S+SSTAVATA VP1 protein. For example, the GII.4 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.4_ P80S+SSTAVATA VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 77, Figure 32Y), provided that the position corresponding to amino acid 84 or norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C, T, A, K, or H, for example serine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, alanine, lysine, or histidine, and the positions corresponding to amino acids 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain the peptide sequence SSTAVATA, and that the GII.4_P80X+SSTAVATA VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.4 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.4 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU (SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 52, nucleotide; Figures 19A and 19B).

- GII.6 E80S VP1 (GII.6 E80X, where X=S, N, C or T, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GII.6 E80S; SEQ ID NO:79, Figure 33A), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.6 E80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.6 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82,

83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.6 E80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 79, Figure 33A), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.6 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.6 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.6/Ohio/490/20l 2/USA (SEQ ID NO:20, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:2l, nucleotide; Figures 21A and 21B).

- GII.6 S90L VP1 (GII.6 S90X, where X=L, I, M, A or V, VP1): wherein the serine corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GII.6 S90L; SEQ ID NO:8l, Figure 33C), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.6 S90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.6 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,

88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.6 S90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 81, Figure 33C), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.6 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.6 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.6/Ohio/490/20l 2/USA (SEQ ID NO:20, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:2l, nucleotide; Figures 21A and 21B).

- GII.6 E80S+S90L VP1 (GII.6_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + S90X, where X=L, I, M, A or V, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid and serine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively

(GII.6 E80S+S90L; SEQ ID NO:83, Figure 33E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.6_ E80S+S90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.6 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.6_ E80S+S90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:83, Figure 33E), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M, A or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.6 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.6 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.6/Ohio/490/20l2/USA (SEQ ID NO:20, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:2l, nucleotide; Figures 21 A and 21B).

- GII.12 E80S VP1 (GII. l2_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to serine (GII.12 E80S; SEQ ID NO: 88, Figure 34A), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.12 E80S VP1 protein. For example, the GII.12 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.12 E80S VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 88, Figure 34A), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 84 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.12 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.12 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (SEQ ID NOT9, amino acid; Figures 23 A).

- GII.12 A90L VP1 (GII.l2_A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP 1): wherein the alanine corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GII.12 A90L; SEQ ID NO:90, Figure 34C), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.12 A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.12 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.12 A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 90, Figure 34C), provided that the substitution,

modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.12 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.12 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (SEQ ID NO:l9, amino acid; Figures 23 A).

- GIF l2_E80S+A90L VP1 (GII. l2_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GF1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively

(GII. l2_E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO:92, Figure 34E), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GIF l2_ E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GIF 12 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.l2_ E80S+A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:92, Figure 34E), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GF 1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I. M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GIF 12 VP1 may be obtained from any GIF 12 strain, for example, but not limited to GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (SEQ ID NO: 19, amino acid; Figures 23A).

- GII.17 A39V VP1 (GII.17 A39X, where X=V, I, L or M, VP1): wherein the alanine corresponding to amino acid 43 of norovirus VP1 genotype Gl.l (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to valine (GIF 17 A39V; SEQ ID NO: 192, Figure 34G), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 A39V VP1 protein. For example, the GIF 17 VP1 protein may have from about 0, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 A39V VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 192, Figure 34G), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 43 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains a V, I, L or M, for example valine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.17 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.17 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (SEQ ID NO:24, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 25, nucleotide; Figures 26A and 26B).

- GIF 17 R53I VP1 (GII.17 R53I, where X=I, L, V, A or M, VP 1): wherein the arginine corresponding to amino acid 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GF1 (SEQ ID NO: l) has been mutated, for example, to isoleucine (GII.17 R53I; SEQ ID NO: 194, Figure 341), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 R53I VP1 protein. For example, the GIF 17 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 R53I VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 194, Figure 341), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GF 1 remains an I, L, V, A or M, for example isoleucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GIF 17 VP1 may be obtained from any GIF 17 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (SEQ ID NO:24, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 25, nucleotide; Figures 26A and 26B).

- GII.17 A90L VP1 (GII.4 A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the serine corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GF 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has been mutated, for example, to leucine (GIF 17 A90L; SEQ ID NO: 196, Figure 34K), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GIF 17 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 196, Figure 34K), provided that the substitution, modification or mutation at the position corresponding to amino acid 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remains an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.17 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.17 strain, for example, but not limited to Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (SEQ ID NO:24, amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 25, nucleotide; Figures 26A and 26B).

- GII .17_A39 V+R531 VP1 (GII.17 A39X, where X=V, I, L or M + R53X, where X=I, L, M, A or V, VP1): wherein the alanine and arginine corresponding to amino acids 43 and 57, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to valine and isoleucine, respectively

(GII.17 A39V+R53I; SEQ ID NO: 198, Figure 34M), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 A39V+R53I VP1 protein. For example, the GII.17 VP1 protein may have from about 0, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.17 A39V+R53I VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 198, Figure 34M), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acid 43 and 57 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain a V, I, L or M, for example valine, and an I, L, M, V or A, for example isoleucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.17 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.17 strain, for example, but not limited to

Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (SEQ ID NO:24, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:25, nucleotide; Figures 26A and 26B).

- GII.17_E80S+A90L VP1 (GII.4_E80X, where X=S, N, C or T + A90X, where X=L, I, M or V, VP1): wherein the glutamic acid and alanine corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94, respectively, of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l) have been mutated, for example, to serine and leucine, respectively

(GII. l7_E80S+A90L; SEQ ID NO:200, Figure 340), or a sequence that exhibits from about 80-100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII. l7_ E80S+A90L VP1 protein. For example, the GII.17 VP1 protein may have from about 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100% or any amount therebetween, sequence similarity with the amino acid sequence of the GII.l7_ E80S+A90L VP1 protein (SEQ ID NO:200, Figure 340), provided that the substitutions, modifications or mutations at the positions corresponding to amino acids 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 remain an S, N, C or T, for example serine, and an L, I, M or V, for example leucine, respectively, and provided that the VP1 protein induces immunity to norovirus when administered to a subject. The sequence encoding the GII.17 VP1 may be obtained from any GII.17 strain, for example, but not limited to

Hu/GII. l7/Kawasaki323/20l4/JP (SEQ ID NO:24, amino acid; SEQ ID NO:25, nucleotide; Figures 26A and 26B).

VLP yield

[00152] An example of an improved characteristic of VP1 may be observed comparing the yields of VLPs comprising GI.3 VP1 protein is shown with reference to Figure 5B (see Example 3). Expression of modified norovirus VP1 proteins

GI.3 S94X, where X=L, V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H (see Figure 5F),

GI.3 M57I+S94L (see Figure 5D), and GI.3 Q84S+S94L (see Figure 5B) in plants resulted in similar or higher VLPs yields as compared to the yield of wildtype GI.3 VP1. Furthermore, expression of modified norovirus VP1 proteins GI.7 M57X, where X=I, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H (see Figure 6F) in plants resulted in similar or higher VLPs yields as compared to the yield of wildtype GI.7 VP1.

[00153] An analogous improved characteristic of increased VLP yield is shown with reference to Figures 9A-9E, and 9H. VLPs comprising norovirus modified VP1 proteins GII.4 R53I (Figure 9D), GII.4 P80X, where X=S, A, N, K, or H (Figures 9B and 9H), GII.4_ P80S +R53I (Figure 9D), GII.4_ P80S +A39X, where X=V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H (Figures 9C and 91), GII.4 P80S+S90L (Figure 9B),

GII.4_P80S+A35-42 (Figure 9C), GII.4_ P80S +SSTAVATA (Figure 9F), and GII.4_A39V+R53I_P80S (Figure 9G), exhibited enhanced VLP yield in plants, while GII.4_ A39V and GII.4_ V47P exhibited a slight increase in protein yield, as compared to VLPs comprising wildtype GII.4 VP1. [00154] Increased VLP yield, compared to wild type was also observed in plant extracts expressing GII.6 S90L VP1 (Figures 10A and 10B).

[00155] VLPs comprising modified VP1 protein with a substitution of an amino acid at position 84 (GI strains) or position 80 (GII strains, corresponding to, or in alignment with, position 84 of GI.1 VP1) exhibited the same (GI.3 Q84S;

GI.5 Q84S, also see Figure 6B; GII.3 E80S, also see Figure 8A), or an increased (GI.7 R84S; GI.7_M57I+R84S; also see Figure 6D; GII.4_P80S also see Figures 9B- 9F; GII.12 E80S) VLP yield when compared to the yield of VLPs comprising the corresponding wild type (native) VP1 protein.

[00156] VLPs comprising modified VP1 protein with a substitution of an amino acid at position 94(GI strains) or at position 90 (GII strains, corresponding to, or in alignment with, position 94 of GI.1 VP1) exhibited the same or an increase in VLP yield when compared to the yield of VLPs comprising the corresponding wild type, or native, VP1 protein, for all modified VP1 proteins that were examined (GI.3 S94X, where X=L, V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H (Figures 5B and 5F); GI.5 A94L (see Figure 6B); GII.2 A90L (see Figure 7B); GII.4 S90L (see Figure 9B); GII.6 S90L (see Figure 10A); GII.12 A90L (see Figure 11B); and GII.17 A90L (see Figurel lD).

[00157] Similarly, VLPs comprising modified VP1 protein with a substitution of an amino acid at positions 84 and 94 (GI strains) or positions 80 and 90 (GII strains, corresponding to, or in alignment with, position 84 and 94 of GI.1 VP1) exhibited an increase in VLP yield when compared to the yield of VLPs comprising the corresponding wild type, or native, VP1 protein, for all modified VP1 proteins that were examined (GI.3_Q84S+S94L, also see Figure 5B; GI.5_Q84S+A94L, also see Figure 6B; GII.2_E80S+A90L, also see Figures 7B and 7C; GII.4_P80S+S90L, also see Figure 9B; and GII. l2_E80S+A90L, also see Figure; 11B).

[00158] Additional modifications were also observed to increase VLP yield. These modifications include GI.3 M57I+S94L (Figure 5D), GI.7 M57I (Figure 6D), GI.7 M57I+R84S (Figure 6D), GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L (Figure 7C),

GII.2 R53I+E80S+A90L (Figure 7C), GII.4 R53I (Figure 9D), GII.4 A39V +P80X, where X=S, A, N, K, or H (Figures 9C and 91); GII.4 R53I+ P80S (Figure 9D); GII.4 V47P+ P80S (Figure 9E); GII.4_A35-42+ P80S (Figure 9C), and

GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S (Figure 9G).

Size, density, stability and quality of VLPs

[00159] As shown in Figure 5B, mutant norovirus VP1 proteins GI.3 S94L and GI.3 Q84S+S94L, exhibited the improved characteristic of VLPs having greater densities (determined by Coomassie stained SDS PAGE of iodixanol density gradient fractions of protein extracts), so that the VLPs are observed in fraction 1 (Fl) and peaking in fractions F2-F6 as compared to wildtype norovirus GI.3 VP1. These results indicate that the assembly of native GI.3 VLPs may be less stable than

GI.3 S94L VLPs and the native GI.3 VLP may be more susceptible to malformed capsid particles and the generation of fragmentation products. As a result, the VLPs comprising GI.3 S94L VP1, GI.3 M57I+S94L and GI.3 Q84S+S94L VP1 exhibit greater structural integrity than wildtype GI.3 VP1. It is also observed that VLPs comprising GI.3 S94L VP1, GI.3 M57I+S94L and GI.3 Q84S+S94L VP1 comprise a greater relative proportion of 38 nm diameter VLPs vs. 23nm diameter VLPs than wildtype (Figures 5C and 5E) as determined using transmission electron micrography (TEM).

[00160] VLPs comprising of GI.5 Q84S VP1, GI.5 A94L VP1, or

GI.5 Q84S+A94L VP1 proteins exhibited an increase in yield, and GI.5 Q84S+A94L VP1 also exhibited greater density, stability and structural integrity (in a manner similar to that described above for VLPs produced using modified GI.3 VP1), as compared to wildtype norovirus GI.5 VP1 (Figure 6B). As shown in Figure 6C, the resulting VLPs had fewer damaged VLP particles, and a greater relative proportion of 38 nm diameter particles vs 23 nm diameter VLPs, as compared to wildtype. [00161] VLPs comprising of GI.7 R84S, GI.7 M57I, GI.7 M57I+R84S VP1 proteins were also observed to exhibit the same or greater density as compared to wildtype norovirus GI.7 VP1 (Figure 6D). As shown in Figure 6E, the modified VLPs had fewer damaged VLP particles, and a greater relative proportion of 38 nm diameter particles vs 23 nm diameter VLPs, as compared to wildtype. [00162] VLPs comprising of GII.2_E80S+A90L, GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L VP1 proteins exhibited greater density, stability and structural integrity (in a manner similar to that described above) as compared to wildtype noro virus GII.2 VP1 (Figure 7C). As shown in Figure 7C, the modified VLPs had fewer damaged VLP particles, and a greater relative proportion of 38 nm diameter particles vs 23 nm diameter VLPs, as compared to wildtype.

[00163] Expression of GII.3 E80S in plants, resulted in VLPs of 38 nm diameter particles (Figure 8B). However, yields of VP1 protein (determined via SDS-PAGE) remained low.

[00164] As shown in Figures 9B, 9C, 9D and 9G, modified VP1 proteins,

GII.4 A39V, GII.4 V47P, GII.4 R53I, GII.4 P80S, GII.4 S90L,

GII.4 A39V+P80S, GII.4 R53I+P80S, GII.4 P80S+S90L, GII.4_P80S+A35-42 and GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S all exhibited VLPs having greater densities, stability, and structural integrity than VLPs comprising wildtype GII.4 VP1 protein. Further, the VLPs comprising GII.4 A39V+P80S, GII.4 R53I+P80S, GII.4 P80S+S90L, GII.4_P80S+A35-42, and GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S all had improved viral capsid integrity and fewer damaged particles as seen by TEM (Figures 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E). VLPs comprising GII.4_A39V+P80S and GII.4_P80S+A35-42 were also observed to have a greater proportion of 38 nm diameter particles vs 23 nm diameter particles as compared to wildtype GII.4 VLPs (Figures 9B and 9C). VLPs were also produced from GII.4 V47P; GII.4 V47P+P80S, GII.4 SSTAVATA; GII.4 P80S+SSTAVATA (Figures 9E and 9F).

[00165] As shown in Figures 10A and 10B, expression of modified norovirus VP1 protein GII.6 S90L produced 38 nm diameter VLPs, determined using transmission electron micrography (TEM).

[00166] VLPs comprising GIL 12 E80S, GII.12 A90L and GII.12 E80S+A90L, also exhibited the improved characteristic of having a greater density of 38 nm diameter VLPs than VLPs comprising wildtype GIL 12 VP1 (Figure 11C) as determined using transmission electron micrography (TEM). [00167] VLPs comprising GII.17 A39V, GII.17 A90L, and GII.17 R53I, also exhibited the improved characteristic of having a greater density of 38 nm diameter VLPs than VLPs comprising wildtype GIL 17 VP1 (Figure 11D) as determined using transmission electron micrography (TEM). Induction of Immunity Against Norovirus Infection

[00168] An“immune response” generally refers to a response of the adaptive immune system of a subject. The adaptive immune system generally comprises a humoral response, and a cell-mediated response. The humoral response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction. Humoral immunity is used generally to refer to antibody production and the processes that accompany it, as well as the effector functions of antibodies, including Th2 cell activation and cytokine production, memory cell generation, opsonin promotion of phagocytosis, pathogen elimination and the like. The terms“modulate” or

“modulation” or the like refer to an increase or decrease in a particular response or parameter, as determined by any of several assays generally known or used, some of which are exemplified herein.

[00169] A cell-mediated response is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Cell-mediated immunity is used generally to refer to some Th cell activation, Tc cell activation and T-cell mediated responses. Cell mediated immunity may be of particular importance in responding to viral infections. [00170] For example, the induction of antigen specific CD8 positive T lymphocytes may be measured using an ELISPOT assay; stimulation of CD4 positive T- lymphocytes may be measured using a proliferation assay. Anti-norovirus antibody titres may be quantified using an ELISA assay; isotypes of antigen-specific or cross reactive antibodies may also be measured using anti-isotype antibodies (e.g. anti -IgG, IgA, IgE or IgM). Methods and techniques for performing such assays are well-known in the art.

[00171] Cytokine presence or levels may also be quantified. For example a T-helper cell response (Thl/Th2) will be characterized by the measurement of IFN-g and IL-4 secreting cells using by ELISA (e.g. BD Biosciences OptEIA kits). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or splenocytes obtained from a subject may be cultured, and the supernatant analyzed. T lymphocytes may also be quantified by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS), using marker specific fluorescent labels and methods as are known in the art. [00172] A microneutrabzation assay may also be conducted to characterize an immune response in a subject, see for example the methods of Rowe et al, 1973. Virus neutralization titers may be quantified in a number of ways, including:

enumeration of lysis plaques (plaque assay) following crystal violent

fixation/coloration of cells; microscopic observation of cell lysis in in vitro culture; and 2) ELISA and spectrophotometric detection of norovirus.

[00173] The term“epitope” or“epitopes”, as used herein, refers to a structural part of an antigen to which an antibody specifically binds.

[00174] Immune response to plant produced wild type Norovirus native GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) VLP administration were performed using BALB/c mice (Example 4). Plant-produced modified VP1 proteins, or VLPs comprising modified VP1 proteins, for example, produced using GI.3 Q84S (construct 4140; SEQ ID NO: 167),

GI.3 S94L (construct 4141; SEQ ID NO:9), GI.3_A43V+S94L (construct 4179; SEQID NO: 169), GI.3 M57I+S94L (construct 4180; SEQ ID NO: 171),

GI.3 P84S+S94L (construct 4142; SEQ ID NO: 11), GI.3_A43V+M57I+S94L (construct 4181; SEQ ID NO: 173), GI.5_Q84S (construct 4130; SEQ ID NO:35),

GI.5_ A94L (construct 4131; SEQ ID NO:37), GI.5_Q84S+A94L (construct 4132; SEQ ID NO:39), GI.7 R84S (construct 4210; SEQ ID NO: 176), GI.7 M57I

(construct 4217; SEQ ID NO: 178), GI.7 M57I+R84S (construct 4218; SEQ ID NO: 180), GII.2 E80S (construct 4143; SEQ ID NO:86), GII.2_A90L (construct 4144; SEQ ID NO:42), GII.2_Q80S+A90L (construct 4145; SEQ ID NO:44), GII.2_A39V+Q80S+A90L (construct 4182; SEQ ID NO: 183),

GII.2_R53I+Q80S+A90L (construct 4183; SEQ ID NO: 185),

GII.2_A39V+R53I+Q80S+A90L (construct 4184; SEQ ID NO: l87), GII.3_E80S (construct 4146; SEQ ID NO:47), GII.3 A90L (construct 4147; SEQ ID NO:49), GII.3_E80S+A90L (construct 4148; SEQ ID NO:5l), GII.4_A39V (construct 4155; SEQ ID NO: 54), GII.4 V47P (construct 4156; SEQ ID NO:56), GII.4 R53I

(construct 4157; SEQ ID NO:58), GII.4_P80S (construct 4133; SEQ ID NO:60),

GII.4 S90L (construct 4134; SEQ ID NO:62), GII.4_ D35-42 (construct 4158; SEQ ID NO:64), GII.4 SSTAVATA (construct 4159; SEQ ID NO:66). GII.4 A39V+R53I (construct 4185; SEQ ID NO: l89), GII.4 A39V+P80S (construct 4165; SEQ ID NO:68), GII.4 V47P+P80S (construct 4166; SEQ ID NO:70), GII.4 R53I+P80S (construct 4167; SEQ ID NO:72), GII.4_P80S+S90L (construct 4135; SEQ ID NO:74), GII.4_ D35-42+ P80S (construct 4168; SEQ ID NO:76),

GII.4 P80S+SSTAVATA (construct 4169; SEQ ID NO:78),

GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S (construct 4186; SEQ ID NO: 191), GII.6 E80S (construct 4149; SEQ ID NO: 80), GII.6 S90L (construct 4150; SEQ ID NO: 82),

GII.6 E80S+S90L (construct 4151; SEQ ID NO:84), GII.12 E80S (construct 4136; SEQ ID NO: 89), GII.12 A90L (construct 4137; SEQ ID NO:9l), GII.12 E80S+A90L (construct 4138; SEQ ID NO:93), GII.l7_A39V (construct 4234; SEQ ID NO: l93), GII.17 R53I (construct 4235; SEQ ID NO: l95), GII.17 A90L (construct 4232; SEQ ID NO: 197), GII.17 A39V+R53I (construct 4236; SEQ ID NO: 199),

GII.l7_E80S+A90L (construct 4233; SEQ ID NO:20l), or a combination thereof, may also administered to mice. Serum samples from blood collected from animals were analyzed by ELISA for GI.1 VLP-specific total IgG and IgA antibodies using GI.1 VLP-coated plates. With reference to Figure 3D, mice immunized with plant norovirus native VP1 VLPs from GI.1 genotype exhibit GI.1 VLP-specific IgG antibody titers in sera for each treatment group. The IgG titer levels induced by each treatment were statistically higher than the titers quantified for the placebo group (p < 0.05). IgG titer level increased in a dose-dependent manner (significant difference detected between the 1 pg and 10 pg treatments formulated with or without

Alhydrogel; p < 0.05). A significant increase of IgG titer level was also detected for each treatment group between Days 21 and 42 (p < 0.05). These results collectively demonstrate the ability of plant produced Noro virus native VP1 VLPs to elicit a robust immune response in mice.

[00175] Therefore, there is provided herein a method of producing an antibody or antibody fragment comprising, administering a modified norovirus VP1 protein, or a norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one modified VP1 protein to a subject, or a host animal, thereby producing the antibody or the antibody fragment. The modified norovirus VP1 protein (either a GI VP1 protein or GII VP1 protein), comprising one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation at: an amino acid residue selected from positions in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1); a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l); amino acids corresponding to amino acid residues 39-46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 are mutated to the sequence SSTAVATA, or a combination thereof, and the nucleotide sequence is not derived from a genotype GI.1 norovirus VP1. The VLP may further comprise a norovirus VP2 protein.

[00176] There is also provided a composition for inducing an immune response comprising, an effective dose of the VLP comprising the modified norovirus VP1 protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, vehicle or excipient.

Plant expression

[00177] The constructs of the present invention can be introduced into plant cells using Ti plasmids, Ri plasmids, plant virus vectors, direct DNA transformation, micro-injection, electroporation, etc. For reviews of such techniques see for example Weissbach and Weissbach, Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academy Press, New York VIII, pp. 421-463 (1988); Geierson and Corey, Plant Molecular Biology,

2d Ed. (1988); and Miki and Iyer, Fundamentals of Gene Transfer in Plants. In Plant Metabolism, 2d Ed. DT. Dennis, DH Turpin, DD Lefebrvre, DB Layzell (eds), Addison Wesly, Langmans Ltd. London, pp. 561-579 (1997). Other methods include direct DNA uptake, the use of liposomes, electroporation, for example using protoplasts, micro-injection, microprojectiles or whiskers, and vacuum infiltration.

See, for example, Bilang, et al. (1991, Gene 100: 247-250), Scheid et al. (1991, Mol. Gen. Genet. 228: 104-112), Guerche et al. ( 1987. Plan/ Science 52: 111-116), Neuhause et al. (1987, Theor. Appl Genet. 75: 30-36), Klein et al. (2987, Nature 327: 70-73); Freeman et al. (1984, Plant Cell Physiol. 29: 1353), Howell et al. (1980, Science 208: 1265), Horsch et al. (1985, Science 227: 1229-1231), DeBlock et al. (1989, Plant Physiology 91: 694-701), Methods for Plant Molecular Biology

(Weissbach and Weissbach, eds., Academic Press Inc., 1988), Methods in Plant Molecular Biology (Schuler and Zielinski, eds., Academic Press Inc., 1989), WO 92/09696, WO 94/00583, EP 331083, EP 175966, Liu and Lomonossoff (2002, J Virol Meth, 105:343-348), EP 290395; WO 8706614; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050;

5,036,006; and 5,100,792, U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/438,666, filed May 10, 1995, and 07/951,715, filed Sep. 25, 1992, (all of which are hereby incorporated by reference).

[00178] Transient expression methods may be used to express the constructs of the present invention (see D’Aoust et al, 2009 , Methods in molecular biology, Vol 483, pages 41-50; Liu and Lomonossoff, 2002, Journal of Virological Methods , 105:343- 348; which is incorporated herein by reference). Alternatively, a vacuum-based transient expression method, as described by Kapila et al. (1997, Plant Sci. 122, 101- 108; which is incorporated herein by reference), or WO 00/063400, WO 00/037663 (which are incorporated herein by reference) may be used. These methods may include, for example, but are not limited to, a method of Agro-inoculation or Agro infiltration, syringe infiltration, however, other transient methods may also be used as noted above. With Agro-inoculation, Agro-infiltration, or syringe infiltration, a mixture of Agrobacteria comprising the desired nucleic acid enter the intercellular spaces of a tissue, for example the leaves, aerial portion of the plant (including stem, leaves and flower), other portion of the plant (stem, root, flower), or the whole plant. After crossing the epidermis the Agrobacteria infect and transfer t-DNA copies into the cells. The t-DNA is episomally transcribed and the mRNA translated, leading to the production of the protein of interest in infected cells, however, the passage of t- DNA inside the nucleus is transient.

[00179] Also considered part of this invention are transgenic plants, plant cells or seeds containing the gene construct of the present invention that may be used as a platform plant suitable for transient protein expression described herein. Methods of regenerating whole plants from plant cells are also known in the art (for example see Guerineau and Mullineaux (1993, Plant transformation and expression vectors. In: Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (Croy RRD ed) Oxford, BIOS Scientific Publishers, pp 121-148). In general, transformed plant cells are cultured in an appropriate medium, which may contain selective agents such as antibiotics, where selectable markers are used to facilitate identification of transformed plant cells. Once callus forms, shoot formation can be encouraged by employing the appropriate plant hormones in accordance with known methods and the shoots transferred to rooting medium for regeneration of plants. The plants may then be used to establish repetitive generations, either from seeds or using vegetative propagation techniques. Transgenic plants can also be generated without using tissue culture. Methods for stable transformation, and regeneration of these organisms are established in the art and known to one of skill in the art. Available techniques are reviewed in Vasil et al.

(Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol I, II and III, Laboratory Procedures and Their Applications, Academic Press, 1984), and Weissbach and Weissbach (Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 1989). The method of obtaining transformed and regenerated plants is not critical to the present invention.

[00180] If plants, plant portions or plant cells are to be transformed or co transformed by two or more nucleic acid constructs, the nucleic acid construct may be introduced into the Agrobacterium in a single transfection event so that the nucleic acids are pooled, and the bacterial cells transfected. Alternatively, the constructs may be introduced serially. In this case, a first construct is introduced into the

Agrobacterium as described, the cells are grown under selective conditions (e.g. in the presence of an antibiotic) where only the singly transformed bacteria can grow.

Following this first selection step, a second nucleic acid construct is introduced into the Agrobacterium as described, and the cells are grown under doubly-selective conditions, where only the doubly-transformed bacteria can grow. The doubly- transformed bacteria may then be used to transform a plant, plant portion or plant cell as described herein, or may be subjected to a further transformation step to accommodate a third nucleic acid construct. [00181] Alternatively, if plants, plant portions, or plant cells are to be transformed or co-transformed by two or more nucleic acid constructs, the nucleic acid construct may be introduced into the plant by co-infiltrating a mixture of Agrobacterium cells with the plant, plant portion, or plant cell, each Agrobacterium cell may comprise one or more constructs to be introduced within the plant. In order to vary the relative expression levels within the plant, plant portion or plant cell, of a nucleotide sequence of interest within a construct, during the step of infiltration, the concentration of the various Agrobacteria populations comprising the desired constructs may be varied.

[00182] Therefore, there is provided herein, a plant, a portion of a plant, a plant cell, or a plant extract, comprising, one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein, or a norovirus VLP comprising one or more than one modified VP1 protein. The one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein comprising one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation at a position selected from amino acid residues in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1); a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l); or a combination thereof, and the nucleotide sequence is not derived from a genotype GI.1 norovirus VP1. The VLP may further comprise a norovirus VP2 protein.

[00183] Also provided herein is a plant, portion of a plant, a plant cell, or a plant extract comprising, a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein. The one or more than one modified norovirus VP1 protein comprising one or more than one substitution, modification or mutation at a position selected from amino acid residues in sequence alignment with amino acids 43, 57, 84 and 94 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: l); a deletion of a peptide fragment in sequence alignment with amino acids 39 to 46 of norovirus VP1 genotype GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1); or a combination thereof, and the nucleotide sequence is not derived from a genotype GI.1 norovirus VP1.

[00184] A list of the Norovirus strains and constructs is provided in Table 3. Table 3: Norovirus strains and constructs.

[00185] The present invention will be further illustrated in the following examples.

Example 1 : Noro virus VP1 Constructs

[00186] The candidate sequences for VP1 and VP2 are available in Genbank (see Figures 2A and 2B). Non-limiting examples of these sequences are:

[00187] Hu/ GI.2/Leuven/ 2003/BEL (GI.2; SEQ ID NO:4; Figure 13A);

[00188] Hu/GI.3/S29/2008/Lilla Edet/Sweden (GI.3; SEQ ID NO:6; Figure 14A);

[00189] Hu/GI.5/Siklos/Hun5407/2013/HUN (GI.5; SEQ ID NO: 12; Figure 15A);

[00190] Hu/GI.7/USA/2014/GA5043 (GI.7, SEQ ID NO: 101, Figure 16A)

[00191] Hu/GII.l/Ascension208/20l 0/USA (GII.1; SEQ ID NO: l3; Figure 16C);

[00192] Hu/GII.2/CGMH47/20l l/TW (GII.2; SEQ ID NO: 14; Figure 17A);

[00193] Hu/GII.3/Jingzhou/20l3402/CHN (GII.3; SEQ ID NO: 15; Figure 18A);

[00194] Hu/GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU (GII.4; SEQ ID NO: 16; Figure 19A);

[00195] US96/GII.4/Dresdenl74/l997 /DE_AY 741811 (GII.4; SEQ ID NO:27; Figure 19C);

[00196] FH02/ GII.4/F armingtonHills/ 2002/U S_AY 502023 (GII.4; SEQ ID NO:28;

Figure 19D);

[00197] Hnt04:GII.4/Hunter-NSW504D/2004/AU_DQ0788l4 (GII.4; SEQ ID NO:29; Figure 19E);

[00198] 2006b: GII.4/Shellharbour-NSW696T/2006/AU_EF6849l5 (GII.4; SEQ ID

NO: 30; Figure 19F);

[00199] NO09: GII.4/Orange-NSW00lP/2008/AU_GQ845367 (GII.4; SEQ ID NO:3l; Figure 19G); [00200] GII. l4_Saga_2008_JPN_ADE2870l native VP1 (GII.14; SEQ ID NO:32; Figure 25);

[00201] Hu/GII.5/AlbertaEI390/2013/C A (GII.5; SEQ ID No: 17; Figure 20); [00202] Hu/GII.6/Ohio/490/20l 2/USA (GII.6; SEQ ID NO: 20; Figure 21A); [00203] Gl l.7/Musa/20l0/All73774 (GII.7; SEQ ID NO: l8; Figure 22);

[00204] Hu/ GII.12/HS206/2010/USA (GII.12; SEQ ID NO: 19; Figure 23A); [00205] GII.13/VA173/2010/H9AWU4 (GII.13; SEQ ID NO:22; Figure 24A); [00206] Hu/ GII.17/Kawasaki323/2014/JP (GII.17; SEQ ID NO:24; Figure 26A);

[00207] Hu/ GII.2 l/Sali sbury 150/201 l/USA (GII.21; SEQ ID NO:26; Figure 27).

[00208] The primers listed in Table 4 were used to prepare the constructs described below.

WT GI.1 Norovirus VP1 : A2X35S/CPMV 160/ wt VP1 GI.l/ NOS (Construct number 2724)

[00209] A human codon-optimized sequence encoding VP1 from Norovirus strain GI.l/Norwalk/l 968/US was cloned into 2X35S/CPMV 160/NOS expression system using the following PCR-based method. A fragment containing the GI.1 VP1 coding sequence was amplified using primers IF-NoV(US68)VPl(ORF2)(hCod).c (SEQ ID NO: 102) and IF-NoV(US68)VPl(ORF2)(hCod).r (SEQ ID NO: 103), using human codon-optimized GI.1 VP1 gene sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) as template. For sequence optimization, GI. l/Norwalk/l 968/US VP1 protein sequence (Genbank accession number NP 056821) was backtranslated and optimized for human codon usage, GC content and mRNA structure. The PCR product was cloned in 2X35S/CPMV

160/NOS expression system using In-Fusion cloning system (Clontech, Mountain View, CA). Construct number 1190 (SEQ ID NO: 162; Figures 38A and 48) was digested with SacII and Stul restriction enzyme and the linearized plasmid was used for the In-Fusion assembly reaction. Construct number 1190 is an acceptor plasmid intended for“In Fusion” cloning of genes of interest in a 2X35S/CPMV 160/NOS- based expression cassette. It also incorporates a gene construct for the co-expression of the TBSV P19 suppressor of silencing under the alfalfa Plastocyanin gene promoter and terminator. The backbone is a pCAMBIA binary plasmid and the sequence from left to right t-DNA borders is presented in SEQ ID NO: 162. The resulting construct was given number 2724 (Figure 38B; SEQ ID NO: 163). The amino acid sequence of native VP1 from Nor ovirus strain GI. l/Norwalk/l 968/US is presented in SEQ ID NO: 1. A representation of plasmid 2724 is presented in Figure 39A.

2X35S/CPMV 160/ GII.4 P80S (hCodV NOS + MAR (Construct number 4133) [00210] A human codon-optimized sequence encoding VP1 from

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU comprising the P80S substitution in the S domain was cloned into 2X35S/CPMV 160/NOS+MAR expression system using the following PCR-based method. In a first round of PCR, a fragment containing the S domain with the mutated P80S amino acid was amplified using primers IF- GII.4Sydl2VPl.c (SEQ ID NO: l30) and GII.4(P80S).r (SEQ ID NO: l38), using human codon-optimized GII.4 VP1 gene sequence (SEQ ID NO:52) as template. A second fragment containing the P80S substitution with the remaining of the S and P domain was amplified using GII.4(P80S).c (SEQ ID NO: 139) and IF- GII.4Sydl2VPl.r (SEQ ID NO: l3l), using human codon-optimized GII.4 VP1 gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 52) as template. For sequence optimization,

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU VP1 protein sequence (Genbank accession number AFV08795) was backtranslated and optimized for human codon usage, GC content and mRNA structure. The PCR products from both amplifications were then mixed and used as template for a second round of amplification using IF-GII.4Sydl2VPl.c (SEQ ID NO: 130) and IF-GII.4Sydl2VPl.r (SEQ ID NO: 131) as primers. The final

PCR product was cloned in 2X35S/CPMV 160/NOS+MAR expression system using In-Fusion cloning system (Clontech, Mountain View, CA). Construct number 3677 (SEQ ID NO: 164; Figures 38C and 49) was digested with SacII and Stul restriction enzyme and the linearized plasmid was used for the In-Fusion assembly reaction. Construct number 3677 is an acceptor plasmid intended for“In Fusion” cloning of genes of interest in a 2X35S/CPMV l60/NOS+MAR-based expression cassette. It also incorporates a gene construct for the co-expression of the TBSV P19 suppressor of silencing under the alfalfa Plastocyanin gene promoter and terminator. The backbone is a pCAMBIA binary plasmid and the sequence from left to right t-DNA borders is presented in SEQ ID NO: 164. The resulting construct was given number

4133 (Figure 38D; SEQ ID NO: 165). The amino acid sequence of mutated GII.4 P80S is presented in SEQ ID NO:59. A representation of plasmid 4133 is presented in Figure 44E.

2X35S/CPMV 160/ GII.4 P80S+S90L (hCodV NOS + MAR (Construct number 4135) [00211] A human codon-optimized sequence encoding VP1 from

GII.4/Sydney/NSW0514/2012/ AU comprising the P80S and the S90L substitutions in the S domain was cloned into 2X35S/CPMV 160/NOS+MAR expression system using the following PCR-based method. In a first round of PCR, a fragment containing the S domain with the mutated P80S and S90L amino acids was amplified using primers IF-GII.4Sydl2VPl.c (SEQ ID NO: 130) and GII.4(S90L).r (SEQ ID

NO: 140), using human codon-optimized GII.4 P80S VP1 gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60) as template. A second fragment containing the S90L substitution with the remaining of the S and P domain was amplified using GII.4(S90L).c (SEQ ID NO: 141) and IF-GII.4Sydl2VPl.r (SEQ ID NO: 131), using human codon-optimized GII.4 P80S VP1 gene sequence (SEQ ID NO:60) as template. For sequence optimization, GII.4/Sydney/NSW05l4/20l2/AU VP1 protein sequence (Genbank accession number AFV08795) was backtranslated and optimized for human codon usage, GC content and mRNA structure. The PCR products from both amplifications were then mixed and used as template for a second round of amplification using IF- GII.4Sydl2VPl.c (SEQ ID NO: l30) and IF-GII.4Sydl2VPl.r (SEQ ID NO: l3l) as primers. The final PCR product was cloned in 2X35S/CPMV 160/NOS+MAR expression system using In-Fusion cloning system (Clontech, Mountain View, CA). Construct number 3677 (SEQ ID NO: 164; Figures 38C and 49) was digested with SacII and Stul restriction enzyme and the linearized plasmid was used for the In- Fusion assembly reaction. Construct number 3677 is an acceptor plasmid intended for

“In Fusion” cloning of genes of interest in a 2X35S/CPMV l60/NOS+MAR-based expression cassette. It also incorporates a gene construct for the co-expression of the TBSV P19 suppressor of silencing under the alfalfa Plastocyanin gene promoter and terminator. The backbone is a pCAMBIA binary plasmid and the sequence from left to right t-DNA borders is presented in SEQ ID NO: 164. The resulting construct was given number 4135 (SEQ ID NO: 166). The amino acid sequence of mutated GII.4_P80S+S90L is presented in SEQ ID NO:73. A representation of plasmid 4135 is presented in Figure 44L.

[00212] A summary of the wildtype and mutated VP1 and VP2 proteins, primers, templates and products is provided in Tables 3 and 4. The VP1 proteins with single, double, triple, and quadruple modifications, substitutions, or mutations were constructed using the same methods as described above, with reference to construct # 4133 for single modification and # 4135 for the double, triple, and quadruple modifications. VP2 proteins are assembled using essentially the same method as that described for construct #2724. Example 2: Methods

Asrobacterium tumefaciens Transfection

[00213] Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 was transfected by electroporation with the native norovirus VP1, native norovirus VP2, or norovirus VP1 mutant protein expression vectors using the methods described by D’Aoust et al, 2008 ( Plant Biotech. J. 6:930-40). Transfected Agrobacterium were grown in YEB medium supplemented with 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 20 mM acetosyringone, 50 pg/ml kanamycin and 25 pg/ml of carbenicillin pH5.6 to an ODsoo between 0.6 and 1.6. Agrobacterium suspensions were centrifuged before use and resuspended in infiltration medium (10 mM MgCh and 10 mM MES pH 5.6). Preparation of Plant Biomass. Inoculum and Agroinfiltration

[00214] N. benthamiana plants were grown from seeds in flats filled with a commercial peat moss substrate. The plants were allowed to grow in the greenhouse under a 16/8 photoperiod and a temperature regime of 25° C. day/20° C. night. Three weeks after seeding, individual plantlets were picked out, transplanted in pots and left to grow in the greenhouse for three additional weeks under the same environmental conditions

[00215] Agrobacteria transfected with each native norovirus VP1, native norovirus VP2, or norovirus VP1 mutant expression vector were grown in a YEB medium supplemented with 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 20 pM acetosyringone, 50 pg/ml kanamycin and 25 pg/ml of carbenicillin pH5.6 until they reached an ODr,oo between 0.6 and 1.6. Agrobacterium suspensions were centrifuged before use and resuspended in infiltration medium (10 mM MgCk and 10 mM MES pH 5.6) and stored overnight at 4° C. On the day of infiltration, culture batches were diluted in 2.5 culture volumes and allowed to warm before use. Whole plants of N. benthamiana were placed upside down in the bacterial suspension in an air-tight stainless steel tank under a vacuum of 20-40 Torr for 2-min. Plants were returned to the greenhouse for a 6 or 9 day incubation period until harvest.

Leaf Harvest and Total Protein Extraction [00216] Following incubation, the aerial part of plants was harvested, frozen at -80°

C. and crushed into pieces. Total soluble proteins were extracted by homogenizing (Polytron) each sample of frozen-crushed plant material in 2 volumes of cold 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 + 150 mM NaCl, 0.4 pg/ml Metabisulfite and 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. After homogenization, the slurries were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. and these clarified crude extracts (supernatant) kept for analyses.

[00217] The total protein content of clarified crude extracts was determined by the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California) using bovine serum albumin as the reference standard. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions using Criterion™ TGX Stain-Free™ precast gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules,

CA). Proteins were visualized by staining the gels with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Alternatively, proteins were visualized with Gel Doc™ EZ imaging system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) and electrotransferred onto polyvinylene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana) for immunodetection. Prior to immunoblotting, the membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk and 0.1% Tween-20 in Tris-buffered saline (TBS-T) for 16-18 h at 4° C.

Protein Analysis and Immunoblotting

[00218] Immunoblotting was performed with a first incubation with a primary mAb 242P antibody specific to VP1 from GI and GII genotypes, diluted 1/500 in 2% skim milk in TBS-T ween 20 0.1%. Peroxydase-conjugated goat anti-mouse (Jackson Immunoresearch, cat #115-035-146) diluted 1/10000 was used as secondary antibody for chemiluminescence detection, diluted in 2% skim milk in TBS-Tween 20 0.1% Immunoreactive complexes were detected by chemiluminescence using luminol as the substrate (Roche Diagnostics Corporation). Horseradish peroxidase-enzyme conjugation of human IgG antibody was carried out by using the EZ-Link Plus®

Activated Peroxidase conjugation kit (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.).

Analysis of VLP Formation/Iodixanol Gradients

[00219] Proteins were extracted from frozen biomass by mechanical extraction in a blender with 2 volumes of extraction buffer (100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2 + 150 mM NaCl). The slurry was filtered through a large pore nylon filter to remove large debris and centrifuged 5000 g for 5 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and centrifuged again at 5000 g for 30 min (4°C) to remove additional debris. The supernatant is then loaded on a discontinuous iodixanol density gradient. Analytical density gradient centrifugation was performed as follows: 38 ml tubes containing discontinuous iodixanol density gradient in acetate buffer (1 ml at 45%, 2 ml at 35%,

2 ml at 33%, 2 ml at 31%, 2 ml at 29% and 5 ml at 25% of iodixanol) were prepared and overlaid with 25 ml of the extracts containing the virus-like particles. The gradients were centrifuged at 175 000 g for 4 hours (4°C). After centrifugation, 1 ml fractions were collected from the bottom to the top and fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE combined with protein staining or Western blot.

Electron microscopy

[00220] Following centrifugation of partially clarified plant extracts on

discontinuous iodixanol density gradients, as described above, fractions (1 ml/fraction) containing the samples are pooled, mixed with 100 mM PBS pH 7.2 + 150 mM NaCl buffer to completely fill the tube and centrifuged 120 minutes at lOOOOOg. The pellets were re-suspended in 300-1000 pl of buffer depending of the VP1 quantity.

[00221] Carbon-coated copper grids with a 200 nm mesh size are made hydrophilic by placing the carbon side face up on a Whatman paper in a petri dish and incubated overnight at 4°C. 20 mΐ of pooled fractions from density gradient centrifugation to be observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are deposited on a Parafdm and grids were floated with the carbon side facing down and incubated at room

temperature for 5 minutes. Grids are then washed 4 times on 20 pl water droplet and the excess water from the last wash is drained by touching a Whatman paper with the side of the grid. Grids are then incubated 1 minute on a 20 mΐ droplet of 2% uranyl acetate in water. Grids are allowed to dry 5 minutes on a Whatman paper. Observation was performed under transmission electron microscopy at magnifications ranging from IO,OOOC ίo 150,000C.

Example 3: VP1 protein and VLP production in plants [00222] N. benthamiana leaves were, vacuum infiltrated, as described in Example 2, with Agrobacterium tumefaciens comprising expression vectors encoding wildtype norovirus VPls or mutant norovirus VP1 constructs to permit expression of the VP1 sequences, and the leaves examined for VP1 protein and/or VLP production. After 9 days post infiltration (DPI), total crude protein extracts were prepared from leaf homogenates were separated by SDS-PAGE, and stained with Coomassie (VP1 production), or separated using discontinuous iodixanol density gradients as described in Example 2, above (VLP production). Fractions from the density gradients were examined using Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE. Norovirus VP1 proteins appear at an approximate 55-60kDa band. The occurrence of the VP1 protein within a fraction of the density gradients is indicative of the fraction(s) to which the VLPs equilibrate during density gradient centrifugation. The yield of VLPs obtained from peak fractions after density gradient centrifugation was also determined.

[00223] The yield, or amount of extracted, wild type norovirus VP1 protein from plants differs depending on the genotype of the norovirus VP1 being expressed. Wild type GI.1 VP1, GI.5 VP1, and GII.12 VP1 exhibit readily detectable protein yields as determined using SDS PAGE (Figure 3A). In contrast, wild type GII.4 VP1 was poorly expressed in plants (Figures 3 A right hand panel), and low yields of VP1 protein, or non- detectable amounts ofVPl protein (using SDS-PAGE) were also observed following expression, for example, wild type GII.2 VP1, GII.3 VP1 and GII.6 VPl(Table 5). Table 5: VP1 yields (determined in crude extracts) of several wildtype (native) norovirus strains produced in plants.

GI.3 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GI.3 VP1 proteins

[00224] Norovirus GI.3 VP1 constructs having a glutamine to serine substitution at position 84 (Q84S) resulted in similar yield than the wildtype GI.3 VP1, while norovirus GI.3 VP1 constructs having a serine to leucine substitution at position 94 (S94L), or combination of substitutions including the S94L substitution, exhibited a greater yield of VLP comprising the VP1 protein, of a 1.9 to 3.8 fold increase (S94L), a 4.2 fold increase (A43V+S94L), a 1.8 fold increase (Q84S+S94L), and a 10.2 fold increase (A34V+M57I+Q84S+S94L) as compared to VLPs comprising wild type GI.3 VP1. Furthermore, constructs having a serine to leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine substitution at position 94 (GI.3_S94X, where X= L, V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H), exhibited a greater yield, from about 1.2 to about 2.75 fold, compared to VLPs comprising the wild type GI.3 VP1 protein (Figure 5F).

[00225] As shown in Figures 5B and 5D, expression of norovirus GI.3 constructs having, a serine to leucine substitution at position 94 (S94L), or a combination including a glutamine to serine substitution at position 84 (Q84S) and a serine to leucine substitution at position 94 (Q84S+S94L), or methionine to isoleucine substitution at position 57 (M57I+S94L), resulted in a shift of VLPs into higher density fractions (F2-F6; 31-35% iodixanol), as compared to VLPs comprising wildtype GI.3 VP1, which predominantly separated into lower density fractions (F8- Fl l; 25-29% iodixanol).

[00226] VLPs comprised of modified GI.3 VP1 proteins having a S94L substitution, a combination of Q84S+S94L, or a combination of M57I+S94L, had fewer damaged viral particles and a greater proportion of 38 nm particles, over 23 nm particles, when compared to wildtype GI.3 VLPs (Figures 5C and 5E).

GI.5 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GI.5 VP1 proteins

[00227] Noro virus GI.5 VP1 constructs having a serine to proline substitution at position 84 (Q84S), an alanine to leucine substitution at position 94 (A94L), or a combination of these substitutions (Q84S+A94L), exhibited a similar yield of VP1 protein in plant extracts when compared to the yield of wild type GI.5 VP1 protein expressed in plants (Figure 6A). After gradient purification, centrifugation and resuspension, Noro virus GI.5 construct having an alanine to leucine substitution at position 94 (A94L) exhibited a greater yield, 1.5 fold increase, when compared to the wildtype GI.5 VP 1.

[00228] As shown in Figure 6B, a GI.5 VP1 construct having a glutamine to serine substitution at position 84 in combination with an alanine to leucine substitution at position 94 (Q84S+A94L), resulted in VP1 proteins that exhibited a shift to higher density iodixianol fractions (29-31%) as compared to wildtype GI.5 VP1

(predominantly found in 25-29% iodixanol fractions). The VLP preparations also comprised fewer damaged viral particles when compared to wildtype GI.5 VLPs (Figure 6C).

GI.7 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GI.7 VP I proteins

[00229] Noro virus GI.7 VP1 constructs having an arginine to serine substitution at position 84 (R84S), a methionine to isoleucine substitution at position 57 (M57I), or a combination of these substitutions (M57I+ R84S), exhibited an increased yield of VP1 protein after gradient purification, centrifugation and resuspension, when compared to the wildtype GI.7 VP1. Furthermore, GI.7 constructs having a methionine to isoleucine, leucine, glycine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine substitution at position 57 (GI.7_M57X, where X=I, L, G, S, T, N, Q, K, or H), exhibited a greater yield, from about 1.1 to about 1.95 fold, VLPs comprising the wild type GI.7 VP1 protein (Figure 6F).

[00230] As shown in Figure 6D, a GI.7 VP1 construct having the M57I, R84S or M57I+R84S substitutions resulted in VP1 proteins that exhibited a shift to higher density iodixianol fractions (31-35%) as compared to wildtype GI.7 VP1. The GI.7 VLP preparations having the M57I, R84S or M57I+R84S substitutions also comprised the same or fewer damaged viral particles when compared to wildtype GI.7 VLPs (Figure 6E). GII.2 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GIL 2 VP1 proteins

[00231] Expression of modified norovirus VP1 proteins GII.2 A90L and

GII.2 E80S+A90L in plants resulted in higher VP1 protein yield as compared to the yield of wildtype GII.2 VP1 (see Figure 7A).

[00232] Norovirus GII.2 VP1 constructs having a glutamate to serine substitution at position 84 and an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (E84S+A90L), an alanine to valine substitution at position 39, a glutamate to serine substitution at position 84, and an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A39S+E84S+A90L), an arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53, a glutamate to serine substitution at position 84, and an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90

(R53I+E84S+A90L), an alanine to valine substitution at position 39, an arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53, a glutamate to serine substitution at position 84, and an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A39V+R53I+E84S+A90L), all exhibited an increased yield of VP1 protein after gradient purification, centrifugation and resuspension, when compared to the wildtype GII.2 VP1. [00233] Expression of a GII.2 VP1 constructs having a glutamic acid to serine substitution at position 80 (E80S), an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A90L), or a glutamic acid to serine substitution at position 80 and an alanine to leucine substitution at positions 80 and 90 (E80S+A90L) resulted in similar production of VLPs as that of the wildtype GII.2 (Figure 7B). The GII.2 VLP preparations having the E80S+A90L, or A39V+ E80S+A90L substitution s also comprised the same or fewer damaged viral particles when compared to wildtype GII.2 VLPs (Figure 7C).

GII.3 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GII.3 VP1 proteins

[00234] Norovirus GII.3 VP1 constructs having a replacement of glutamic acid with serine at position 80 (E80S) exhibited a similar yield of VP1 protein in plant extracts, when compared to the yield of wild type GII.3 VP1 protein expressed in plants. The yields of VLPs comprising either wild type of modified VP1 protein were generally low.

[00235] Expression of a GII.3 VP1 constructs having a glutamic acid to serine substitution at position 80 (E80S) resulted in similar production of VLPs that resided in similar density iodixanol fractions (35%) as that of the wildtype GII.3 (Figure 8B).

GII.4 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GIL 4 VP1 proteins

[00236] With reference to Figures 9A, 9H and 91, norovirus GII.4 VP1 constructs having: an arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53 (R53I); a proline to serine , alanine, asparagine, lysine, or histidine substitution at position 80 (P80X, where

X=S, A, N, K, or H); a serine to leucine substitution at position 90 (S90L); an alanine to valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, or histidine substitution at position 39 (A39X, where X=V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H) in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (A39V+P80S); an arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53 in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (R53I+P80S); a serine to leucine substitution at position 90 in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (P80S+S90L); and a deletion of positions 35 to 42 (D35-42) in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (A35-42+P80S), resulted in higher VP1 protein yields following extraction for plants, as compared to

VP1 yields using wildtype GI.4.

[00237] For each of the tested modified GII.4 VP1 proteins, the VLP yield, comprising the various modified GII.4 VP1 proteins, was greater than that of VLPs comprising wild type GII.4 VP1 protein. A ten-fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising GII.4 A39V VP1; from about a 1.4 to about a 2.7 fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising GII.4 P80X, where X=S, A, N, K, H, an over 8-fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising either GII.4 S90L VP1, or GII.4_A35-42+P80S VP1; a 14-fold fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising GII.4 P80S+P90L VP1; from about 1.3 to about 3.4 fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising

GII.4 A39X+P80S VP1, where X=V, I, M, T, E, D, N, Q, K, or H, GII.4 R53I+P80S (21 fold increase), or GII.4_A39V+P80S+A90L VP1 (38.5 fold increase); a five-fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising GII.4 A39V+R53I VP1; a four-fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising GII.4 V47P+P80S VP1; and a 1.5- fold increase in VLP yield was observed in VLPs comprising GII.4 R53I VP1.

[00238] Results of VLPs comprising modified GII.4 proteins are shown in Figures 9B-9D and 9G. Constructs comprising GII.4 VP1 having: a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (P80S; Figure 9B, 9C, 9D); a serine to leucine substitution at position 90 (S90L; Figure 9B); an alanine to valine substitution at position 39 in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (A39V+P80S; Figure 9C); an arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53 in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 (R53I+P80S; Figure 9D); a proline to serine substitution at position 80 in combination with a serine to leucine substitution at position 90 (P80S+S90L; Figure 9B); a proline to serine substitution at position 80 in combination with a deletion of positions 35-42 (P80S+A35-42; Figure 9C), and an alanine to valine substitution at position 39, in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 and a serine to leucine substitution at position 90

(GII.4_A39V+P80S+A90L; Figure 9G), resulted in the production of VLPs that reside in higher density iodixanol fractions (29-33%).

[00239] VLPs comprising GII.4 VP1 proteins having: a P80S substitution in combination with an S90L substitution (P80S+S90L; Figure 9B); an A39V substitution in combination with a P80S substitution (A39V+P80S; Figure 9C); a P80S substitution in combination with a deletion of positions 35-42 (A35-42+P80S; Figure 9C); an R53I substitution in combination with a P80S substitution

(R53I+P80S; Figure 9D); and an alanine to valine substitution at position 39, in combination with a proline to serine substitution at position 80 and a serine to leucine substitution at position 90 (GII.4_A39V+P80S+A90L; Figure 9G), had fewer damaged viral particles and/or a greater ratio of 38 nm particles:23 nm particles, as compared to wildtype GII.4 VLPs. GIL 6 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GIL 6 VP1 proteins

[00240] Increased VLP yield of over 2.2 fold, compared to wild type, (determined following gradient purification, centrifugation and resuspension) was also observed in plant extracts expressing GII.6 S90L VP1.

GIL 12 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GIL 12 VP1 proteins [00241] The yield of modified GII.12, for example, GII.12 comprising a glutamic to serine substitution at position 80 (E80S), an arginine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A90L), or a combination of these substitutions (E80S+A90L) resulted in an increase of about 1.2 - 1.4 fold compared to wild type, (determined following gradient purification, centrifugation and resuspension; Figure 11 A). [00242] GII.12 constructs having: a glutamic acid to serine substitution at position

80 (E80S); an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A90L); and a combination thereof (E80S+A90L), resulted in the expression of GII.12 VP1 protein that resided in higher density iodixanol fractions (33-35%) as compared to wildtype GII.12 VP1 (31- 33%). GIL 17 VLPs and VLPs comprising modified GIL 17 VP 1 proteins

[00243] The yield of modified GII.17, for example, GII.17 comprising an alanine to valine substitution at position 39 (A39V), a arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53 (R53I), or an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A90L) resulted in an increase of about 1.1 - 3.4 fold compared to wild type, (determined following gradient purification, centrifugation and resuspension).

[00244] GII.17 constructs having: an alanine to valine substitution at position 39 (A39V), a arginine to isoleucine substitution at position 53 (R53I), or an alanine to leucine substitution at position 90 (A90L), resulted in the expression of GII.17 VP1 protein that resided in higher density iodixanol fractions (33-35%) as compared to wildtype GII.12 VP1 (31-33%).

[00245] Collectively, the above described results demonstrate that protein components from the high density iodixanol gradient fractions demonstrate that Norovirus VP1 proteins, and modified Noro virus VP1 proteins, were found to self- assemble into VLPs in plants. The isolated VLPs comprised of mutant VP1 proteins exhibited a structural conformation similar to that of wildtype norovirus virion particles.

Example 4: Immune response using VP1 [00246] Studies on the immune response to Norovirus native GI.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1)

VLP administration were performed with 6-8 week old female BALB/c mice (Charles River Laboratories). Thirty seven mice were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals for Norovirus VLP vaccine and a group of five animals for placebo. All groups were injected using intramuscular immunization. All groups were immunized in a two-dose regimen, the boost immunization being administered 3 weeks following the first immunization.

[00247] For intramuscular administration in hind legs, two groups (eight animals) of unanaesthetized mice were immunized with the plant-made VLP native VP1 from Norovirus GI.1 genotype vaccine (1 or 10 pg). Placebo group (five animals) was immunized using the same route and regimen as the candidate vaccine using vaccine buffer (PBS at pH 6.0).

[00248] To measure the potential benefit of adjuvant, two groups of animals (8 animals) were immunized by intramuscular administration in hind legs on

unanaesthetized mice with 1 or 10 pg plant-made VLP Norovirus vaccine plus one volume Alhydrogel 2% (alum, Cedarlane Laboratories Ltd., Burlington, Ontario,

Canada). All groups were immunized according to a prime-boost regimen with the boost immunization performed 3 weeks following the first immunization.

[00249] Mice were evaluated through clinical observations during the in-life period as followed: daily monitoring for mortality and clinical signs, weekly detailed examinations, injection site observations and body weight measurements. All animals were under observation and sacrificed on Day 42 for gross examination. Blood was collected from all animals prior to dosing on Day 0, on Days 21 and 42 (21 days after each immunization). Samples were processed to isolate the serum for specific antibody response analyses.

[00250] Serum samples from blood collected on Days 21 and 42 from all animals were analyzed individually by ELISA for GI.1 VLP-specific total IgG and IgA antibodies using GI.1 VLP-coated plates. Pre-immune serum samples (Day 0 - prior dosing) collected from all animals were pooled by treatment group and each pool was analyzed to insure that they were negative (or below the cut-off value of the analytical test).

[00251] Descriptive statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism software (Version 6.05; GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Antibody titers measured for each group were reported as geometric mean titer (GMT) with 95 % confidence intervals (Cl). Half of the value of the limit of detection was attributed to antibody titers below the limit of detection of the method specific to the tested antibodies. Therefore, in this study, an animal was considered to be a positive responder if its GMT value for a determined condition was equal or above the limit of detection of the method (LOQ = 100). Statistical comparisons between IgG titers of treatment groups were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s test on logl 0- transformed data. A comparison between the placebo group and each treatment group was also performed using oneway ANOVA followed by a post hoc Dunnetf s test on loglO-transformed data.

[00252] The GI.1 VLP-specific total IgG titers that were measured in serum samples from all animals after IM immunization with one dose (Day 21) and two doses (Day

42) of 1 pg or 10 pg of each formulation. Total IgG titers were measured by ELISA using GI.1 VLP-coated plates (LOQ = 100). The results are present in Figure 3D. Total IgG titers per treatment group (n=8 animal s/group) are represented by geometric mean titer (GMT) with a 95 % confidence interval. Statistical comparisons between IgG titers of treatment groups were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by a

Tukey’s test on loglO-transformed data. A comparison between the placebo group and each treatment group was also performed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc Dunnett’s test on loglO-transformed data. Significant differences were annotated as letters in Figure 3D (the same letter indicates that no significant difference was detected between treatment groups; p > 0.05).

[00253] In a similar manner plant-produced modified VP1 proteins, as described herein, including for example: produced using GI.3 Q84S (construct 4140; SEQ ID NO: 167), GI.3 S94L (construct 4141; SEQ ID NO:9), GI.3_A43V+S94L (construct 4179; SEQ ID NO: 169), GI.3_M57I+S94L (construct 4180; SEQ ID NO: 171), GI.3 P84S+S94L (construct 4142; SEQ ID NO: 11), GI.3_A43V+M57I+S94L (construct 4181; SEQ ID NO: 173), GI.5 Q84S (construct 4130; SEQ ID NO:35), GI.5_ A94L (construct 4131; SEQ ID NO:37), GI.5_Q84S+A94L (construct 4132; SEQ ID NO:39), GI.7 R84S (construct 4210; SEQ ID NO: 176), GI.7 M57I

(construct 4217; SEQ ID NO: 178), GI.7 M57I+R84S (construct 4218; SEQ ID NO: 180), GII.2 E80S (construct 4143; SEQ ID NO:86), GII.2_A90L (construct 4144; SEQ ID NO:42), GII.2_E80S+A90L (construct 4145; SEQ ID NO:44), GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L (construct 4182; SEQ ID NO: 183),

GII.2 R53I+E80S+A90L (construct 4183; SEQ ID NO: l85),

GII.2_A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L (construct 4184; SEQ ID NO: l87), GII.3_E80S (construct 4146; SEQ ID NO:47), GII.3 A90L (construct 4147; SEQ ID NO:49), GII.3_E80S+A90L (construct 4148; SEQ ID NO:5l), GII.4_A39V (construct 4155; SEQ ID NO: 54), GII.4 V47P (construct 4156; SEQ ID NO:56), GII.4 R53I

(construct 4157; SEQ ID NO:58), GII.4 P80S (construct 4133; SEQ ID NO:60),

GII.4 S90L (construct 4134; SEQ ID NO:62), GII.4_ D35-42 (construct 4158; SEQ ID NO:64), GII.4 SSTAVATA (construct 4159; SEQ ID NO:66). GII.4 A39V+R53I (construct 4185; SEQ ID NO: l89), GII.4 A39V+P80S (construct 4165; SEQ ID NO: 68), GII.4 V47P+P80S (construct 4166; SEQ ID NO: 70), GII.4 R53I+P80S (construct 4167; SEQ ID NO:72), GII.4 P80S+S90L (construct 4135; SEQ ID NO:74), GII.4_ D35-42+ P80S (construct 4168; SEQ ID NO:76),

GII.4 P80S+SSTAVATA (construct 4169; SEQ ID NO:78),

GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S (construct 4186; SEQ ID NO: 191), GII.6 E80S (construct 4149; SEQ ID NO: 80), GII.6 S90L (construct 4150; SEQ ID NO: 82),

GII.6 E80S+S90L (construct 4151; SEQ ID NO:84), GII.12 E80S (construct 4136; SEQ ID NO: 89), GII.12 A90L (construct 4137; SEQ ID NO:9l), GII.12 E80S+A90L (construct 4138; SEQ ID NO:93), GII.l7_A39V (construct 4234; SEQ ID NO: l93), GII.17 R53I (construct 4235; SEQ ID NO: l95), GII.17 A90L (construct 4232; SEQ ID NO: 197), GII.17 A39V+R53I (construct 4236; SEQ ID NO: 199),

GII.l7_E80S+A90L (construct 4233; SEQ ID NO:20l), or a combination thereof, may be administered to mice following the same protocol as described in this example.

[00254] Mouse immune response to Norovirus native VP1 VLPs

[00255] As demonstrated in Figure 3D, mice immunized with plant-made Norovirus native VP1 VLPs from GI.1 genotype had shown GI.1 VLP-specific IgG antibody titers in sera and were detected for each treatment group on Days 21 and 42. IgG titer levels that were induced by each treatment on Days 21 and 42 were statistically higher than the titers quantified for the placebo group (p < 0.05). On each day, IgG titer level increased in a dose-dependent manner as demonstrated by the significant differences detected between the 1 pg and 10 pg treatments formulated with Alhydrogel or not (p < 0.05) and the addition of Alhydrogel to the NoV VLP vaccine enhanced

significantly the induced immune response at doses of 1 pg and 10 pg (p < 0.05). A significant increase of IgG titer level was also detected for each treatment group between Days 21 and 42 (p < 0.05). These results collectively demonstrate the ability of plant produced Norovirus native VP1 VLPs to elicit a robust immune response in mice.

[00256] Similar results may also be observed with the administration of VLPs comprising modified VP1 proteins, including for example: produced using

GI.3 Q84S (construct 4140; SEQ ID NO: 167), GI.3 S94L (construct 4141; SEQ ID NO: 9), GI.3_A43V+S94L (construct 4179; SEQ ID NO: 169), GI.3_M57I+S94L (construct 4180; SEQ ID NO: 171), GI.3 P84S+S94L (construct 4142; SEQ ID NO: 11), GI.3_A43V+M57I+S94L (construct 4181; SEQ ID NO: l73), GI.5_Q84S (construct 4130; SEQ ID NO:35), GI.5_ A94L (construct 4131; SEQ ID NO:37), GI.5_Q84S+A94L (construct 4132; SEQ ID NO:39), GI.7_R84S (construct 4210;

SEQ ID NO: 176), GI.7_M57I (construct 4217; SEQ ID NO: 178), GI.7_M57I+R84S (construct 4218; SEQ ID NO: l80), GII.2_E80S (construct 4143; SEQ ID NO:86), GII.2_A90L (construct 4144; SEQ ID NO:42), GII.2_E80S+A90L (construct 4145; SEQ ID NO: 44), GII.2_A39V+E80S+A90L (construct 4182; SEQ ID NO: l83), GII.2_R53I+E80S+A90L (construct 4183; SEQ ID NO: l85),

GII.2_A39V+R53I+E80S+A90L (construct 4184; SEQ ID NO: l87), GII.3_E80S (construct 4146; SEQ ID NO:47), GII.3 A90L (construct 4147; SEQ ID NO:49), GII.3_E80S+A90L (construct 4148; SEQ ID NO:5l), GII.4_A39V (construct 4155; SEQ ID NO: 54), GII.4 V47P (construct 4156; SEQ ID NO:56), GII.4 R53I

(construct 4157; SEQ ID NO:58), GII.4_P80S (construct 4133; SEQ ID NO:60), GII.4 S90L (construct 4134; SEQ ID NO:62), GII.4_ D35-42 (construct 4158; SEQ ID NO:64), GII.4 SSTAVATA (construct 4159; SEQ ID NO:66). GII.4 A39V+R53I (construct 4185; SEQ ID NO: l89), GII.4 A39V+P80S (construct 4165; SEQ ID NO: 68), GII.4 V47P+P80S (construct 4166; SEQ ID NO: 70), GII.4 R53I+P80S (construct 4167; SEQ ID NO:72), GII.4_P80S+S90L (construct 4135; SEQ ID NO:74), GII.4_ D35-42+ P80S (construct 4168; SEQ ID NO:76),

GII.4 P80S+SSTAVATA (construct 4169; SEQ ID NO:78),

GII.4 A39V+R53I+P80S (construct 4186; SEQ ID NO: 191), GII.6 E80S (construct 4149; SEQ ID NO: 80), GII.6 S90L (construct 4150; SEQ ID NO: 82),

GII.6 E80S+S90L (construct 4151; SEQ ID NO:84), GII.12 E80S (construct 4136; SEQ ID NO: 89), GII.12 A90L (construct 4137; SEQ ID NO:9l), GII.12 E80S+A90L (construct 4138; SEQ ID NO:93), GII.l7_A39V (construct 4234; SEQ ID NO: l93), GII.17 R53I (construct 4235; SEQ ID NO: l95), GII.17 A90L (construct 4232; SEQ ID NO: 197), GII.17 A39V+R53I (construct 4236; SEQ ID NO: 199),

GII.l7_E80S+A90L (construct 4233; SEQ ID NO:20l), or a combination thereof, following the same protocol as described in this example.

[00257] All citations are hereby incorporated by reference.

[00258] The present invention has been described with regard to one or more embodiments. However, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made to the described subject matter. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole