Field of Invention

The present invention relates to compositions comprising a metal organic framework (MOF) which absorb ultra violet (UV) light, the use thereof as well as the absorption of harmful byproducts of radical oxygen species. More specifically, it relates to Titanium MOFs dispersed in a dermatologically acceptable carrier, e.g. for a sunscreen, typically for topical administration. The compositions are effective at protecting skin from the effect of UV radiation. In addition, the compositions can absorb undesirable byproducts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g. carbon or hydroxyl radical species, generated by UV radiation.

Background of the Invention

Ultra Violet (UV) light from the sun is well known as an initiator of sun bum, ¹ and promoter of cancer ¹¹ , which has led to the development of sunscreens and cosmetics containing sunscreens which inhibit the effects of UV light. Solar ultra violet radiations (UVR) is divided into three categories: UV-C (200-280 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-A (320-400 nm). UV-C is the most biologically damaging radiation, but it is filtered out by ozone layer. Sunscreens are chemical compositions that absorb or block UV rays and show a variety of immunosuppressive effects of sunlight. For this reason, sales of sunscreen in the US are growing. ¹¹¹ Cosmetic products containing ultraviolet light filtering agents are rapidly being developed and entering the marketplace. These advanced multifunctional formulations are intended to deliver both cosmetic and protective benefits.

Active UV filters used in sunscreens can be chemically classified into two groups, organic and inorganic. The former are aromatic compounds with a carbonyl group, which react with UV photons. ^lv The latter include several materials, but the only ones approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. These two inorganic materials can reflect, scatter and/or absorb UV light. Their fundamental advantage over organic actives are their general improvement in the UV-B range, and the fact that organic actives are known to break down under UV radiation more readily.

Titanium dioxide was first established as a sunscreen in 1952 ^v , and since hundreds of patents have suggested compositions from this material for sunblock. The titanium node is known to block UVA and UVB light through scattering. ^vl This effect can protect the human skin from cell DNA damage by UV radiation. Due to this effect, Titanium dioxide is a much most sought-after ingredient in foundation and other cosmetics because of light scattering capability and color additive properties.

Unfortunately, commercial sunscreens which use titanium dioxide can generate free radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage the skin and may cause DNA damage. Free radicals can be defined as a reactive chemical species having a single unpaired electron outer orbit ^vu Additives in sunscreens can react with ROS to form less harmful products, but these byproducts are still are potentially dangerous for the skin as they induce sensitization and skin irritation ^vm Based on the current evidence, the risk of titanium dioxide in sunscreen is considered negligible to humans and it is recommended up to 25 percent of the formulation by weight in the United States Pharmacopia. ^lx Nevertheless, an increase in cases of melanoma are thought to be the result of increased use of sunscreens. ^x Brief Description of the Figures

Figure 1 is a graph showing ultraviolet ray absorption by MIL-125NH2 dissolved in

Squalene in an expected saturation (Composition 2).

Figure 2. is a graph showing ultraviolet ray absorption by MIL-125NH2 dissolved in

Squalene in a low saturation (Composition 1).

Figure 3. is a graph showing ultraviolet ray absorption by MIL-125NH2 dissolved in

Squalene in a high saturation (Composition 3).

Figure 4. is a graph showing ultraviolet ray absorption by MIL-177HT dissolved in Squalene in an expected saturation (Composition 4).

Figure 5. is a is a graph showing ultraviolet ray absorption by MIL-125NH2 dissolved in Oxybenzone in an expected saturation (Composition 5).

Figure 6 is a GC chromatogram analysis of squalene levels for a composition of Squalene oil before and after UV Exposure, showing no change in squalene as a percent of the solution.

Figure 7. is a GC chromatogram analysis of squalene levels for a composition of MIL- 125NH2 dissolved in Squalene in a high saturation (Composition 3) before and after UV Exposure, showing a decrease in squalene through oxidation by ROS, and no evidence of monohydroperoxide isomers.

Figure 8. is a graph of the weight increase of MIL-125NH2 to determine the weight percent uptake of hydrogen peroxides by MIL-125NH2.

Figure 9. is a graph of N2 adsorption over MIL-125NH2 to determine surface area.

Figure 10. is a an analysis of pore size distribution of MIL-125NH2 to determine average pore size(s).

Figure 11. is a graph of N2 adsorption over MIL-177 to determine surface area.

Description of the Invention

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a titanium metal organic framework and a dermatologically acceptable carrier, the use of the same for protecting skin from the effect of UV radiation, for example as a sunscreen or cosmetic, and a method of protecting skin from the effect of UV radiation comprising administering the same to skin.

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interests in the last two decades due to their promising potential in many applications such as gas adsorption, separation, catalysis and sensing. ^X1 Compared with other porous materials such as zeolite and mesoporous silica, MOFs are based on crystalline porous structures tunable on the atomic scale, which can be designed and functionalized by judicious choice of metal nodes and modification of the organic linkers. However, little research has been done in the application of MOFs for cosmetic purposes. As an extensively used photocatalyst, T1O2 has several drawbacks such as low surface area. However, when acting as nodes in a MOF, titanium oxo clusters are periodically arranged and separated by organic linkers, which leads to a highly accessible and large surface area. Unfortunately, the high reactivity of the titanium cation has made the discovery of titanium MOFs challenging.

In 2009 and 2010, the first stable titanium MOFs, MIL- 125 and MIL-125NH2, were reported and showed photocatalytic activity.™’™ ¹ Though highly sought after as a photocatalyst, only a handful of structures have been proven. Of these known structures, several have been tested for UV absorption with the goal of understanding their use as a photocatalyst.

MIL-125NH2 is made from the monoanmimated bdc-NFL· linker and is a well-known photocatalyst. The bdc-MU linker enhances UV adsorption over 350nm. ^xlv The addition of further amine functionality in the linker can add marginal increases in UVA adsorption. Along with its metal node, MIL-125NH2 undergoes photo induced charge separation.™ MIL- 177HT is another titanium MOF with photocatalytic capacity, but where the linker does not enhances UV adsorption.™ ¹

Testing was done to define Ti MOFs for applications in photocatalytic oxidation, CO2 reduction, hydrogen evolution, organic pollutant degradation, polymerization, deoximation and photocatalytic sensors.™ ¹¹ And while a great deal of effort has been put into studying Ti MOFs as photocatalyst, the inventors are not aware of any one preparing a composition comprising of limited amounts of Ti metal organic frameworks and containing a dermatologically acceptable carrier for use as a sunscreen.

An object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a sunscreen composition comprising metal organic frameworks (MOF) which absorbs ultra violet (UV) light. This is especially useful when considering that Ti MOFs are known to have low toxicity.™ ¹¹¹ But, in consideration of market regulation, the inorganic comprising MOF cannot be the majority of the composition, and should be far lower if a weight percent to the composition. In one embodiment, the MOF weight percent of the composition was 0.0058%, and showed UV absorbtion. In one embodiment, the MOF weight percent of the composition was 0.293%, and showed UV abortion. In one embodiment, the MOF weight percent of the of the composition was 0.579%, and showed UV abortion. In light of both regulation and commercial acceptability of color, extremely small amounts of Ti MOF were found to be dilutable in organic carriers resulting in no or limited color change and extreme levels of UV absorption.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition comprising a titanium metal organic framework and a dermatologically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework is dispersed in the dermatologically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the composition is for topical administration, for example to human skin. In one embodiment, the composition is a sunscreen composition. In one embodiment, the metal organic framework is made up of titanium metal clusters and carboxyolate ligands. For example, the titanium metal ion is coordinated to at least one aromatic di-, tri-, or tetracarboxylic acid. The invention therefore provides that all known titanium metal organic frameworks can be used in the composition, e.g. sunscreen composition. In one embodiment, the composition comprising a metal organic framework absorbs ultra violet light. For example, the composition comprising metal organic frameworks absorbs ultra violet light in the UV-C (200-280 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-A (320-400 nm) spectrums, where absorbence (A. = log lo/l) is greater than one, greater than two, greater than two and a half, and greater than three. The invention therefore provides UV absorption through an inorganic containing composition, e.g. sunscreen composition, that far exceeds anything that has been achieved before.

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework comprises a metal cluster selected from Ti ₈ 0 ₈ (0H) or Tii20i5.

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework comprises a ligand represented by the formula:

002

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework comprises a ligand represented by the formula:

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework comprises Ti ₈ 0 ₈ (0H)4 and ligands represented by the formula:

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework comprises Tii20i5 and ligands represented by the formula:

In one embodiment, the metal organic framework comprises (i) a metal cluster; and (ii) one or more ligands; wherein the metal cluster comprises titanium.

In one embodiment, the metal cluster comprises the formula TiaXbOc, wherein X is a metal selected from Group 2 through Group 16, for example a transition metal, and wherein a + b = c . For example, X is selected from Al, Fe, Ti, Co, Mn, Zn, Ni, Mg, Cu, and Ca. For example, the metal cluster has the formula TiO, TisOs or Tΐ _ΐό q _ΐό.

Specifically, the metal organic framework comprises a metal cluster comprising the formula TiO, TisOs or Tΐ _ΐό q _ΐό and one or more ligands derived from 1,4-benzene- dicarboxylic acid.

In one embodiment, the metal organic framework comprises a metal cluster comprising the formula Ti, Th,TiO, TiOo.5, T13O2, T13O3, T13O, T17O6, Tΐόqό, TisOs, or T116O16 and one or more ligands derived from methylenediphosphonate, elthlyenediphosphonate, propylenediphosphonate, N,N’-piperazinebismehtylenephosphonate, terephthalate,

1.4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, tetrakis(4- carboxyphenyl)porphyrin, 1,4- phenylenebis(methanylylidene)bis(azanylylidene)dibenzoate, bisphenyl-4,4’diylbis- (methanylylidene)bis(azanylylidene)dibenzoate,

2.5-dihydroxyterephthalate, hydroquinone, 2,7-dihydroxy-naphthalene, resourcinol, 4,4’ dihydroxy -biphenyl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11-hexahydroxytriphenylene, and 4-picoline.

In one embodiment the titanium metal organic framework comprises formula (I).

Ti _a Ob(OH)c[( OOC)— X-#]d (I)

In formula (I):

X is an organic spacer and represents a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, aliphatic chain having 2 to 12 carbon atoms; a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon-based aromatic group that is unsubstituted or that is substituted by one or more substituents R independently chosen from a halogen atom and amino, nitro, hydroxyl, C1-C4 trifluoroalkyl and C1-C4 alkyl groups: a benzophenone group; a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaromatic group in which the ring(s) is(are) 5- or 6-membered ring(s), said group containing at least one heteroatom chosen from nitrogen and sulfur and being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents R independently chosen from a halogen atom and amino, nitro, hydroxyl, C1-C4 trifluoroalkyl and C1-C4 alkyl groups; a and b, which are identical or different, are integers varying from 1 to 16 inclusively;

c and d, which are identical or different, are integers varying from 1 to 32 inclusively;

the indices a, b, c and d adhere to the relation 4a=2b+c+d; the titanium atoms form a purely inorganic elementary building block constituted of titanium oxo complexes;

# is the point through which two units of formula (I) are joined together; # represents a covalent bond between a carbon atom belonging to the spacer X and the carbon atom of a carboxylate group COO of another unit of formula (I) and in which the two oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group belong respectively to two adjacent octahedral titanium oxo complexes of an elementary building block of said other unit of formula (I);

In some embodiments, a single X may be shared between two or more units of formula (I).

In one embodiment, X may be made of linear alkyl chains such as ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl chains; linear alkene chains such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene and dodecylene; alkyne chains such as ethyne, propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, heptyne, octyne, nonyne, decyne, undecyne and dodecyne. Among such chains, C1-C4 alkyl chains and C2-C4 alkene or alkyne chains are preferred.

In one embodiment, X may be made of phenylene; chlorophenylene; bromophenylene;

aminophenylene; nitrophenylene; mono-, di- or tetramethylphenylene; mono- or

diethenylphenylene; mono- or dihydroxyphenylene; biphenylene; diphenyldiazene;

naphthalene and anthracene groups.

In one embodiment, X may be made of thiophene, bithiophene, pyridine, bipyridine and pyrazine rings.

In one embodiment, the subunit [OOC— X-#] is chosen from the groups of formulae (II- 1) to (11-13) below:

(II- 1)

012

(11- 12)

in which:

R is a halogen atom, an amino, nitro, hydroxyl, C 1-C4 trifluoroalkyl or C1-C4 alkyl group; m is an integer ranging from 0 to 4;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 8;

p is an integer ranging from 0 to 6;

q is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; and

r is an integer ranging from 0 to 3.

In one embodiment, formula (II- 1 ) is selected from, phenyl- 1-carboxylate, phenyl-2-amino-l- carboxylate, phenyl-2, 5-dihydroxy- 1-carboxylate and phenyl-2-chloro- 1-carboxylate.

In one embodiment, formula (II-4) is selected from azobenzene-4-carboxylate, azobenzene- 3,3 '-dichloro-4-carboxylate and azobenzene-3,3 '-dihydroxy -4-carboxylate.

In one embodiment, formula (II-8) is selected from thiophene-2-carboxylate and 3,4- dihydroxythiophene-2-carboxylate.

In one embodiment, the subunit [OOC— X-#] is selected from phenyl- 1-carboxylate, phenyl- 2-amino- 1-carboxylate, and thiophene-2-carboxylate.

In one embodiment, the subunits of formula (I) as defined previously, is selected from the subunits of formula (1-1) below:

TisCMOHMOOOC)— X-#]i2 (1-1)

In formula (1-1):

X and # are as defined previously; the titanium atoms form a purely inorganic elementary building block constituted of 8 octahedral titanium oxo complexes each comprising a central titanium atom surrounded by 6 oxygen atoms, said octahedral titanium oxo complexes being joined together either by a common edge, or by a common apex, in both cases by means of oxo-0— or hydroxo-OH— bridges; said building blocks being connected together in the three dimensions of space by organic spacers X; it being understood that each of the building blocks is connected to 12 organic spacers by means of carboxylate groups COO in which each of the two oxygen atoms is an integral part of two adjacent titanium oxo complexes.

In the subunits of formula (1-1), an elementary building block (or wheel of octahedral titanium oxo complexes) therefore contains 36 oxygen atoms connected to eight titanium atoms alternately either via a common edge involving two oxo or hydroxo bridges or by a common apex involving a single oxo or hydroxo bridge, or by means of carboxylate groups.

In one embodiment, the metal cluster comprises the formula T Ois or Ti^Ois and the ligand is derived from the following groups:

In one embodiment, the metal organic framework comprises a metal cluster of formula Tii ₂ 0i5, a ligand derived from the above group, and formate (as an additional ligand).

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework is selected from the following:

Name Molecular formula Ligand (L)

MIL-22 Ti ^IV 302(H ₂ 0)2(L)2 2H2O Methylenediphosphonate

MIL-252 Ti ^IV (L) Ethylenediphosphonate

MIL-253 Ti ^IV (L) Propylenediphosphonate

MIL-91 Ti ^IV 0(H ₂ -L) «H2O (n ~ 4.5) A ^f ,A ^f '-piperazinebismethylenephosphonate

MIL- 125 Ti ^IV 80 ₈ (0H)4(L)6 Terephthalate

COK- Ti ^IV 30 ₃ (L)3 DMF 1 ,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylate

69 ₀ p&c

MIL- Ti ^m 30(0CH ₂ CH3)(L)3-2DMF 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylate

101(Ti)

PCN-22 Ti ^IV 70 ₆ (L)i2 2DEF Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin

MOF-901 Ti ^IV 60 ₆ (0CH3)6(L)3 1,4-Phenylenebis(methanylylidene)

bis(azanylylidene)dibenzoate

MOF-902 Ti ^IV 60 ₆ (0CH3)6(L)3 Biphenyl-4, 4-diylbis-(methanylylidene) bis(azanylylidene)dibenzoate

NTU-9 Ti ^IV 2(H-L) ₂ (H ₂ -L)„ 2, 5 -Dihy droxyterephthalate

MIL- 167 Ti ^IV (L)i. ₅ (Et ₂ MeNH)2 //H ₂ 0 2, 5 -Dihy droxyterephthalate

MIL- 168 Ti ^IV (L)(cat) 2DEAH 2, 5 -Dihy droxyterephthalate

MIL- 169 Ti ^IV Oo.5(L)(H ₂ 0)(H2- 2, 5 -Dihy droxyterephthalate

pip)o.5 «H20

Ti-phenol [Ti ^IV (L)(H-L)] ₂ (p-H-L) ₂ Hydroquinone

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (L)2-py2 Hydroquinone

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV 2(pi _,4 -L)2(pi _,4 -H-L) ₂ (p-H- Hydroquinone

L)2

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV 2(pi,4-L) ₂ (pi,4:p ² ,p ¹ - Hydroquinone

L)2(0H2)2(H ₂ 0)2(H2- L) X(CH ₃ CN) (x = 1 or 2)

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV 2(pi _,7 -L)2(pi _,7 :p ² ,p ¹ -H- 2,7-Dihydroxy-naphthalene

E) ₂ (OYG) ₂

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (pi,4-L)2py2 Hydroquinone

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (pi,4-L) ₂ -py2-py Hydroquinone

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (pi,4-L)2-(4-Ph-py)2 Hydroquinone

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (pi,3-L)2-py2 Resorcinol

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (pi,3-L)2-(4-Ph-py)2 Resorcinol

Ti-phenol 4, 4'-Dihydroxy -biphenyl

Hΐo mi _,d ^,h ^'-

L)(O ⁱ Pr)(HO ⁱ Pr) ₂ THF

Ti-phenol Resorcinol

L)( 1 ,3 -H-L)(HO ⁱ Pr) ₂

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (p2,7-L)2-py2 2,7-Dihydroxy-naphthalene

Ti-phenol Ti ^IV (p2,7-L)2(4-picoline)2.5 2,7-Dihydroxy-naphthalene

Ti-CAT-5 Ti ^IV (L) 2DMA 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a titanium metal organic framework having a BET surface area greater than 200 m ² /g, greater than 300 m ² /g, greater than 400 m ² /g, or greater than 500 m ² /g. In one embodiment, the composition comprises a titanium metal organic framework having an average pore size between 5 A and 50A.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a titanium metal organic framework in an amount greater than 0.001 wt% of the composition. For example, the composition may comprise up to 50 wt% of the composition. For example, the composition may comprise between 0.001 wt% and 50 wt% titanium metal organic framework, between 0.002 wt% and 40 wt%, between 0.003 wt% and 30 wt%, or between 0.005 wt% and 25 wt% titanium metal organic framework of the composition. In particular, the amount of titanium metal organic framework does not exceed regulatory standards.

The composition comprises a dermatologically acceptable carrier which may also be a topically acceptable carrier. Examples of suitable carriers include an oil, cream, dispersion, emulsion, gel, ointment, lotion, milk, mouse, spray or tonic. The dermatologically acceptable carrier can contain water. For example, the dermatologically acceptable carrier can be a natural oil, such as terpene, such as squalene. In one embodiment, the dermatologically acceptable carrier is squalene. Water and squalene are also present in the human skin and both play a part in the skins natural UV protection system. ^xlx Squalene reacts with reactive oxygen species to reduce and form squalene monohydroperoxide isomers ^xx

One advantage of the compositions of the invention is that they provide for the absorption of byproducts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly associated with ultraviolet irradiation of titanium oxides. Like titanium oxide nanoparticles used in sunscreens, Ti MOFs have photochromic cyclic octamers of Ti02 octahedra, resulting in the UV irradiation reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti^II)™ and generation of reactive oxygen species.

In one embodiment, the titanium metal organic framework is able to absorb the byproducts of ROS after ultraviolet irradiation. For example, the composition comprising MIL-125NH2, which is known to be stable after UV exposure,™ ¹ can adsorb carbon radical species generated when the organic topical carrier or natural skin secretion, in this case squalene, reduces to squalene monohydroperoxide isomers in the presence of ROS. For example, the composition comprising MIL-125NH2 and Squalene showed reduced isomers of Squalene after UV exposure and no isomers of squalene monohydroperoxide isomers through gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. For example, the composition comprising MIL-125NH2 can adsorb hydroxyl radicals generated when the organic topical carrier or natural skin secretion, in this case water, reduces to hydrogen peroxides in the presence of ROS. For example, the MIL-125NH2 is shown to absorb 218.2% of its weight of a solution of thirty percent tert-butyl hydroperoxide and water. The invention therefore provides a UV absorptive composition, e.g. a sunscreen composition, which can additionally absorb byproducts commonly associated with ultraviolet irradiation.

According to another aspect, the invention provides a method of protecting skin from the effect of UV radiation comprising administering an effective amount of a composition comprising a titanium MOF and a dermatologically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the composition is administered topically.

In one embodiment, the method involves a composition as defined herein, in particular as defined in the claims. In one embodiment, the method also absorbs byproducts of reactive oxygen species such as organic peroxides, hydroxyl radicals, or carbon radicals. This is achieved through the inclusion of the titanium MOF.

In one embodiment, the method comprises converting hydroxyl radicals into a superoxide radical and/or hydrogen peroxides.

In one embodiment, the method comprises converting carbon radicals into peroxy acids, peroxy esters, and/or diacyl peroxides.

In one embodiment, the method comprises converting carbon radicals into a tocopheroxy radical, tocophery! radical and/or squalene monohydroperoxide isomers.

Examples

Synthesis of MIL- 125NH2^

MIL-125NH2 MOF was prepared using 300 g of 2-aminoterephthalic acid (ligand), 150 mL Titanium (IV) isopropoxide 98+%, 8.1 L DMF, 900 mL Methanol. A 10 L reactor was heated to 120°C. 300 g of ligand was dissolved in 4.5 L of DMF while stirring and heating in a glass container until a uniform solution was obtained. This solution was added to the heated reactor. Then, in a 500 mL glass flask, 150 mL of Titanium (IV) isopropoxide was dissolved in another 3.5 mL of DMF. To the reactor, 900 mL of methanol was added, along with 100 mL of DMF. This caused the ligand to completely dissolve. The dissolved titanium isopropoxide/DMf solution was added to the mixture in the reactor and the temperature of the oil surrounding the reactor, was increased to 150 °C. The mixture was stirred and heated in the reaction at 150°C for 48 hours where after it was cooled to room temperature. The yellow solid was then filtered using a Nutsche, washed in methanol and filtered once more, leaving a dry yellow powder. The resulting surface area is SBET=1289 m2/g.

Synthesis of MIL-177HT

MIL-177-HT was prepared using a 25 mL round bottom flask where 200 mg of H4mdip with 10 mL of formic acid was added and stirred at room temperature until it was a uniform solution. Following that, 400 pL of Ti(iPrO)4 was added drop wise using a micropipette. The reaction was heated under reflux for 24 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Then, the white solid was filtered using vacuum filtration and washed with ethanol, where after it was filtered once more. In order to create the ΉT’ part of the MOF, 200 mg of the MOF was grounded into a fine powder, transferred to a flat glass dish, and dispersed uniformly. It was then heated in an oven at 280 °C for 12 hours, forming a dark yellow/nude colored powder. The resulting surface area is SBET=690 m2/g.

Squalene

Olive Squalene was purchased from Natural Sourcing, LLC, with an advertised concentration of 88.12%, a density of 0.86 g/L, and an acidity of 0.02 mg KOH/kg in the form of a pale yellow liquid oil.

Oxybenzone

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone 98% (Oxybenzone) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. It was dissolved in Hexane (HPLC grade, 98.5% pure hexane isomers) at a solubility level of 50 mg/mL. Composition 1

In a 25 mL glass vial, 20 mL of Squalene was measured out using a micropipette. To the same vial, 0.001 g of MIL-125-NH2 was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously until a light yellow, and uniform solution was obtained. The weight percent of the MIL-125-NH2 was 0.0058% of the composition.

Composition 2

In a 25 mL glass vial, 20 mL of Squalene was measured out using a micropipette. To the same vial, 0.0505 g of MIL-125NH2 was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously until a yellow, and uniform solution was obtained. The weight percent of the MIL-125NH2 was 0.293% of the composition.

Composition 3

In a 25 mL glass vial, 20 mL of Squalene was measured out using a micropipette. To the same vial, 0.100 g of MIL-125NH2 was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously until a dark yellow, and uniform solution was obtained. The weight percent of the MIL-125NH2 was 0.579% of the composition.

Composition 4

In a 25 mL glass vial, 20 mL of Squalene was measured out using a micropipette. To the same vial, 0.0505 g of MIL-177HT was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously until a light brown, and uniform solution was obtained. The weight percent of the MIL-177HT was 0.293% of the composition.

Composition 5

The Oxybenzone solution was prepared by measuring out 1.25 g of 2-Hydroxy-4- methoxybenzophenone. In a 30 mL flask, 25 mL of Hexane (HPLC grade) was added. The 2- Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone was added to the 30 mL flask. In a 25 mL glass vial, 20 mL of Oxybenzone solution was measured out using a micropipette. To the same vial, 0.0505 g of MIL-125-NH2 was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously until a light yellow, and uniform solution was obtained. The weight percent of the MIL-125NH2 was 0.20998% of the composition.

GC-MS analysis of Squalene Oxidation

Squalene and Composition 3 were tested under a GC-MS for isomers of Squalene, and isomers of squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH), which include 2-OOH-SQ, 3-OOH-SQ, 6-OOH-SQ, 10-OOH-SQ, 7-OOH-SQ, and 11-OOH-SQ.

UV Testing

Compositions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were tested using SHIMADZU UV-Vis spectrometers UV- 2450, UV-2550 to observe the absorption (0 to 3) over a wavelength of 200 nm to 700 nm. In five different quartz cuvettes labeled 1-5, 5 pL of sample 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 was added, respectively. All of the samples were inserted into the single cell slot and tested using the specified spectrometer.

Hydrogen Peroxide Absorption Testing

In a 25 mL glass vial, 20 mL of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (70% in water) was measured out using a micropipette. To the same vial, 0.100 g of MIL-125-NH2 was added. The solution was allowed to air dry for eight hours. The weight of the dry material MIL-125-NH2 increased to 0.3182 g.

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