Title

MONITORING DEVICE, METHOD AND SYSTEM (Corporate Docket Number IST-OOlO-WO)

Technical Field

The present invention is related to health monitoring devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to a glove for monitoring a user's vital signs.

Background Art There is a need to know how one is doing from a health perspective. In some individuals, there is a daily, even hourly, need to know one's health. The prior art has provided some devices to meet this need.

One such device is a pulse oximetry device. Pulse oximetry is used to determine the oxygen saturation of arterial blood. Pulse oximeter devices typically contain two light emitting diodes: one in the red band of light (660 nanometers) and one in the infrared band of light (940 nanometers). Oxyhemoglobin absorbs infrared light while deoxyhemoglobin absorbs visible red light. Pulse oximeter devices also contain sensors that detect the ratio of red/infrared absorption several hundred times per second. A preferred algorithm for calculating the absorption is derived from the Beer-Lambert Law, which determines the transmitted light from the incident light multiplied by the exponential of the negative of the product of the distance through the medium, the concentration of the solute and the extinction coefficient of the solute.

The major advantages of pulse oximetry devices include the fact that the devices are non-invasive, easy to use, allows for continuous monitoring, permits early detection of desaturation and is relatively inexpensive. The disadvantages of pulse oximetry devices are that it is prone to artifact, it is inaccurate at saturation levels below 70%, and there is a minimal risk of burns in poor perfusion states. Several factors can cause inaccurate readings using pulse oximetry including ambient light,

deep skin pigment, excessive motion, fingernail polish, low flow caused by cardiac bypass, hypotension, vasoconstriction, and the like.

Chin et al., U.S. Patent Number 6018673 discloses a pulse oximetry device that is positioned entirely on a user's nail to reduce out of phase motion signals for red and infrared wavelengths for use in a least squares or ratio-of-ratios technique to determine a patient's arterial oxygen saturation.

Smith, U.S. Patent Number 4800495 discloses an apparatus for processing signals containing information concerning the pulse rate and the arterial oxygen saturation of a patient. Smith also discloses maintaining the position of the LEDs and detectors to prevent motion-artifacts from being produced in the signal.

Another method for using a pulse oximeter to measure blood pressure is disclosed in U.S. Patent Number 6616613 to Goodman for a 'Physiological Signal Monitoring System'. The '613 Patent discloses processing a pulse oximetry signal in combination with information from a calibrating device to determine a patient's blood pressure.

Chen et al, U.S. Patent Number 6599251 discloses a system and method for monitoring blood pressure by detecting pulse signals at two different locations on a subjects body, preferably on the subject's finger and earlobe. The pulse signals are preferably detected using pulse oximetry devices. Schulze et al., U.S. Patent Number 6556852, discloses the use of an earpiece having a pulse oximetry device and thermopile to monitor and measure physiological variables of a user.

Malinouskas, U.S. Patent Number 4807630, discloses a method for exposing a patient's extremity, such as a finger, to light of two wavelengths and detecting the absorbance of the extremity at each of the wavelengths.

Jobsis et al., U.S. Patent Number 4380240 discloses an optical probe with a light source and a light detector incorporated into channels within a deformable mounting structure which is adhered to a strap. The light source and the light detector are secured to the patient's body by adhesive tapes and pressure induced by closing the strap around a portion of the body.

Tan et al, U.S. Patent Number 4825879 discloses an optical probe with a T- shaped wrap having a vertical stem and a horizontal cross bar, which is utilized to secure a light source and an optical sensor in optical contact with a finger. A metallic material is utilized to reflect heat back to the patient's body and to provide opacity to interfering ambient light. The sensor is secured to the patient's body using an adhesive or hook and loop material.

Modgil et al., U.S. Patent Number 6681454 discloses a strap that is composed of an elastic material that wraps around the outside of an oximeter probe and is secured to the oximeter probe by attachment mechanisms such as Velcro, which allows for adjustment after initial application without producing excessive stress on the spring hinge of the oximeter probe.

Diab et al., U.S. Patent Number 6813511 discloses a disposable optical probe suited to reduce noise in measurements, which is adhesively secured to a patient's finger, toe, forehead, earlobe or lip. Diab et al., U.S. Patent Number 6678543 discloses an oximeter sensor system that has a reusable portion and a disposable portion. A method for precalibrating a light sensor of the oximeter sensor system is also disclosed.

Tripp, Jr. et al., U.S. Statutory Invention Registration Number Hl 039 discloses an intrusion free physiological condition monitor that utilizes pulse oximetry devices.

Hisano et al., U.S. Patent Number 6808473, discloses a headphone-type exercise aid which detects a pulse wave using an optical sensor to provide a user with an optimal exercise intensity.

In monitoring one's health there is a constant need to know how many calories have been expended whether exercising or going about one's daily routine. A calorie is a measure of heat, generated when energy is produced in our bodies. The amount of calories burned during exercise is a measure of the total amount of energy used during a workout. This can be important, since increased energy usage through exercise helps reduce body fat. There are several means to measure this expenditure of energy. To calculate the calories burned during exercise one multiplies the

intensity level of the exercise by one's body weight (in kilograms). This provides the amount of calories burned in an hour. A unit of measurement called a MET is used to rate the intensity of an exercise. One MET is equal to the amount of energy expended at rest. For example, the intensity of walking 3 miles per hour ("mph") is about 3.3

METS. At this speed, a person who weighs 132 pounds (60 kilograms) will burn about 200 calories per hour (60 x 3.3=198).

The computer controls in higher-quality exercise equipment can provide a calculation of how many calories are burned by an individual using the equipment. Based on the workload, the computer controls of the equipment calculate exercise intensity and calories burned according to established formulae.

The readings provided by equipment are only accurate if one is able to input one's body weight. If the machine does not allow this, then the "calories per hour" or "calories used" displays are only approximations. The machines have built-in standard weights (usually 174 pounds) that are used when there is no specific user weight.

There are devices that utilize a watch-type monitor to provide the wearer with heart rate as measured by a heartbeat sensor in a chest belt.

The prior art has failed to provide a means for monitoring one's health that is accurate, easy to wear on one's body for extended time periods, allows the user to input information and control the output, and provides sufficient information to the user about the user's health. Thus, there is a need for a monitoring device that can be worn for an extended period and provide health information to a user.

Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a solution to the shortcomings of the prior art.

The present invention is accurate, comfortable to wear by a user for extended time periods, allows for input and controlled output by the user, is light weight, and provides sufficient real-time information to the user about the user's health.

One aspect of the present invention is a monitoring device for monitoring the health of a user. The monitoring device includes an article, an optical device for

generating a pulse waveform, a circuitry assembly embedded within the article, a display member positioned on an exterior surface of the article, and a control means attached to the article.

The article preferably has a main body and finger portion. The article preferably has a minimal mass, one to five ounces, and is flexible so that the user can wear it the entire day if necessary. The monitoring device allows the user to track calories burnt during a set time period, monitor heart rate, blood oxygenation levels, distance traveled, target zones and optionally dynamic blood pressure.

Another aspect of the present invention is a method for monitoring a user's vital signs. The method includes generating a signal corresponding to the flow of blood through an artery of the user. The signal is generated from an optical device. Next, the heart rate data of the user and an oxygen saturation level data of the user is generated from the signal. Next, the heart rate data of the user and the oxygen saturation level data of the user are processed for analysis of calories expended by the user and for display of the user's heart rate and blood oxygen saturation level. Next, the calories expended by the user, the user's heart rate or the user's blood oxygen saturation level are displayed on a display member on an exterior surface of an article, which is controlled by the user using a control component extending from the article.

Brief Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a monitoring device worn by a user.

FIG.2 is a palm-side view of the monitoring device of FIG. 1 worn by the user. FIG. 3 is a top view of preferred embodiment of a monitoring device.

FIG. 4 is bottom view of the monitoring device of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a palm-side view of a monitoring device unattached to a user's hand.

FIG. 5 A is an isolated exploded view of a power source and flap portion of an article of the monitoring device.

FIG. 5B is an isolated exploded view of an optical sensor and finger portion of an article of the monitoring device.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of combined circuit assembly and display member utilized with the monitoring device. FIG. 7 is an isolated side view of a control component utilized with a monitoring device.

FIG. 8 is an isolated top plan view of the control component of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart for using the control component to input information and output information on a display of the monitoring device. FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a method of monitoring.

FIG. 11 is an image of an activity log of information obtained from a monitoring device.

FIG. 12 is an image of calorie information obtained from a monitoring device.

Best Mode(s) For Carrying Out The Invention

As shown in FIGS. 1-5B, a monitoring device is generally designated 20. The monitoring device 20 preferably includes an article 25, an optical sensor 30, a circuitry assembly 35, a display member 40, a control component 43 and connection wires 45. The monitoring device 20 is preferably worn on a user's hand 50. The article 25 preferably has a main body portion 95 and a finger portion 98.

The main body portion 95 preferably has a palm portion 100 that covers a portion of the user's palm 80 and a back portion 105 that covers the back 85 of the user's hand 50. The main body portion 95 also preferably has a thumb aperture for placement of the user's thumb 55 therethrough. Preferably, an annular portion 98a of the finger portion 98 of the article is wrapped around the user's index finger 60. An attachment means 101 of the annular portion 98a is used to secure the finger portion around the user's index finger. Although the finger portion 98 is shown around the user's index finger, those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that the finger portion 98 may be wrapped around the user's middle finger 65, ring finger 70 or pinky finger 75 without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.

An attachment means 103 is used to secure a flap portion 100a of the palm portion 100 to a flap portion 105a of the back portion 105. A first part 103a of the attachment means 103 is positioned on the flap portion 100a and a second part 103b of the attachment means 103 is positioned on the flap portion 105a. In a preferred embodiment, a VELCRO® material is utilized as the attachment means 103 and attachment means 101.

It is desirous to adapt the article 25 to the anatomy of the user's hand 50. The article 25 is preferably composed of leather, synthetic leather, LYCRA, another similar material, or a combination thereof. The back portion 105 has an exterior surface preferably having a sealable board pocket 112. The article 25 preferably has a mass ranging from 5 grams to 50 grams. Preferably, the lower the mass of the article 25, the more comfort to the user.

The main body 95 has a wrist edge 96 that preferably defines a lower portion of the article 25. Substantially perpendicular to the wrist edge 96 is a first edge 97a and a second edge 97b. The finger portion 98 is preferably integral with the main body 95 and preferably is positioned at a upper part of the main body 95 opposite the wrist edge 96.

The optical sensor is preferably positioned on the finger portion 98 and connected to the circuitry assembly by the connection wires 45. The connection wires 45 are preferably embedded within the main body 95 and finger portion 98.

In a preferred embodiment, the optical sensor 30 is a photodetector 130 and a single light emitting diode ("LED") 135 transmitting light at a wavelength of approximately 660 nanometers. As the heart pumps blood through the arteries in the user's ear, blood cells absorb and transmit varying amounts of the light depending on how much oxygen binds to the cells' hemoglobin. The photodetector 30, which is typically a photodiode, detects transmission at the red wavelengths, and in response generates a radiation-induced signal.

Alternatively, the optical sensor 30 is a pulse oximetry device with a light source 135 that typically includes LEDs that generate both red (λ ~ 660nm) and infrared (λ ~ 900nm) radiation. As the heart pumps blood through the arteries in the

hand of the user, blood cells absorb and transmit varying amounts of the red and infrared radiation depending on how much oxygen binds to the cells' hemoglobin. The photodetector 130, which is typically a photodiode, detects transmission at the red and infrared wavelengths, and in response generates a radiation-induced signal. As shown in FIG. 5B, the optical sensor 30 preferably has a body 125 to cover a photo-detector 130 and a light source 135 on the finger portion 98. The body 125 is preferably composed of a material similar to the finger portion 98. Alternative embodiments of the invention are disclosed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Number 11/046274, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the optical sensor 30 is pulse oximetry device comprising the photo-detector 130, a first light source 125 and a second light source 125a, not shown. In this embodiment, the first light source 125 emits light in an infrared range (λ ~ 900nm) and the second light source 125a emits light in a red range (λ ~ 630nm). In either embodiment, placement of the optical sensor 30 is preferably in a lower portion of the user's index finger 60. Alternatively, the optical sensor 30 placed at a fingertip of the user. Further, the optical sensor 30 need only be in proximity to an artery of the user in order to obtain a reading or signal. In an alternative embodiment, the finger portion 98 and optical sensor do not contact the finger of the user and only circle the finger of the user. The light source 135 typically is a light-emitting diode that emits light in a range from 600 nanometers to 1100 nanometers. As the heart pumps blood through the patient's finger, blood cells absorb and transmit varying amounts of the red and infrared radiation depending on how much oxygen binds to the cells' hemoglobin. The photodetector 30, which is typically a photodiode, detects transmission at the red and infrared λvavelengths, and in response generates a radiation-induced current that travels through the connection wires 45 to the circuitry assembly 35 on the article 25.

A preferred photodetector is a light-to-voltage photodetector such as the TSL260R and TSL261, TSL261Rphotodetectors available from TAOS, Inc of Piano Texas. Alternatively, the photodetector is a light-to-frequency photodetector such as the TSL245R, which is also available from TAOS, Inc. The light-to-voltage

photodetectors have an integrated transimpedance amplifier on a single monolithic integrated circuit, which reduces the need for ambient light filtering. The TSL261 photodetector preferably operates at a wavelength greater than 750 nanometers, and optimally at 940 nanometers, which would preferably have a LED tbiat radiates light at those wavelengths.

In a preferred embodiment, the circuit assembly 35 is flexible to allow for the contour of the user's hand and movement thereof. Preferably the dimensions of a board of the circuit assembly 35 are approximately 39 millimeters (length) by approximately 21 millimeters (width) by 0.5 millimeters (thickness). Alternatively, the circuitry assembly 35 includes a flexible microprocessor board and a flexible pulse oximetry board. An alternative pulse oximetry board is a BCI MICRO POWER oximetry board, which is a low power, micro-size easily integrated board which provides blood oxygenation level, pulse rate (heart rate), signal strength bargraph, plethysmogram and status bits data. The size of the board is preferably 25.4 millimeters (length) x 12.7 millimeters (width) x 5 millimeters

(thickness). The microprocessor board receives data from the pulse oximetry board and processes the data to display on the display member 40. The microprocessor can also store data. The microprocessor can process the data to display pulse rate, blood oxygenation levels, calories expended by the user of a pre-set time period, target zone activity, time and dynamic blood pressure. Alternatively, the circuitry assembly 35 is a single board with a pulse oximetry circuit and a microprocessor.

The display member 40 is preferably a light emitting diode ("LED"). Alternatively, the display member 40 is a liquid crystal display ("LCD") or other similar display device. As shown in FIG. 6, the display member 40 is an LED array which preferably has seven rows llla-lllg and thirteen columns 1 12a- 112r. The LED array allows for each column to be illuminated separately thereby giving the appearance of a moving display. For example, if the term "200 calories expended" is displayed on the display member 40, the "2" of the "200" would preferably first appear in column 112m and then subsequently in each of the other columns 1121- 112a, from the right-most column to the left-most column thereby giving the

appearance of the term scrolling along the display member 40. The terms or words alternatively scroll from left to right. Still alternatively, all of the columns are illuminated at once or all flash in strobe like manner.

As shown in FIG. 6, the display member 40 is preferably combined with the circuit assembly 35. A microcontroller 41 processes the signal generated from the optical sensor 30 to generate the plurality of vital sign information for the user which is displayed on the display member 40. The control component 43 is connected to the circuit assembly 35 to control the input of information and the output of information displayed on the display member 40. FIGS. 7-8 illustrate an isolated view of a preferred embodiment of the control component 43. The control component 43 preferably has a body 44 with a top 47. The body 44 preferably has a shape which minimizes mass and is easily operated by the user. The control component 43 is preferably a button or "joystick" that is capable of multiple dimensional movement such as being compressible up and down as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 7 or in an X-Y movement as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 8. The multiple dimensional movement of the control component 43 allows for the user to enter or select functions and scroll through menus which are displayed on the display member 40, as discussed below.

The monitoring device 20 is preferably powered by a power source 110 which is preferably positioned on the flap portion 105a. of the back portion 105 of the article 25. In a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5 A, the power source 110 is placed under the second part 103b of the attachment means 103. Preferably the power source 110 is a battery. The power source 110 is preferably connected to the circuit assembly 35 by positive wire 46 and ground wire 47, and the ground wire 47 and positive wire 46 are embedded within the article 25. The power source 110 is preferably a lithium ion rechargeable battery such as available from NEC-Tokin. The power source preferably has an accessible port 11 for recharging. The circuit assembly 35 preferably requires 5 volts and draws a current of 20-to 40 milliamps. The power source 110 preferably provides at least 900 rαilliamp hours of power to the monitoring device 20.

As shown in FIG. 3, the display member 40 is preferably angled at an angle ranging form 20 to 70 degrees relative to the wrist edge 96 of the article 25, more preferably ranging from 30 to 60 degrees relative to the wrist edge 96, and most preferably 45 degrees relative to the wrist edge 96. The angling of the display member 40 allows for easier viewing of the real-time information by the user.

In an alternative embodiment, a short range wireless transceiver is included in the circuitry assembly 35 for transmitting information processed from the pulse oximetry device 30 to a handheld device or a computer, not sliown, to form a system. The display member 40 is optional in this embodiment. The short-range wireless transceiver is preferably a transmitter operating on a wireless protocol, e.g. Bluetooth™, part- 15, or 802.11. "Part- 15" refers to a conventional low-power, short-range wireless protocol, such as that used in cordless telephones. The short-range wireless transmitter (e.g., a Bluetooth™ transmitter) receives information from the microprocessor and transmits this information in the form of a packet through an antenna. The external laptop computer or hand-held device features a similar antenna coupled to a matched wireless, short-range receiver that receives the packet. In certain embodiments, the hand-held device is a cellular telephone with a Bluetooth circuit integrated directly into a cliipset used in the cellular telephone. In this case, the cellular telephone may include a software application that receives, processes, and displays the information. The secondary wireless component may also include a long-range wireless transmitter that transmits information over a terrestrial, satellite, or 802.11 -based wireless network. Suitable networks include those operating at least one of the following protocols: CDlVdA, GSM, GPRS, Mobitex, DataTac, iDEN, and analogs and derivatives thereof. Alternatively, the handheld device is a pager or PDA.

As shown in FIG. 10, a general method is indicated as 200. At block 200, the light source 135 transmits red and infrared light through a finger of the user. The photo-detector 130 detects the light. The pulse rate is determined by the signals received by the photo-detector 130. The ratio of the fluctuation of the red and infrared light signals is used to calculate the blood oxygen saturation level of the user.

An optical sensor 30 with a photodetector 130 and single LED 135 is preferably utilized. Alternatively, a pulse oximetry device with two LEDs and a photodetector is utilized.

At block 210, this information is sent to pulse oximetry board in the circuitry assembly 35 for creation of blood oxygenation level, pulse rate, signal strength bargraph, plethysmogram and status bits data. At block 215, the microprocessor further processes the information to display pulse rate, blood oxygenation levels, calories expended by the user of a pre-set time period, target zones of activity, tiirae and dynamic blood pressure. At block 220, the information is displayed on the display member.

A flow chart diagram 400 for using the control component 43 with the display member 40 is shown in FIG. 9. As mentioned above, the control component 43 allows a user to scroll and select from terms displayed on the display member 40. User inputs preferably include age, gender, weight, height and resting heart rate which can be inputted and stored in a memory of the circuit assembly 35. The real time heart rate of the user is preferably displayed as a default display, and the user's real time heart rate is preferably updated every ten seconds based on measurements from the optical sensor 30. Based on the user inputs, the calories expended by the user for a set time period are calculated and displayed on the display member 40 as desired by the user using the control component 43. The monitoring device 20 will also preferably include a conventional stop watch function, which is displayed on the display member 40 as desired by the user. The display member 40 preferably displays a visual alert when a user enters or exits a target zone such as a cardio zone or fat burning zone. The monitoring device 20 optionally includes an audio alert for entering or exiting such target zones.

The user can toggle the control component 43 to maneuver between the user's real-time heart rate and real time calories expended by the user during a set time period. The user can also scroll through a menu-like display on the display merαber 40 and enter options by pushing downward on the control component 43. The options can preferably include a "My Data" section which the user inputs by scrolling and

selection an option by pushing downward, such as selecting between male and female for gender. The user can also select target zones by scrolling through a different section of the menu. As discussed below, each target zone is calculated using a formula based upon the user's personal data. In operation, when a specific target zone is selected, a visual alert in the form of a specific display such as an icon-like picture is displayed on the display member 40 to demonstrate that the user is now in the specified target zone. The icon preferably blinks for a set period of time such as ten seconds. Those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other options may be included on the menu-like display without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

In yet an alternative embodiment, an accelerometer, not shown, is embedded within the main body 95 of the article 25 and connected to the circuitry assembly 35 in order to provide information on the distance traveled by the user. In a preferred embodiment, the accelerometer is a multiple-axis accelerometer, such as the ADXL202 made by Analog Devices of Norwood, MA. This device is a standard micro-electronic-machine ("MEMs") module that measures acceleration and deceleration using an array of silicon-based structures.

In yet another embodiment, the monitoring device 20 comprises a first thermistor, not shown, for measuring the temperature of the user's skin and a second thermistor, not shown, for measuring the temperate of the air. The temperature readings are displayed on the display member 40 and the skin temperature is preferably utilized in further determining the calories expended by the user during a set time period. One such commercially available thermistor is sold under the brand LM34 from National Semiconductor of Santa Clara, California. A microcontroller that is utilized with the thermistor is sold under the brand name ATMega 8535 by Atmel of San Jose, California.

The monitoring device 20 may also be able to download the information to a computer for further processing and storage of information. The download may be wireless or through cable connection. The information can generate an activity log 250 such as shown in FIG. 11, or a calorie chart 255 such as shown in FIG. 12.

The microprocessor can use various methods to calculate calories burned by a user. One such method uses the Harris-Benedict formula. Other methods are set forth at www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/ which relevant parts are hereby incorporated by reference. The Harris-Benedict formula uses the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR). This equation is very accurate in all but the extremely muscular (will underestimate calorie needs) and the extremely overweight (will overestimate caloric needs) user.

The equations for men and women are set forth below: Men: BMR = 66 + (13.7 x mass (kg)) + (5 x height (cm)) - (6.8 x age (years)) Women: BMR = 655 + (9.6 x mass) + (1.8 x height) - (4.7 x age)

The calories burned are calculated by multiplying the BMR by the following appropriate activity factor: sedentary; lightly active; moderately active; very active; and extra active.

Sedentary = BMR multiplied by 1.2 (little or no exercise, desk job) Lightly active = BMR multiplied by 1.375 (light exercise/sports 1-3 days/wk)

Moderately Active = BMR multiplied by 1.55 (moderate exercise/sports 3-5 days/wk) Very active = BMR multiplied by 1.725 (hard exercise/sports 6-7 days/wk) Extra Active = BMR multiplied by 1.9 (hard daily exercise/sports & physical job or 2 X day training, marathon, football camp, contest, etc.) Various target zones may also be calculated by the microprocessor. These target zones include: fat burn zone; cardio zone; moderate activity zone; weight management zone; aerobic zone; anaerobic threshold zone; and red-line zone.

Fat Burn Zone= (220 - age) x 60% & 70% An example for a thirty-eight year old female: (220-38) x.6 = 109

(220-38) x.7 = 127

Fat Burn Zone between 109 to 127 heart beats per minute. Cardio Zone = (220-your age) x 70% & 80% An example for a thirty-eight year old female: (220-38) x.7=127

(220-38) x.8=146

Cardio zone is between 127 & 146 heart beats per minute. Moderate Activity Zone, at 50 to 60 percent of your maximum heart rate, burns fat more readily than carbohydrates. That is the zone one should exercise at if one wants slow, even conditioning with little pain or strain.

Weight Management Zone, at 60 to 70 percent of maximum, strengthens ones heart and burns sufficient calories to lower one's body weight.

Aerobic Zone, at 70 to 80 percent of maximum, not only strengthens one's heart but also trains one's body to process oxygen more efficiently, improving endurance.

Anaerobic Threshold Zone, at 80 to 90 percent of maximum, improves one's ability to rid one's body of the lactic-acid buildup that leads to muscles ache near one's performance limit. Over time, training in this zone will raise one's limit.

Red-Line Zone, at 90 to 100 percent of maximum, is where serious athletes train when they are striving for speed instead of endurance.

Example One

Female, 30 yrs old, height 167.6 centimeters, weight 54.5 kilograms.

The BMR = 655 + 523 + 302 - 141 = 1339 calories/day. The BMR is 1339 calories per day. The activity level is moderately active (work out

3-4 times per week). The activity factor is 1.55. The TDEE = 1.55 X 1339 = 2075 calories/day. TDEE is calculated by multiplying the BMR of the user by the activity multiplier of the user.

A system 500 may use the heart rate to dynamically determine an activity level and periodically recalculate the calories burned based upon that factor. An example of such an activity level look up table might be as follows:

Activity / Intensity Multiplier Based on Heart Rate

Sedentary = BMR x 1.2 (little or no exercise, average heart rate 65 - 75bpm or lower)

Lightly active = BMR x 3.5 (light exercise, 75bpm - 115bpm) Mod. active = BMR x 5.75 (moderate exercise, 115 - 140pm)

Very active = BMR x 9.25 (hard exercise, 140-175bpm)

Extra active = BMR x 13 (175bpm - maximum heart rate as calculated with MHR formula)

For example, while sitting at a desk, a man in the above example might have a heart rate of between 65 and 75 beats per minute (BPM). (The average heart rate for an adult is between 65 and 75 beats per minute.) Based on this dynamically updated heart rate his activity level might be considered sedentary. If the heart rate remained in this range for 30 minutes, based on the Harris-Benedict formula he would have expended 1.34 calories a minute x 1.2 (activity level) x 30 minutes, which is equal to 48.24 calories burned.

If the man were to run a mile for 30 minutes, with a heart rate ranging between 120 and 130bpm, his activity level might be considered very active. His caloric expenditure would be 1.34 calories a minute x 9.25 (activity level) x 30 minutes, which is equal to 371.85. Another equation is weight multiplied by time multiplied by an activity factor multiplied by 0.000119.