5 Field of the invention

The present invention relates to a reciprocating internal combustion engine adopting a special motion conversion mechanism connected between the reciprocating 10 portion and the revolving portion, and particularly to a motion conversion mechanism of an internal combustion engine utilizing a rack - pinion mechanism.

Background of the invention

Iδ

The conventional motion conversion mechanism has been contributing very much to the mechanical engineerings, mechanical industries and other related fields since the Industrial Revolution.

20 On the other hand, it is also a fact that the designers in these fields have been restricted within the motior. characteristics of the conventional motion conversion mechanism due to their unconscious recognition of the seemingly invariable features of the conventional motion

25 conversion mechanism.

In the conventional engines, the motion conversion mechanism is provided in the form of connecting rods and cranks disposed between pistons and a crank sha , and such a motion conversion mechanism has features cf

30 limitations as described below.

First, the accelerations of pistons are very in the vicinity of the dead points.

Second, the piston velocity or the piston άispiacemer. is defined by th_- angular position cf trie cranl.. ai _.c ,

3 ^" therefore, arbitrary regulation of the moticr. tnrousnc.:- _.

the whole stroke is impossible.

Third, deviated components of the piston force are continuously acted on the cylinder wall and toward the revolution centre of the crank shaft, therby making the movements of the pistons unstable, and causing frictions to be increased. Because of these limiting features, there are many restrictions in obtaining the optimum motion of piston, and accordingly, it is difficult to control the comfanustion condition in the working chamber, thereby making it impossible to obtain the maximum power and the maximum efficiency in an engine.

Summary of the invention

An object of the present invention is to provide a motion conversion mechanism in which the deceleration/ acceleration rate of the piston can be controlled and all the piston forces are made to act tangential on the rotation shaft. Another object of this invention is τ.o provide a reciprocating internal combustion engine in which the rapi-ά increase of gas temperature can be controlled and accordingly the heat loss caused by heat transfer and the increase cf specific - heat or heat dissociation cf the gas can be minimized by control of piston speed in the early combustion period.

Still another object of this invention is to provide an engine in which the rapid increase of the gas pressure can be controlled so that the increase of compression ratio ana the super-charging of gas can be easily obtained b _? approaching the most ideal constant - pressure engine cycle through the controlling of the piston speed ir. the early combustion period.

Still another oo.iect of this invention i≤ re provide ar: engine in which the ignition αela> before ignition ca;_ b

easily controlled through the control of fuel-air mixture condition such as fuel-air mixing, gas temperature and pressure and swirling of gas by controlling the piston speed in the late compression period.

5 Still another object of this invention is to provide an engine in which the ignition delay in the late combustion period can be easily controlled through the control of the combustion speed during combustion period by controlling the piston speed.

10 Still another object this invention is to provide an engine in which a wide range of fuel grade can be used because the combustion knock can be controlled through the ignition delay and the combustion speed.

Still another object of this invention is to obtain an lδ engine which is smaller in bulk and weight than the conventional engine.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a motion conversion mechanism which can be used also in compressors, pumps, cutting machines and the like.

20

Brief description of the drawings

The above objects and other advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing the 25 preferred embodiments of the present invention in detail with reference to the attached drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a schematical plan view of an embodiment of the motion conversion mechanism according to the present invention, showing the state immediately before the

30 descending of the reciprocator after the ascending thereof;

Figure 2 is an illustration of the actuation state of the motion conversion mechanism of Figure 1. showing the beginning cf the descending of the reciprocator after the completion cf trie ascending tnereof ; o rigurti c is a l n view oi a part ci another em cαimer. _

of the motion conversion mechanism according to the present ' invention, in which staired teeth are provided;

Figure 4 shows a modification method for one of the teeth for decelerating or accelerating the reciprocator of δ the motion conversion mechanism according to the present invention;

Figure δ is an exemplary view of the teeth of the rack and pinion, in which a modification is provided based on the method of Figure 4; 10 Figure 6 shows the principle of the constitution of a deceleration/acceleration cam used for decelerating/accel¬ erating the reciprocator of the motion conversion mechanism according to the present invention;

Figure 7 is a schematical plan view showing the lδ relationship between the locus of a violence prevention roller and the face of a violence prevention cam as an example of a violence prevention means;

Figure 8 is a schematical plan view of another embodiment cf the motion conversion mechanism according to 20 the present invention, which is additionally provided with various deceleration/acceleration means based on the various methods such as the modification of the tooth, and means in the form of the deceleration/acceleration cam and in the form of the violence prevention method, which are 25 respectively mentioned in Figures 4,5,6 and 7;

Figure 9 is a side view of the pinion of Figure 8 aimed at showing the fact that every element of the pinion has its own movement plane;

Figure 10 is a plan view of the motion conversion

30 mechanism aimed at showing the fact that the violence prevention roller of Figure 8 and the pinion of the mechanism can be actuated without being interfered each other;

Figure II is a schematical plan view c f ar. eπiD αιπ_e . 35 o:" ._ straight reciprocating. internal combus ic:. ensui?

according to the present invention, in which the reciprocator of the motion conversion mechanism of the present invention is shown to be inserted into the cylinder of the engine; Figure 12 is a schematical plan view of another embodiment of a straight reciprocating internal combustion engine, in which the reciprocator of the motion conversion mechanism is shown to be reciprocating at the outside of the cylinder of the engine; Figure 13 represents the schematical constitution of a plurality of the motion conversion mechanisms connected in series;

Figure 14 is a schematical plan view of an embodiment of an oscillatory reciprocating internal combustion engine according to the present invention;

Figure 15 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A of Figure 14;

Figure 16 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A of Figure 14, in which the oscillation shaft and the connection element for connecting the oscillation shaft and the piston base wheel of Figure 14 are removec , thereby for ing a doughnut-shaped engine;

Figure 17 is a schematical plan view of another embodiment of an oscillatory reciprocating internal combustion engine according to the present invention, in which the oscillation shaft of the piston base wheel and the pinion shaft of Figure 14 are disposed perpendicularly each other;

Figure 18 is a sectional view taken along the line B-B of Figure 17;

Figure 19 is a schematical constitution of a conventional reciprocating compressor using stabilizing head; and

Figure 20 i s a schematical constitution c: :. ^■ reciprocating compressor aαoptir.g tne notion conversion

mechanism of the present invention.

Description of the preferred embodiments

δ In achieving the above mentioned objects, the motion conversion mechanism according to this invention comprises: A rectangular-shaped reciprocator reciprocating the stroke vertically sliding along a stationary reciprocator guide and supported by the above reciprocator-guide; 10 A pair of racks formed at both of the inner sides of the reciprocator;

And a pinion which is rotating in the space between the above mentioned racks keeping fixed position and has teeth at a part thereof for alternately meshing with the racks of

Iδ the said both sides every half rotation thereof and every whole stroke of the reciprocator, characterized in that the mechanism is based on, to enlarge its function, a deceleration and acceleration means for the reciprocator and the pinion, and a violence prevention means which prevents

20 the conversion mechanism from departing away of the normal operation in the vicinity of dead points of the reciprocator's reciprocating motion.

Further the reciprocating internal combustion engine has the above mentioned motion conversion mechanism 25 according to this invention disposed between the piston and the crankshaft.

In the following descriptions, if not otherwise specified, the driving unit, that is, the pinion and the pinion will be assumed to rotate anticlockwise. 30 In the first place, an embodiment of the motion conversion mechanism of the invention will be described referring to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows:

A rectangular shaped reciprocator i sli i g ion_ 25 rεciprocatcr guic.es 1,1 verticali;" beir:=? supporter : tne

said reciprocator guides 1,1 ;

A pair of racks 3,3 which possesses the reciprocator teeth 31,31 at the opposite inner sides of the reciprocator 2; A pinion 4 rotating in the space between above racks 3,3 keeping a fixed position 0, and having pinion teeth 41 along about a half of the circumference thereof;

A pair of first sliding members 5,5 which possesses first sliding faces 51,51; And a second sliding member 6 which possesses a second sliding face 61 which performs sliding contact with the first sliding faces 51,51.

The extended lengths of the pinion teeth 41 and the reciprocator teeth 31 should be determined such that the first pinion tooth 42 and the first reciprocator tooth 34 of the rack 3 of one side start their meshing at the moment when the last pinion tooth 43 and the last reciprocator tooth 33 of the rack 3 of the other side depart from their contact each other. Meanwhile, the first sliding faces 51,51 a d the second sliding face will continue their contact through the whole stroke.

On the one hand, at the moment when the last reciprocator tooth 33 and the last pinion tooth 43 depart from their contact each other, the reciprocator 2 should start its downward movement upon the start of the contact between the first pinion tooth 42 and the first reciprocator tooth 34, and therefore, it is available to add some modifications to the first and the last teeth 34,42,33,43 or the teeth near them to avoid interference between them.

On the other hand, if there exists an uneasiness about the meshing between the said first teeth 42,34, then a stairεd tooth 36 on the reciprocator 1 and a stairer. toe

4C on the pinion 4 as illustrated m Figure wll. available.

Further these staired teeth 36,46,can be provided in the form of teeth having two or more steps.

Now the actions of the motion conversion mechanism of this invention will be described. Just before the downward movement of the reciprocator as illustrated in Figure 1, the last pinion tooth 43 will be coming out of the tooth space of the last reciprocator tooth 33, and the first pinion tooth 42 will be entering into the tooth space of the first reciprocator tooth 34. At the beginning of the downward movement of the reciprocator as illustrated in Figure 2 after more anticlockwise rotation of the pinion, the last pinion tooth 43 will have completely come out of the tooth space of the last reciprocator tooth 33, while the first pinion toot?: 42 and the first reciprocator tooth 34 will begin their contact.

If the staired teeth 36,46 are provided, they will also start their contact.

Upon further rotation of the pinion, and during the time when the reciprocator tooth 31 of the left side is meshed with the pinion tooth 41, the reciprocator tooth 31 of the right side will face the part of pinion where the pinion tooth 41 is not built, so that the downward movement of the reciprocator may continue freely. δ After a while, as the reciprocator 2 approaches the end of its downward movement that is, coming just before its dead point, the above related actions are repeated and the reciprocator 2 reverses its movement to the upward direction. 0 Then repeating the above related actions, the reciprocator 2 will continue the reciprocatings within tne range of the stroke due to the rotation of the pinion 4.

On the other hand, if followed the above related embodiment anc the actions cf tne reciprocato , t.ie 5 reciprocator 2 reverses its direction ci movement instant!:

at every dead point, and accordingly an intense mechanical impact of inertia is expected. Therefore, there needs some countermeasures in the form of a deceleration and acceleration of the reciprocator' s velocity at about every δ dead point of the reciprocator' s movement against the impact of inertia if not in the case where the impact of inertia is negligible.

That is, for an example the said countermeasure will be required in case of the reciprocating internal combustion 10 engine where the piston of a considerable mass is reciprocating in a high speed.

Now the deceleration and acceleration means of the motion conversion mechanism for the movements of the reciprocator and the pinion according to the present 1.5 invention will be described.

As an embodiment of the deceleration and acceleration means, the method of modifying the reciprocator and the pinion teeth 31,41 will be described below.

At first, the principle of modifying the teeth 31,41

20 will be described by referring to Figure 4 which is drawn by utilizing the typical figure of the rack-pinion mεchanisi..

Dased on the involute curve, that is, the said typical figure ordinarily used for general explanations.

Reference No. la-lc indicates an involute curve 25 which represents the normal tooth's contact face and Id represents the contact face of a tooth of the rack.

While la-lb indicates a transfigured curve representing the modified tooth which is to reduce the speed of Id. 30 As the pinion 4 rotates and the involute curve la-lc slides in contact with Id, the common normal line ii-lk at the contact point Ik always passes through the pitch point F and contacts tangentially with the basic circle If at Ii,s t at tne raci. 3 snouid move to the rigm m ;, constant 2f speed. Then, if the involute curve l a- ϊ z. an the rac.

contact face Id should be modified in a proper method, the rack speed can be decelerated or accelerated.

Here, to avoid a complication, only the curvature of the involute curve la-lc is modified, but leaving Id as a δ flat plane.

The involute curve la-lc is the locus of the end lc of the thread that is assumed to have no thickness and no elasticity, when the thread is unravelled in a taut state from the basic circle If as the thread end lc starting to be

10 unravelled from the point la.

Now, a variation w ll be shown on the unravelling thread. For example, the unravelled thread should contract in a certain rate-linear or quadratic or other rate, the contraction being made in a simultaneous manner with the Iδ unravelling. Then, the locus of the thread end lc will be transformed into another curve shown by la-lb which has a reduced radius of curvature compared with the involute curve la-lc.

Then, another case will be taken in which this 20 transfigured curve la-lb should drive the rack tooth Id.

When the pinion 4 has rotated as much as shown in Fig-4, Id will be contacting the transfigured curve ia-lb at the position of lε, and the common normal line at their contact point l will pass through the point lj on the 25 radius li-0 and the point lp on the straight line which links the rotation center 0 of the pinion and the pitch point P. Then it can be easily acknowledged that, due to a delay in the rack movement after Id has been driven by the transfigured curve la-lb, Id will reach only the 30 position le, and that the instantaneous velocity of the rack 2 also will have been decelerated to a velocity equivalent to the ratio 01P/0P.

There are innumerable number of contact points before im after the first contact between Id a d ia-lb at

25 point ia, and the intersection point of tne straight line ύϊ

and the common normal line at every innumerable contact point mentioned above moves smoothly to the point lp from the pitch point P while the contact of Id with la-lb progresses, eventually Id or the rack 3 being decelerated. To the contrary, it can be assumed that the unravelled thread should be elongated in a certain rate, and the elongation should be made in a simultaneous manner with the unravelling.

Then, the transfigured curve drawn by the locus of eventually, the reciprocator. Accordingly, it can be acknowledged that a deceleration or acceleration between the pinion and the reciprocator can be achieved through the transfigured tooth.

Above mentioned descriptions about transfiguring the tooth has been made by referring to the rack-pinion mechanism based on the involute curve for an easy understanding, but because the transfiguring can be also achieved with either the basic type of tooth of the cycloidal gear, or other generalized basic gears, or even an unknown special type of a basic tooth, the transfiguring method and the transfigured tooth shape will become various.

Figure 5 shows a more specific figure of the transfigured teeth based on the principle of Figure 4 and more visualized descriptions will follow. At first, the non-transfigured tooth will be called a normal pinion tooth 41a and a normal reciprocator tooth 31a.

In the figure, the first transfigured pinion tooth 2bb is at the instant of ending a contact with the rack 3 and the second transfigured pinion tooth 2nn is at the instant of starting a contact with the rack 3. The supposed pinion tooth 2aa which is illustrated by dotted curve is alsc an involute tooth which has 2f as its basic circle as ιr_ tne case of the normal pinion tooth 41a.

The first transfigured tooth 2DU wi_l ce αeεcriDε- firs-: . --2b is a transfigurec curve made irom the involute

curve 2a-2c by a similar transfiguring method as in the case of Figure 4 the involute curve 2a-2b decelerating the rack 3.

The position of the advancement of 2d at the moment δ when the involute curve 2a-2c started contacting with 2d at the point 2a and the position of the advancement of 2e at the moment when the transfigured curve 2a-2b started contacting with 2e at the point 2a were equal each other, and at the same moment, 2d and 2e have the same 10 instantaneous velocity because the common normal line at point 2a passed through the pitch point P.

Then, as the pinion 4 rotates, the intersection point of the straight line OP and the common normal line at the contact point between 2a-2b and 2e has been moved smcothly 15 toward the pinion rotation center 0 up to a point 2p after starting from the pitch point P, and accordingly 2e or the rack 3 has been decelerated its speed, and eventually its position has become as illustrated in Figure 5.

On the other hand, the transfigured curve 2g-2k which 20 is the rear contact face of the first transfigured pinion tocth 2bb began its contact with the rack 3 starating" from the point 2k, and after a continuous contact with the rack 3 , the ^' transfigured curve has become to end its contact with the rack 3 at the point 2g as illustrated in Figure 5. 25 Therefore, the two common normal lines at the two simultaneous contact points ( one is in the face 2a-2b and another one is in the face 2g-2k ) have passed through the same point on the straight line OP, and their passing point has been moved smoothly toward the pinion rotation center 0 30 up to the point 2p as illustrated in Figure 5.

Consequently, the last contact point 2g of the rear- transfigured curve 2g-2k is a point located somewhat nearer- to the pinion rotation center 0 than the last contact point 2 of the rear contact face 2h-21 of trie supposec involute 35 tooth 2aa. According!;- , the bottom liy and tne end face !\

behind the rear transfigured curve 2g-2k become nearer to the pinion rotation center 0 than the bottom 2x and the end face 2w which are positioned in front of the transfigured curve 2a-2b respectively . Now, regarding the second transfigured tooth 2nn, the description will become almost same as that for the first transfigured tooth 2bb, and therefore, a brief mentioning will be made below.

The supposed involute tooth 2mm has the point 2p as its pitch point and has 2ff as its basic circle, and accordingly

2ff contacts tangentially with the common normal lines 2b-2p and 2g-2p which are respectively set up at the last contact points 2b and 2g of the first transfigured tooth 2bb.

Then, the second transfigured tooth 2nn is transfigured from 2mm.

The two common normal lines at the two simultaneous contact points in both of the front and the rear sides of the transfigured tooth 2nn also pass through the same point on the straight line OP, and their passing point also moves smoothly toward the pinion rotation center 0, eventually the rack 3 being decelerated as the pinion 4 rotates anti¬ clockwise. Thus the. tra'nsfiguring is made to have characteristics of a smooth linkability between the two transfigured teeth 2bb, 2nn in such a manner as makes the 5 movement of the intersection point of the common normal line and the straight line OP to be smooth up to the point 2p , passing the point 2p and beyond thereof.

Here, the last contact point 2ε of the rear transfigured curve 2s-2t and the bottom 2z behind 2ε-2t C become nearer to the pinion rotation center 0 than 2g a d Ir ^¬ respectively.

In other words, in the case where the pinion _ snoul decelerate the velocity of the rack 3, the transfigured

'.eetn of the pinion 4 anc tne rack 3 will be at tne position.; ϊ advancec toward tne pinion rotation center u. ana tne comma:.

14

normal line also moves smoothly or gradually toward the pinion rotation center O.

The above description is made under the assumption that the second transfigured tooth 2nn should begin a contact with the rack 3 as soon as the first transfigured tooth 2bb terminates its contact with the rack 3.

But the above descriptions are applicable also to the case where the contact of the first and second transfigured teeth should be for a period. On the other hand, in the case where the pinion 4 should accelerate the rack 3 , it can be understood by imagining a reverse case, for example, by assuming that the pinion 4 of Figure δ rotates in the reverse direction or clockwise. That is, this is a case where the pinion 4 should accelerate the rack 3 to the leftward direction and the intersection point ojf the common normal line w^ith the straight line OP should move away from the pinion rotation center 0 to the pitch point P.

Here, for the convenience of a later description, the transfigured pinion tooth which should accelerate or decelerate the rack rotating anticlockwise will be called an acceleration or a deceleration pinion tooth respectively ; the transfigured reciprocator'tooth which contacts with above said transfigured pinion tooth will be called an acceleration or a deceleration reciprocator tooth; and the non-transfigured tooth of the pinion or tne rack will be called a normal pinion tooth or a normal reciprocator tooth respectively. Then, each of the above classified tooth can be connected freely each other. All the above descriptions were made based on the concept cf the spur- ear. Therefore, the transfiguring cf the tooth was described in the above only by referring to the circumferential direction. But, in case of a εteppec gear. a helical gear or other kinds of gears. the trans iguring for achieving the- deceleration and

l δ

acceleration of the rack can be provided also along the direction of the tooth width.

Another means for the deceleration and acceleration of the reciprocator in the motion conversion mechanism δ according to the present invention is provided by utilizing a deceleration and acceleration cam and a third sliding member. As illustrated in the Figure 8, the deceleration and acceleration cam 7 which possesses a cam sliding face 71 is provided on the pinion 4, and a third sliding member 72

10 which possesses a third sliding face 72a is provided on the reciprocator 2, about which descriptions will be presented below.

The principle of decelerating and accelerating the reciprocator will be described by referring to Figure 6

Iδ which is drawn schematically.

For the sake of the convenience for descriptions, it is assumed that ^' the third sliding face 72a is a plane face which is perpendicular to the direction of the reciprocator movement. And 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e indicate the relative

20 positions of the third sliding face 72a as against the cam sliding face 71 which is rotating according as the pinion 4 rotates. The sliding face 72a is shown as if it is rotating in stead of the cam sliding face 71. And, 3h, 3i, 3g, 3j indicate the contact points between the cam sliding face 71

25 and the third sliding face 72a.

Referring to Figure 5 and Figure 6, because the movement direction of the third sliding face 72a in Figure 6 coincides with the movement direction of the rack 3 in Figure 5, the straight line OP in Figure 5 is also coincides

30 with the perpendicular lines 02p 04p in Figure 6 which are drawn perpendicularly from the pinion rotation center 0 to the common normal lines whicn are originating iron, tne contact point between the cam sliding face 71 and the th rα sliding face 72a, and accordingly, 3 in Figure 6 comeice≤. 35 wit the pitch circle cf tne norm;-.! pinion., tεeti. 4_ . r.

Figure 5. 3a indicates the position of the third sliding face 72a of the third sliding member 72 at the moment when the reciprocator is at its upper dead point, and at this moment, the common normal line originating from the contact point 3h between the cam sliding face 71 and the third sliding face 72a passes through the pinion rotation center 0, consequently, the reciprocator velocity becoming zero.

Now, it will be assumed that the contact point 3i is any point between 3h and 3g, and that 3p is the foot of the perpendicular line drawn from the pinion rotation center 0 to the common normal line at 3i. When the pinion 4 should have rotated a little more from the above assumed position, if the foot of the perpendicular line from the pinion rotation center 0 to the common normal line originating from the contact point between the cam sliding face 71 and the third sliding face 72a should become a point separated a little farther from the pinion rotation center 0 compared with the above assumed foot 3p, then the cam sliding face 71 will accelerate the third sliding face 72a or the third sliding member 72.

Now, it will be assumed that the contact point 3j is an point behind 3g, and that 4p is the foot of the perpendicular line drawn from the pinion rotation center 0 to the common normal line originating from 3j. When the pinion 4 should have rotated a little more from the above assumed position, if the foot of the perpendicular line from the pinion rotation center O to the common normal line originating from the contact point between the cam sliding face 71 and the third sliding face 72a should become a point nearer to the pinion rotation center 0 compared with the above assumed foot 4p, then the cam sliding face 71 will decelerate the third sliding face 72a or the third sliding member 72.

Here, if the common normal line originating from the contact point 3g should contact tangentially at tne pitch

circle 3f as illustrated in Figure 6, and when the normal pinion teeth 41a in Figure δ contacts with the normal reciprocator teeth 31a in Figure 5, if the reciprocator velocity is called the normal velocity, then the third sliding face 72a or the reciprocator will be accelerated from a zero velocity up to the normal velocity by the cam sliding face 71 between 3h and 3g, and then, will be decelerated below the normal velocity by the cam sliding face 71 after the point 3g. On the other hand, if an involute curve is linked to the cam sliding face 71 after 3g as shown by dotted line in Figure 6, the third sliding face 72a or the reciprocator will maintain its normal velocity with the help of the cam sliding face 71 after 3g. Of course, the above two cam sliding faces are linked in such a manner as causes the movement of the intersection point of the common normal line and the straight line OP which is coinciding with the perpendicular line from the rotation center to be smooth around and at the link point 3g.

Now, the section bf the cam which decelerates the reciprocator will be called the deceleration cam, and the section of the cam which accelerates the reciprocator will be called the acceleration cam. Then the deceleration and acceleration means utilizing the deceleration and acceleration cam is serviceable at and around the dead point of the reciprocator. In this context, the two deceleration/acceleration means in the form of cam and in the from of transfiguring of teeth can be combinedly used together.

In Figure 8, there is shown a preferred constitution of the motion conversion mechanism according to the present invention employing the deceleration and acceleration means wnose basic structures were described by referring to Figures 4, 5, and 6, and there, all the members are at their upper dead point positions. And the acceleration pinion teeth 41 , the normal pinion teeth 4ia and tne deceleration

pinion teeth 41b are provided along a part of the circumference of the pinion , and a deceleration/acceleration cam 7 is disposed at a position opposite from the teeth portion of the pinion . δ Now, the action of an example of the motion conversion mechanism where the examples of the deceleration and acceleration means are provided will be described referring to Figure 8.

As the pinion 4 progresses in its rotation from the 10 illustrated upper dead point position of Figure 8, the reciprocator 2 will begin to be accelerated downwards from a zero velocity through the contact between the acceleration cam 7b and the third sliding face 72a. Then, the acceleration of the reciprocator 2 will continue with the lδ contact between the acceleration pinion teeth 41c and the acceleration reciprocator teeth 31c. Then, as the contact between the normal pinion teeth 41a and the normal reciprocator teeth 31a continues, the reciprocator 2 will maintain the normal velocity, and then, as the contact 20 between deceleration teeth 41b, 31b continues, the reciprocator 2 will be ^" decelerated and will continue the deceleration by the contact between the deceleration cam 7a and the third sliding face 72a,thereby ultimately reaching the lower dead point of a zero velocity. After it, the 2δ reciprocator 2 is accelerated reversely upwards, and then, being accelerated and decelerated as described above, the reciprocator 2 reaches again the upper dead point position of Figure 8. Consequently, the reciprocator 2 performs continuous reciprocating motions through the predetermined 30 stroke. But during the contact between the cam sliding face 71 and the third sliding face 72a, tne movement of the reciprocator is governed -only by the cam sliding face 72a but is not governed against a force froir. behind the can sliding face 71. Accordingly, if some unexpected violent 35 force should act on the reciprocator 2 iron: behmc the

deceleration and acceleration cam 7, the sliding contact between the cam sliding face 71 and the third sliding face 72a can be failed, and eventually the motion conversion mechanism will lose its normal operational function. Accordingly, there needs some safeguard against a possible violation of the operation of the motion conversion mechanism. This safeguard will be called a violence prevention means.

An example of the violence prevention means 47, 38 is illustrated in Figure 8 schematically, and a description for it will be presented below.

In the drawing, there are shown two violence prevention rollers 38,38 located on a bridge 39 which is disposed across the opposite side frames of the reciprocator 2 ,and they are symmetrized toward the center of the reciprocator 2.

On the other hand, on the pinion 4, there is shown a violence prevention cam 47 which possesses a violence prevention face 48 which in turn contacts with the violence prevention rollers 38,38. The violence prevention face 48 can be obtained from the locus of the violence prevention rollers 38, 38, the said locus being drawn on the rotating pinion 4. Namely, a properly selected part of curve which contacts tangentially at the inside of the locus of the reciprocating violence prevention rollers 38,38 in the vicinity of the dead point of the reciprocator becomes the violence prevention face 48 as shown in Figure 7 schematically.

An example of actions of the violence prevention rollers 38,38 and the violence prevention cam 47 will be described below referring to Figure 8.

If the violence prevention cam 47 and the violence prevention rollers 38,38 should begin contact before end of the contact between the deceleration teeth 41b, 31b, then, he violence prevention face 48 will push a violence prevention

roller 38 upwards, and consequently will aid the upward movement of the reciprocator 2. Then the reciprocator 2 will be exclusively driven by the face 48 upwards without the help of the deceleration teeth 41b, 31b during the contact period of only between the deceleration cam 7a and the third sliding member 72. Then during the period when the acceleration cam 7b contacts with the third sliding member 72, a violence prevention roller 38 pushes the violence prevention cam 47 downward and aids the reciprocator 2 in driving the pinion 4 so as for it to be rotated anticlockwise. Further, the contact between the violence prevention rollers 38,38 and the violence prevention cam 47 prevents the motion conversion mechanism from the situation that the contact between the cam sliding face 71 and the third sliding, face 72a will be separated. In this case, the two common normal lines at the contact points between a violence prevention roller 38 and the violence prevention cam 47 and at the contact point between the third sliding face 72a and the cam sliding face 71 will meet at a point on the straight line OP, which means that the instantaneous velocities of the above four components are equal one another. An arrangement ^" of the said mechanism will be described below, in which the respective corresponding elements should have a independent movement plane so as for them to move freely w ^τ ithout interference between them. The description of the every movement plane for the elements of the pinion 4 referring to Figure 9 which is a side view of the pinion 4 in Figure 8 will serve also as the description of the every movement plane for the corresponding elements of the reciprocator 2.

Figure 9 illustrates three movement planes of independent character. The violence prevention cam 47 and the deceleration and acceleration cam 7 hold one movement plane in common, and the pinion teeth 41 has anothe: movement plane, while the second sliding member 6 has

another movement plane. And each of the violence prevention rollers 38,38, the third sliding member 72, the reciprocator teeth 31 of the rack 3 and the first sliding member 5 moves freely without interference, and has the same movement plane as the said respective corresponding elements of the pinion 4. Although it is not illustrated in Figure 9, the overbridge 39 in Figure 8 where the violence prevention rollers 38, 38 in Figure 8 are located also has another independent movement plane, and passes by the side of the 0 pinion 4 through the space where the pinion shaft 49 is not provided. Accordingly, the motion conversion- mechanism operates freely as a whole.

5 Looking at the movement of the violence prevention rollers 38, 38 a little more closely, the inner curve of the 5 locus drawn by the violence prevention rollers 38,38 will become like the dotted curve in Figure 10, and the outer curve will pass by the back side of the declaration and acceleration cam 7.

Besides the above mentioned embodiment, there can be 0 some other embodiments of the violence prevention means either in an inverse manner to provide the violence prevention rollers 38, 38 on the pinion 4 and the violence prevention cam 47 on the reciprocator 2, or to provide the so called violence prevention cams on both of the 5 reciprocator 2 and the pinion 4, or to provide a tracing- groove so as for a roller or pin to trace along the groove .

Because all the above descriptions which began with Figure 1 were made through some preferred examples, many other variations can be derived from the above mentioned 0 basic idea of the motion conversion mecnanism according to the present invention.

That is, it will be possible either that tne seconc sliding member 6 is made in the form of a rectangular shaped :-;iider between both sides cf the first sliding memDerh 5,3. f an.: tne pinion shaft 49 is installed xc rotate freer,v ir. .

hole of the said slider, or that the first and the second sliding members 5,5,6 are removed.

All the above descriptions were made on the basis that the reciprocator 2 should reciprocate along a simple straight lined stroke. But it is also possible that the reciprocator 2 should be formed, although it is not illustrated in the drawing, in a shape of circular arc. Then the reciprocator 2 should reciprocate along a track of a circular arc as observed from a side. In this case, the racks 3 also is changed into a shape of a circular arc, and become a type similar to a bevel gear or a spiral gear, and the pinion 4 also is changed so as for it to correspond the reciprocator 2 with all the corresponding elements. 5 Above mentioned embodiments of the motion conversion mechanism of the present invention represents only the basic idea for the better understanding of the present invention, and he? ⁷ are applicable to almost all the mechanical fields where the conventional motion conversion mechanism 0 has been utilized such as in internal combustion engines, compressors, machine tools and the like.

Now, descriptions will be made on embodiments of the reciprocating internal combustion engine of the new system adopting the invented motion conversion mechanism described 5 above.

At first, the embodiment of the straight reciprocating internal combustion engine which is made by applying" the invented motion conversion mechanism to the conventional reciprocating internal combustion engine will be described -C referring to the schematic drawings of Figure II and Figure 12.

In Figure 11, there is shown a unit engine where the reciprocator 2 is moving being inserted in the cylinder i. and the pistons 9.9 with the cyiincεrs 8.3 are provided s. 5 both ends of & reciprocator Z .

In Figure 12, there is shown a unit engine where the reciprocator 2 is too large to enter the cylinder 8, and therefore, the piston 9 in the cylinder 8 is connected with the reciprocator 2 at the outside of the cylinder 8 by an

5 extension rod 10, while the piston 9 with the cylinder 8 is provided at only one end of a reciprocator 2.

The example of the extension rod 10 as shown in Figure 12 has no hinge and looks like only an extension from the end of the reciprocator body.

10 The examples of the methods of connecting the piston 9 with the reciprocator body or the extension rod 10 are shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12.

When the piston 9 is connected to form an integral body

15 with the end of the reciprocator body or the extension rod 10 as shown in Figure 12, it will be possible to intercept the direct heat flow from the piston 9 to the reciprocator 2 or the extension rod 10 by installing a network of oil lines at a proper position below the piston head as represented

20 with a dotted line in Figure 12, and by supplying pressed oil to the network.

When the piston 9 is connected with the reciprocator 1 or the extension rod 10 by utilizing the hinge or similar elements and by making the piston 9 and the reciprocator 2

25 or the extension rod 10 contact face to face each other, as represented with a double dotted line and a small circle in Figure 11, then it is possible to intercept the direct heat flow from the piston 9 to the reciprocator 2 or the extension rod 10 by supplying oil to the clearance where the

30 piston 9 and the reciprocator 2 or the extension rod 10 contact face to face. It is also possible to insert some elastic elements so as to absorb the possible vibration of the piston 9 due to ill balanced gas pressure in the cyiinder S and to stabilize the motion conversion mechanιs._..

3. ^" ύ_ the otner hand, this basic unit of engine car. De

connected in series or in a V-type, an X-type and the like as in the case of the conventional engine, by providing, as shown in Figure 13, two units of the pinions 4 at the both ends of a pinion shaft 49 and by transmitting the mechanical power between the pinion 4 and the power shaft 49b through the link gears 49a, 49a which are installed on both the pinion shaft 49 and the power shaft 49b.

Now, descriptions will be made on the embodiment of the oscillatory reciprocating internal combustion engine of the new system adopting the invented motion conversion mechanism referring to Figure 14 and Figure 15.

The invented oscillatory reciprocating engine has the characteristics that it adopts the invented motion conversion mechanism and a piston base wheel 17 in order to install many pistons 12 in a basic unit of engine.

A ring shaped piston base wheel 17 which is provided with a cut-out portion near the peripheral edge of it is installed in a flat and round contoured casing 11 by disposing its oscillation shaft 16 ^' at the center cf the said casing 11.

The freely rotatable oscillation shaft 16 is provided at the center of the piston base wheel 17, and tne piston base w*heel 17 and the oscillation shaft 16 are connected each other by means of a certain connection element such as a web 17a.

Three protruded pistons 12 are provided at the outer circumferential face of the piston base wheel 17, and the invented motion conversion mechanism is linked by means of a link pin 14 to the piston base wheel 17 through the cut-out portion of the piston base wheel 17 so that the piston oase wheel 17 and the protruded pistons 12 should perform the oscillatory reciprocating motions.

On the other hand, each of the plurality of a iiπiited space 13 which has a shape as illustrated in the dr win and surrounded by a circular inner face lia of tne casim. 11, .

side 12a of the protruded piston 12, a circular outer face 17b of the piston base wheel 17, a partition wall 15 of the casing 11 is a working chamber for the combustion of fuel.

This working chamber's volume changes in accordance with the oscillatory reciprocating motion of the protruded piston 12. Each of the working chambers performs independent fuel combustions, if there are provided independent fuel-air supply systems, ignition systems, gas exhaust systems and others. The link pin 14 in Figure 14 performs straight reciprocating motions, while the link pin hole in the piston base wheel 17 performs oscillatory reciprocating motions so that the link pin 14 should slide in the link pin hole of the piston base wheel 17. Here, a transformation of the above oscillatory reciprocating engine, which has no oscillation shaft 16 and no connection web 17a as shown in Figure 16, can be obtained by letting the casing 11 support the inner circular face 17c of the piston base wheel 17 and by letting the piston Dase wheel 17 perform oscillatory reciprocating motions as sliding on the said casing portion which supports the inner- circular face 17c of the piston base wheel 17.

Then, the above mentioned transformed oscillatory reciprocating internal combustion engine will take a doughnut-shaped form as shown in Figure 16.

Another transformation of the oscillatory reciprocating internal combustion engine is constituted such that its pinion shaft 49 is perpendicular to the oscillation shaft 16 and its reciprocator 2 is formed in a shape • of circular arc and is installed at the cut-out portion cf the piston base wheel 17 by being connected end tc end as illustrated in Figure 17 and Figure 18.

Accordingly, the reciprocator 2 performs oscillator; reciprocatin motions along a trac._ of a circular art, *.>:_.!it tne racics 3.3 w_ii oecome like a fart of a similar εr.a:;• z :

a bevel gear or a spiral gear.

Meanwhile, the pinion 4 also will change its shape correspondingly with the change of the reciprocator 2, with all the other corresponding elements of the pinion 4 and the reciprocator 2 being also changed in the same manner.

In this case also, the doughnut shaped engine without the oscillation shaft 16 and the web 17a can be obtained.

As all the above descriptions for this invented reciprocating internal combustion engine and the invented motion conversion mechanism are made based on embodiments or examples, it should be understood that all the possible transforma ions through the general common sense or idea and technique, for examples, either by changing the direction of the pinion shaft or of the oscillation shaft, or by making the normal and the transfigured teeth of the rack and the pinion through the utilization of a helical gear or a spiral gear or any other non-generalized teeth, or by changin the shapes of all the other elements or their installation positions, or by substituting friction members for the pinion and reciprocator teeth should belong tc this invention.

The effects of this invented reciprocating internal combustion engine on the engine efficiency, on the engine power and on the engine size will be briefly described below.

First, the engine efficiency or the combustion efficiency and the engine power can be expected to be improved because the piston speed can be controlled through the whole stroke. Second, because the reciprocator 2 or the piston base wheel 17 can be stabilized by the reciprocator- guide 1,1 or the engine casing II, the piston 9, 12 can also be stabilized without violent frictions between the piston and tne cylinder wall. Third, because the pistcn force acts almost aiwav:-

tangentially on the pinion 4 or the pinion shaft 49, power transmission will be effective.

Further, because the connecting rod and the crank of the conventional engine should disappear, engine size can become smaller and lighter.

Adding a little more about the improvement of the engine power and efficiency, by absorbing the rapid increase of the gas pressure in the early combustion period through control of the piston speed, ail the reciprocating internal combustion engines including the gasoline engine and the diesel engine can be expected to approach the most close level up to the ideal constant pressure cycle engine, and accordingly, by increasing the compression ratio and supercharging the intake gas which can be easily obtained, the engine power and efficiency can be expected to be highly improved, and simultaneously, by control of the piston speed in the combustion preparation period and in the combustion period, the fuel combustion speed can be expected to be highly promoted or the control of the abnormal combustion can be expected to be easily obtained.

Further, the maximum gas temperature can be expected to be lowered in spite of the fast fuel combustion speed so that the heat energy loss caused by heat transfers, the increase of specific heat and heat dissociations of the burned gas can be expected to be minimized in the early combustion period. Accordingly, drastic improvement of the engine efficiency , the engine power and other engine functions can be expected.

On the other hand, the motion conversion mechanism cf this invention can be expected to be widely utilized m aimost all the fields requiring the motion conversion mechanism between the rotating motion and the reciprocating motion such as machine tools, pumps, compressors, engines and tne lik . o: example, tne scneiπat:; constitution- cf c

conventional reciprocating compressor and a new system of reciprocating compressor which is utilizing this invented motion conversion mechanism are comparatively illustrated in Figure 19 and Figure 20. Figure 19 shows a conventional reciprocating compressor which is utilizing a stabilizing head 10c and a piston rod 10b between the piston 10a and the crank-connecting rod mechanism lOd to stabilize the motion of the piston 10a, while Figure 20 shows a new system of the reciprocating compressor where the piston 10a is directly 0 mounted on the invented motion conversion mechanism through a piston rod 10b without any other special auxiliary means' because the reciprocating motion itself of the piston 10a or the reciprocator 2 is stabilized by the reciprocator guide 1,1. 5 ^" If the new system of the reciprocating compressor as shown in Figure 20 is used, the elevation of the volumetric efficiency which is directly related to the compression efficiency can be expected, because the piston speed can be 10 controlled properly.

As another example, in th<=- case of cutting machines, a uniform cutting tool speed can be easily obtained almost directly by employing the invented motion conversion mechanism without any complicated auxiliary

2.5 mechanism with the result that the cutting machines should have small sizes.