TITLE

Multicast Broadcast Service Control with Respect to Inactive State

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/388,501, filed July 12, 2022, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings.

[0003] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1 B illustrate example communication networks including an access network and a core network.

[0004] FIG. 2A, FIG.2B, FIG. 2C, and FIG. 2D illustrate various examples of a framework for a service-based architecture within a core network.

[0005] FIG. 3 illustrates an example communication network including core network functions.

[0006] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate example of core network architecture with multiple user plane functions and untrusted access.

[0007] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a core network architecture for a roaming scenario.

[0008] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of network slicing.

[0009] FIG. 7A, FIG.7B, and FIG. 7C illustrate a user plane protocol stack, a control plane protocol stack, and services provided between protocol layers of the user plane protocol stack.

[0010] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a quality of service model for data exchange.

[0011] FIG. 9A, FIG.9B, FIG. 9C, and FIG. 9D illustrate example states and state transitions of a wireless device.

[0012] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a registration procedure for a wireless device.

[0013] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a service request procedure for a wireless device.

[0014] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a protocol data unit session establishment procedure for a wireless device.

[0015] FIG. 13 illustrates examples of components of the elements in a communications network.

[0016] FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B, FIG. 14C, and FIG. 14D illustrate various examples of physical core network deployments, each having one or more network functions or portions thereof.

[0017] FIG. 15 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure

[0018] FIG. 16 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 17 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 18 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 19 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 20 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 21 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 22 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. [0025] FIG. 23 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 24 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 25 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 26 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 27 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 28A, FIG. 28B and FIG. 28C are an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 29A and FIG. 29B is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. [0032] FIG. 30 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 31 is an example diagram of an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] In the present disclosure, various embodiments are presented as examples of how the disclosed techniques may be implemented and/or how the disclosed techniques may be practiced in environments and scenarios. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the scope. In fact, after reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art how to implement alternative embodiments. The present embodiments should not be limited by any of the described exemplary embodiments. The embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Limitations, features, and/or elements from the disclosed example embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments within the scope of the disclosure. Any figures which highlight the functionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example, the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments.

[0035] Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosed mechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example, in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, a combination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may be based, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network node configurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like. When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments may be applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement example embodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols. [0036] A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wireless devices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/or multiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have one or more specific capabilities. When this disclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and/or the like. There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in a coverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, for example, those wireless devices or base stations may perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology.

[0037] In this disclosure, "a" and “an” and similar phrases refer to a single instance of a particular element, but should not be interpreted to exclude other instances of that element. For example, a bicycle with two wheels may be described as having “a wheel”. Any term that ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one” and/or “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to be interpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” is indicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed by one or more of the various embodiments. The terms “comprises” and “consists of’, as used herein, enumerate one or more components of the element being described. The term “comprises” is interchangeable with “includes” and does not exclude unenumerated components from being included in the element being described. By contrast, “consists of' provides a complete enumeration of the one or more components of the element being described.

[0038] The phrases “based on”, “in response to”, “depending on”, “employing", “using”, and similar phrases indicate the presence and/or influence of a particular factor and/or condition on an event and/or action, but do not exclude unenumerated factors and/or conditions from also being present and/or influencing the event and/or action. For example, if action X is performed “based on” condition Y, this is to be interpreted as the action being performed “based at least on” condition Y. For example, if the performance of action X is performed when conditions Y and Z are both satisfied, then the performing of action X may be described as being “based on Y”.

[0039] The term “configured” may relate to the capacity of a device whether the device is in an operational or non- operational state. Configured may refer to specific settings in a device that effect the operational characteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware, registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within a device, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state, to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “a control message to cause in a device” may mean that a control message has parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics or may be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state.

[0040] In this disclosure, a parameter may comprise one or more information objects, and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. For example, if parameter J comprises parameter K, and parameter K comprises parameter L, and parameter L comprises parameter M, then J comprises L, and J comprises M. A parameter may be referred to as a field or information element. In an example embodiment, when one or more messages comprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in the plurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages, but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages.

[0041] This disclosure may refer to possible combinations of enumerated elements. For the sake of brevity and legibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each and every permutation that may be obtained by choosing from a set of optional features. The present disclosure is to be interpreted as explicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, the seven possible combinations of enumerated elements A, B, C consist of: (1) "A”; (2) “B”; (3) “C”; (4) “A and B”; (5) "A and C”; (6) “B and C”; and (7) "A, B, and C”. For the sake of brevity and legibility, these seven possible combinations may be described using any of the following interchangeable formulations: “at least one of A, B, and C”; “at least one of A, B, or C”; “one or more of A, B, and C”; “one or more of A, B, or C”; “A, B, and/or C”. It will be understood that impossible combinations are excluded. For example, “X and/or not-X” should be interpreted as “X or not-X”. It will be further understood that these formulations may describe alternative phrasings of overlapping and/or synonymous concepts, for example, “identifier, identification, and/or ID number”.

[0042] This disclosure may refer to sets and/or subsets. As an example, set X may be a set of elements comprising one or more elements. If every element of X is also an element of Y, then X may be referred to as a subset of Y. In this disclosure, only non-empty sets and subsets are considered. For example, if Y consists of the elements Y1 , Y2, and Y3, then the possible subsets of Y are {Y1 , Y2, Y3}, {Y1 , Y2), {Y1, Y3), {Y2, Y3}, {Y1}, {Y2}, and {Y3}.

[0043] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a communication network 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The communication network 100 may comprise, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN) run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, the communication network 100 includes a wireless device 101, an access network (AN) 102, a core network (CN) 105, and one or more data network (DNs) 108. [0044] The wireless device 101 may communicate with DNs 108 via AN 102 and CN 105. In the present disclosure, the term wireless device may refer to and encompass any mobile device or fixed (non-mobile) device for which wireless communication is needed or usable. For example, a wireless device may be a telephone, smart phone, tablet, computer, laptop, sensor, meter, wearable device, Internet of Things (loT) device, vehicle road side unit (RSU), relay node, automobile, unmanned aerial vehicle, urban air mobility, and/or any combination thereof. The term wireless device encompasses other terminology, including user equipment (LIE), user terminal (UT), access terminal (AT), mobile station, handset, wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), and/or wireless communication device.

[0045] The AN 102 may connect wireless device 101 to CN 105 in any suitable manner. The communication direction from the AN 102 to the wireless device 101 is known as the downlink and the communication direction from the wireless device 101 to AN 102 is known as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions using frequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD), and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques. The AN 102 may connect to wireless device 101 through radio communications over an air interface. An access network that at least partially operates over the air interface may be referred to as a radio access network (RAN). The CN 105 may set up one or more end-to-end connection between wireless device 101 and the one or more DNs 108. The CN 105 may authenticate wireless device 101 and provide charging functionality.

[0046] In the present disclosure, the term base station may refer to and encompass any element of AN 102 that facilitates communication between wireless device 101 and AN 102. Access networks and base stations have many different names and implementations. The base station may be a terrestrial base station fixed to the earth. The base station may be a mobile base station with a moving coverage area. The base station may be in space, for example, on board a satellite. For example, WiFi and other standards may use the term access point. As another example, the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has produced specifications for three generations of mobile networks, each of which uses different terminology. Third Generation (3G) and/or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standards may use the term Node B. 4G, Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) standards may use the term Evolved Node B (eNB). 5G and/or New Radio (NR) standards may describe AN 102 as a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) and may refer to base stations as Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB) and/or Generation Node B (gNB). Future standards (for example, 6G, 7G, 8G) may use new terminology to refer to the elements which implement the methods described in the present disclosure (e.g, wireless devices, base stations, ANs, CNs, and/or components thereof). A base station may be implemented as a repeater or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node. A repeater node may amplify and rebroadcast a radio signal received from a donor node. A relay node may perform the same/similar functions as a repeater node but may decode the radio signal received from the donor node to remove noise before amplifying and rebroadcasting the radio signal.

[0047] The AN 102 may include one or more base stations, each having one or more coverage areas. The geographical size and/or extent of a coverage area may be defined in terms of a range at which a receiver of AN 102 can successfully receive transmissions from a transmitter (e.g., wireless device 101) operating within the coverage area (and/or vice-versa). The coverage areas may be referred to as sectors or cells (although in some contexts, the term cell refers to the carrier frequency used in a particular coverage area, rather than the coverage area itself). Base stations with large coverage areas may be referred to as macrocell base stations. Other base stations cover smaller areas, for example, to provide coverage in areas with weak macrocell coverage, or to provide additional coverage in areas with high traffic (sometimes referred to as hotspots). Examples of small cell base stations include, in order of decreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell base stations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations. Together, the coverage areas of the base stations may provide radio coverage to wireless device 101 over a wide geographic area to support wireless device mobility.

[0048] A base station may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the wireless device 101 over the air interface. Each set of antennas may be separately controlled by the base station. Each set of antennas may have a corresponding coverage area. As an example, a base station may include three sets of antennas to respectively control three coverage areas on three different sides of the base station. The entirety of the base station (and its corresponding antennas) may be deployed at a single location. Alternatively, a controller at a central location may control one or more sets of antennas at one or more distributed locations. The controller may be, for example, a baseband processing unit that is part of a centralized or cloud RAN architecture. The baseband processing unit may be either centralized in a pool of baseband processing units or virtualized. A set of antennas at a distributed location may be referred to as a remote radio head (RRH).

[0049] FIG. 1 B illustrates another example communication network 150 in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The communication network 150 may comprise, for example, a PLMN run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG. 1 B, communication network 150 includes UEs 151 , a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) 152, a 5G core network (5G-CN) 155, and one or more DNs 158. The NG-RAN 152 includes one or more base stations, illustrated as generation node Bs (gNBs) 152A and next generation evolved Node Bs (ng eNBs) 152B. The 5G-CN 155 includes one or more network functions (NFs), including control plane functions 155A and user plane functions 155B. The one or more DNs 158 may comprise public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. Relative to corresponding components illustrated in FIG. 1A, these components may represent specific implementations and/or terminology.

[0050] The base stations of the NG-RAN 152 may be connected to the UEs 151 via Uu interfaces. The base stations of the NG-RAN 152 may be connected to each other via Xn interfaces. The base stations of the NG-RAN 152 may be connected to 5G CN 155 via NG interfaces. The Uu interface may include an air interface. The NG and Xn interfaces may include an air interface, or may consist of direct physical connections and/or indirect connections over an underlying transport network (e.g., an internet protocol (IP) transport network).

[0051] Each of the Uu, Xn, and NG interfaces may be associated with a protocol stack. The protocol stacks may include a user plane (UP) and a control plane (CP). Generally, user plane data may include data pertaining to users of the UEs 151 , for example, internet content downloaded via a web browser application, sensor data uploaded via a tracking application, or email data communicated to or from an email server. Control plane data, by contrast, may comprise signaling and messages that facilitate packaging and routing of user plane data so that it can be exchanged with the DN(s). The NG interface, for example, may be divided into an NG user plane interface (NG-U) and an NG control plane interface (NG-C). The NG-U interface may provide delivery of user plane data between the base stations and the one or more user plane network functions 155B. The NG-C interface may be used for control signaling between the base stations and the one or more control plane network functions 155A. The NG-C interface may provide, for example, NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobility management, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, and configuration transfer and/or warning message transmission. In some cases, the NG-C interface may support transmission of user data (for example, a small data transmission for an loT device). [0052] One or more of the base stations of the NG-RAN 152 may be split into a central unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DUs). A CU may be coupled to one or more DUs via an F1 interface. The CU may handle one or more upper layers in the protocol stack and the DU may handle one or more lower layers in the protocol stack. For example, the CU may handle RRC, PDCP, and SDAP, and the DU may handle RLC, MAC, and PHY. The one or more DUs may be in geographically diverse locations relative to the CU and/or each other. Accordingly, the CU/DU split architecture may permit increased coverage and/or better coordination.

[0053] The gNBs 152A and ng-eNBs 152B may provide different user plane and control plane protocol termination towards the UEs 151. For example, the gNB 154A may provide new radio (NR) protocol terminations over a Uu interface associated with a first protocol stack. The ng-eNBs 152B may provide Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) protocol terminations over a Uu interface associated with a second protocol stack. [0054] The 5G-CN 155 may authenticate UEs 151, set up end-to-end connections between UEs 151 and the one or more DNs 158, and provide charging functionality. The 5G-CN 155 may be based on a service-based architecture, in which the NFs making up the 5G-CN 155 offer services to each other and to other elements of the communication network 150 via interfaces. The 5G-CN 155 may include any number of other NFs and any number of instances of each NF.

[0055] FIG. 2A, FIG.2 B, FIG. 2C, and FIG. 2D illustrate various examples of a framework for a service-based architecture within a core network. In a service-based architecture, a service may be sought by a service consumer and provided by a service producer. Prior to obtaining a particular service, an NF may determine where such as service can be obtained. To discover a service, the NF may communicate with a network repository function (NRF). As an example, an NF that provides one or more services may register with a network repository function (NRF). The NRF may store data relating to the one or more services that the NF is prepared to provide to other NFs in the service-based architecture. A consumer NF may query the NRF to discover a producer NF (for example, by obtaining from the NRF a list of NF instances that provide a particular service).

[0056] In the example of FIG. 2A, an NF 211 (a consumer NF in this example) may send a request 221 to an NF 212 (a producer NF). The request 221 may be a request for a particular service and may be sent based on a discovery that NF 212 is a producer of that service. The request 221 may comprise data relating to NF 211 and/or the requested service. The NF 212 may receive request 221, perform one or more actions associated with the requested service (e.g., retrieving data), and provide a response 221. The one or more actions performed by the NF 212 may be based on request data included in the request 221 , data stored by NF 212, and/or data retrieved by NF 212. The response 222 may notify NF 211 that the one or more actions have been completed. The response 222 may comprise response data relating to NF 212, the one or more actions, and/or the requested service.

[0057] In the example of FIG. 2B, an NF 231 sends a request 241 to an NF 232. In this example, part of the service produced by NF 232 is to send a request 242 to an NF 233. The NF 233 may perform one or more actions and provide a response 243 to NF 232. Based on response 243, NF 232 may send a response 244 to NF 231. It will be understood from FIG. 2B that a single NF may perform the role of producer of services, consumer of services, or both. A particular NF service may include any number of nested NF services produced by one or more other NFs.

[0058] FIG. 2C illustrates examples of subscribe-notify interactions between a consumer NF and a producer NF. In FIG. 2C, an NF 251 sends a subscription 261 to an NF 252. An NF 253 sends a subscription 262 to the NF 252. Two NFs are shown in FIG. 20 for illustrative purposes (to demonstrate that the NF 252 may provide multiple subscription services to different NFs), but it will be understood that a subscribe-notify interaction only requires one subscriber. The NFs 251, 253 may be independent from one another. For example, the NFs 251, 253 may independently discover NF 252 and/or independently determine to subscribe to the service offered by NF 252. In response to receipt of a subscription, the NF 252 may provide a notification to the subscribing NF. For example, NF 252 may send a notification 263 to NF 251 based on subscription 261 and may send a notification 264 to NF 253 based on subscription 262.

[0059] As shown in the example illustration of FIG. 2C, the sending of the notifications 263, 264 may be based on a determination that a condition has occurred. For example, the notifications 263, 264 may be based on a determination that a particular event has occurred, a determination that a particular condition is outstanding, and/or a determination that a duration of time associated with the subscription has elapsed (for example, a period associated with a subscription for periodic notifications). As shown in the example illustration of FIG. 2C, NF 252 may send notifications 263, 264 to NFs 251, 253 simultaneously and/or in response to the same condition. However, it will be understood that the NF 252 may provide notifications at different times and/or in response to different notification conditions. In an example, the NF 251 may request a notification when a certain parameter, as measured by the NF 252, exceeds a first threshold, and the NF 252 may request a notification when the parameter exceeds a second threshold different from the first threshold. In an example, a parameter of interest and/or a corresponding threshold may be indicated in the subscriptions 261, 262.

[0060] FIG. 2D illustrates another example of a subscribe-notify interaction. In FIG. 2D, an NF 271 sends a subscription 281 to an NF 272. In response to receipt of subscription 281 and/or a determination that a notification condition has occurred, NF 272 may send a notification 284. The notification 284 may be sent to an NF 273. Unlike the example in FIG. 2C (in which a notification is sent to the subscribing NF), FIG. 2D demonstrates that a subscription and its corresponding notification may be associated with different NFs. For example, NF 271 may subscribe to the service provided by NF 272 on behalf of NF 273.

[0061] FIG. 3 illustrates another example communication network 300 in which embodiments of the present disclosure maybe implemented. Communication network 300 includes a user equipment (UE) 301, an access network (AN) 302, and a data network (DN) 308. The remaining elements depicted in FIG. 3 may be included in and/or associated with a core network. Each element of the core network may be referred to as a network function (NF). [0062] The NFs depicted in FIG. 3 include a user plane function (UPF) 305, an access and mobility management function (AMF) 312, a session management function (SMF) 314, a policy control function (PCF) 320, a network repository function (NRF) 330, a network exposure function (NEF) 340, a unified data management (UDM) 350, an authentication server function (AUSF) 360, a network slice selection function (NSSF) 370, a charging function (CHF) 380, a network data analytics function (NWDAF) 390, and an application function (AF) 399. The UPF 305 may be a user-plane core network function, whereas the NFs 312, 314, and 320-390 may be control-plane core network functions. Although not shown in the example of FIG. 3, the core network may include additional instances of any of the NFs depicted and/or one or more different NF types that provide different services. Other examples of NF type include a gateway mobile location center (GMLC), a location management function (LMF), an operations, administration, and maintenance function (OAM), a public warning system (PWS), a short message service function (SMSF), a unified data repository (UDR), and an unstructured data storage function (UDSF).

[0063] Each element depicted in FIG. 3 has an interface with at least one other element. The interface may be a logical connection rather than, for example, a direct physical connection. Any interface may be identified using a reference point representation and/or a service-based representation. In a reference point representation, the letter ‘N’ is followed by a numeral, indicating an interface between two specific elements. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, AN 302 and UPF 305 interface via ‘N3’, whereas UPF 305 and DN 308 interface via 'N6'. By contrast, in a service-based representation, the letter 'N' is followed by letters. The letters identify an NF that provides services to the core network. For example, PCF 320 may provide services via interface 'Npcf. The PCF 320 may provide services to any NF in the core network via 'Npcf. Accordingly, a service-based representation may correspond to a bundle of reference point representations. For example, the Npcf interface between PCF 320 and the core network generally may correspond to an N7 interface between PCF 320 and SMF 314, an N30 interface between PCF 320 and NEF 340, etc.

[0064] The UPF 305 may serve as a gateway for user plane traffic between AN 302 and DN 308. The UE 301 may connect to UPF 305 via a Uu interface and an N3 interface (also described as NG-U interface). The UPF 305 may connect to DN 308 via an N6 interface. The UPF 305 may connect to one or more other UPFs (not shown) via an N9 interface. The UE 301 may be configured to receive services through a protocol data unit (PDU) session, which is a logical connection between UE 301 and DN 308. The UPF 305 (or a plurality of UPFs if desired) may be selected by SMF 314 to handle a particular PDU session between UE 301 and DN 308. The SMF 314 may control the functions of UPF 305 with respect to the PDU session. The SMF 314 may connect to UPF 305 via an N4 interface. The UPF 305 may handle any number of PDU sessions associated with any number of UEs (via any number of ANs). For purposes of handling the one or more PDU sessions, UPF 305 may be controlled by any number of SMFs via any number of corresponding N4 interfaces.

[0065] The AMF 312 depicted in FIG. 3 may control UE access to the core network. The UE 301 may register with the network via AMF 312. It may be necessary for UE 301 to register prior to establishing a PDU session. The AMF 312 may manage a registration area of UE 301, enabling the network to track the physical location of UE 301 within the network. For a UE in connected mode, AMF 312 may manage UE mobility, for example, handovers from one AN or portion thereof to another. For a UE in idle mode, AMF 312 may perform registration updates and/or page the UE to transition the UE to connected mode.

[0066] The AMF 312 may receive, from UE 301 , non-access stratum (NAS) messages transmitted in accordance with NAS protocol. NAS messages relate to communications between UE 301 and the core network. Although NAS messages maybe relayed to AMF 312 via AN 302, they may be described as communications via the N1 interface. NAS messages may facilitate UE registration and mobility management, for example, by authenticating, identifying, configuring, and/or managing a connection of UE 301. NAS messages may support session management procedures for maintaining user plane connectivity and quality of service (QoS) of a session between UE 301 and DN 309. If the NAS message involves session management, AMF 312 may send the NAS message to SMF 314. NAS messages may be used to transport messages between UE 301 and other components of the core network (e.g., core network components other than AMF 312 and SMF 314). The AMF 312 may act on a particular NAS message itself, or alternatively, forward the NAS message to an appropriate core network function (e.g., SMF 314, etc.)

[0067] The SMF 314 depicted in FIG. 3 may establish, modify, and/or release a PDU session based on messaging received UE 301. The SMF 314 may allocate, manage, and/or assign an IP address to UE 301, for example, upon establishment of a PDU session. There may be multiple SMFs in the network, each of which may be associated with a respective group of wireless devices, base stations, and/or UPFs. A UE with multiple PDU sessions may be associated with a different SMF for each PDU session. As noted above, SMF 314 may select one or more UPFs to handle a PDU session and may control the handling of the PDU session by the selected UPF by providing rules for packet handling (PDR, FAR, QER, etc.). Rules relating to QoS and/or charging for a particular PDU session may be obtained from PCF 320 and provided to UPF 305.

[0068] The PCF 320 may provide, to other NFs, services relating to policy rules. The PCF 320 may use subscription data and information about network conditions to determine policy rules and then provide the policy rules to a particular NF which may be responsible for enforcement of those rules. Policy rules may relate to policy control for access and mobility, and may be enforced by the AMF. Policy rules may relate to session management, and may be enforced by the SMF 314. Policy rules may be, for example, network-specific, wireless device-specific, session-specific, or data flow-specific.

[0069] The NRF 330 may provide service discovery. The NRF 330 may belong to a particular PLMN. The NRF 330 may maintain NF profiles relating to other NFs in the communication network 300. The NF profile may include, for example, an address, PLMN, and/or type of the NF, a slice identifier, a list of the one or more services provided by the NF, and the authorization required to access the services.

[0070] The NEF 340 depicted in FIG. 3 may provide an interface to external domains, permitting external domains to selectively access the control plane of the communication network 300. The external domain may comprise, for example, third-party network functions, application functions, etc. The NEF 340 may act as a proxy between external elements and network functions such as AMF 312, SMF 314, PCF 320, UDM 350, etc. As an example, NEF 340 may determine a location or reachability status of UE 301 based on reports from AMF 312, and provide status information to an external element. As an example, an external element may provide, via NEF 340, information that facilitates the setting of parameters for establishment of a PDU session. The NEF 340 may determine which data and capabilities of the control plane are exposed to the external domain. The NEF 340 may provide secure exposure that authenticates and/or authorizes an external entity to which data or capabilities of the communication network 300 are exposed. The NEF 340 may selectively control the exposure such that the internal architecture of the core network is hidden from the external domain.

[0071] The UDM 350 may provide data storage for other NFs. The UDM 350 may permit a consolidated view of network information that may be used to ensure that the most relevant information can be made available to different NFs from a single resource. The UDM 350 may store and/or retrieve information from a unified data repository (UDR). For example, UDM 350 may obtain user subscription data relating to UE 301 from the UDR.

[0072] The AUSF 360 may support mutual authentication of UE 301 by the core network and authentication of the core network by UE 301. The AUSF 360 may perform key agreement procedures and provide keying material that can be used to improve security.

[0073] The NSSF 370 may select one or more network slices to be used by the UE 301. The NSSF 370 may select a slice based on slice selection information. For example, the NSSF 370 may receive Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI) and map the S-NSSAI to a network slice instance identifier (NSI).

[0074] The CHF 380 may control billing-related tasks associated with LIE 301. For example, UPF 305 may report traffic usage associated with LIE 301 to SMF 314. The SMF 314 may collect usage data from UPF 305 and one or more other UPFs. The usage data may indicate how much data is exchanged, what DN the data is exchanged with, a network slice associated with the data, or any other information that may influence billing. The SMF 314 may share the collected usage data with the CHF. The CHF may use the collected usage data to perform billing-related tasks associated with UE 301. The CHF may, depending on the billing status of UE 301, instruct SMF 314 to limit or influence access of UE 301 and/or to provide billing-related notifications to UE 301.

[0075] The NWDAF 390 may collect and analyze data from other network functions and offer data analysis services to other network functions. As an example, NWDAF 390 may collect data relating to a load level for a particular network slice instance from UPF 305, AMF 312, and/or SMF 314. Based on the collected data, NWDAF 390 may provide load level data to the PCF 320 and/or NSSF 370, and/or notify the PC220 and/or NSSF 370 if load level for a slice reaches and/or exceeds a load level threshold.

[0076] The AF 399 may be outside the core network, but may interact with the core network to provide information relating to the QoS requirements or traffic routing preferences associated with a particular application. The AF 399 may access the core network based on the exposure constraints imposed by the NEF 340. However, an operator of the core network may consider the AF 399 to be a trusted domain that can access the network directly.

[0077] FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5 illustrate other examples of core network architectures that are analogous in some respects to the core network architecture 300 depicted in FIG. 3. For conciseness, some of the core network elements depicted in FIG. 3 are omitted. Many of the elements depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5 are analogous in some respects to elements depicted in FIG. 3. For conciseness, some of the details relating to their functions or operation are omitted. [0078] FIG. 4A illustrates an example of a core network architecture 400A comprising an arrangement of multiple UPFs. Core network architecture 400A includes a UE 401, an AN 402, an AMF 412, and an SMF 414. Unlike previous examples of core network architectures described above, FIG. 4A depicts multiple UPFs, including a UPF 405, a UPF 406, and a UPF 407, and multiple DNs, including a DN 408 and a DN 409. Each of the multiple UPFs 405, 406, 407 may communicate with the SMF 414 via an N4 interface. The DNs 408, 409 communicate with the UPFs 405, 406, respectively, via N6 interfaces. As shown in FIG. 4A, the multiple UPFs 405, 406, 407 may communicate with one another via N9 interfaces.

[0079] The UPFs 405, 406, 407 may perform traffic detection, in which the UPFs identify and/or classify packets. Packet identification may be performed based on packet detection rules (PDR) provided by the SMF 414. A PDR may include packet detection information comprising one or more of: a source interface, a UE IP address, core network (CN) tunnel information (e.g., a CN address of an N3/N9 tunnel corresponding to a PDU session), a network instance identifier, a quality of service flow identifier (QFI), a filter set (for example, an IP packet filter set or an ethernet packet filter set), and/or an application identifier.

[0080] In addition to indicating how a particular packet is to be detected, a PDR may further indicate rules for handling the packet upon detection thereof. The rules may include, for example, forwarding action rules (FARs), multiaccess rules (MARs), usage reporting rules (URRs), QoS enforcement rules (QERs), etc. For example, the PDRmay comprise one or more FAR identifiers, MAR identifiers, LIRR identifiers, and/or QER identifiers. These identifiers may indicate the rules that are prescribed for the handling of a particular detected packet.

[0081] The UPF 405 may perform traffic forwarding in accordance with a FAR. For example, the FAR may indicate that a packet associated with a particular PDR is to be forwarded, duplicated, dropped, and/or buffered. The FAR may indicate a destination interface, for example, "access” for downlink or "core” for uplink. If a packet is to be buffered, the FAR may indicate a buffering action rule (BAR). As an example, UPF 405 may perform data buffering of a certain number downlink packets if a PDU session is deactivated.

[0082] The UPF 405 may perform QoS enforcement in accordance with a QER. For example, the QER may indicate a guaranteed bitrate that is authorized and/or a maximum bitrate to be enforced for a packet associated with a particular PDR. The QER may indicate that a particular guaranteed and/or maximum bitrate may be for uplink packets and/or downlink packets. The UPF 405 may mark packets belonging to a particular QoS flow with a corresponding QFI. The marking may enable a recipient of the packet to determine a QoS of the packet.

[0083] The UPF 405 may provide usage reports to the SMF 414 in accordance with a URR. The URR may indicate one or more triggering conditions for generation and reporting of the usage report, for example, immediate reporting, periodic reporting, a threshold for incoming uplink traffic, or any other suitable triggering condition. The URR may indicate a method for measuring usage of network resources, for example, data volume, duration, and/or event.

[0084] As noted above, the DNs 408, 409 may comprise public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs (e.g., private, internal corporate-owned DNs), and/or intra-operator DNs. Each DN may provide an operator service and/or a third- party service. The service provided by a DN may be the Internet, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), an augmented or virtual reality network, an edge computing or mobile edge computing (MEC) network, etc. Each DN may be identified using a data network name (DNN). The UE 401 may be configured to establish a first logical connection with DN 408 (a first PDU session), a second logical connection with DN 409 (a second PDU session), or both simultaneously (first and second PDU sessions).

[0085] Each PDU session may be associated with at least one UPF configured to operate as a PDU session anchor (PSA, or "anchor”). The anchor may be a UPF that provides an N6 interface with a DN.

[0086] In the example of FIG. 4A, UPF 405 may be the anchor for the first PDU session between UE 401 and DN 408, whereas the UPF 406 may be the anchor for the second PDU session between UE 401 and DN 409. The core network may use the anchor to provide service continuity of a particular PDU session (for example, IP address continuity) as UE 401 moves from one access network to another. For example, suppose that UE 401 establishes a PDU session using a data path to the DN 408 using an access network other than AN 402. The data path may include UPF 405 acting as anchor. Suppose further that the UE 401 later moves into the coverage area of the AN 402. In such a scenario, SMF 414 may select a new UPF (UPF 407) to bridge the gap between the newly-entered access network (AN 402) and the anchor UPF (UPF 405). The continuity of the PDU session may be preserved as any number of UPFs are added or removed from the data path. When a U PF is added to a data path, as shown in FIG. 4A, it may be described as an intermediate UPF and/or a cascaded UPF.

[0087] As noted above, UPF 406 may be the anchor for the second PDU session between UE 401 and DN 409. Although the anchor for the first and second PDU sessions are associated with different UPFs in FIG. 4A, it will be understood that this is merely an example. It will also be understood that multiple PDU sessions with a single DN may correspond to any number of anchors. When there are multiple UPFs, a UPF at the branching point (UPF 407 in FIG. 4) may operate as an uplink classifier (UL-CL). The UL-CL may divert uplink user plane traffic to different UPFs.

[0088] The SMF 414 may allocate, manage, and/or assign an IP address to UE 401, for example, upon establishment of a PDU session. The SMF 414 may maintain an internal pool of IP addresses to be assigned. The SMF 414 may, if necessary, assign an IP address provided by a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server or an authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) server. IP address management may be performed in accordance with a session and service continuity (SSC) mode. In SSC mode 1, an IP address of UE 401 may be maintained (and the same anchor UPF may be used) as the wireless device moves within the network. In SSC mode 2, the IP address of UE 401 changes as UE 401 moves within the network (e.g., the old IP address and UPF may be abandoned and a new IP address and anchor UPF may be established). In SSC mode 3, it may be possible to maintain an old IP address (similar to SSC mode 1) temporarily while establishing a new IP address (similar to SSC mode 2), thus combining features of SSC modes 1 and 2. Applications that are sensitive to IP address changes may operate in accordance with SSC mode 1.

[0089] UPF selection may be controlled by SMF 414. For example, upon establishment and/or modification of a PDU session between UE 401 and DN 408, SMF 414 may select UPF 405 as the anchor for the PDU session and/or UPF 407 as an intermediate UPF. Criteria for UPF selection include path efficiency and/or speed between AN 402 and DN 408. The reliability, load status, location, slice support and/or other capabilities of candidate UPFs may also be considered.

[0090] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of a core network architecture 400B that accommodates untrusted access. Similar to FIG. 4A, UE 401 as depicted in FIG. 4B connects to DN 408 via AN 402 and UPF 405. The AN 402 and UPF 405 constitute trusted (e.g., 3GPP) access to the DN 408. By contrast, UE 401 may also access DN 408 using an untrusted access network, AN 403, and a non-3GPP interworking function (N3IWF) 404.

[0091] The AN 403 may be, for example, a wireless land area network (WLAN) operating in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 standard. The UE 401 may connect to AN 403, via an interface Y1, in whatever manner is prescribed for AN 403. The connection to AN 403 may or may not involve authentication. The UE 401 may obtain an IP address from AN 403. The UE 401 may determine to connect to core network 400B and select untrusted access for that purpose. The AN 403 may communicate with N3IWF 404 via a Y2 interface. After selecting untrusted access, the UE 401 may provide N3IWF 404 with sufficient information to select an AMF. The selected AMF may be, for example, the same AMF that is used by UE 401 for 3GPP access (AMF 412 in the present example). The N3IWF 404 may communicate with AMF 412 via an N2 interface. The UPF 405 may be selected and N3IWF 404 may communicate with UPF 405 via an N3 interface. The UPF 405 may be a PDU session anchor (PSA) and may remain the anchor for the PDU session even as UE 401 shifts between trusted access and untrusted access.

[0092] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a core network architecture 500 in which a UE 501 is in a roaming scenario. In a roaming scenario, UE 501 is a subscriberof a first PLMN (a home PLMN, or HPLMN) but attaches to a second PLMN (a visited PLMN, or VPLMN). Core network architecture 500 includes UE 501, an AN 502, a UPF 505, and a DN 508. The AN 502 and UPF 505 may be associated with a VPLMN. The VPLMN may manage the AN 502 and UPF 505 using core network elements associated with the VPLMN, including an AMF 512, an SMF 514, a PCF 520, an NRF 530, an NEF 540, and an NSSF 570. An AF 599 may be adjacent the core network of the VPLMN.

[0093] The UE 501 may not be a subscriber of the VPLMN. The AMF 512 may authorize UE 501 to access the network based on, for example, roaming restrictions that apply to UE 501. In order to obtain network services provided by the VPLMN, it may be necessary for the core network of the VPLMN to interact with core network elements of a HPLMN of UE 501 , in particular, a PCF 521 , an NRF 531 , an NEF 541, a UDM 551 , and/or an AUSF 561. The VPLMN and HPLMN may communicate using an N32 interface connecting respective security edge protection proxies (SEPPs). In FIG. 5, the respective SEPPs are depicted as a VSEPP 590 and an HSEPP 591.

[0094] The VSEPP 590 and the HSEPP 591 communicate via an N32 interface for defined purposes while concealing information about each PLMN from the other. The SEPPs may apply roaming policies based on communications via the N32 interface. The PCF 520 and PCF 521 may communicate via the SEPPs to exchange policy-related signaling. The NRF 530 and NRF 531 may communicate via the SEPPs to enable service discovery of NFs in the respective PLMNs. The VPLMN and HPLMN may independently maintain NEF 540 and NEF 541. The NSSF 570 and NSSF 571 may communicate via the SEPPs to coordinate slice selection for UE 501. The HPLMN may handle all authentication and subscription related signaling. For example, when the UE 501 registers or requests service via the VPLMN, the VPLMN may authenticate UE 501 and/or obtain subscription data of UE 501 by accessing, via the SEPPs, the UDM 551 and AUSF 561 of the HPLMN.

[0095] The core network architecture 500 depicted in FIG. 5 may be referred to as a local breakout configuration, in which UE 501 accesses DN 508 using one or more UPFs of the VPLMN (i.e., UPF 505). However, other configurations are possible. For example, in a home-routed configuration (not shown in FIG. 5), UE 501 may access a DN using one or more UPFs of the HPLMN. In the home-routed configuration, an N9 interface may run parallel to the N32 interface, crossing the frontier between the VPLMN and the HPLMN to carry user plane data. One or more SMFs of the respective PLMNs may communicate via the N32 interface to coordinate session management for UE 501. The SMFs may control their respective UPFs on either side of the frontier.

[0096] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of network slicing. Network slicing may refer to division of shared infrastructure (e.g., physical infrastructure) into distinct logical networks. These distinct logical networks may be independently controlled, isolated from one another, and/or associated with dedicated resources.

[0097] Network architecture 600A illustrates an un-sliced physical network corresponding to a single logical network. The network architecture 600A comprises a user plane wherein UEs 601A, 601 B, 601C (collectively, UEs 601) have a physical and logical connection to a DN 608 via an AN 602 and a U PF 605. The network architecture 600A comprises a control plane wherein an AMF 612 and a SMF 614 control various aspects of the user plane.

[0098] The network architecture 600A may have a specific set of characteristics (e.g., relating to maximum bit rate, reliability, latency, bandwidth usage, power consumption, etc.). This set of characteristics may be affected by the nature of the network elements themselves (e.g., processing power, availability of free memory, proximity to other network elements, etc.) or the management thereof (e.g., optimized to maximize bit rate or reliability, reduce latency or power bandwidth usage, etc.). The characteristics of network architecture 600A may change over time, for example, by upgrading equipment or by modifying procedures to target a particular characteristic. However, at any given time, network architecture 600A will have a single set of characteristics that may or may not be optimized for a particular use case. For example, UEs 601A, 601 B, 601C may have different requirements, but network architecture 600A can only be optimized for one of the three.

[0099] Network architecture 600B is an example of a sliced physical network divided into multiple logical networks. In FIG. 6, the physical network is divided into three logical networks, referred to as slice A, slice B, and slice C. For example, UE 601 A maybe served by AN 602A, UPF 605A, AMF 612, and SMF 614A. UE 601B may be served by AN 602B, UPF 605B, AMF 612, and SMF 614B. UE 601C may be served by AN 602C, UPF 605C, AMF 612, and SMF 614C. Although the respective UEs 601 communicate with different network elements from a logical perspective, these network elements may be deployed by a network operator using the same physical network elements.

[0100] Each network slice may be tailored to network services having different sets of characteristics. For example, slice A may correspond to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) service. Mobile broadband may refer to internet access by mobile users, commonly associated with smartphones. Slice B may correspond to ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), which focuses on reliability and speed. Relative to eMBB, URLLC may improve the feasibility of use cases such as autonomous driving and telesurgery. Slice C may correspond to massive machine type communication (mMTC), which focuses on low-power services delivered to a large number of users. For example, slice C may be optimized for a dense network of battery-powered sensors that provide small amounts of data at regular intervals. Many mMTC use cases would be prohibitively expensive if they operated using an eMBB or URLLC network. [0101] If the service requirements for one of the UEs 601 changes, then the network slice serving that UE can be updated to provide better service. Moreover, the set of network characteristics corresponding to eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC may be varied, such that differentiated species of eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC are provided. Alternatively, network operators may provide entirely new services in response to, for example, customer demand.

[0102] In FIG. 6, each of the UEs 601 has its own network slice. However, it will be understood that a single slice may serve any number of UEs and a single UE may operate using any number of slices. Moreover, in the example network architecture 600B, the AN 602, UPF 605 and SMF 614 are separated into three separate slices, whereas the AMF 612 is unsliced. However, it will be understood that a network operator may deploy any architecture that selectively utilizes any mix of sliced and unsliced network elements, with different network elements divided into different numbers of slices. Although FIG.6 only depicts three core network functions, it will be understood that other core network functions may be sliced as well. A PLM N that supports multiple network slices may maintain a separate network repository function (NFR) for each slice, enabling other NFs to discover network services associated with that slice.

[0103] Network slice selection may be controlled by an AM F, or alternatively, by a separate network slice selection function (NSSF). For example, a network operator may define and implement distinct network slice instances (NSIs). Each NSI may be associated with single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI). The S-NSSAI may include a particular slice/service type (SST) indicator (indicating eMBB, URLLC, mMTC, etc.), as an example, a particular tracking area may be associated with one or more configured S-NSSAIs. UEs may identify one or more requested and/or subscribed S-NSSAIs (e.g, during registration). The network may indicate to the UE one or more allowed and/or rejected S-NSSAIs.

[0104] The S-NSSAI may further include a slice differentiator (SD) to distinguish between different tenants of a particular slice and/or service type. For example, a tenant may be a customer (e.g., vehicle manufacture, service provider, etc.) of a network operator that obtains (for example, purchases) guaranteed network resources and/or specific policies for handling its subscribers. The network operator may configure different slices and/or slice types, and use the SD to determine which tenant is associated with a particular slice.

[0105] FIG. 7A, FIG.7B, and FIG. 7C illustrate a user plane (UP) protocol stack, a control plane (CP) protocol stack, and services provided between protocol layers of the UP protocol stack.

[0106] The layers may be associated with an open system interconnection (OSI) model of computer networking functionality. In the OSI model, layer 1 may correspond to the bottom layer, with higher layers on top of the bottom layer. Layer 1 may correspond to a physical layer, which is concerned with the physical infrastructure used for transfer of signals (for example, cables, fiber optics, and/or radio frequency transceivers). In New Radio (NR), layer 1 may comprise a physical layer (PHY). Layer 2 may correspond to a data link layer. Layer 2 may be concerned with packaging of data (into, e.g, data frames) for transfer, between nodes of the network, using the physical infrastructure of layer 1. In NR, layer 2 may comprise a media access control layer (MAC), a radio link control layer (RLC), a packet data convergence layer (PDCP), and a service data application protocol layer (SDAP).

[0107] Layer 3 may correspond to a network layer. Layer 3 may be concerned with routing of the data which has been packaged in layer 2. Layer 3 may handle prioritization of data and traffic avoidance. In NR, layer 3 may comprise a radio resource control layer (RRC) and a non-access stratum layer (NAS). Layers 4 through 7 may correspond to a transport layer, a session layer, a presentation layer, and an application layer. The application layer interacts with an end user to provide data associated with an application. In an example, an end user implementing the application may generate data associated with the application and initiate sending of that information to a targeted data network (e.g, the Internet, an application server, etc.). Starting at the application layer, each layer in the OSI model may manipulate and/or repackage the information and deliver it to a lower layer. At the lowest layer, the manipulated and/or repackaged information may be exchanged via physical infrastructure (for example, electrically, optically, and/or electromagnetically) . As it approaches the targeted data network, the information will be unpackaged and provided to higher and higher layers, until it once again reaches the application layer in a form that is usable by the targeted data network (e.g, the same form in which it was provided by the end user). To respond to the end user, the data network may perform this procedure in reverse.

[0108] FIG. 7A illustrates a user plane protocol stack. The user plane protocol stack may be a new radio (NR) protocol stack for a llu interface between a LIE 701 and a gNB 702. In layer 1 of the UP protocol stack, the UE 701 may implement PHY 731 and the gNB 702 may implement PHY 732. In layer 2 of the UP protocol stack, the UE 701 may implement MAC 741, RLC 751, PDCP 761, and SDAP 771. The gNB 702 may implement MAC 742, RLC 752, PDCP 762, and SDAP 772.

[0109] FIG. 7B illustrates a control plane protocol stack. The control plane protocol stack may be an NR protocol stack for the Uu interface between the UE 701 and the gNB 702 and/or an N1 interface between the UE 701 and an AMF 712. In layer 1 of the CP protocol stack, the UE 701 may implement PHY 731 and the gNB 702 may implement PHY 732. In layer 2 of the CP protocol stack, the UE 701 may implement MAC 741, RLC 751, PDCP 761, RRC 781, and NAS 791. The gNB 702 may implement MAC 742, RLC 752, PDCP 762, and RRC 782. The AMF 712 may implement NAS 792.

[0110] The NAS may be concerned with the non-access stratum, in particular, communication between the UE 701 and the core network (e.g., the AMF 712). Lower layers may be concerned with the access stratum, for example, communication between the UE 701 and the gNB 702. Messages sent between the UE 701 and the core network may be referred to as NAS messages. In an example, a NAS message may be relayed by the gNB 702, but the content of the NAS message (e.g., information elements of the NAS message) may not be visible to the gNB 702.

[0111] FIG. 7C illustrates an example of services provided between protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack illustrated in FIG. 7A. The UE 701 may receive services through a PDU session, which may be a logical connection between the UE 701 and a data network (DN). The UE 701 and the DN may exchange data packets associated with the PDU session. The PDU session may comprise one or more quality of service (QoS) flows. SDAP 771 and SDAP 772 may perform mapping and/or demapping between the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session and one or more radio bearers (e.g., data radio bearers). The mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers may be determined in the SDAP 772 by the gNB 702, and the UE 701 may be notified of the mapping (e.g., based on control signaling and/or reflective mapping). For reflective mapping, the SDAP 772 of the gNB 220 may mark downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI) and deliver the downlink packets to the UE 701. The UE 701 may determine the mapping based on the QFI of the downlink packets.

[0112] PDCP 761 and PDCP 762 may perform header compression and/or decompression. Header compression may reduce the amount of data transmitted over the physical layer. The PDCP 761 and PDCP 762 may perform ciphering and/or deciphering. Ciphering may reduce unauthorized decoding of data transmitted over the physical layer (e.g., intercepted on an air interface), and protect data integrity (e.g, to ensure control messages originate from intended sources). The PDCP 761 and PDCP 762 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequence delivery and reordering of packets, duplication of packets, and/or identification and removal of duplicate packets. In a dual connectivity scenario, PDCP 761 and PDCP 762 may perform mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels.

[0113] RLC 751 and RLC 752 may perform segmentation, retransmission through Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). The RLC 751 and RLC 752 may perform removal of duplicate data units received from MAC 741 and MAC 742, respectively. The RLCs 213 and 223 may provide RLC channels as a service to PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively. [0114] MAC 741 and MAC 742 may perform multiplexing and/or demultiplexing of logical channels. MAC 741 and MAC 742 may map logical channels to transport channels. In an example, UE 701 may, in MAC 741, multiplex data units of one or more logical channels into a transport block. The UE 701 may transmit the transport block to the gNB 702 using PHY 731. The gNB 702 may receive the transport block using PHY 732 and demultiplex data units of the transport blocks back into logical channels. MAC 741 and MAC 742 may perform error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), logical channel prioritization, and/or padding.

[0115] PHY 731 and PHY 732 may perform mapping of transport channels to physical channels. PHY 731 and PHY 732 may perform digital and analog signal processing functions (e.g., coding/decoding and modulation/demodulation) for sending and receiving information (e.g., transmission via an air interface). PHY 731 and PHY 732 may perform multi-antenna mapping.

[0116] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a quality of service (QoS) model for differentiated data exchange. In the QoS model of FIG. 8, there are a UE 801, a AN 802, and a UPF 805. The QoS model facilitates prioritization of certain packet or protocol data units (PDUs), also referred to as packets. For example, higher-priority packets may be exchanged faster and/or more reliably than lower-priority packets. The network may devote more resources to exchange of high-QoS packets.

[0117] In the example of FIG. 8, a PDU session 810 is established between UE 801 and UPF 805. The PDU session 810 may be a logical connection enabling the UE 801 to exchange data with a particular data network (for example, the Internet). The UE 801 may request establishment of the PDU session 810. At the time that the PDU session 810 is established, the UE 801 may, for example, identify the targeted data network based on its data network name (DNN). The PDU session 810 may be managed, for example, by a session management function (SMF, not shown). In order to facilitate exchange of data associated with the PDU session 810, between the UE 801 and the data network, the SMF may select the UPF 805 (and optionally, one or more other UPFs, not shown).

[0118] One or more applications associated with UE 801 may generate uplink packets 812A-812E associated with the PDU session 810. In order to work within the QoS model, UE 801 may apply QoS rules 814 to uplink packets 812A- 812E. The QoS rules 814 may be associated with PDU session 810 and may be determined and/or provided to the UE 801 when PDU session 810 is established and/or modified. Based on QoS rules 814, UE 801 may classify uplink packets 812A-812E, map each of the uplink packets 812A-812E to a QoS flow, and/or mark uplink packets 812A-812E with a QoS flow indicator (QFI). As a packet travels through the network, and potentially mixes with other packets from other UEs having potentially different priorities, the QFI indicates how the packet should be handled in accordance with the QoS model. In the present illustration, uplink packets 812A, 812B are mapped to QoS flow 816A, uplink packet 812C is mapped to QoS flow 816B, and the remaining packets are mapped to QoS flow 816C.

[0119] The QoS flows may be the finest granularity of QoS differentiation in a PDU session. In the figure, three QoS flows 816A-816C are illustrated. However, it will be understood that there may be any number of QoS flows. Some QoS flows may be associated with a guaranteed bit rate (GBR QoS flows) and others may have bit rates that are not guaranteed (non-GBR QoS flows). QoS flows may also be subject to per-UE and per-session aggregate bit rates. One of the QoS flows may be a default QoS flow. The QoS flows may have different priorities. For example, QoS flow 816A may have a higher priority than QoS flow 816B, which may have a higher priority than QoS flow 816C. Different priorities may be reflected by different QoS flow characteristics. For example, QoS flows may be associated with flow bit rates. A particular QoS flow may be associated with a guaranteed flow bit rate (GFBR) and/or a maximum flow bit rate (MFBR). QoS flows may be associated with specific packet delay budgets (PDBs), packet error rates (PERs), and/or maximum packet loss rates. QoS flows may also be subject to per-UE and per-session aggregate bit rates.

[0120] In order to work within the QoS model, UE 801 may apply resource mapping rules 818 to the QoS flows 816A- 816C. The air interface between UE 801 and AN 802 may be associated with resources 820. In the present illustration, QoS flow 816A is mapped to resource 820A, whereas QoS flows 816B, 816C are mapped to resource 820B. The resource mapping rules 818 may be provided by the AN 802. In order to meet QoS requirements, the resource mapping rules 818 may designate more resources for relatively high-priority QoS flows. With more resources, a high- priority QoS flow such as QoS flow 816A may be more likely to obtain the high flow bit rate, low packet delay budget, or other characteristic associated with QoS rules 814. The resources 820 may comprise, for example, radio bearers. The radio bearers (e.g., data radio bearers) may be established between the UE 801 and the AN 802. The radio bearers in 5G, between the UE 801 and the AN 802, may be distinct from bearers in LTE, for example, Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearers between a UE and a packet data network gateway (PGW), S1 bearers between an eNB and a serving gateway (SGW), and/or an S5/S8 bearer between an SGW and a PGW.

[0121] Once a packet associated with a particular QoS flow is received at AN 802 via resource 820A or resource 820B, AN 802 may separate packets into respective QoS flows 856A-856C based on QoS profiles 828. The QoS profiles 828 may be received from an SMF. Each QoS profile may correspond to a QFI, for example, the QFI marked on the uplink packets 812A-812E. Each QoS profile may include QoS parameters such as 5G QoS identifier (5QI) and an allocation and retention priority (ARP). The QoS profile for non-GBR QoS flows may further include additional QoS parameters such as a reflective QoS attribute (RQA).The QoS profile for GBR QoS flows may further include additional QoS parameters such as a guaranteed flow bit rate (GFBR), a maximum flow bit rate (MFBR), and/or a maximum packet loss rate. The 5QI may be a standardized 5QI which have one-to-one mapping to a standardized combination of 5G QoS characteristics per well-known services. The 5QI may be a dynamically assigned 5QI which the standardized 5QI values are not defined. The 5QI may represent 5G QoS characteristics. The 5QI may comprise a resource type, a default priority level, a packet delay budget (PDB), a packet error rate (PER), a maximum data burst volume, and/or an averaging window. The resource type may indicate a non-GBR QoS flow, a GBR QoS flow or a delay-critical GBR QoS flow. The averaging window may represent a duration over which the GFBR and/or MFBR is calculated. ARP may be a priority level comprising pre-emption capability and a pre-emption vulnerability. Based on the ARP, the AN 802 may apply admission control for the QoS flows in a case of resource limitations.

[0122] The AN 802 may select one or more N3 tunnels 850 for transmission of the QoS flows 856A-856C. After the packets are divided into QoS flows 856A-856C, the packet may be sent to LIPF 805 (e.g, towards a DN) via the selected one or more N3 tunnels 850. The UPF 805 may verify that the QFIs of the uplink packets 812A-812E are aligned with the QoS rules 814 provided to the UE 801. The UPF 805 may measure and/or count packets and/or provide packet metrics to, for example, a PCF.

[0123] The figure also illustrates a process for downlink. In particular, one or more applications may generate downlink packets 852A-852E. The UPF 805 may receive downlink packets 852A-852E from one or more DNs and/or one or more other UPFs. As per the QoS model, UPF 805 may apply packet detection rules (PDRs) 854 to downlink packets 852A-852E. Based on PDRs 854, UPF 805 may map packets 852A-852E into QoS flows. In the present illustration, downlink packets 852A, 852B are mapped to QoS flow 856A, downlink packet 852C is mapped to QoS flow 856B, and the remaining packets are mapped to QoS flow 856C.

[0124] The QoS flows 856A-856C may be sent to AN 802. The AN 802 may apply resource mapping rules to the QoS flows 856A-856C. In the present illustration, QoS flow 856A is mapped to resource 820A, whereas QoS flows 856B, 8560 are mapped to resource 820B. In order to meet QoS requirements, the resource mapping rules may designate more resources to high-priority QoS flows.

[0125] FIGS. 9A- 9D illustrate example states and state transitions of a wireless device (e.g., a UE). At any given time, the wireless device may have a radio resource control (RRC) state, a registration management (RM) state, and a connection management (CM) state.

[0126] FIG. 9A is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a wireless device (e.g., a UE). The UE may be in one of three RRC states: RRC idle 910, (e.g, RRC J DLE), RRC inactive 920 (e.g, RRC J NACTIVE), or RRC connected 930 (e.g, RRC .CONNECTED). The UE may implement different RAN-related control-plane procedures depending on its RRC state. Other elements of the network, for example, a base station, may track the RRC state of one or more UEs and implement RAN-related control-plane procedures appropriate to the RRC state of each.

[0127] In RRC connected 930, it may be possible for the UE to exchange data with the network (for example, the base station). The parameters necessary for exchange of data may be established and known to both the UE and the network. The parameters may be referred to and/or included in an RRC context of the UE (sometimes referred to as a UE context). These parameters may include, for example: one or more AS contexts; one or more radio link configuration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g, relating to a data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer, logical channel, QoS flow, and/or PDU session); security information; and/or PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and/or SDAP layer configuration information. The base station with which the UE is connected may store the RRC context of the UE. [0128] While in RRC connected 930, mobility of the UE may be managed by the access network, whereas the UE itself may manage mobility while in RRC idle 910 and/or RRC inactive 920. While in RRC connected 930, the UE may manage mobility by measuring signal levels (e.g, reference signal levels) from a serving cell and neighboring cells and reporting these measurements to the base station currently serving the U E . The network may initiate handover based on the reported measurements. The RRC state may transition from RRC connected 930 to RRC idle 910 through a connection release procedure 930 or to RRC inactive 920 through a connection inactivation procedure 932.

[0129] In RRC idle 910, an RRC context may not be established for the UE. In RRC idle 910, the UE may not have an RRC connection with a base station. While in RRC idle 910, the UE may be in a sleep state for a majority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The UE may wake up periodically (e.g., once in every discontinuous reception cycle) to monitor for paging messages from the access network. Mobility of the UE may be managed by the UE through a procedure known as cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from RRC idle 910 to RRC connected 930 through a connection establishment procedure 913, which may involve a random access procedure, as discussed in greater detail below.

[0130] In RRC inactive 920, the RRC context previously established is maintained in the UE and the base station. This may allow for a fast transition to RRC connected 930 with reduced signaling overhead as compared to the transition from RRC idle 910 to RRC connected 930. The RRC state may transition to RRC connected 930 through a connection resume procedure 923. The RRC state may transition to RRC idle 910 though a connection release procedure 921 that may be the same as or similar to connection release procedure 931.

[0131] An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. In RRC idle 910 and RRC inactive 920, mobility may be managed by the UE through cell reselection. The purpose of mobility management in RRC idle 910 and/or RRC inactive 920 is to allow the network to be able to notify the UE of an event via a paging message without having to broadcast the paging message over the entire mobile communications network. The mobility management mechanism used in RRC idle 910 and/or RRC inactive 920 may allow the network to track the UE on a cel l-g roup level so that the paging message may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the UE currently resides within instead of the entire communication network. Tracking may be based on different granularities of grouping. For example, there may be three levels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within a RAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within a group of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by a tracking area identifier (TAI).

[0132] Tracking areas may be used to track the UE at the CN level. The CN may provide the UE with a list of TAIs associated with a UE registration area. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell associated with a TAI not included in the list of TAIs associated with the UE registration area, the UE may perform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update the UE's location and provide the UE with a new the UE registration area.

[0133] RAN areas may be used to track the UE at the RAN level. For a UE in RRC inactive 920 state, the UE may be assigned a RAN notification area. A RAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities, a list of RAIs, and/or a list of TAIs. In an example, a base station may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. In an example, a cell may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. If the UE moves, through cell reselection, to a cell not included in the RAN notification area assigned to the UE, the UE may perform a notification area update with the RAN to update the UE’s RAN notification area. [0134] A base station storing an RRC context for a UE or a last serving base station of the UE may be referred to as an anchor base station. An anchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the UE at least during a period of time that the UE stays in a RAN notification area of the anchor base station and/or during a period of time that the UE stays in RRC inactive 920.

[0135] FIG. 9B is an example diagram showing registration management (RM) state transitions of a wireless device (e.g, a UE). The states are RM deregistered 940, (e.g, RM-DEREGISTERED) and RM registered 950 (e.g, RM- REGISTERED).

[0136] In RM deregistered 940, the UE is not registered with the network, and the UE is not reachable by the network. In order to be reachable by the network, the UE must perform an initial registration. As an example, the UE may register with an AMF of the network. If registration is rejected (registration reject 944), then the UE remains in RM deregistered 940. If registration is accepted (registration accept 945), then the UE transitions to RM registered 950. While the UE is RM registered 950, the network may store, keep, and/or maintain a UE context for the UE. The UE context may be referred to as wireless device context. The UE context corresponding to network registration (maintained by the core network) may be different from the RRC context corresponding to RRC state (maintained by an access network, .e.g., a base station). The UE context may comprise a UE identifier and a record of various information relating to the UE, for example, UE capability information, policy information for access and mobility management of the UE, lists of allowed or established slices or PDU sessions, and/or a registration area of the UE (i.e, a list of tracking areas covering the geographical area where the wireless device is likely to be found).

[0137] While the UE is RM registered 950, the network may store the UE context of the UE, and if necessary use the UE context to reach the UE. Moreover, some services may not be provided by the network unless the UE is registered. The UE may update its UE context while remaining in RM registered 950 (registration update accept 955). For example, if the UE leaves one tracking area and enters another tracking area, the UE may provide a tracking area identifier to the network. The network may deregister the UE, or the UE may deregister itself (deregistration 954). For example, the network may automatically deregister the wireless device if the wireless device is inactive for a certain amount of time. Upon deregistration, the UE may transition to RM deregistered 940.

[0138] FIG. 9C is an example diagram showing connection management (CM) state transitions of a wireless device (e.g., a UE), shown from a perspective of the wireless device. The UE may be in CM idle 960 (e.g., CM-IDLE) or CM connected 970 (e.g., CM-CONNECTED).

[0139] In CM idle 960, the UE does not have a non access stratum (NAS) signaling connection with the network. As a result, the UE can not communicate with core network functions. The UE may transition to CM connected 970 by establishing an AN signaling connection (AN signaling connection establishment 967). This transition maybe initiated by sending an initial NAS message. The initial NAS message may be a registration request (e.g, if the UE is RM deregistered 940) or a service request (e.g, if the UE is RM registered 950). If the UE is RM registered 950, then the UE may initiate the AN signaling connection establishment by sending a service request, or the network may send a page, thereby triggering the UE to send the service request. [0140] In CM connected 970, the UE can communicate with core network functions using NAS signaling. As an example, the UE may exchange NAS signaling with an AMF for registration management purposes, service request procedures, and/or authentication procedures. As another example, the UE may exchange NAS signaling, with an SMF, to establish and/or modify a PDU session. The network may disconnect the UE, or the UE may disconnect itself (AN signaling connection release 976). For example, if the UE transitions to RM deregistered 940, then the UE may also transition to CM idle 960. When the UE transitions to CM idle 960, the network may deactivate a user plane connection of a PDU session of the UE.

[0141] FIG. 9D is an example diagram showing CM state transitions of the wireless device (e.g, a UE), shown from a network perspective (e.g., an AMF). The CM state of the UE, as tracked by the AMF, may be in CM idle 980 (e.g, CM- IDLE) or CM connected 990 (e.g, CM-CONNECTED). When the UE transitions from CM idle 980 to CM connected 990, the AMF many establish an N2 context of the UE (N2 context establishment 989). When the UE transitions from CM connected 990 to CM idle 980, the AMF many release the N2 context of the UE (N2 context release 998).

[0142] FIGS. 10 - 12 illustrate example procedures for registering, service request, and PDU session establishment of a UE.

[0143] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a registration procedure for a wireless device (e.g, a UE). Based on the registration procedure, the UE may transition from, for example, RM deregistered 940 to RM registered 950.

[0144] Registration may be initiated by a UE for the purposes of obtaining authorization to receive services, enabling mobility tracking, enabling reachability, or other purposes. The UE may perform an initial registration as a first step toward connection to the network (for example, if the UE is powered on, airplane mode is turned off, etc.). Registration may also be performed periodically to keep the network informed of the UE’s presence (for example, while in CM-IDLE state), or in response to a change in UE capability or registration area. Deregistration (not shown in FIG. 10) may be performed to stop network access.

[0145] At 1010, the UE transmits a registration request to an AN. As an example, the UE may have moved from a coverage area of a previous AMF (illustrated as AMF#1) into a coverage area of a new AMF (illustrated as AMF#2). The registration request may be a NAS message. The registration request may include a UE identifier. The AN may select an AMF for registration of the UE. For example, the AN may select a default AMF. For example, the AN may select an AMF that is already mapped to the UE (e.g, a previous AMF). The NAS registration request may include a network slice identifier and the AN may select an AMF based on the requested slice. After the AMF is selected, the AN may send the registration request to the selected AMF.

[0146] At 1020, the AMF that receives the registration request (AMF#2) performs a context transfer. The context may be a UE context, for example, an RRC context for the UE. As an example, AMF#2 may send AM F#1 a message requesting a context of the UE. The message may include the UE identifier. The message may be a Namf_ Communication, UEContextTransfer message. AMF#1 may send to AMF#2 a message that includes the requested UE context. This message may be a Namf_ Communication, UEContextTransfer message. After the UE context is received, the AM F#2 may coordinate authentication of the UE. After authentication is complete, AM F#2 may send to AMF#1 a message indicating that the UE context transfer is complete. This message may be a Namf_ Communication, UEContextTransfer Response message.

[0147] Authentication may require participation of the UE, an AUSF, a UDM and/or a UDR (not shown). For example, the AMF may request that the AUSF authenticate the UE. For example, the AUSF may execute authentication of the UE. For example, the AUSF may get authentication data from UDM. For example, the AUSF may send a subscription permanent identifier (SUFI) to the AMF based on the authentication being successful. For example, the AUSF may provide an intermediate key to the AMF. The intermediate key may be used to derive an access-specific security key for the UE, enabling the AMF to perform security context management (SCM). The AUSF may obtain subscription data from the UDM. The subscription data may be based on information obtained from the UDM (and/or the UDR). The subscription data may include subscription identifiers, security credentials, access and mobility related subscription data and/or session related data.

[0148] At 1030, the new AMF, AM F#2 , registers and/or subscribes with the UDM. AM F#2 may perform registration using a UE context management service of the UDM (Nudm_ UECM). AMF#2 may obtain subscription information of the UE using a subscriber data management service of the UDM (Nudm_ SDM). AMF#2 may further request that the UDM notify AMF#2 if the subscription information of the UE changes. As the new AMF registers and subscribes, the old AMF, AMF#1 , may deregister and unsubscribe. After deregistration, AM F#1 is free of responsibility for mobility management of the UE.

[0149] At 1040, AMF#2 retrieves access and mobility (AM) policies from the PCF. As an example, the AMF#2 may provide subscription data of the UE to the PCF. The PCF may determine access and mobility policies for the UE based on the subscription data, network operator data, current network conditions, and/or other suitable information. For example, the owner of a first UE may purchase a higher level of service than the owner of a second UE. The PCF may provide the rules associated with the different levels of service. Based on the subscription data of the respective UEs, the network may apply different policies which facilitate different levels of service.

[0150] For example, access and mobility policies may relate to service area restrictions, RAT/ frequency selection priority (RFSP, where RAT stands for radio access technology), authorization and prioritization of access type (e.g . , LTE versus NR), and/or selection of non-3GPP access (e.g., Access Network Discovery and Selection Policy (ANDSP)). The service area restrictions may comprise a list of tracking areas where the UE is allowed to be served (or forbidden from being served). The access and mobility policies may include a UE route selection policy (URSP)) that influences routing to an established PDU session or a new PDU session. As noted above, different policies may be obtained and/or enforced based on subscription data of the UE, location of the UE (i.e., location of the AN and/or AMF), or other suitable factors.

[0151] At 1050, AMF#2 may update a context of a PDU session. For example, if the UE has an existing PDU session, the AMF#2 may coordinate with an SMF to activate a user plane connection associated with the existing PDU session. The SMF may update and/or release a session management context of the PDU session (Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext, Nsmf_ PDUSession_ ReleaseSMContext). [0152] At 1060, AMF#2 sends a registration accept message to the AN, which forwards the registration accept message to the UE. The registration accept message may include a new UE identifier and/or a new configured slice identifier. The UE may transmit a registration complete message to the AN, which forwards the registration complete message to the AM F#2. The registration complete message may acknowledge receipt of the new UE identifier and/or new configured slice identifier.

[0153] At 1070, AMF#2 may obtain UE policy control information from the PCF. The PCF may provide an access network discovery and selection policy (ANDSP) to facilitate non-3GPP access. The PCF may provide a UE route selection policy (URSP) to facilitate mapping of particular data traffic to particular PDU session connectivity parameters. As an example, the URSP may indicate that data traffic associated with a particular application should be mapped to a particular SSC mode, network slice, PDU session type, or preferred access type (3GPP or non-3GPP).

[0154] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a service request procedure for a wireless device (e.g, a UE). The service request procedure depicted in FIG. 11 is a network-triggered service request procedure for a UE in a CM-IDLE state. However, other service request procedures (e.g., a UE-triggered service request procedure) may also be understood by reference to FIG. 11, as will be discussed in greater detail below.

[0155] At 1110, a UPF receives data. The data may be downlink data for transmission to a UE. The data may be associated with an existing PDU session between the UE and a DN. The data may be received, for example, from a DN and/or another UPF. The UPF may buffer the received data. In response to the receiving of the data, the UPF may notify an SMF of the received data. The identity of the SMF to be notified may be determined based on the received data. The notification may be, for example, an N4 session report. The notification may indicate that the UPF has received data associated with the UE and/or a particular PDU session associated with the UE. In response to receiving the notification, the SMF may send PDU session information to an AMF. The PDU session information may be sent in an N1N2 message transfer for forwarding to an AN. The PDU session information may include, for example, UPF tunnel endpoint information and/or QoS information.

[0156] At 1120, the AMF determines that the UE is in a CM-IDLE state. The determining at 1120 may be in response to the receiving of the PDU session information. Based on the determination that the UE is CM-IDLE, the service request procedure may proceed to 1130 and 1140, as depicted in FIG. 11. However, if the UE is not CM-IDLE (e.g., the UE is CM-CONNECTED), then 1130 and 1140 may be skipped, and the service request procedure may proceed directly to 1150.

[0157] At 1130, the AMF pages the UE. The paging at 1130 maybe performed based on the UE being CM-IDLE. To perform the paging, the AMF may send a page to the AN. The page may be referred to as a paging or a paging message. The page may be an N2 request message. The AN may be one of a plurality of ANs in a RAN notification area of the UE. The AN may send a page to the UE. The UE may be in a coverage area of the AN and may receive the page.

[0158] At 1140, the UE may request service. The UE may transmit a service request to the AMF via the AN. As depicted in FIG. 11, the UE may request service at 1140 in response to receiving the paging at 1130. However, as noted above, this is for the specific case of a network-triggered service request procedure. In some scenarios (for example, if uplink data becomes available at the U E), then the UE may commence a UE-triggered service request procedure. The UE-triggered service request procedure may commence starting at 1140.

[0159] At 1150, the network may authenticate the UE. Authentication may require participation of the UE, an AUSF, and/or a UDM, for example, similar to authentication described elsewhere in the present disclosure. In some cases (for example, if the UE has recently been authenticated), the authentication at 1150 may be skipped.

[0160] At 1160, the AMF and SMF may perform a PDU session update. As part of the PDU session update, the SMF may provide the AMF with one or more UPF tunnel endpoint identifiers. In some cases (not shown in FIG. 11), it may be necessary for the SMF to coordinate with one or more other SMFs and/or one or more other UPFs to set up a user plane.

[0161] At 1170, the AMF may send PDU session information to the AN. The PDU session information may be included in an N2 request message. Based on the PDU session information, the AN may configure a user plane resource for the UE. To configure the user plane resource, the AN may, for example, perform an RRC reconfiguration of the UE. The AN may acknowledge to the AMF that the PDU session information has been received. The AN may notify the AMF that the user plane resource has been configured, and/or provide information relating to the user plane resource configuration.

[0162] In the case of a UE-triggered service request procedure, the UE may receive, at 1170, a NAS service accept message from the AMF via the AN. After the user plane resource is configured, the UE may transmit uplink data (for example, the uplink data that caused the UE to trigger the service request procedure).

[0163] At 1180, the AMF may update a session management (SM) context of the PDU session. For example, the AMF may notify the SMF (and/or one or more other associated SMFs) that the user plane resource has been configured, and/or provide information relating to the user plane resource configuration. The AMF may provide the SMF (and/or one or more other associated SMFs) with one or more AN tunnel endpoint identifiers of the AN. After the SM context update is complete, the SMF may send an update SM context response message to the AMF.

[0164] Based on the update of the session management context, the SMF may update a PDF for purposes of policy control. For example, if a location of the UE has changed, the SMF may notify the PDF of the UE’s a new location.

[0165] Based on the update of the session management context, the SMF and UPF may perform a session modification. The session modification may be performed using N4 session modification messages. After the session modification is complete, the UPF may transmit downlink data (for example, the downlink data that caused the UPF to trigger the network-triggered service request procedure) to the UE. The transmitting of the downlink data may be based on the one or more AN tunnel endpoint identifiers of the AN.

[0166] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a protocol data unit (PDU) session establishment procedure for a wireless device (e.g., a UE). The UE may determine to transmit the PDU session establishment request to create a new PDU session, to hand over an existing PDU session to a 3GPP network, or for any other suitable reason.

[0167] At 1210, the UE initiates PDU session establishment. The UE may transmit a PDU session establishment request to an AMF via an AN. The PDU session establishment request may be a NAS message. The PDU session establishment request may indicate: a PDU session ID; a requested PDU session type (new or existing); a requested DN (DNN); a requested network slice (S-NSSAI); a requested SSC mode; and/or any other suitable information. The PDU session ID may be generated by the UE. The PDU session type may be, for example, an Internet Protocol (IP)- based type (e.g., IPv4, IPv6, or dual stack IPv4/IPv6), an Ethernet type, or an unstructured type.

[0168] The AMF may select an SMF based on the PDU session establishment request. In some scenarios, the requested PDU session may already be associated with a particular SMF. For example, the AMF may store a UE context of the UE, and the UE context may indicate that the PDU session ID of the requested PDU session is already associated with the particular SMF. In some scenarios, the AMF may select the SMF based on a determination that the SMF is prepared to handle the requested PDU session. For example, the requested PDU session may be associated with a particular DNN and/or S-NSSAI, and the SMF may be selected based on a determination that the SMF can manage a PDU session associated with the particular DNN and/or S-NSSAI.

[0169] At 1220, the network manages a context of the PDU session. After selecting the SMF at 1210, the AMF sends a PDU session context request to the SMF. The PDU session context request may include the PDU session establishment request received from the UE at 1210. The PDU session context request may be a Nsmf_ PDUSession_CreateSMContext Request and/or a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext Request. The PDU session context request may indicate identifiers of the UE; the requested DN; and/or the requested network slice. Based on the PDU session context request, the SMF may retrieve subscription data from a UDM. The subscription data may be session management subscription data of the UE. The SMF may subscribe for updates to the subscription data, so that the PCF will send new information if the subscription data of the UE changes. After the subscription data of the UE is obtained, the SMF may transmit a PDU session context response to the AMG. The PDU session context response may be a Nsmf_ PDUSession_ CreateSMContext Response and/or a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext Response. The PDU session context response may include a session management context ID.

[0170] At 1230, secondary authorization/authentication may be performed, if necessary. The secondary authorization/authentication may involve the UE, the AMF, the SMF, and the DN. The SMF may access the DN via a Data Network Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (DN AAA) server.

[0171] At 1240, the network sets up a data path for uplink data associated with the PDU session. The SMF may select a PCF and establish a session management policy association. Based on the association, the PCF may provide an initial set of policy control and charging rules (PCC rules) for the PDU session. When targeting a particular PDU session, the PCF may indicate, to the SMF, a method for allocating an IP address to the PDU Session, a default charging method for the PDU session, an address of the corresponding charging entity, triggers for requesting new policies, etc. The PCF may also target a service data flow (SDF) comprising one or more PDU sessions. When targeting an SDF, the PCF may indicate, to the SMF, policies for applying QoS requirements, monitoring traffic (e.g., for charging purposes), and/or steering traffic (e.g., by using one or more particular N6 interfaces).

[0172] The SMF may determine and/or allocate an IP address for the PDU session. The SMF may select one or more UPFs (a single U PF in the example of FIG. 12) to handle the PDU session. The SMF may send an N4 session message to the selected UPF. The N4 session message may be an N4 Session Establishment Request and/or an N4 Session Modification Request. The N4 session message may include packet detection, enforcement, and reporting rules associated with the PDU session. In response, the UPF may acknowledge by sending an N4 session establishment response and/or an N4 session modification response.

[0173] The SMF may send PDU session management information to the AMF. The PDU session management information may be a session service request (e.g., Namf_Communication_N 1 N2 MessageTransfer) message. The PDU session management information may include the PDU session ID. The PDU session management information may be a NAS message. The PDU session management information may include N1 session management information and/or N2 session management information. The N1 session management information may include a PDU session establishment accept message. The PDU session establishment accept message may include tunneling endpoint information of the UPF and quality of service (QoS) information associated with the PDU session.

[0174] The AMF may send an N2 request to the AN. The N2 request may include the PDU session establishment accept message. Based on the N2 request, the AN may determine AN resources for the UE. The AN resources may be used by the UE to establish the PDU session, via the AN, with the DN. The AN may determine resources to be used for the PDU session and indicate the determined resources to the UE. The AN may send the PDU session establishment accept message to the UE. For example, the AN may perform an RRC reconfiguration of the UE. After the AN resources are set up, the AN may send an N2 request acknowledge to the AMF. The N2 request acknowledge may include N2 session management information, for example, the PDU session ID and tunneling endpoint information of the AN.

[0175] After the data path for uplink data is set up at 1240, the UE may optionally send uplink data associated with the PDU session. As shown in FIG. 12, the uplink data may be sent to a DN associated with the PDU session via the AN and the UPF.

[0176] At 1250, the network may update the PDU session context. The AMF may transmit a PDU session context update request to the SMF. The PDU session context update request may be a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateS MContext Request. The PDU session context update request may include the N2 session management information received from the AN. The SMF may acknowledge the PDU session context update. The acknowledgement may be a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSM Context Response. The acknowledgement may include a subscription requesting that the SMF be notified of any UE mobility event. Based on the PDU session context update request, the SMF may send an N4 session message to the UPF. The N4 session message maybe an N4 Session Modification Request. The N4 session message may include tunneling endpoint information of the AN. The N4 session message may include forwarding rules associated with the PDU session. In response, the UPF may acknowledge by sending an N4 session modification response.

[0177] After the UPF receives the tunneling endpoint information of the AN, the UPF may relay downlink data associated with the PDU session. As shown in FIG. 12, the downlink data may be received from a DN associated with the PDU session via the AN and the UPF.

[0178] FIG. 13 illustrates examples of components of the elements in a communications network. FIG. 13 includes a wireless device 1310, a base station 1320, and a physical deployment of one or more network functions 1330 (henceforth "deployment 1330”). Any wireless device described in the present disclosure may have similar components and may be implemented in a similar manner as the wireless device 1310. Any other base station described in the present disclosure (or any portion thereof, depending on the architecture of the base station) may have similar components and may be implemented in a similar manner as the base station 1320. Any physical core network deployment in the present disclosure (or any portion thereof, depending on the architecture of the base station) may have similar components and may be implemented in a similar manner as the deployment 1330.

[0179] The wireless device 1310 may communicate with base station 1320 over an air interface 1370. The communication direction from wireless device 1310 to base station 1320 over air interface 1370 is known as uplink, and the communication direction from base station 1320 to wireless device 1310 over air interface 1370 is known as downlink. Downlink transmissions maybe separated from uplink transmissions using FDD, TDD, and/or some combination of duplexing techniques. FIG. 13 shows a single wireless device 1310 and a single base station 1320, but it will be understood that wireless device 1310 may communicate with any number of base stations or other access network components over air interface 1370, and that base station 1320 may communicate with any number of wireless devices over air interface 1370.

[0180] The wireless device 1310 may comprise a processing system 1311 and a memory 1312. The memory 1312 may comprise one or more computer-readable media, for example, one or more non-transitory computer readable media. The memory 1312 may include instructions 1313. The processing system 1311 may process and/or execute instructions 1313. Processing and/or execution of instructions 1313 may cause wireless device 1310 and/or processing system 1311 to perform one or more functions or activities. The memory 1312 may include data (not shown). One of the functions or activities performed by processing system 1311 may be to store data in memory 1312 and/or retrieve previously-stored data from memory 1312. In an example, downlink data received from base station 1320 may be stored in memory 1312, and uplink data for transmission to base station 1320 may be retrieved from memory 1312. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the wireless device 1310 may communicate with base station 1320 using a transmission processing system 1314 and/or a reception processing system 1315. Alternatively, transmission processing system 1314 and reception processing system 1315 may be implemented as a single processing system, or both may be omitted and all processing in the wireless device 1310 may be performed by the processing system 1311. Although not shown in FIG. 13, transmission processing system 1314 and/or reception processing system 1315 may be coupled to a dedicated memory that is analogous to but separate from memory 1312, and comprises instructions that may be processed and/or executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities. The wireless device 1310 may comprise one or more antennas 1316 to access air interface 1370.

[0181] The wireless device 1310 may comprise one or more other elements 1319. The one or more other elements 1319 may comprise software and/or hardware that provide features and/or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a display, a touchpad, a satellite transceiver, a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, an electronic control unit (e.g., for a motor vehicle), and/or one or more sensors (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, a radar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a camera, a global positioning sensor (GPS) and/or the like). The wireless device 1310 may receive user input data from and/or provide user output data to the one or more one or more other elements 1319. The one or more other elements 1319 may comprise a power source. The wireless device 1310 may receive power from the power source and may be configured to distribute the power to the other components in wireless device 1310. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, for example, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combination thereof.

[0182] The wireless device 1310 may transmit uplink data to and/or receive downlink data from base station 1320 via air interface 1370. To perform the transmission and/or reception, one or more of the processing system 1311, transmission processing system 1314, and/or reception system 1315 may implement open systems interconnection (OSI) functionality. As an example, transmission processing system 1314 and/or reception system 1315 may perform layer 1 OSI functionality, and processing system 1311 may perform higher layer functionality. The wireless device 1310 may transmit and/or receive data over air interface 1370 using one or more antennas 1316. For scenarios where the one or more antennas 1316 include multiple antennas, the multiple antennas may be used to perform one or more multi-antenna techniques, such as spatial multiplexing (e.g., single-user multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) or multiuser MIMO), transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming.

[0183] The base station 1320 may comprise a processing system 1321 and a memory 1322. The memory 1322 may comprise one or more computer-readable media, for example, one or more non-transitory computer readable media. The memory 1322 may include instructions 1323. The processing system 1321 may process and/or execute instructions 1323. Processing and/or execution of instructions 1323 may cause base station 1320 and/or processing system 1321 to perform one or more functions or activities. The memory 1322 may include data (not shown). One of the functions or activities performed by processing system 1321 may be to store data in memory 1322 and/or retrieve previously-stored data from memory 1322. The base station 1320 may communicate with wireless device 1310 using a transmission processing system 1324 and a reception processing system 1325. Although not shown in FIG. 13, transmission processing system 1324 and/or reception processing system 1325 may be coupled to a dedicated memory that is analogous to but separate from memory 1322, and comprises instructions that may be processed and/or executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities. The wireless device 1320 may comprise one or more antennas 1326 to access air interface 1370.

[0184] The base station 1320 may transmit downlink data to and/or receive uplink data from wireless device 1310 via air interface 1370. To perform the transmission and/or reception, one or more of the processing system 1321, transmission processing system 1324, and/or reception system 1325 may implement OSI functionality. As an example, transmission processing system 1324 and/or reception system 1325 may perform layer 1 0SI functionality, and processing system 1321 may perform higher layer functionality. The base station 1320 may transmit and/or receive data over air interface 1370 using one or more antennas 1326. For scenarios where the one or more antennas 1326 include multiple antennas, the multiple antennas maybe used to perform one or more multi-antenna techniques, such as spatial multiplexing (e.g., single-user multiple-input multiple output (Ml MO) or multi-user MIMO), transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming.

[0185] The base station 1320 may comprise an interface system 1327. The interface system 1327 may communicate with one or more base stations and/or one or more elements of the core network via an interface 1380. The interface 1380 may be wired and/or wireless and interface system 1327 may include one or more components suitable for communicating via interface 1380. In FIG. 13, interface 1380 connects base station 1320 to a single deployment 1330, but it will be understood that wireless device 1310 may communicate with any number of base stations and/or CN deployments over interface 1380, and that deployment 1330 may communicate with any number of base stations and/or other CN deployments over interface 1380. The base station 1320 may comprise one or more other elements 1329 analogous to one or more of the one or more other elements 1319.

[0186] The deployment 1330 may comprise any number of portions of any number of instances of one or more network functions (NFs). The deployment 1330 may comprise a processing system 1331 and a memory 1332. The memory 1332 may comprise one or more computer-readable media, for example, one or more non-transitory computer readable media. The memory 1332 may include instructions 1333. The processing system 1331 may process and/or execute instructions 1333. Processing and/or execution of instructions 1333 may cause the deployment 1330 and/or processing system 1331 to perform one or more functions or activities. The memory 1332 may include data (not shown). One of the functions or activities performed by processing system 1331 may be to store data in memory 1332 and/or retrieve previously-stored data from memory 1332. The deployment 1330 may access the interface 1380 using an interface system 1337. The deployment 1330 may comprise one or more other elements 1339 analogous to one or more of the one or more other elements 1319.

[0187] One or more of the systems 1311, 1314, 1315, 1321, 1324, 1325, and/or 1331 may comprise one or more controllers and/or one or more processors. The one or more controllers and/or one or more processors may comprise, for example, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logic device, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. One or more of the systems 1311, 1314, 1315, 1321, 1324, 1325, and/or 1331 may perform signal coding/processing, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enable wireless device 1310, base station 1320, and/or deployment 1330 to operate in a mobile communications system.

[0188] Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element that performs a defined function and has a defined interface to other elements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g. hardware with a biological element) ora combination thereof, which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules maybe implemented as a software routine written in a computer language configured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab and/or the like) or a modeling/si mulation program such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVI E WMathScript. It may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, DSPs, ASICs, FPGAs, and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors may be programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++ and/or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. The mentioned technologies are often used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

[0189] The wireless device 1310, base station 1320, and/or deployment 1330 may implement timers and/or counters. A timer/counter may start at an initial value. As used herein, starting may comprise restarting. Once started, the timer/counter may run. Running of the timer/counter may be associated with an occurrence. When the occurrence occurs, the value of the timer/counter may change (for example, increment or decrement). The occurrence may be, for example, an exogenous event (for example, a reception of a signal, a measurement of a condition, etc.), an endogenous event (for example, a transmission of a signal, a calculation, a comparison, a performance of an action or a decision to so perform, etc.), or any combination thereof. In the case of a timer, the occurrence may be the passage of a particular amount of time. However, it will be understood that a timer may be described and/or implemented as a counter that counts the passage of a particular unit of time. A timer/counter may run in a direction of a final value until it reaches the final value. The reaching of the final value may be referred to as expiration of the timer/counter. The final value may be referred to as a threshold. A timer/counter may be paused, wherein the present value of the timer/counter is held, maintained, and/or carried over, even upon the occurrence of one or more occurrences that would otherwise cause the value of the timer/counter to change. The timer/counter may be un-paused or continued, wherein the value that was held, maintained, and/or carried over begins changing again when the one or more occurrence occur. A timer/counter may be set and/or reset. As used herein, setting may comprise resetting. When the timer/counter sets and/or resets, the value of the timer/counter may be set to the initial value. A timer/counter may be started and/or restarted. As used herein, starting may comprise restarting. In some embodiments, when the timer/counter restarts, the value of the timer/counter may be set to the initial value and the timer/counter may begin to run.

[0190] FIGS. 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D illustrate various example arrangements of physical core network deployments, each having one or more network functions or portions thereof. The core network deployments comprise a deployment 1410, a deployment 1420, a deployment 1430, a deployment 1440, and/or a deployment 1450. Each deployment may be analogous to, for example, the deployment 1330 depicted in FIG. 13. In particular, each deployment may comprise a processing system for performing one or more functions or activities, memory for storing data and/or instructions, and an interface system for communicating with other network elements (for example, other core network deployments). Each deployment may comprise one or more network functions (NFs). The term NF may refer to a particular set of functionalities and/or one or more physical elements configured to perform those functionalities (e.g., a processing system and memory comprising instructions that, when executed by the processing system, cause the processing system to perform the functionalities). For example, in the present disclosure, when a network function is described as performing X, Y, and Z, it will be understood that this refers to the one or more physical elements configured to perform X, Y, and Z, no matter how or where the one or more physical elements are deployed. The term NF may refer to a network node, network element, and/or network device.

[0191] As will be discussed in greater detail below, there are many different types of NF and each type of NF may be associated with a different set of functionalities. A plurality of different NFs may be flexibly deployed at different locations (for example, in different physical core network deployments) or in a same location (for example, co-located in a same deployment). A single NF may be flexibly deployed at different locations (implemented using different physical core network deployments) or in a same location. Moreover, physical core network deployments may also implement one or more base stations, application functions (AFs), data networks (DNs), or any portions thereof. NFs may be implemented in many ways, including as network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as software instances running on dedicated or shared hardware, or as virtualized functions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

[0192] FIG. 14A illustrates an example arrangement of core network deployments in which each deployment comprisesone network function. A deployment 1410 comprises an NF 1411, a deployment 1420 comprises an NF 1421, and a deployment 1430 comprisesan NF 1431. The deployments 1410, 1420, 1430 communicate via an interface 1490. The deployments 1410, 1420, 1430 may have different physical locations with different signal propagation delays relative to other network elements. The diversity of physical locations of deployments 1410, 1420, 1430 may enable provision of services to a wide area with improved speed, coverage, security, and/or efficiency. [0193] FIG. 14B illustrates an example arrangement wherein a single deployment comprises more than one NF. Unlike FIG. 14A, where each NF is deployed in a separate deployment, FIG. 14B illustrates multiple NFs in deployments 1410, 1420. In an example, deployments 1410, 1420 may implement a software-defined network (SDN) and/or a network function virtualization (NFV).

[0194] For example, deployment 1410 comprises an additional network function, NF 1411A. The NFs 1411, 1411 A may consist of multiple instances of the same NF type, co-located at a same physical location within the same deployment 1410. The NFs 1411, 1411A maybe implemented independently from one another (e.g., isolated and/or independently controlled). For example, the NFs 1411, 1411A may be associated with different network slices. A processing system and memory associated with the deployment 1410 may perform all of the functionalities associated with the NF 1411 in addition to all of the functionalities associated with the NF 1411A. In an example, NFs 1411, 1411A may be associated with different PLMNs, but deployment 1410, which implements NFs 1411, 1411A, may be owned and/or operated by a single entity.

[0195] Elsewhere in FIG. 14B, deployment 1420 comprises NF 1421 and an additional network function, NF 1422. The NFs 1421, 1422 maybe different NF types. Similarto NFs 1411, 1411A, the NFs 1421, 1422 may be co-located within the same deployment 1420, but separately implemented. As an example, a first PLMN may own and/or operate deployment 1420 having NFs 1421, 1422. As another example, the first PLMN may implement NF 1421 and a second PLMN may obtain from the first PLMN (e.g, rent, lease, procure, etc.) at least a portion of the capabilities of deployment 1420 (e.g., processing power, data storage, etc.) in order to implement NF 1422. As yet another example, the deployment may be owned and/or operated by one or more third parties, and the first PLMN and/or second PLMN may procure respective portions of the capabilities of the deployment 1420. When multiple NFs are provided at a single deployment, networks may operate with greater speed, coverage, security, and/or efficiency.

[0196] FIG. 14C illustrates an example arrangement of core network deployments in which a single instance of an NF is implemented using a plurality of different deployments. In particular, a single instance of NF 1422 is implemented at deployments 1420, 1440. As an example, the functionality provided by NF 1422 may be implemented as a bundle or sequence of subservices. Each subservice may be implemented independently, for example, at a different deployment. Each subservices may be implemented in a different physical location. By distributing implementation of subservices of a single NF across different physical locations, the mobile communications network may operate with greater speed, coverage, security, and/or efficiency.

[0197] FIG. 14D illustrates an example arrangement of core network deployments in which one or more network functions are implemented using a data processing service. In FIG. 14D, NFs 1411, 1411 A, 1421, 1422 are included in a deployment 1450 that is implemented as a data processing service. The deployment 1450 may comprise, for example, a cloud network and/or data center. The deployment 1450 may be owned and/or operated by a PLMN or by a non-PLMN third party. The NFs 1411, 1411A, 1421, 1422 that are implemented using the deployment 1450 may belong to the same PLMN or to different PLMNs. The PLMN(s) may obtain (e.g, rent, lease, procure, etc.) at least a portion of the capabilities of the deployment 1450 (e.g, processing power, data storage, etc.). By providing one or more NFs using a data processing service, the mobile communications network may operate with greater speed, coverage, security, and/or efficiency.

[0198] As shown in the figures, different network elements (e.g, NFs) may be located in different physical deployments, or co-located in a single physical deployment. It will be understood that in the present disclosure, the sending and receiving of messages among different network elements is not limited to inter-deployment transmission or intra-deployment transmission, unless explicitly indicated.

[0199] In an example, a deployment may be a 'black box’ that is preconfigured with one or more NFs and preconfigured to communicate, in a prescribed manner, with other 'black box’ deployments (e.g, via the interface 1490). Additionally or alternatively, a deployment may be configured to operate in accordance with open-source instructions (e.g, software) designed to implement NFs and communicate with other deployments in a transparent manner. The deployment may operate in accordance with open RAN (O-RAN) standards. [0200] FIG. 15 depicts an example implementation in which a network provides a multicast broadcast service (MBS) to one or more UEs. The MBS is a framework in which same data from a multimedia application is delivered to plurality of UEs in resource efficient way. In an example, one or more data packets generated from a multicast server is delivered to a core network; and/or the core network distribute the one or more data packets to one or more base stations. The one or more base stations transmit the one or more data packets in a cell. A base station may determine a transmission mechanism used over Uu interface based on a number of UEs in the cell. For example, in the figure, base station 1 determines to use a point-to-point (PTP) bearer over the Uu interface because there is small number of UEs in the cell (e.g, one). Base station 3 determines to use a point-to-multipoint (PTM) bearer over the Uu interface because there is a larger number of UEs in the cell (e.g, two or more).

[0201] FIG. 16 depicts an example implementation in which a UE (UE 1) in RRC Inactive state moves within a ran notification area (RNA). In an example, for battery saving of the UE, a base station 1 may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state and assign RNA for the UE. The RNA for the UE may comprise one or more areas of base station 1, base station 2 and/or base station 3. The UE in RRC Inactive state may move into a new cell. For example, when the new cell does not belong to the RNA for the UE, the UE may perform RRC Resume procedure, to indicate that the UE moves out of the RNA. However, when the new cell does belong to the RNA for the UE (i.e, the UE stays in the RNA), the UE may camp on the new cell without notifying to one or more base stations. Because the UE does not notify the new cell to the one or more base stations, as long as the UE moves within cells of the RNA, the base station 1 does not know in which cell (or base station coverage area) the UE is located. If an MBS service for which the UE subscribes starts while the UE is in RRC Inactive state, this can lead to inefficient radio resource usage, as shown in the example of FIG. 17.

[0202] FIG. 17 depicts an example implementation where an MBS service is delivered for one or more UEs in an RRC Inactive state. When the MBS service starts, a multicast server for the MBS service may send one or more data packets to a core network. The core network may send the one or more data packets to one or more base stations. In the figure, the one or more base stations comprise base station 1 , base station 2 and/or base station 3. The RNA of the UE 1 and/or UE 2 may comprise areas served by the base station 1, the base station 2 and/or the base station 3.

[0203] Initially, UE 1 and/or UE 2 may be in a coverage area of base station 1 (not shown). The base station 1 may have a context for UE 1 and/or UE 2. The base station 1 may transition the UE 1 and/or the UE 2 into RRC Inactive state. After transitioning to the RRC inactive state, UE 1 and/or UE 2 may move to another coverage area (e.g, the coverage area of base station 2). While the UE 1 and/or the UE 2 move in areas served by these base stations, none of these base stations may be able to determine whether the UE 1 and/or the UE 2 is in the area where each base station serves. To ensure that the UE 1 and/or the UE 2 receive the MBS service, all of the base stations (e.g, all of the base stations in the RNA of UE 1 and/or UE 2) may need to send MBS packets in their respective coverage areas, regardless of whether the UE 1 and/or the UE 2 is in the area. The existing technologies may waste radio resource by transmitting one or more data packets for MBS service in an area where there is no UE which subscribes to the MBS service. For example, base station 1 and base station 3 may use radio resources to transmit the one or more data packets for the MBS service, even though there is no UE for the MBS service in the areas served by the base station 1 or base station 3.

[0204] In an example, to prevent unnecessary use of radio resource for the MBS service, an example implementation may try to use paging procedure to determine exact location of the one or more UEs. However, this may still cause waste of radio resource by additional signaling and may cause radio resource congestion.

[0205] For example, as shown in FIG. 18, when the MBS service starts, the base station 1, which holds the context of the UE 1 and/or the UE 2, may initiate one or more paging procedures to determine an area where the UE 1 and/or the UE 2 are located. When the base station 1 receives indication of the start of the MBS service, the base station 1 may determine that the UE 1 subscribes to the MBS service and that the UE 1 is in RRC Inactive state. Based on the determination, the base station 1 may send a RAN paging request to base station 2 and/or base station 3. The base station 2 and/or the base station 3 may send one or more paging messages over Uu interface.

[0206] The UE 1 may receive the one or more paging messages. Based on receiving the one or more paging messages, the UE 1 may perform random access procedure (RACH procedure) and/or may send RRC Resume Request to the base station 2. Based on receiving the RRC Resume Request, the base station 2 may send Context Retrieve Request message to the base station 1. Based on receiving the Context Retrieve Request message, the base station 1 may determine to relocate the context of the UE 1 from the base station 1 to the base station 2.

[0207] When the base station 1 receives indication of the start of the MBS service, the base station 1 may determine that the UE 2 subscribes to the MBS service and that the UE 2 is in RRC Inactive state. Based on the determination, the base station 1 may send RAN paging request to base station 2 and/or base station 3. The base station 2 and the base station 3 may send one or more paging messages over Uu interface. Based on receiving the one or more paging messages, the UE 2 may perform random access procedure (RACH procedure) and may send RRC Resume Request to the base station 2. Based on receiving the RRC Resume Request, the base station 2 may send Context Retrieve Request message to the base station 1. Based on receiving the Context Retrieve Request message, the base station 1 may determine to relocate context of the UE 2 from the base station 1 to the base station 2.

[0208] Based on the context of the UE 1 and/or UE 2, each base station may determine whether to send one or more data packets for the MBS service. For example, the base station 2 may transmit the one or more data packets and/or the base station 3 may not transmit the one or more data packets. This may increase the efficiency of radio resource, by not transmitting one or more data packets for the MBS service in a cell where there is no UE. However, as shown in the example implementation of FIG. 18, existing technologies may use more radio resources for paging, more radio resources for random access procedures, and/or may cause radio resources congestion.

[0209] Example embodiments of the present disclosure improve system efficiency by signaling enhancement for random access procedure for multicast and broadcast service. For example, by allocating random access resources for a MBS service and checking usage of the random access resources, a network can efficiently determine whether to provide the MBS service in a cell or not. This may reduce unnecessary transmission of data for the MBS service, in an area where there is no UE interested in receiving the MBS service. For example, by use the random access resources for the MBS service, the network may manage random access procedure per the MBS service. This may reduce number of random access procedures that the network may need to process and may reduce resource consumed to process the random access procedures. For example, checking random access procedure for the MBS service by one or more UEs may assist the network to determine whether the transmission of data for the MBS service needs to continue or to stop. This may help the network to reduce unnecessary transmission of data for the MBS service.

[0210] In the specification, a term of a NG-RAN may be interpreted as a base station, which may comprise at least one of a gNB, an eNB, a ng-eNB, a NodeB, an access node, an access point, an N3IWF, a relay node, a base station, a base station central unit (e.g, gNB-CU), a base station distributed unit (e.g, gNB-DU), and/or the like.

[0211] In the specification, a term of a core network node may be interpreted as a core network device, which may comprise at least one of an AMF, a SMF, a NSSF, a UPF, a NRF a UDM, a PCF, a SoR-AF, an AF, an DDNMF, an MB-SMF, an MB-LIPF and/or the like. A term of core network may be interpreted as a core network node. In the specification, a term of an access node may be interpreted as a base station, which may comprise a NG-RAN, and/or the like. In the specification, a term of a network node may be interpreted as a core network node, an access node, a UE, and/or the like. A network may comprise one or more network nodes.

[0212] In the specification, a term of a broadcast communication service may be interpreted as a communication service provided by a 5G system, in which same service data of a multimedia application is provided almost simultaneously to plurality of UEs in a geographic area. The plurality of UEs may comprise any UEs in the geographic area and are allowed to receive the service data. In the specification, a term of a multicast communication service may be interpreted as a communication service provided by a 5G system, in which same service data of a multimedia application is provided almost simultaneously to a dedicated set of one or more UEs in a geographic area. In the geographic area, the dedicated set of one or more UEs are allowed to receive the service data.

[0213] In the specification, a term of an MBS session may be interpreted as comprising a multicast MBS session and/or a broadcast MBS session. In the specification, a term of the multicast MBS session may be interpreted as an MBS session to deliver a multicast communication service. In the specification, a term of a broadcast MBS session may be interpreted as an MBS session to deliver a broadcast communication service. In the specification, a term of an MBS service may be interpreted as the MBS session.

[0214] In the specification, a term of an MBS (multicast and broadcast service) may be interpreted as a framework supporting a broadcast communication service and/or a multicast communication service. The MBS may be a point-to- multipoint service in which data is transmitted from a single source entity to multiple recipients.

[0215] In the specification, a term of point-to-point (PTP) delivery may be interpreted as a mechanism in which a NG- RAN delivers separate copies of MBS data packets over radio interface to individual UE(s). In the specification, a term of point-to-multipoint (PTM) delivery may be interpreted as a mechanism in which a NG-RAN delivers a copy of MBS data packets over radio interface to plurality of UEs.

[0216] In the specification, a term of individual MBS traffic delivery may be interpreted as a method in which 5G system receives a single copy of MBS data packets and delivers separate copies of those MBS data packets to individual UEs via per-UE PDU sessions. The individual MBS traffic delivery may be used for a multicast MBS session. In the specification, a term of shared MBS traffic delivery may be interpreted as a method in which 5G system receives a single copy of MBS data packets and delivers a single copy of those MBS data packets to a NG- RAN, and the NG- RAN delivers the single copy of those MBS data packet to one or multiple UEs.

[0217] In the specification, a term interested in receiving an MBS service may be interpreted as having an intention to receive the MBS session, receiving the MBS session, and/or consuming contents of the MBS service.

[0218] FIG. 19 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN (NG- RAN 2) may receive a RAN paging message from a first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1) and may receive a multicast session activation request message from an AMF. Based on the received message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to perform paging procedure and may efficiently use radio resource for paging.

[0219] In an example, the first NG-RAN may have an RRC connection with a UE. For example, the UE may use the RRC connection to join an MBS session which the UE is interested in receiving. For example, the first NG-RAN may receive from the AMF, a N2 (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) message for the UE. The N2 (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) message may comprise at least one of:

[0220] identifier of UE: This may indicate the UE. For example, this may comprise at least one of AMF UE NGAP ID, RAN UE NGAP ID, and/or the like.

[0221] identifier of PDU session: This may indicate the PDU session associated with the N2 message. For example, this may comprise PDU Session ID.

[0222] identifier of MBS session: This may indicate one or more MBS sessions for which the PDU session is associated. For example, this may comprise MBS Session Setup Request List, and/or one or more MBS Session IDs. [0223] Authorization of Inactive state for the MBS session: This may indicate whether the UE is allowed to receive the MBS session in RRC Inactive state.

[0224] Capability of UE for MBS for Inactive state: This may indicate whether the UE can receive the MBS session in RRC Inactive state. For example, when a cell supports the MBS session for RRC Inactive state and when the UE is not capable of receiving the MBS session in RRC Inactive state, the NG-RAN needs to perform paging to bring the UE into RRC Connected state.

[0225] For example, based on the N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS sessions to which the UE joins or subscribes.

[0226] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the UE into RRC Inactive state (not shown). For example, to reduce power consumption of the UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state. To move the UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send an RRC Release message to the UE. The RRC Release message may comprise an indication to move into RRC Inactive state. The RRC Release message may comprise information of a RAN notification area (RNA). For example, the information of RNA may comprise at least one of information of one or more cells, information of one or more tracking areas, information of one or more RAN area codes. For example, the RNA for the UE may comprise areas managed by the first NG-RAN, the second NG-RAN, and/or the third NG-RAN (NG-RAN 3).

[0227] In an example, the UE may receive the RRC Release message sent by the first NG-RAN (not shown). Based on the received RRC Release message, the UE may transition into RRC Inactive state. The UE may move into a new cell, while the UE is in RRC Inactive state. In the figure, the UE moves within a same RNA (NG-RANs 1, 2, 3), but it will be understood that if the UE moved outside of the RNA, the new cell would not match to the information of RNA, and the UE may perform RRC Resume procedure, to indicate that the UE is located outside of the RNA. If the UE moves within the same RNA (as in the example of the figure), then the new cell should match the information of RNA, and the UE may not perform the RRC Resume procedure.

[0228] In an example, the AMF may send a N2 (e.g, Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify start of the MBS session. For example, the start of the MBS session may be activation of the MBS session. For example, when an application server for the MBS session requests activation of the MBS session and/or when a core network receives a data for the MBS session, the AMF may send the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs. For example, the one or more NG-RANs may comprise the first NG-RAN and/or the second NG-RAN. In an example, the one or more NG-RANs may receive the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the N2 message (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise the identifier of the MBS session (e.g., MBS Session ID).

[0229] In an example, based on the received N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message, the second NG-RAN and/or the first NG-RAN may send an MBS notification in one or more cells. For example, the second NG- RAN and/or the first NG-RAN may send one or more RRC message, to indicate one or more UEs that the MBS session starts and/or that the MBS session is activated. For example, the one or more RRC message may comprise the identifier of the MBS session (e.g, MBS session ID, TMGI, group RNTI for the MBS session ID, etc.).

[0230] In an example, based on the UE being subscribed to the MBS session and/or based on the UE being in the RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform RAN paging procedure to indicate to the UE of the start of the MBS session. For example, based on the RNA for the UE comprising the area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send a RAN paging request message to the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. To indicate that the RAN paging request message is to notify the start of the MBS session to the UE, the RAN paging request message may comprise information of the MBS session. For example, the RAN paging message may comprise at least one of:

[0231] identifier of the UE: This may indicate the identifier of the UE. For example, this may comprise UE RAN paging identity.

[0232] >Paging DRX: This may indicate DRX configuration of the UE.

[0233] >RAN paging area: This may indicate one or more areas where the paging needs to be performed.

[0234] identifier of the MBS session: This may indicate that the RAN paging request message is associated with the MBS session. For example, this may indicate that the RAN paging is triggered to indicate to the UE that the MBS session starts and/or that a procedure associated with the MBS session is triggered for the UE. [0235] Authorization of Inactive state for the MBS session: This may indicate whether the UE is allowed to receive the MBS session in RRC Inactive mode. For example, when this is set to allowed, the NG-RAN receiving the RAN paging message may skip sending a paging message to the UE when the NG-RAN supports the MBS service and/or when the NG-RAN provides the MBS session to UEs in RRC Inactive state. For example, when this is set to not allowed, the NG-RAN receiving the RAN paging message needs to send the paging message to the UE. For example, when this information is not included in the RAN paging message, the NG-RAN receiving the RAN paging message may determine that RRC inactive mode is not allowed for the MBS session.

[0236] In an example, the third NG-RAN may receive the RAN paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN.

For example, the third NG-RAN may not have a capability to support the MBS. For example, the third NG-RAN may not support providing MBS to a UE in RRC Inactive state. Based on the received RAN paging message, the third NG-RAN may start sending one or more paging messages via one or more cells which the third NG-RAN manages.

[0237] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the RAN paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received RAN paging request message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to send one or more paging message via one or more cell which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the second NG-RAN may determine whether the RAN paging message comprises the identifier of the MBS session. Based on the RAN paging message comprising the identifier of the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that the UE needs to be notified of the MBS session and/or that the RAN paging is triggered to indicate the UE of the MBS session.

[0238] The second NG-RAN may determine whether the MBS session indicated by the RAN paging message is notified to the UE. For example, based on the second NG-RAN sending the MBS notification and/or based on the second NG-RAN receiving the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message from the AMF, the second NG- RAN may determine not to send the one or more paging messages for the UE over the one or more cells that the second NG-RAN manages. This may reduce unnecessary paging message transmission by the second NG-RAN, because the UE may be aware of the start of the MBS session.

[0239] In an example, in response to receiving the RAN paging request message, the second NG-RAN may send RAN paging response message to the first NG-RAN. For example, based on the determination not to send the one or more paging messages, the second NG-RAN may send the RAN paging response message to the first NG-RAN. For example, the RAN paging response message may comprise at least one of the identifier of the UE, the identifier of the MBS session, and/or MBS session status. For example, the MBS session status may indicate whether the second NG- RAN supports the MBS session for an Inactive state UE, whether the second NG-RAN supports the MBS, whether the second NG-RAN provides the MBS session and/or whether the second NG-RAN performs paging procedure for the UE. In an example, the first NG-RAN may receive the RAN paging response message from the second NG-RAN.

Based on the RAN paging response message, the first NG-RAN may determine whether the second NG-RAN transmits the paging message for the UE and/or whether the NG-RAN supports the MBS session for Inactive state UE.

[0240] In an example, the AMF may send a second N2 message (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to the first NG-RAN, to notify start of a second MBS session. The first NG-RAN may receive the second N2 message (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the second N2 message (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise an identifier of the second MBS session (e.g., a second MBS Session ID).

[0241] In an example, based on that the UE subscribes to the second MBS session and/or based on that the UE is in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform RAN paging procedure to indicate to the UE of start of the second MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the UE comprises area managed by the second NG- RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send a second RAN paging request message to the second NG- RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. To indicate that the second RAN paging request is to notify the start of the second MBS session to the UE, the second RAN paging request message may comprise information of the second MBS session. [0242] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the second RAN paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received second RAN paging request message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to send one or more paging messages via the one or more cells which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the second NG-RAN may determine whether the second RAN paging request message comprises an identifier of the second MBS session. Based on that the second RAN paging message comprises the identifier of the second MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that the UE needs to be notified of the second MBS session and/or that the second RAN paging is to indicate the UE of the second MBS session. The second NG-RAN may determine whether the second MBS session indicated by the second RAN paging message is notified to the UE. For example, based on not receiving from the AMF, a N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message indicating the second MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine to send the one or more paging messages over the one or more cells that the second NG-RAN manages. For example, based on not sending a second MBS notification in one or more cells that it manages, the second NG-RAN may determine to send the one or more paging messages over the one or more cells that the second NG-RAN manages. This may allow the UE to be notified of the start of the second MBS session, because the second NG-RAN does not perform MBS notification procedure for the second MBS session.

[0243] FIG. 20 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN (NG- RAN 2) may receive from a first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1), a RAN Multicast Group Paging message comprising information associated with a MBS session for RRC Inactive state. Based on the message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to perform paging procedure and/or may efficiently use radio resource for paging.

[0244] In an example, the first NG-RAN may have an RRC connection with a UE. For example, the UE may use the RRC connection to join an MBS session for which the UE is interested in receiving. For example, for the UE, the first NG-RAN may receive a N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) from an AMF. The N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) may comprise at least one of:

[0245] identifier of UE: This may indicate the UE. For example, this may comprise at least one of AMF UE NGAP ID, RAN UE NGAP ID.

[0246] identifier of PDU session: This may indicate the PDU session associated with the N2 message. For example, this may comprise PDU Session ID. [0247] identifier of MBS session: This may indicate one or more MBS sessions for which the PDU session is associated. For example, this may comprise MBS Session Setup Request List or MBS Session ID. For example, the UE may join the one or more MBS sessions.

[0248] Authorization of Inactive state for the MBS session: This may indicate whether the UE is allowed to receive the MBS session in RRC Inactive state.

[0249] For example, based on the N2 message (e.g, PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS session for which the UE joins or subscribes.

[0250] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the UE into RRC Inactive state. For example, to reduce power consumption of the UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state. To move the UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send the RRC Release message to the UE. The RRC Release message may comprise at least one of indication to move into RRC Inactive state, and/or information of RAN notification area (RNA). For example, the information of RNA may comprise at least one of information of one or more cells, information of one or more tracking areas, and/or information of one or more RAN area codes. For example, the RNA for the UE may comprise areas managed by the first NG-RAN, the second NG-RAN, and/or the third NG-RAN (NG-RAN 3).

[0251] In an example, the UE may receive the RRC Release message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received RRC Release message, the UE may transition into RRC Inactive state.

[0252] In an example, the AMF may send a N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify start of the MBS session. For example, the one or more NG-RANs may comprise the first NG-RAN and/or the second NG-RAN. The one or more NG-RANs may receive the N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise the identifier of the MBS session (e.g, MBS Session ID).

[0253] In an example, based on the received N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message, the second NG-RAN and/or the first NG-RAN may send the MBS notification in one or more cells.

[0254] In an example, based on that the UE subscribes to the MBS session and/or based on that the UE is in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform RAN multicast group paging procedure, to request one or more NG-RAN to indicate to one or more UEs of start of the MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the UE comprises area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send RAN multicast group paging request message to the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. The RAN multicast group paging request message may comprise information of the MBS session. For example, the RAN multicast group paging request message may comprise at least one of:

[0255] >List of identifiers of UEs: This may indicate one or more identifiers of the one or more UEs, which subscribes to the MBS session. For example, the first NG-RAN may have one or more context of one or more UEs, which are in RRC Inactive state and which subscribe to the MBS service. The list of identifiers of the one or more UEs may comprise identifiers of the one or more UEs. For example, this may comprise one or more UE RAN paging identities. [0256] >List of paging DRXs: This may indicate one or more DRX configuration for the one or more UEs.

[0257] >List of RAN paging area: This may indicate one or more RAN paging areas where paging needs to be performed for the one or more UEs.

[0258] identifier of the MBS session: This may indicate the MBS session associated with RAN multicast group paging message.

[0259] >List of authorization of Inactive mode for the MBS session: This may indicate whether each of the one or more UEs is allowed to receive the MBS session in RRC Inactive mode and/or indicate whether the MBS session is allowed to be provided for RRC Inactive state. For example, when the UE is allowed, the NG-RAN receiving the RAN multicast group paging message may skip sending a paging message to the UE, if the NG-RAN supports the MBS session and/or if the NG-RAN provides the MBS session for RRC Inactive state. For example, when the UE is not allowed, the NG-RAN receiving the RAN multicast group paging message may send a paging message to the UE. For example, when this authorization information is absent in the RAN multicast group paging message, the NG-RAN receiving the RAN multicast group paging message may determine that reception of the MBS session in RRC inactive state is not allowed and/or that paging procedures needs to be performed for the one or more UEs.

[0260] In an example, the third NG-RAN may receive the RAN multicast group paging message sent by the first NG- RAN. For example, the third NG-RAN may not have a capability to support the MBS and/or the third NG-RAN may not support providing MBS to the UE in RRC Inactive state. Based on the received RAN multicast group paging message, the third NG-RAN may start sending one or more paging messages via one or more cells which the third NG-RAN manages.

[0261] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the RAN multicast group paging message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received RAN multicast group paging message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to send one or more paging message via the one or more cell which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the second NG-RAN may determine whether the RAN multicast group paging message comprises the identifier of the MBS session. Based on that the RAN multicast group paging message comprises the identifier of the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that the one or more UEs indicated in the RAN multicast group paging need to be notified of the MBS session and/or that the RAN multicast group paging is for indicating the one or more UEs of the MBS session. The second NG-RAN may determine whether the MBS session indicated by the RAN multicast group paging message is notified in one or more cell which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, based on sending the MBS notification for the MBS session and/or based on receiving the N2 (e.g. , Multicast Session Activation Request) message for the MBS session from the AMF, the second NG-RAN may determine not to send the one or more paging messages for the MBS session, over the one or more cells that the second NG-RAN manages. This may reduce unnecessary paging message transmission by the second NG-RAN, because the one or more UEs may be aware of the start of the MBS session. For example, based on that authorization of inactive state for the MBS session of the RAN multicast group paging, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to perform paging for the one or more UEs. For example, if authorization of inactive state for the MBS session for a second UE indicates that the second UE is not allowed to receive the MBS session in RRC Inactive mode, the second NG-RAN may send the paging message to the second LIE. For example, if authorization of inactive state for the MBS session indicates that the MBS session is not allowed for RRC Inactive state, the second NG-RAN may send one or more paging message to the one or more UEs indicated in RAN multicast group paging message.

[0262] In an example, in response to the RAN multicast group paging request message, the second NG-RAN may send RAN multicast group paging response message to the first NG-RAN. For example, based on the determination not to send the one or more paging messages, the second NG-RAN may send the RAN multicast group paging response message to the first NG-RAN. For example, the RAN multicast group paging response message may comprise at least one of the one or more identifiers of the one or more UEs (first group UEs) for which one or more paging message are sent, one or more identifiers of the one or more UEs (second group UEs) for which one or more paging message are not sent, the identifier of the MBS session, and/or MBS session status. For example, the MBS session status may indicate whether the second NG-RAN supports MBS for Inactive state, whether the second NG- RAN supports MBS, and/or whether the second NG-RAN provides the MBS session. In an example, the first NG-RAN may receive the RAN multicast group paging response message from the second NG-RAN. Based on the RAN multicast group paging response message, the first NG-RAN may determine whether the second NG-RAN does not transmit the one or more paging messages for the one or more UEs, and/or whether the second NG-RAN may support MBS for Inactive state.

[0263] In an example, the AMF may send a second N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to the first NG-RAN, to notify start of a second MBS session. The first NG-RAN may receive the second N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the second N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise an identifier of the second MBS session (e.g., a second MBS Session ID).

[0264] In an example, based on that one or more UEs (for which the first NG-RAN have contexts) subscribe to the second MBS session and/or based on that the one or more UEs are in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform RAN multicast group paging procedure to indicate to the one or more UEs of start of the second MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the one or more UEs comprises area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send a second RAN multicast group paging request message to the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. To indicate that the second RAN multicast group paging is to notify the start of the second MBS session to the one or more UEs, the RAN multicast group paging may comprise information of the second MBS session.

[0265] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the second RAN multicast group paging message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received second RAN multicast group paging message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to send one or more paging message via the one or more cells which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the second NG-RAN may determine whether the second RAN multicast group paging message comprises an identifier of the second MBS session. Based on that the second RAN multicast group paging message comprises the identifier of the second MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that the one or more UEs need to be notified of the second MBS session and/or that the second RAN multicast group paging is to indicate the one or more UEs of the second MBS session. The second NG-RAN may determine whether the second MBS session indicated by the second RAN multicast group paging message is notified to the one or more UEs. For example, based on not receiving from the AMF, the second N2 (e.g, Multicast Session Activation Request) message indicating the second MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine to send the one or more paging messages for the one or more UEs over the one or more cells that the second NG-RAN manages. This may allow the one or more UE to be notified of the start of the second MBS session, because the second NG-RAN does not perform MBS notification procedure for the second MBS session.

[0266] FIG. 21 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN (NG- RAN 2) may receive a paging request message from a first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1) and may send a paging message to the UE. Based on the received paging message, the UE may determine whether to respond to the paging message. [0267] In an example, the first NG-RAN may have the RRC connection with the UE. For example, the UE may use the RRC connection to join an MBS session for which the UE is interested in receiving. For example, for the UE, the first NG-RAN may receive the N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) from an AMF. For example, based on the N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS session for which the UE joins or subscribes.

[0268] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the UE into RRC Inactive state. For example, to reduce power consumption for the UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state. To move the UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send the RRC Release message to the UE. In an example, the UE may receive the RRC Release message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received RRC Release message, the UE may transition into RRC Inactive state.

[0269] In an example, the AMF may send the N2 (e.g, Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify start of an MBS session. In an example, based on the received N2 message (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message, the second NG-RAN and/or the first NG-RAN may send the MBS notification in one or more cells.

[0270] In an example, based on that the UE subscribes to the MBS session and/or based on that the UE is in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform paging procedure to indicate to the UE of start of the MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the UE comprises area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send paging request message to the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. For example, the paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN may comprise the RAN paging request message and/or the RAN multicast group paging request message. For example, the paging request message may comprise an identifierof the MBS session.

[0271] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received paging request message, the second NG-RAN may send one or more paging messages to the UE in a cell managed by the second NG-RAN. For example, the one or more paging messages may comprise at least one of the identifier of the UE, and/or the identifier of the MBS session.

[0272] In an example, the UE may receive the one or more paging messages sent by the second NG-RAN. Based on the received one or more paging messages, the UE may determine whether the UE responds or not. For example, based on that the paging message comprises the identifier of the MBS session and/or the identifier of the UE, the UE may determine that the paging message is for the MBS session. Based on that the UE receives the MBS notification indicating the MBS session and/or based on that the paging message is associated with the MBS session, the UE may determine to skip responding to the paging message and/or the UE may determine not to initiate RRC Resume procedure to respond to the paging. This may reduce signaling message exchange between the NG-RAN and the UE, because the UE may be aware of the start of the MBS session.

[0273] In an example, the AMF may send a second N2 (e.g, Multicast Session Activation Request) message to the first NG-RAN, to notify start of an MBS session (e.g, a second MBS session). The first NG-RAN may receive the second N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the second N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise the identifier of the second MBS session (e.g, a second MBS Session ID).

[0274] In an example, based on that the UE subscribes to the second MBS session and/or based on that the UE is in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform paging request procedure to indicate to the UE of start of the second MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the UE comprises area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send a second paging request message to the second NG- RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. To indicate that the second paging request message is to notify the start of the second MBS session to the UE, the second paging request may comprise information of the second MBS session.

[0275] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the second paging request message sent by the first NG- RAN. Based on the received second paging request message, the second NG-RAN may send one or more second paging messages via the one or more cell which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the one or more second paging messages may comprise the identifier of the UE and/or the identifier of the second MBS session.

[0276] In an example, the UE may receive the one or more second paging messages sent by the second NG-RAN. Based on the received one or more second paging messages, the UE may determine whether the UE responds or not. For example, based on that the one or more second paging messages comprise the identifier of the second MBS session and/or the identifier of the UE, the UE may determine that the one or more paging messages are for the second MBS session. Based on that the UE does not receive the MBS notification indicating the second MBS session and/or based on that the paging message is associated with the second MBS session, the UE may determine to respond to the one or more second paging messages and/or the UE may determine to initiate RRC Resume/Setup procedure to respond to the one or more second paging messages.

[0277] FIG. 22 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN (NG- RAN 2) may receive from a first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1), a paging request message comprising an indication of whether response from a UE is allowed to be skipped. Based on the received paging message, the UE may determine whether to respond to the paging message.

[0278] In an example, the first NG-RAN may have the RRC connection with the UE. For example, the UE may use the RRC connection to join an MBS session for which the UE is interested in receiving. For example, for the UE, the first NG-RAN may receive the N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) from an AMF. For example, based on the N2 message (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS session for which the UE joins or subscribes.

[0279] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the UE into RRC Inactive state. For example, to reduce power consumption for the UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state. To move the UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send the RRC Release message to the UE. In an example, the UE may receive the RRC Release message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received RRC Release message, the UE may transition into RRC Inactive state.

[0280] In an example, the AMF may send the N2 message (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify start of an MBS session. In an example, based on the received N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message, the second NG-RAN and/or the first NG-RAN may send the MBS notification in one or more cells.

[0281] In an example, based on that the UE subscribes to the MBS session and/or based on that the UE is in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform paging procedure to indicate to the UE of start of the MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the UE comprises area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send a paging request message to the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG- RAN. For example, the paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN may comprise the RAN paging request message and/or the RAN multicast group paging request message. For example, the paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN may comprise inactive skip indicator and/or the identifier of the UE and/or the identifier of the MBS session. The inactive skip indicator may indicate whether the UE is allowed to skip responding to the NG-RAN and/or whether the second NG-RAN may skip sending one or more paging messages to the UE. For example, the inactive skip indicator may allow the UE not to respond to the one or more paging messages, if a certain condition is met. For example, the condition may be that the MBS session subscribed by the UE is provided in a cell where the UE is camping on, and/or that the MBS session is provided for inactive state UEs in the cell where the UE is camping on. [0282] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the paging request message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received paging request message, the second NG-RAN may send one or more paging messages to the UE in one or more cells managed by the second NG-RAN. For example, the one or more paging messages may comprise at least one of the identifier of the UE, the identifier of the MBS session, the inactive skip indicator. For example, based on the inactive skip indicator of the received paging request message, the second NG-RAN may determine whether to send one or more paging messages to the UE in one or more cells managed by the second NG- RAN.

[0283] In an example, the UE may receive the one or more paging messages sent by the second NG-RAN. Based on the received one or more paging messages, the UE may determine whether the UE responds or not. For example, based on that the one or more paging messages comprise the identifier of the MBS session and/or the identifier of the UE, the UE may determine that the paging message is for the MBS session. For example, based on that the inactive skip indicator is set to allowed and based on that the MBS session is provided by the second NG-RAN for Inactive mode UEs, the UE may determine that the UE is allowed to skip responding to the NG-RAN. Based on the determination that the UE is allowed to skip responding, the UE may not perform RRC resume procedure and/or may not respond to the one or more paging messages. For example, the second NG-RAN may send an MBS notification in one or more cells which the second NG-RAN manages. The MBS notification may comprise indication of whether the MBS session is allowed for UEs in RRC inactive state.

[0284] In an example, the AMF may send the second N2 (e.g, Multicast Session Activation Request) message to the first NG-RAN, to notify start of the second MBS session (e.g, a second MBS session). The first NG-RAN may receive the second N2 message (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the second N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise the identifier of the second MBS session (e.g, a second MBS Session ID).

[0285] In an example, based on that the UE subscribes to the second MBS session and/or based on that the UE is in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may determine to perform paging request procedure to indicate to the UE of start of the second MBS session. For example, based on that the RNA for the UE comprises area managed by the second NG-RAN and/or the third NG-RAN, the first NG-RAN may send a second paging request message to the second NG- RAN and/or the third NG-RAN. To indicate that the second paging request message is to notify the start of the second MBS session to the UE, the second paging request message may indicate information of the second MBS session. For example, to make the UE to respond to the paging, the second paging request may comprise the inactive skip indicator set to not allowed, and/or may not comprise the inactive skip indicator.

[0286] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the second paging request message sent by the first NG- RAN. Based on the received second paging request message, the second NG-RAN may determine to send one or more second paging messages via the one or more cells which the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the one or more second paging messages may comprise the identifier of the UE and/or the identifier of the second MBS session. For example, based on the second paging request message, the one or more second paging messages may comprise inactive skip indicator set to not allowed and/or may not comprise the inactive skip indicator.

[0287] In an example, the UE may receive the one or more second paging messages sent by the second NG-RAN. Based on the received one or more second paging messages, the UE may determine whether the UE responds or not. For example, based on that the one or more second paging messages comprise the identifier of the second MBS session and/or the identifier of the UE, the UE may determine that the one or more second paging messages are for the second MBS session. Based on that the one or more second paging messages comprise indication that the inactive skip indicator is set to not allowed and/or does not comprise the inactive skip indicator, the UE may determine to respond to the one or more second paging messages. Based on the determination, the UE may initiate RRC Resume procedure and/or RRC Setup procedure.

[0288] FIG. 23 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a first NG-RAN may allocate random access resource for an MBS session and/or one or more UEs may respond to the first NG-RAN by using the random access resource for the MBS session.

[0289] In an example, the first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1 ) may have one or more RRC connections with one or more first UEs and/or may not have RRC connection with one or more second UEs. The one or more first UEs and/or the one or more second UEs may camp on a cell managed by the first NG-RAN. For example, the one or more first UEs may comprise a first UE (UE 1) and/or the one or more second UEs may comprise a second UE (UE 2). For example, for the one or more first UEs, the first NG-RAN may receive one or more N2 messages (e.g, PDU Session Resource Setup Request) from an AMF. The one or more N2 messages may comprise a N2 (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) message for the first UE. The N2 (e.g, PDU Session Resource Setup Request) message for the first UE may comprise at least one of:

[0290] identifier of UE: This may indicate the first UE. For example, this may comprise at least one of AMF UE NGAP ID, RAN UE NGAP ID.

[0291] identifier of PDU session: This may indicate the PDU session associated with the N2 message. For example, this may comprise PDU Session ID.

[0292] identifier of MBS session: This may indicate one or more MBS sessions for which the PDU session is associated. For example, this may comprise MBS Session Setup Request List or MBS Session ID.

[0293] For example, based on the N2 message (e.g, PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS session for which the first UE joins or subscribes.

[0294] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the first UE into RRC Inactive state. For example, to reduce power consumption for the first UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the first UE into RRC Inactive state. To move the first UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send RRC Release message to the first UE. The RRC Release message may comprise at least one of indication to move into RRC Inactive state and/or information of RAN notification area (RNA). For example, the information of RNA may comprise at least one of information of one or more cells, information of one or more tracking areas, and/or information of one or more RAN area codes.

[0295] In an example, the first UE may receive the RRC Release message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the received RRC Release message, the first UE may transition into RRC Inactive state. The first UE may move into a new cell while the first UE is in RRC Inactive state. If the new cell would not match to the information of RNA, the first UE may perform RRC Resume procedure, to indicate that the first UE is located outside of the RNA. If the first UE moves within the same RNA, then the new cell should match to the information of RNA, and the first UE may not perform RRC Resume procedure.

[0296] In an example, the AMF may send a N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify start of the MBS session. For example, when an application server for the MBS session requests activation of the MBS session and/or when a core network receives a data for the MBS session, the AMF may send the N2 (e.g . , Multicast Session Activation Request) message to the one or more NG-RANs. For example, the one or more NG-RANs may comprise the first NG-RAN. The one or more NG-RANs may receive the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise an identifier of the MBS session (e.g., MBS Session ID).

[0297] In an example, the first NG-RAN may send a first message to the one or more UEs. The first message may comprise at least one of RRC configuration message, system information block message, paging message, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, MAC Control Element (MAC CE), PDCCH message and/or the like. The first message may be at least one of RRC configuration message, system information block message, paging message, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, MAC Control Element (MAC CE), PDCCH message and/or the like. For example, the first message may be delivered via BCCH, PCCH, MCCH, and/or the like. The first message may comprise at least one of information of random access resource for the MBS session, the identifier of the MBS session. For example, the random access resource for the MBS session may be RACH resource for the MBS session and/or for MBS. For example, the RRC configuration message may comprise the information of random access resource for the MBS session and/or the identifier of the MBS session. The information of random access resource for the MBS session comprise at least one of:

[0298] information of RACH preamble: This may indicate one or more RACH preambles (e.g., random access preambles) assigned for the MBS session. The NG-RAN may allocate one or more RACH preambles for one or more UEs which subscribe to the MBS session and/or which are interested in receiving data of the MBS session. When the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select the one or more RACH preamble for the MBS session. When the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more RACH preamble for the MBS session. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may allocate the one or more RACH preambles for MBS and/or may allocate the one or more RACH preambles for the MBS session. For example, the NG-RAN may allocate RACH preamble 63 for the MBS session, and may allocate other RACH preamble (e.g, 0-62) for other purpose than the MBS session.

[0299] information of PRACH Occasion for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more PRACH Occasion allocated for the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform RACH (random access) procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select the one or more PRACH occasions (among the one or more PRACH occasion allocated for the MBS session) and may transmit a RACH preamble at the selected one or more PRACH occasions. When the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more PRACH occasion from the one or more PRACH occasion allocated for the MBS session. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may allocate the one or more PRACH occasions for MBS and/or may allocate the one or more PRACH occasions for the MBS session. For example, as shown in the FIG. 29B, the NG-RAN may allocate PRACH occasions (t3, t5) for the MBS session, and may allocate other RACH occasions (t4, t5) for other purpose than the MBS session. [0300] information of frequency for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more frequencies where random access resources are assigned for the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more frequency among the one or more frequency indicated by the information of frequency for the MBS, and may transmit RACH preamble at the selected one or more frequencies. When the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more frequencies, indicated by the information of frequency for the MBS session. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may allocate the one or more frequencies for MBS and/or may allocate the one or more PRACH frequencies for the MBS session. For example, as shown in the FIG. 29A, the NG-RAN may allocate frequency (f2) for the RACH procedure associated with the MBS session, and may allocate other frequency (f1) for RACH procedure not associated with the MBS session.

[0301] information of SSB for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more SSBs associated with the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more random access resources associated with the one or more SSBs. When the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more random access resources associated with the one or more SSBs. Depending on the configuration, the NG- RAN may indicate the one or more SSBs for MBS and/or may indicate the one or more SSBs for the MBS session. [0302] information of CSI-RS for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more CSI-RSs associated with the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more random access resources associated with the one or more CSI-RSs. When the one or more UEs perform RACH procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more random access resources associated with the one or more CSI-RSs. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may indicate the one or more CSI-RSs for MBS and/or may indicate the one or more CSI- RSs for the MBS session.

[0303] In an example, based on the received N2 message (e.g, Multicast Session Activation Request) message, the first NG-RAN may send a second message in one or more cells. For example, the first NG-RAN may send the second message, to indicate to the one or more UEs that the MBS session starts. For example, the second messages may comprise the identifier of the MBS session (e.g., MBS session ID, TMGI, group RNTI for the MBS session ID, etc.), MBS session status information, and/or indication of MBS response. For example, the indication of MBS response may indicate to the one or more UEs whether the one or more UEs need to respond to the second message. For example, if the indication of MBS response indicate that the one or more UEs needs to respond and/or if the one or more UEs are interested in receiving the MBS session associated with the second message, the one or more UEs may initiate a procedure to respond to the NG-RAN. For example, the procedure to respond to the NG-RAN may comprise at least one of transmission of PUSCH, performing RACH procedure, performing RRC Connection setup, performing RRC Resume, and/or the like. For example, the MBS session status information may indicate at least one of whether the MBS session is activated, whether the MBS session starts, whether the MBS session stops, whether the MBS session is deactivated, whether the UE needs to respond, whether a counting procedure starts, and/or whether the counting procedure stops. The second message may comprise at least one of RRC configuration message, system information block message, paging message, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, MAC Control Element (MAC CE), PDCCH message and/or the like. For example, the second message may be delivered via BCCH, PCCH, MCCH, and/or the like. For example, the second message may be the first message. For example, the second message may comprise the MBS notification. For example, the RRC configuration message, the system information block message, the paging message, the MBSMulticastConfiguration message, the MAC Control Element (MAC CE), and/or the PDCCH message may comprise the MBS notification.

[0304] In an example, the first UE and/or the second UE may receive the first message and/or the second message sent by the first NG-RAN. Based on the second message, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine whether the first UE and/or the second UE needs to respond to the first NG-RAN. For example, responding to the first NG-RAN may comprise performing RACH procedure and/or resuming/establishing RRC connection to the NG-RAN. For example, based on the second message comprising the indication that the one or more UEs needs to respond, based on being interested in receiving the MBS session and/or based on the MBS session starting, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to respond to the NG-RAN. For example, based on the second message comprising the indication that counting procedure starts, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to respond to the NG-RAN. [0305] In an example, based on the determination that the first UE and/or the second UE needs to respond to the first NG-RAN, the first UE and/or the second UE may initiate a random access procedure (RACH procedure). For example, based on the first message and/or the second message, the first UE and/or the second UE may select random access resources for the MBS session. For example, based on the identifier of the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may select random access resources associated with the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE and/or the second UE may select the random access preamble for the MBS session, based on the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE and/or the second UE may select one or more frequencies associated with the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE and/or the second UE may select one or more PRACH occasions associated with the MBS session.

[0306] In an example, based on the determination that the first UE and/or the second UE needs to respond to the first NG-RAN, the first UE and/or the second UE may initiate a random access procedure (RACH procedure). For example, if the first UE and/or the second UE do not receive information on the random access resources for the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may select random access resources not associated with the MBS session.

[0307] In an example, the first UE and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble, based on the selected random access resources. For example, the first UE may transmit the random access preamble and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble. The first UE and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble, at frequency determined to be associated with the MBS session, and/or at PRACH occasion determined to be associated with the MBS session, and/or the like. For example, the random access preamble used by the first UE for the MBS session may be the random access preamble used by the second UE for the MBS session. One or more UEs interested in the MBS session may use the random access resources for the MBS session and/or may not use the random access resources not associated with the MBS session. This may assist in reducing congestion for random access resource not associated with the MBS session. In an example, the first NG-RAN may detect the random access preamble transmitted by the first UE and/or the second UE. Based on the received random access preamble, the first NG-RAN may transmit random access response.

[0308] In an example, based on the transmitted random access preamble, the first UE and/or the second UE may receive the random access response message sent by the first NG-RAN. For example, the random access response may comprise information of random access preamble. For example, the information of random access preamble may indicate the random access preamble that the first UE and/or second UE transmit for the MBS session. Based on the random access response indicating the random access preamble for the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine that the random access procedure is successful. For example, based on the random access response indicating the random access preamble for the MBS session, one or more UEs interested in the MBS session may determine the random access procedure is successful.

[0309] In an example, based on detecting the random access procedure over the random access resource for the MBS session, the first NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS session. For example, based on detection of transmission of the random access preamble for the MBS session, the first NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in the MBS session and/or the first NG-RAN may determine to transmit data for the MBS session, in a cell where the random access preamble is detected. Based on detection of transmission of the random access preamble for the MBS session, the first NG-RAN may transmit data for the MBS session via the cell where the random access preamble is detected. The one or more UEs that transmit the one or more preamble for the MBS session may receive the data for the MBS session via the cell.

[0310] FIG. 24 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN may allocate random access resource for an MBS session and/or one or more UEs may respond to the second NG-RAN by using the random access resource for the MBS session.

[0311] In an example, the first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1) may have one or more RRC connections with one or more UEs. For example, the one or more UEs may comprise a first UE (UE 1) and/or a second UE (UE 2). For example, for the one or more UEs, the first NG-RAN may receive one or more N2 messages (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) for the one or more UEs from an AMF. Each of the one or more N2 (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) message may comprise at least one of:

[0312] identifier of UE: This may indicate a UE. For example, this may comprise at least one of AMF UE NGAP ID, RAN UE NGAP ID.

[0313] identifier of PDU session: This may indicate the PDU session associated with the N2 message. For example, this may comprise PDU Session ID.

[0314] identifier of MBS session: This may indicate one or more MBS sessions for which the PDU session is associated. For example, this may comprise MBS Session Setup Request List or MBS Session ID. The UE may join the one or more MBS session.

[0315] For example, based on the one or more N2 messages (e.g, PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS sessions for which the one or more UEs join or subscribe.

[0316] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the first UE and/or the second UE into RRC Inactive state. For example, to reduce power consumption for the first UE and/or the second UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the first UE and/or the second UE into RRC Inactive state. To move the first UE and/or the second UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send one or more RRC Release messages to the first UE and/or the second UE. The one or more RRC Release messages may comprise at least one of indication to move into RRC Inactive state, information of RAN notification area (RNA). For example, the information of RNA may comprise at least one of information of one or more cells, information of one or more tracking areas, information of one or more RAN area codes.

[0317] In an example, the AMF may send a N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify startofan MBS session. For example, the one or more NG-RANs may comprise the first NG-RAN. The one or more NG-RANs may receive the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message sent by the AMF. For example, the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message may comprise an identifier of the MBS session (e.g, MBS Session ID).

[0318] In an example, based on the received N2 (e.g. Multicast Session Activation Request) message and/or based on the first UE being in RRC Inactive state, based on the second UE being in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send to the second NG-RAN, the RAN Multicast Group paging message and/or the like. For example, the first NG-RAN may send the RAN multicast group paging message to the second NG-RAN, based on the second NG-RAN belonging to RNA of the first UE and/or based on the second NG-RAN belonging to RNA of the second UE. The RAN multicast group paging message may comprise at least one of one or more identifiers of the one or more UEs, the identifier of the MBS session. In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive the RAN multicast group paging message sent by the first NG-RAN.

[0319] In an example, the second NG-RAN may send a first message in one or more cells which the second NG- RAN manages. The first message may comprise at least one of RRC configuration message, system information block message, paging message, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, MAC Control Element (MAC CE), MCCH message, RRC message, PDCCH message and/or the like. For example, the first message may be delivered via BCCH, PCCH, MCCH, PDCCH and/or the like. The first message may comprise at least one of information of random access resource for the MBS session, the identifier of the MBS session. For example, the RRC configuration message, the system information block message, the paging message, the MBSMulticastConfiguration message, the MCCH message and/or the RRC message may comprise the information of random access resource for the MBS session and/or the identifier of the MBS session. For example, the random access resource for the MBS session may be RACH resource for the MBS session and/or for MBS. The information of random access resource for the MBS session comprise at least one of:

[0320] identifier of the MBS session.

[0321] information of random access preamble: This may indicate one or more random access preambles (RACH preambles) assigned for the MBS session. The NG-RAN may allocate one or more random access preambles for one or more UEs which subscribe to the MBS session and/or which are interested in receiving data of the MBS session. When the one or more UEs perform random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select the one or more random access preamble for the MBS session, based on the information of random access preamble. When the one or more UEs perform random access procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more random access preamble for the MBS session. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may allocate the one or more random access preamble for MBS and/or may allocate the one or more random access preamble for the MBS session. For example, the NG-RAN may allocate random access preamble 60-63 for the MBS session, and may allocate other random access preamble (e.g. , 0-59) for other purpose than the MBS session.

[0322] information of PRACH Occasion for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more PRACH Occasion allocated for the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more PRACH occasions (among the one or more PRACH occasion allocated for the MBS session) and may transmit random access preamble at the selected one or more PRACH occasions. When the one or more UEs perform random access procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more PRACH occasion from the one or more PRACH occasion allocated for the MBS session. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may allocate the one or more PRACH occasions for MBS and/or may allocate the one or more PRACH occasions for the MBS session. For example, as shown in the FIG. 29B, the NG-RAN may allocate PRACH occasions (t3, t5) for the MBS session, and may allocate other RACH occasions (t4, t5) for other purpose than the MBS session.

[0323] information of frequency for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more frequencies where random access resources are assigned. For example, when the one or more UEs perform random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more frequencies among the one or more frequency indicated by the information of frequency for the MBS and may transmit random access preamble at the selected one or more frequencies. When the one or more UEs perform random access procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more frequencies indicated by the information of frequency for the MBS session. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may allocate the one or more frequencies for MBS and/or may allocate the one or more PRACH frequencies for the MBS session. For example, as shown in the FIG. 29A, the NG-RAN may allocate frequency (f2) for the random access procedure associated with the MBS session, and may allocate other frequency (f 1 ) for random access procedure not associated with the MBS session.

[0324] information of SSB for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more SSBs associated with the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more random access resources associated with the one or more SSBs. When the one or more UEs perform random access procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more random access resources associated with the one or more SSBs. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may indicate the one or more SSBs for MBS and/or may indicate the one or more SSBs for the MBS session.

[0325] information of CSI-RS for the MBS session: This may indicate one or more CSI-RSs associated with the MBS session. For example, when the one or more UEs perform random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may select one or more random access resources associated with the one or more CSI- RSs. When the one or more UEs perform random access procedure not associated with the MBS session, the one or more UEs may not select the one or more random access resources associated with the one or more CSI-RSs. Depending on the configuration, the NG-RAN may indicate the one or more CSI-RSs for MBS and/or may indicate the one or more CSI-RSs for the MBS session.

[0326] In an example, based on the RAN multicast group paging message and/or based on a N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message from the AMF, the second NG-RAN may send a second message in one or more cells where the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the second message may comprise the MBS notification. For example, the second NG-RAN may send the second message, to indicate to the one or more UEs that the MBS session starts. For example, the second messages may comprise the identifier of the MBS session (e.g., MBS session ID, TMGI, group RNTI for the MBS session ID, etc.), MBS session status information, and/or indication of MBS response. For example, the indication of MBS response may indicate to the one or more UEs whether the one or more UEs need to respond to the second message. For example, if the indication of MBS response indicate that the one or more UEs needs to respond and/or if the one or more UEs are interested in receiving the MBS session associated with the second message, the one or more UEs may initiate a procedure to respond to the second NG-RAN. For example, the procedure to respond to the NG-RAN may comprise at least one of transmission of PUSCH, random access procedure, RRC Connection setup procedure, RRC Resume procedure, and/or the like. For example, the MBS session status information may indicate at least one of whether the MBS session is activated, whether the MBS session starts, whether the MBS session stops, whether the MBS session is deactivated, whether a counting procedure starts, and/or whether the counting procedure stops. The second message may comprise at least one of RRC configuration message, system information block message, paging message, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, MAC Control Element (MAC CE), PDCCH message, MBS notification and/or the like. For example, the second message may be delivered via BCCH, PCCH, MCCH, and/or the like. For example, the second message may be the first message and/or the second message may comprise the information of random access resource for the MBS session. For example, the RRC configuration message, the system information block message, the paging message, the MBSMulticastConfiguration message, the MCCH message and/or the RRC message may comprise the information of random access resource for the MBS session and/or the identifier of the MBS session. [0327] In an example, the first UE and/or the second LIE may receive the first message and/or the second message sent by the second NG-RAN. Based on the second message, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine whether the first UE and/or the second UE needs to respond to the second NG-RAN. For example, responding to the second NG-RAN may comprise performing random access procedure and/or resuming/establishing RRC connection to the NG-RAN. For example, based on the second message comprising the indication that the one or more UEs needs to respond, based on being interested in receiving the MBS session, and/or based on the MBS session starting, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to respond to the second NG-RAN. For example, based on the second message comprising the indication that counting procedure starts, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to respond to the second NG-RAN.

[0328] In an example, based on the determination that the first UE and/or the second UE needs to respond to the second NG-RAN, the first UE and/or the second UE may initiate a random access procedure (RACH procedure). For example, based on the first message and/or the second message, the first UE and/or the second UE may select random access resources for the MBS session. For example, based on the identifier of the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may select random access resources associated with the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may select the random access preamble for the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE and/or the second UE may select one or more frequencies associated with the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE and/or the second UE may select one or more PRACH occasions associated with the MBS session. For example, to indicate that the first UE and/or the second UE are interested in receiving the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may perform random access procedure, using the random access resource associated with the MBS session.

[0329] In an example, based on the determination that the first UE and/or the second UE needs to respond to the second NG-RAN, the first UE and/or the second UE may initiate a random access procedure (RACH procedure). For example, if the first UE and/or the second UE do not receive information on the random access resources for the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may select random access resources not associated with the MBS session. [0330] In an example, the first UE and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble, based on the selected random access resources for the MBS session. For example, the first UE may transmit the random access preamble and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble. The first UE and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble, at frequency determined to be associated with the MBS session, and/or at PRACH occasion determined to be associated with the MBS session, and/or the like. For example, the random access preamble used by the first UE may be the random access preamble used by the second UE. One or more UEs interested in the MBS session may use the random access resources for the MBS session and/or may not use the random access resources not associated with the MBS session. This may assist in reducing congestion for random access resource not associated with the MBS session. In an example, the second NG-RAN may detect the random access preamble transmitted by the first UE and/or the second UE. Based on the detected random access preamble, the second NG-RAN may transmit random access response.

[0331] In an example, based on the transmitted random access preamble and/or based on the random access procedure for the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may receive the random access response message sent by the second NG-RAN. For example, the random access response may comprise information of the random access preamble. For example, the information of random access preamble may indicate the random access preamble that the first UE and/or second UE transmit for the MBS session, based on the random access resource for the MBS session. Based on the random access response indicating the random access preamble for the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine that the random access procedure is successful. For example, based on the random access response indicating the random access preamble, one or more UEs interested in the MBS session may determine the random access procedure is successful.

[0332] In an example, based on the reception of random access procedure over random access resource for the MBS session, based on receiving RAN multicast group paging request from the first NG-RAN, and/or based on sending data for the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may send to the first NG-RAN, an MBS response message. For example, the MBS response message may comprise at least one of RAN multicast group paging response message, MBS status indication message, and/or the like. For example, the MBS response message may comprise the identifier of the MBS session and/or the MBS session status. For example, the MBS session status may comprise at least one of indication of whether the second NG-RAN sends data for the MBS session, whether the second NG-RAN provides the MBS session for one or more UEs in RRC Inactive state, and/or whether there are one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS session.

[0333] In an example, based on detection of random access procedure over random access resource for the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS session. For example, based on detection of random access preamble for the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in the MBS session and/or the second NG-RAN may determine to transmit data for the MBS session, in a cell where the random access preamble for the MBS session is detected.

[0334] FIG. 25 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN may allocate random access resource for an MBS session and/or one or more UEs may respond to the second NG-RAN by using the random access resource for the MBS session.

[0335] In an example, the first NG-RAN (NG-RAN 1) may have one or more RRC connections with one or more UEs. For example, the one or more UEs may comprise a first UE (UE 1). For example, for the one or more UEs, the first NG- RAN may receive one or more N2 messages (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request) for the one or more UEs from the AMF.

[0336] For example, based on the one or more N2 messages (e.g., PDU Session Resource Setup Request), the first NG-RAN may identity one or more MBS sessions for which the one or more UEs join or subscribe.

[0337] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to transition the first UE and/or the second UE into RRC Inactive state. [0338] In an example, the AMF may send the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message to one or more NG-RANs, to notify start of the MBS session.

[0339] In an example, based on the received N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message and/or based on the first UE being in RRC Inactive state, based on the second UE being in RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send to the second NG-RAN, the RAN Multicast Group paging message and/or the like.

[0340] In an example, the second NG-RAN may send the first message in one or more cells which the second NG- RAN manages. The first message may comprise at least one of information of random access resource for the MBS session, the identifier of the MBS session. For example, the random access resource for the MBS session may be RACH resource for the MBS session and/or for MBS. The information of random access resource for the MBS session comprise at least one of:

[0341 ] >The identifier of the M BS session.

[0342] >The information of RACH preamble.

[0343] >The information of PRACH Occasion for the MBS session.

[0344] >The information of frequency for the MBS session.

[0345] >The information of SSB for the MBS session.

[0346] information of PLISCH resource: This may indicate PUSCH resources associated with the random access preamble for the MBS session. This may comprise PUSCH occasions to be used for the transmission of msgA associated with the MBS session. This may indicate PUSCH resource to be used for msgA transmission by the UE interested in the MBS session.

[0347] In an example, based on the RAN multicast group paging message and/or based on the N2 (e.g., Multicast Session Activation Request) message from the AMF, the second NG-RAN may send the second message in one or more cells where the second NG-RAN manages. For example, the second message may comprise the MBS notification.

[0348] In an example, the first UE may receive the first message and/or the second message sent by the second NG- RAN. Based on the second message, the first UE may determine whether the first UE needs to respond to the second NG-RAN. For example, responding to the second NG-RAN may comprise performing RACH procedure and/or resuming/establishing RRC connection to the second NG-RAN. For example, based on the second message comprising the indication that the one or more UEs needs to respond, based on the first UE being interested in receiving the MBS session and/or based on the MBS session starting, the first UE may determine to respond to the second NG-RAN. For example, based on the second message comprising the indication that counting procedure starts, the first UE may determine to respond to the second NG-RAN.

[0349] In an example, based on the determination that the first UE needs to respond to the second NG-RAN, the first UE may initiate random access procedure (RACH procedure). For example, based on the first message and/or the second message, the first UE may select random access resources for the MBS session. For example, based on the identifier of the MBS session, the first UE may select random access resources associated with the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure associated with the MBS session, the first LIE may select the random access preamble for the MBS session, based on the information of the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE may select one or more frequencies associated with the MBS session, based on the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, for the random access procedure, the first UE may select one or more PRACH occasions associated with the MBS session, based on the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, to indicate that the first UE is interested in receiving the MBS session, the first UE may perform random access procedure, using the random access resource associated with the MBS session and/or based on the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, for the transmission of msgA associated with the MBS session, the first UE may transmit the msgA, based on the information of PUSCH resource indicated by the random access resource information for the MBS session. For example, the msgA may comprise an RRC connection message. For example, the RRC connection message may comprise RRC Resume request message, RRC Setup Request message, a CCCH message associated with the MBS session and/or the like. For example, the RRC connection message may comprise the identifier of the first UE.

[0350] In an example, the first UE may transmit the random access preamble, based on the selected random access resources and/or based on the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, the first UE may transmit the random access preamble and/or the first UE may transmit the msgA, based on the random access resource for the MBS session. The first UE may transmit the msgA, at the frequency and/or at the time, based on the information of PUSCH resource of the random access resource for the MBS session. In an example, the second NG-RAN may detect the random access preamble transmitted by the first UE and/or the second NG-RAN may receive the msgA transmitted by the first UE. Based on the received random access preamble and/or the msgA via the random access resources for the MBS session, the first NG-RAN may transmit random access response and/or msgB. For example, the msgB may comprise at least one of information of acknowledgement of reception of the msgA, information of acknowledgement of reception of the random access preamble, the RRC connection message, and/or the like.

[0351] In an example, based on the transmitted random access preamble and/or msgA, the first UE may receive the random access response message and/or the msgB sent by the second NG-RAN. The first UE may determine whether the msgB is associated with the msgA sent by the first UE. For example, based on the msgB comprising the RRC connection message of the msgA, the first UE may determine that the msgB is a response to the msgA sent by the first UE. Based on the determination, the first UE may determine that the random access procedure for the MBS session is successful.

[0352] In an example, based on the reception of msgA, and/or based on receiving RAN multicast group paging request from the first NG-RAN, the second NG-RAN may send to the first NG-RAN, an MBS response message. For example, the MBS response message may comprise at least one of RAN multicast group paging response message, MBS status indication message, retrieve UE context request message, and/or the like. For example, the MBS response message may comprise at least one of the identifier of the MBS session, the MBS session status, an identifier of the first UE and/or the RRC connection request message sent by the first UE. For example, the MBS session status may comprise at least one of indication of whether the second NG-RAN sends data for the MBS session, and/or whether the second NG-RAN provides the MBS session for one or more UEs in RRC Inactive state.

[0353] In an example, based on detection of random access procedure over the random access resource for the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS session. For example, based on detection of random access preamble for the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in the MBS session and/or the second NG-RAN may determine to transmit data for the MBS session, in a cell where the random access preamble is detected.

[0354] FIG. 26 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a UE may use a first random access resource for a procedure not associated with an MBS session and/or the UE may use a second random access resource for a procedure associated with the MBS session

[0355] In an example, the UE may receive from a NG-RAN, the first random access resource information. For example, the UE may receive the first random access resource information via a system information block. For example, the first random access resource information may indicate that random access preambles (e.g, preamble 1- 33) are allocated for general random access procedure. For example, the general random access procedure may comprise one or more random access procedure not associated with MBS and/or with the MBS session.

[0356] In an example, the UE may receive data from an upper layer. For example, the data may not be associated with the MBS session and/or with MBS. Based on the data being not associated with the MBS session, the UE may use the first random access resource information for random access procedure associated with the data. For example, the UE may select the random access preamble from the first random access resource information. For example, the UE may select the random access preamble (e.g., preamble 22), and may transmit the random access preamble.

[0357] In an example, the UE may receive from the NG-RAN, the second random access resource information, associated with the MBS and/or the MBS session. For example, the UE may receive the second random access resource information via the system information block, MCCH message, via Paging message, and/or the like. For example, the MCCH message may comprise at least one of MBS session configuration, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, and/or the like. For example, the second random access resource information may indicate that random access preamble (e.g., preamble 41) is allocated for the MBS session.

[0358] In an example, the UE may initiate an MBS procedure toward the NG-RAN. For example, when the UE determines to receive the MBS session, when the UE receives an indication that counting procedure for the MBS session starts, when the UE receives indication that the MBS session starts, when the UE starts a join procedure for the MBS session, and/or when the UE needs to exchange information with a network for the MBS session, the UE may initiate the MBS procedure toward the NG-RAN. For the MBS procedure, the UE may perform a random access procedure to access to the NG-RAN. For the random access procedure, based on the second random access information for the MBS session, the UE may select random access resource for the random access procedure. For example, the UE may select the random access preamble (e.g, preamble 41) associated with the MBS session. For the MBS procedure, the UE may transmit the selected random access preamble (e.g, preamble 41). [0359] FIG. 27 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a NG-RAN may indicate random access resource for an MBS session and/or one or more UEs may perform random access procedure based on the indicated random access resource. This may assist the NG-RAN to determine whether to stop transmission of data for the MBS session.

[0360] In an example, one or more UEs may camp a cell managed by the NG-RAN. For example, the one or more UEs may comprise a first UE (UE 1) and/or a second UE (UE 2).

[0361] In an example, the NG-RAN may send a first message to the one or more UEs. The first message may comprise at least one of RRC configuration message, system information block message, paging message, MBSMulticastConfiguration message, MAC Control Element (MAC CE), PDCCH message and/or the like. For example, the first message may be delivered via BCCH, PCCH, MCCH, and/or the like. The first message may comprise at least one of the information of random access resource for the MBS session, the identifier of the MBS session, MBS activity configuration information. For example, the RRC configuration message, the system information block message, the paging message, the MBSMulticastConfiguration message, the MCCH message and/or the RRC message may comprise the information of random access resource for the MBS session, the MBS activity configuration information, and/or the identifier of the MBS session. The MBS activity configuration information may indicate when a UE interested in receiving the MBS session needs to respond to the NG-RAN, when the UE interested in receiving the MBS needs to perform random access procedure, and/or when the UE interested in receiving the MBS needs to periodically contact the NG-RAN, and/or the like. The MBS activity configuration information may comprise:

[0362] >Offset Range (e.g. , T 1 ): This may indicate time value range that the UE may use to delay start of random access procedure. For example, if this value is set to 100ms, the first UE and/or the second UE may randomly select a value in the range (e.g., 0-100ms). For example, the first UE may select a first value (e.g., T1 a) equal to 50ms and/or the second UE may select a second value (e.g, T1b) equal to 30ms. Based on the selected value, the first UE and/or the second UE may wait time duration equal to the selected value before the first UE and/or the second UE perform the random access procedure for the MBS session. For example, the first UE may start the random access procedure for the MBS session at t=50 ms and/or the second UE may start the random access procedure for the MBS session at t=30 ms. The offset range may allow one or more UEs interested in the MBS session to start responding (e.g, sending the RRC message, performing random access procedure) to the NG-RAN in different times. This may distribute accesses from the one or more UEs in time.

[0363] >Time duration (e.g, T2): This may indicate the time interval with which the UE needs to perform the random access procedure again, to contact the NG-RAN, and/or to respond to the NG-RAN. For example, the NG-RAN may indicate that the time duration (T2) is set to 500 ms. For example, based on this value, the UE may perform random access procedure at every 500ms, while the UE is interested in receiving the MBS session. This may help the NG-RAN to determine whether there are still one or more UEs interested in the MBS session. For example, when the NG-RAN receives a RRC message for the MBS session and/or the random access preamble for the MBS session, the NG-RAN may start/restart a third time duration (e.g, T3). The third time duration may be equal or longer than the time duration (T2). For example, to compensate for potential retransmissions during random access procedure, the third time duration may be longer than the time duration (T2). When the NG-RAN does not receive the RRC message for the MBS session and/or the random access preamble for the MBS session for the third time duration (T3), the NG-RAN may determine that there is no UE interested in the MBS session.

[0364] In an example, the first UE and/or the second UE may receive the first message sent by the NG-RAN. For example, the first message may indicate random access preamble (e.g, preamble 42) is associated with the MBS session. Based on the first message, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to respond to the NG-RAN. For example, based on receiving the MBS notification, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to respond to the NG-RAN. To respond to the NG-RAN, the first UE and/or the second UE may perform random access procedure. For example, based on the random access resources for the MBS session, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine to use the random access preamble (e.g, preamble 42) for the random access procedure. The first UE and/or the second UE may transmit the random access preamble.

[0365] In an example, the NG-RAN may receive the random access preamble transmitted by the first UE and/or by the second UE. In response to the received random access preamble, the NG-RAN may transmit a random access response. The random access response may comprise information of the random access preamble. In an example, the first UE and the second UE may receive the random access response from the NG-RAN.

[0366] In an example, based on the MBS activity configuration, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine when to respond to the NG-RAN subsequently. For example, based on the offset range, the first UE and/or the second UE may determine one or more offset values. For example, the one or more offset values may comprise a first offset value (T 1 a) and/or a second offset value (T1 b). For example, if the offset range is 200 ms, the first UE may select a first offset value (e.g, 100 ms) and/or the second UE may select a second offset value (e.g, 150 ms). Based on the selected one or more offset values, the first UE and/or the second UE may wait for one or more time periods equal to the selected one or more offset values. For example, the first UE may wait for the first offset value time and/or the second UE may wait for the second offset value time, before starting the time period (T2). In one example, the first UE and/or the second UE may apply the first offset value time and/or the second offset value time, when the first UE and/or the second UE responds to the MBS notification.

[0367] In an example, when the first offset value time elapses, the first UE may respond to the NG-RAN. For example, when the first offset value time elapses, the first UE may send a first response message associated with the MBS session to the NG-RAN and/or the first UE may perform a first random access procedure. For example, the first UE may use the random access resource (e.g, preamble 42) for the MBS session, to perform the first random access procedure.

[0368] In an example, when the second offset value time elapses, the second UE may respond to the NG-RAN. For example, when the second offset value time elapses, the second UE may send a second response message associated with the MBS session to the NG-RAN and/or the second UE may perform a second random access procedure. For example, the second UE may use the random access resource (e.g, preamble 42) for the MBS session, to perform the second random access procedure.

[0369] In an example, based on sending the response message (e.g, the first response message, the second response message), based on performing the random access procedure (e.g., the first random access procedure, the second random access procedure), and/or based on the expiration of the offset value time, the first UE and/or the second UE may start a time duration (T2) based on the time duration information of the MBS activity configuration. For example, the time duration information of the MBS activity configuration may indicate 2000 ms.

[0370] In an example, based on the time duration information (e.g., 2000 ms), the first UE may start time duration (T2). When the UE is not interested in receiving the MBS session anymore, the first UE may stop the time duration (T2).

[0371] In an example, based on the time duration information (e.g, 2000 ms), the second UE may start time duration (T2). When the time duration (T2) expires, the second UE may start a procedure to respond to the NG-RAN, to indicate that the second UE is interested in the MBS session. For example, when the time duration (T2) elapses, the second UE may send a third response message associated with the MBS session to the NG-RAN and/or the second UE may perform a third random access procedure. For example, the second UE may use the random access resource (e.g, preamble 42) for the MBS session, to perform the third random access procedure. After performing the random access procedure and/or responding to the NG-RAN and/or after receiving from a NG-RAN a response message to the third response message, if the second UE remains interested in receiving the MBS session, the second UE may restart the time duration (T2). When the time duration (T2) expires, the second UE may repeat responding to the NG-RAN and/or performing the random access procedure.

[0372] In an example, the second UE may determine that the second UE is no more interested in receiving the MBS session. Based on the determination, the second UE may stop the time duration.

[0373] In an example, the NG-RAN may receive one or more response messages (e.g, the first response message, the second response message, the third response message) from the one or more UEs for the MBS session and/or the NG-RAN may detect random access procedures from the one or more UEs for the MBS session, via the random access resources for the MBS session. For example, the NG-RAN may receive the random access preamble for the MBS session transmitted by the first UE and/or the second UE. Based on receiving the one or more response messages from the one or more UEs for the MBS session and/or based on detecting random access procedures from the one or more UEs for the MBS session via the random access resources for the MBS session, the NG-RAN may start/re-start a time duration (T3). For example, when the NG-RAN receives the random access preamble (e.g, preamble 42) for the MBS session, the NG-RAN may determine that there are one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS session and/or the NG-RAN may start/re-start the time duration (T3). For example, when the NG-RAN sends the random access response for the MBS session and/or when the NG-RAN sends one or more messages to the one or more UEs in response to the received one or more response messages, the NG-RAN may start/re-start the time duration (T3). When the time duration (T3) expires, the NG-RAN may determine that there is no UE interested in receiving the MBS session. Based on the determination, the NG-RAN may stop transmission of data for the MBS session and/or the NG-RAN may release resources used for the MBS session.

[0374] FIG. 28A, FIG. 28B and FIG. 28C depict example embodiments of the present disclosure. In an example, information of random access resource is provided to a UE.

[0375] In an example, RACH-ConfigCommon may comprise rach-ConfigGeneric, totalNumberofRA-Preambles, ssb- perRACH-OccasionAndCB-PreamblesPerSSB, groupBconfigured, ra-ContentionResolutionTimer, rsrp-ThresholdSSB, rsrp-ThresholdSSB-SUL, prach-RootSequencelndex, msg1-SubcarrierSpacing, restrictedSetConfig, msg3- transformPrecoder, ra-PrioritizationForAccessldentity-r16, ra-PrioritizationForSlicing-r17, featureCombinationPreambles-r17, ra-PrioritizationForMBS-r18, and/or the like.

[0376] For example, rach-ConfigGeneric may comprise information for RACH parameters associated with regular random access procedure and/or beam failure recovery procedure. For example, totalNumberofRA-Preambles may be used for contention based random access, contention free 4-step random access and/or 2-step random access in the RACH resources defined in RACH-ConfigCommon, and/or may exclude preambles used for other purposes (e.g, for SI request). For example, ssb-perRACH-OccasionAndCB-PreamblesPerSSB may convey information about the number of SSBs per RACH occasion and/or may indicate the number of contention based preambles per SSB. For example, groupBconfigured may comprise information of random access group B. For example, ra-ContentionResolutionTimer may indicate time duration for contention resolution. For example, rsrp-ThresholdSSB may indicate a threshold with which the UE uses for selection of SSB. For example, rsrp-ThresholdSSB-SUL may indicate a threshold with which the UE uses for selection of SUL carrier. msg1 -SubcarrierSpacing may indicate subcarrier spacing of PRACH. For example, restrictedSetConfig may indicate configuration of an unrestricted sets. For example, msg3-transformPrecoder may enable the transform precoder for msg3 transmission. For example, ra-PrioritizationForAccessldentity-r16 may indicate parameters associated with prioritized random access for one or more access identities. For example, ra- PrioritizationForSlicing-r17 may indicate parameters associated with one or more network slices. For example, the ra- PrioritizationforM BS-r18 may comprise the random access information for the MBS session.

[0377] In an example, paging may comprise paging RecordList and/or pagi ng-v1700-I Es. In an example, paging- v1700-IEs may comprise pagingRecordList-v1700, pagingGroupList-r17, and/or ra-ForMBS-r18.

[0378] For example, paging RecordList may indicate one of one or more identifiers of one or more UEs. For example, pagingRecordList-v1700 may comprise one or more paging causes for the one or more UEs. For example, pagingGroupList-r17 may comprise one or more identifiers of one or more MBS sessions. For example, ra-ForMBS-r18 may comprise the random access resource information for the MBS session.

[0379] In an example, MBSMulticastConfiguration-r18 may comprise mbs-Sessionlnfo and/or ra-ForMBS-r18. For example, the mbs-Sessionlnfo may indicate the identifier of the MBS session.

[0380] FIG. 30 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a UE may receive information of random access resource for an MBS session and/or the UE may perform random access procedure based on the received information of random access resource.

[0381] In an example, a UE may join an MBS session. For example, the UE may send a request message (e.g, PDU Session Establishment Request) comprising an identifier of the MBS session, to a core network node (e.g., an AMF, an SMF). Based on the request message, the core network node may store information that the UE subscribes and/or may join the MBS session. When the UE establishes an RRC connection with a first NG-RAN, the core network node may send to the first NG-RAN, the information that the UE is allowed to receive the MBS session and/or that the UE subscribes to the MBS session.

[0382] In an example, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state. For example, based on no traffic activity for the UE, the first NG-RAN may determine to move the UE into RRC Inactive state. To transition the UE into RRC Inactive state, the first NG-RAN may send an RRC message. The RRC message may comprise an RRC Release message. The RRC message may comprise information of RAN notification area. The information of RAN notification area may comprise coverage areas of a second NG-RAN. In other example, the first NG-RAN may transition the UE into RRC Idle state.

[0383] In an example, the UE may move into the areas of the second NG-RAN. For the MBS session, the UE may receive from the second NG-RAN, information of random access resource for the MBS session. For example, the information of random access resource for the MBS session may comprise at least one of information of random access preamble for the MBS session, time information of random access resource for the MBS session, frequency information of the random access resource for the MBS session, and/or the like.

[0384] In an example, the UE may receive from the second NG-RAN, a notification (MBS notification) of the MBS session. For example, the notification may indicate that a response is required from the UE interested in the MBS session, that the MBS session starts, that counting procedure starts for the MBS session starts, that information associated with the MBS session changes, and/or the like. For example, the counting procedure may be a procedure for the second NG-RAN to determine whether there is one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS session in a cell, whether how many UEs are interested in receiving the MBS session, whether to deliver the MBS session in PTP mode or in PTM mode, and/or the like.

[0385] In an example, based on the notification and/or based on the information of random access resource for the MBS session, the UE may determine to respond to the second NG-RAN. To respond to the second NG-RAN may comprise sending a response message to the second NG-RAN and/or to perform random access procedure. For example, based on the information of the random access resource for the MBS session, the UE may select to use the random access resource indicated by the information of the random access resource for the MBS session. For example, based on being interested in receiving the MBS session, the UE may select to use a random access preamble indicated by the information of the random access resource for the MBS session.

[0386] In an example, based on the selected random access resource, the UE may use the selected random access resource, to respond to the second NG-RAN, for the MBS session. For example, the UE may transmit the random access preamble indicated by the information of the random access resource for the MBS session.

[0387] In an example, the UE may receive from the second NG-RAN, a response for the random access preamble. For example, the UE may receive from the second NG-RAN, a random access response comprising at least one of information of the transmitted random access preamble, the identifier of the MBS session. For example, the UE may receive from the second NG- RAN , a second message indicating stopping of the random access procedure for the MBS session. For example, the second message may indicate that the counting for the MBS session stops. Based on receiving the random access response and/or based on the second message, the UE may stop the random access procedure and/or may stop responding to the second NG-RAN .

[0388] FIG. 31 depicts one example embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a second NG-RAN may receive a paging request for an MBS session and/or the second NG-RAN may determine whether to proceed with paging procedure or not.

[0389] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive a N2 message (e.g, MBS activation request message) indicating start of the MBS session. The N2 message may comprise an identifier of the MBS session.

[0390] In an example, the second NG-RAN may send to one or more UEs in one or more cells where the second NG- RAN manages, a notification (e.g., MBS notification). For example, based on the N2 message, the notification may indicate that the MBS session starts.

[0391] In an example, the second NG-RAN may receive from a first NG-RAN, a paging request message. For example, the paging request message may comprise RAN paging message, RAN multicast group paging, and/or the like. For example, the paging request message may comprise the identifier of the MBS session and/or one or more identifier of one or more UEs. For example, the one or more UEs may be in RRC inactive state and/or may subscribe to the MBS session. Based on the paging request message comprising the identifier of the MBS session, the second NG- RAN may determine that the paging request is to indicate to the one or more UEs of the MBS session.

[0392] In an example, the second NG-RAN may determine whether paging procedure needs to be performed toward to the one or more UEs. For example, based on the N2 message and/or the paging request message, the second NG- RAN may determine whether paging procedure is needed. For example, based on the second NG-RAN sending the notification (e.g, MBS notification) for the MBS session and/or based on the paging request message comprising information of the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine to skip paging procedure for the one or more UEs indicated in the paging request message. For example, based on the determination to skip paging procedure, the second NG-RAN may not transmit one or more paging messages for the one or more UEs. For example, based on the N2 message being associated with the MBS session and/or based on the paging request message comprising information of the MBS session, the second NG-RAN may determine to skip paging procedure for the one or more UEs indicated in the paging request message. Based on determining to skip the paging procedure, the second NG-RAN may send a response message to the first NG-RAN. For example, the response message may comprise MBS status information for the MBS session. The MBS status information for the MBS session may comprise information that the paging request is rejected, that the paging message is not transmitted for the one or more UEs, that the MBS session is supported for the UEs in RRC inactive state, that data for the MBS session is transmitted, and/or that the second NG- RAN serves the MBS session.

[0393] For example, based on the paging request message comprising information of the MBS session and/or based on the second NG-RAN not supporting MBS for RRC inactive state, the second NG-RAN may determine not to skip paging procedure for the one or more UEs indicated in the paging request message. Based on the determination, the second NG-RAN may send one or more paging messages to the one or more UEs.

[0394] In an example, a UE may subscribe to a multicast broadcast service (MBS) service and/or the UE may be allowed to receive the MBS service. For the UE, a NG-RAN may have a context. For example, the context may indicate that the UE subscribes to the MBS service.

[0395] In an example, the UE may receive a radio resource control (RRC) release message. For example, the RRC release message may indicate the UE to transition into an RRC inactive state and/or into an RRC idle state.

[0396] In an example, the NG-RAN may receive from a core network node (e.g, an AMF, an SMF, an MB-SMF, an UPF, an MB-UPF, and/or the like) an N2 message. The N2 message may indicate that the MBS service starts. In other example, the NG-RAN may receive from a first NG-RAN, an Xn message (e.g, MBS Multicast Activation, MBS information, RAN multicast group paging, RAN paging, and/or the like). The Xn message may indicate that the MBS service starts. For example, the Xn message may comprise the identifier of the MBS service.

[0397] In an example, the UE may receive a notification associated with the MBS service. For example, the notification associated with the MBS service may comprise at least one of an indication that the MBS service starts, an indication that counting for the MBS service is ongoing, the identifier of the MBS service and/or the like.

[0398] In an example, the UE may receive from the NG-RAN (e.g, a base station, gNB-CU, gNB-DU, and/or the like), an RRC message. The RRC message may comprise an identifier of the MBS service and/or random access resource information of a random access preamble associated with the MBS service. For example, the UE may be in the RRC inactive state and/or the RRC idle state. For example, the UE may receive the RRC message via at least one of Broadcast control channel (BCCH), MBS control channel (MCCH), PDCCH, and/or Paging control channel (PCCH). For example, the RRC message may comprise at least one of System information block (SIB), MBS broadcast configuration, MBS multicast configuration, and/or Paging message. For example, the RRC message may be the notification associated with the MBS service. For example, the RRC message may comprise an information of a time duration, which may indicate when the UE may respond to the NG-RAN.

[0399] In an example, the UE may receive from the NG-RAN, a second random access resource information. For example, the second random access resource information may comprise information of one or more second random access preambles. The UE may use radio resources indicated by the second random access preamble, if a random access procedure for the MBS session using the random access resource for the MBS session fails. For example, a random access procedure for the MBS session using the random access resource for the MBS session fails, when the UE does not receive the random access response after a configured number of transmission of the random access preamble for the MBS service and/or after a configured amount of time elapses.

[0400] In an example, the UE may receive from the NG-RAN, a second RRC message. The second RRC message may comprise an indication indicating whether the NG-RAN supports MBS for a wireless device in Inactive mode. [0401] In an example, based on the random access resource information and/or based on the notification, the UE may transmit the random access preamble. For example, the UE may indicate that the UE is interested in receiving the MBS service, by the transmission of the random access preamble. For example, based on determination that the UE receives the notification associated with the MBS service, the UE may transmit the random access preamble, using the random access resources for the MBS service. In an example, based on the random access resource information, the UE may transmit a message (e.g., msgA, RRC Setup request, RRC Resume request, and/or the like) comprising an identifier of the UE, via the radio resource indicated by the random access resource information. For example, the UE may use the radio resources indicated by the random access resource information for the MBS service. For example, the random access preamble for the MBS service may be the random access preamble indicated by the information of random access resource for the MBS service.

[0402] In an example, the NG-RAN may receive an access from the UE. For example, the access from the UE may comprise transmission of the random access preamble for the MBS service, transmission of an RRC message (e.g, RRC Setup request, RRC Resume Request, msgA, and/or the like) associated with the MBS service, and/or transmission over the random access resource for the MBS service. For example, the access from the UE may indicate that the UE is interested in receiving the MBS service. In response to the access from the UE, the NG-RAN may send a random access response for the MBS service.

[0403] In an example, the UE may receive the random access response. For example, the random access response may comprise information of the random access preamble. For example, the information of the random access preamble may be an identifier of the random access preamble associated with the MBS service. In an example, in response to transmission of the message (e.g, msgA, RRC Setup request, RRC Resume request, and/or the like), the UE may receive a response message from the NG-RAN. The response message may comprise the identifier of the UE. [0404] In an example, based on performing the random access procedure for the MBS service, based on receiving the random access response for the random access procedure for the MBS session, and/or based on responding to the notification, the UE may start a time duration, based on the information of the time duration. For example, when the time duration expires, the UE may start a second random access procedure for the MBS service, may transmit a second random access preamble for the MBS service, and/or may send to the NG-RAN, an indication. The indication may indicate that the UE is interested in the MBS service, and/or that the UE receives the MBS service. For example, if the UE is not interested in the MBS service, if the UE moves into a new cell, if the MBS service is deactivated, and/or if the UE is not receiving the MBS service, the UE may stop the time duration and/or the UE may not send the second random access preamble for the MBS service.

[0405] In an example, if the UE does not receive the random access response in a configured amount time, the UE may retransmit the random access preamble for the MBS service.

[0406] In an example, based on the UE receives the random access response, the UE may stop random access procedure and/or may stop transmission of the random access preamble.

[0407] In an example, based on receiving a second notification that counting for the MBS service is not ongoing and/or based on not receiving the notification that counting for the MBS service is ongoing, the UE may stop transmission of random access preamble for the MBS service.

[0408] In an example, based on the access from the U E, the NG-RAN may determine that there is one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS service in a cell, may determine to provide the MBS service, and/or may determine to setup network resources to deliver the MBS service. Based on the determination, the NG-RAN may send to the first NG-RAN, an indication that the NG-RAN provides the MBS service, that the NG-RAN provides the MBS service for RRC Inactive state, and/or that there is one or more UEs interested in receiving the MBS service. For example, the NG- RAN may receive one or more packets for the MBS service and/or may send the one or more packets in the cell. In an example, the UE may receive the one or more packets of the MBS service.

[0409] In an example, a second NG-RAN may receive from a first NG-RAN, a paging request message. For example, the paging request message may comprise a radio access network (RAN) paging message, a RAN multicast group paging message, a multicast service activation request and/or the like. For example, the paging request message may comprise at least one of one or more identifier of one or more UEs, an identifier of an MBS service. The one or more UEs may subscribe to the MBS service. The second NG-RAN may receive from a core network node, a message requesting activation of the MBS service. Based on the message requesting activation, the second NG-RAN may send an MBS notification to one or more UEs in a cell. Based on the MBS service indicated by the paging request message being identical to the MBS service of the MBS notification, the second NG-RAN may not send one or more paging message for the one or more UEs indicated in the paging request message. For example, based on receiving the paging request message, the second NG-RAN may send to the first NG-RAN, a response message comprising status information of the MBS service. For example, the status information of the MBS service may comprise information of whether paging is performed or not, information of whether the second NG-RAN provides the MBS service, and/or the like.

[0410] In an example, a UE may receive from a NG-RAN, an MBS notification message comprising an identifier of an MBS service. The UE may have a subscription for the MBS service and/or the UE may be interested in the MBS service. For example, the MBS notification message may indicate that the MBS service starts. The UE may receive from the NG-RAN, a paging message comprising the identifier of the MBS service and/or the identifier of the UE. Based on the UE receiving the MBS notification for the MBS service and/or based on the paging message being for the MBS service, the UE may determine to skip responding to the paging message. For example, the UE may not perform RRC Setup procedure and/or may not perform RRC Resume procedure.