1. Continuing Data

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Continuation Application S.N. 201,797 entitled ENERGY RECOVERY AND CONVERSION SYSTEM, which was filed on October 29, 1980, and which, in turn, is a continuation of U.S. Application S.N. 968,842, which was filed on December 13, 1978, and is now pending. The subject matter of the parent applications is incorporated in this application by reference. _?___ Field of the Invention

This invention is directed to a method for manipulating negative-mass-energy. Several embodiments of the method are described. In one embodiment, the method and an apparatus are applied to converting and generating electricity, magnetism and mechanical energy. In another embodiment, the negative- mass/en rgy manipulation method is applied to changing the rate of nuclear fission or fusion. Finally, the method and an apparatus are described for manipulating the energy. level of laser beams.

_____ _i_ _r __} _. _~?-?___. Background and Discussion o_f Pr or Art.

The lavs of thermodynamics have been adhered to without exception. A corollary to these laws, however, has been presented in the works of Ramsey concerning negative temperature ("Thermodynamics, and Statistical Mechanics at Negative Absolute Temperatures", by Norman F. Ramsey; Physical Review, Volume 103, No. 1, July 1, 1956) . In this article Ramsey shows that a heat engine can operate in a closed cycle and produce no other effect than the extraction of heat from a negative temperature reservoir with a performance of the equivalent amount of work. Therefore, a corollary to the second law of thermodynamics is needed for a system operating in negative temperatures. Negative temperature implies negative energy which, in turn, implies the existence of negative mass

by virtue of K = 1/2MV or, ^" at the atomic level, E = 2

MC . It is implied, consequently, that negative mass and energy would operate in much the same way to that of negative temperature. Negative temperature can be characterized as reversing certain phenomena. At negative temperatures, for example, most resistances are negative, making negative temperature resistors amplifiers, whereas they would normally attenuate under positive temperatures. Nuclear spin systems at negative temperatures, therefore, can have several properties that are the reverse .of their normal properties at positive temperatures. Also, adiabatic demagnetization heats the spin system instead of cooling it. Whether or not the behavior of negative mass and energy is contradictory to that of normal mass and energy, and therefore inconsistent with the laws of conservation of energy, has yet to be determined and is generally thought not to be possible. An observed instance of the findings that apply to negative temperature, however, should also apply to negative mass and energy. Ramsey's observation that a heat engine, as mentioned before, can operate in a closed cycle at negative temperatures leads to the possibility that the properties of mass and energy also create contradictions with the laws of thermodynamics. In addition, Ramsey's experiments with negative temperature is accomplished by magnetism. It is implied, therefore, that magnetism; itself is a manifestation of negative mass.

It has also been observed that when a lithium fluoride crystal is at a negative temperature it produces an output of energy while appearing to be stable. In reality, however, the fluoride crystal at negative temperatures has two separate unstable states which appear as a single state to the observer. Each

of the two spin orientations can individually achieve a

-5 stable state in approximately 10 seconds, while collectively reaching an equilibrium at approximately 5 minutes. If put in macroscopic terms, the significance of this discovery is enormous because it concerns energy conversion. In other words, the ratio of individual to collective time constants for achieving a stable state is 1 to 30 million. On a physically observable scale, this equilibrium time would result in an efficiency for an energy conversion system of 3 x 10 . A system operating in a closed cycle in a negative temperature, therefore, can produce no other effect than the extraction of negative mass-energy. from a negative mass-energy reservoir with a concomitant performance of work. In addition, an increase of the system's energy over time can be accomplished if such a system includes a means for amplifying the energy of one of the spin systems and transferring that energy to the other spin system. The aforegoing, of course, cannot be accomplished from a positive mass reservoir.

To effect this disequilibrium in a physical system requires a means for providing a force that is stable to the observer but collectively unstable internal to the system. This type of behavior can be best characterized as onopolar.

Diraσ and other researchers found that because units of electric charge appear as monopolar entities, a similar circumstance should also be observed in magnetism, i.e., magnetic charge should be observed as having a single pole. A monopole can be described as occupying the space between two dipoles, in which polarity between the poles is equal. Because of the bonding energy between the two polarities, the monopole must be capable of oscillating back and forth between its different polarities. The monopole, consequently, appears stabl to the observer but is, in reality.

continually oscillating between the poles. The magnetic monopole has not yet been observed, but a system operating in a state of magnetic disequilibrium exists, and a patent has been granted thereon. The JOHNSON patent (U.S. Patent 4,151,431) discloses a motor device powered solely by using magnetic fields in order to produce motive power. ' The JOHNSON motor utilizes the spinning phenomenon of unpaired electrons to produce movement of a mass in a unidirectional manner. Magnetism, or negative mass- energy, therefore, is converted to mechanical force. The JOHNSON motor may be either a linear or rotative type. The stator may be made of a plurality of magnets, wherein a rotor magnet, formed in an arcuate configuration, has a flux that exceeds the length of the stator magnets, thereby simultaneously attracting and repelling two or more magnets. Motion is consequently induced in one direction.

The methodologies described herein fulfill a need and constitute a major improvement over the prior art in such diverse areas as microscopic and macroscopic mass-energy systems. The methodology can be applied to improvements in, for example, pumps, generators, lasers, - nuclear reactions, radar detection and avoidance as well as _ providing an enhanced understanding of how to manipulate molecular and atomic structures and reactions. The need for improvement of the prior art is well known.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for manipulating negative mass-energy.

It is another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for converting, amplifying or attenuating mechanical and electrical energy.

It is another object of this invention to provide

a method for changing the rate of nuclear fission or fusion by manipulating the negative mass-energy of a nuclear material.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for amplifying or attenuating laser transmissions.

It is another object of this invention to provide a negative mass-energy manipulation method which operates analogously to the monopole by creating a three-dimensional system which operates in fixed unstable cycles.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a direct current generator apparatus which can be used in a heart pacemaker, air and land vehicle electrical systems and in marine applications.

This invention manipulates negative mass-energy by providing at least two spin systems where at least one of these systems has a larger negative mass than the other. The spin systems are linked together in such a way that energy can be transferred between the spin systems. In operation, a portion of the energy available for transfer in each of the spin systems is passed back and forth to a mutual spin system so that the systems are energized at a stable rate and thereby form a closed loop. The other portion of the energy available for transfer is, in turn, transferred to a mutual spin system in order to increase its spin and, therefore, the total energy of the linked spin systems.

This invention also provides a method for manipulating negative mass-energy by an electromechanical spin system having at least one generator and one motor. Energy is transferred from a generator to the motor by a first energy-transfer means located between the generator and motor. A second energy-transfer means permits the transfer of energy from the motor to the generator. When in operation, a

portion of the energy available for transfer is passed back and forth between the generator and motor in order to form a stable energy level in the system and thereby create a closed loop. The remaining energy available for transfer is either passed between the motor and the generator to increase the energy of the spin system or is directed outside the system to power an appropriate device.

A device for manipulating negative mass-energy using an electromechanical spin system method is also disclosed. The ^' device has a support stand which can rest on any surface. The support stand has a horizontal base portion which rests on the surface and a vertical stand portion attached to the base portion. A stator element, in turn, attaches to the ^" vertical stand portion. The moving parts of the system include a generator element which is toroidally shaped; a shaft element attached to the center of the generator element so that they may rotate together; a bearing arrangement located between the vertical stand portion and the generator element allowing the generator element to rotate freely relative to the stand and a motor element which concentrically surrounds the stator. The motor and generator are connected by an energy-transfer means such that the motion of both the motor and generator is transferred to one another. In addition, a bearing arrangement is located between the. vertical stand portion and the generator element, allowing free rotation of the generator relative to the stand. The bearing arrangement consists of a ball bearing supported by a first bearing support which is attached to the vertical stand portion, and a second bearing support attached to the generator rotor. The stator contains a conductive coil so that the magnetic field produced by the rotating generator element will induce an electric current through the coil. The conductive

coil thereby creates a magnetic flux which will be produced at the end of the coil proximate to the motor element. The flux produced by the coil will counteract with the magnetic field of the motor, and thereby induce motion to the motor.

Furthermore, a device is disclosed for generating a direct current. The device includes a pair of first magnets having the same magnetic pole. The magnets are spaced relative to each other and connect to a second magnet of opposite pole which is located in the space between the two first magnets. A single-loop conductive coil is located around the second magnet and between the spaces that separate the second magnet from the first magnet. Each end of the coil is attached to a slip ring which concentrically surrounds the second magnet. A brush element contacts the surface of a respective slip ring, and a conductive shaft is attached to each brush element. In operation, the magnetic interactions between the first and second magnets cause the magnets to rotate. A magnetic field is produced between the first and second magnets which induces a current through the conducting coil. An electric current flows through the slip rings brushes and through the conductive shafts to supply power to an external load.

A method is also disclosed for manipulating the rate of nuclear fusion or fission by altering the ^* energy-transfer between nuclear spin systems. The process involves adding a negative mass to the nuclear material. The negative mass contains one or more elements which are magnetizable. This material is heated to a proper level so that at least two constituent parts of the material adhere. The material is subjected to one or more electromagnetic fields of a suitable intensity, polarity, and direction so that the rate of fission, or fusion is changed. This process may

be either done sequentially or simultaneously.

Further, a device is disclosed for manipulating the negative mass-energy of a laser. The device contains a generator system which is made of a photoflash bulb, and a mirror shell which encases the bulb. The inside surface of the mirror is translucent, while the outside portion of the mirror shell is fifty percent reflective. A feedback system is located around the generator system and is made of mirrored surfaces. The mirrors surrounding the generator system are angled relative to one another so as to form ridges which reflect light emitted from the lamp back, towards the mirror shell. In addition, the feedback system includes mirrors located at each end of the generator system. In operation, the space between the generator system and feedback system is filled with a fluid or gas that can enhance light transmission. When the photoflash bulb is energized, light passes through the mirror shell and is then retroreflected back to the mirror shell from the feedback-system mirrors. Part of the retroreflected light passes through the mirror shell and increases the intensity of the bulb, and therefore the intensity of the laser transmission. The remaining light is reflected back to the feedback system.

Finally, a method for manipulating laser beam transmissions is disclosed where the beam is subjected to an electromagnetic field of an appropriate intensity direction, frequency, and polarity s ^" uch that the electrons in the laser beam impact energy to other electrons resulting in a net amplification of energy. In order to effect attenuation, the material to be irradiated is subjected to an electromagnetic field so that the beam will impact against the field and be reduced in intensity.

^' BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects and advantages of this invention will be made apparent when considering the following detailed description, accompanying drawings, and appended claims.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the negative mass- energy manipulation system;

Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of the system;

Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a third embodiment of this system;

Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the generator- motor arrangement of the system of Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a view of a second embodiment taken along lines A-A of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is a perspective cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the generator-motor arrangement used in the system of Fig. 1; Fig. 7 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the laser amplifier;

Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the DC generator arrangement of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring specifically to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several drawings. Figs. 1-3 illustrate a schematic view of the negative mass-energy manipulation system. In Fig. 1, a conversion system 10 is schematically shown to be made of spin element M, spin element G and energy-transfer means A. The spin element G can

represent any number of physical arrangements which produce a negative mass-energy field, such as magnetism, light, electricity, etc. The spin element M may also produce a field or, alternately, may simply interact with the field produced by G. The energy- transfer means A can be any appropriate element which can conduct the field produced by G to spin element M, and from M back to G. The direction of the negative mass-energy fields produced by G is indicated by arrow R such that this field is attenuating relative to the motion of the system. The direction of motion of the spin element G is indicated by arrow Rl, and the radius of the energy field produced by element G is approximately equal to the radius of the circle defined by arrow Rl. Conversely, the negative mass-energy field produced by M is indicated by arrow R3, which is opposite to the direction of the field produced by G. The direction R3 thereby creates an amplifying effect relative to the motion of M, as indicated by arrow R2. The radius of the negative mass-energy field produced by M is equal to that of R2 and, therefore, is always greater than the radius of the negative mass-energy field produced by G as defined by Rl. Energy-transfer means A ^* - transfers energy from G to M as indicated by arrow ET1. Energy is returned to G by A in the direction shown by arrows ET2. The system, therefore, produces energy at G and also at M, which flows along A in the direction of ET1 and ET2 thereby energizing spin systems G and M. Because the radius of the negative mass-energy field defined by R2 is greater than that defined by Rl, the energy is greater than that defined by Rl and thereby enables the system to increase its energization.

The spin system can appropriately represent several types of devices and methods. As one alternative, this system, shown in Fig. 1, represents a

generator G and a motor M connected by a stator arm A. The generator can be any dynamo-type apparatus producing a magnetic field that is generally of a smaller radius than the magnetic field produced by the motor element. The motor, in turn, can be made of a series of permanent magnets and/or electromagnets disposed within the motor housing. The flux of the magnetic field produced by generator G, as indicated by arrow R, is attenuating relative to the motion of the system. The magnetic field produced by the generator is substantially defined by the radius of the circle defined by arrow Rl. The magnetic flux in the magnets in motor , as indicated by arrow R3, is opposite to the flux of the magnetic field produced by the generator G, and thereby creates an amplifying magnetic field relative to the motion of the motor element as indicated by arrow R2. The radius of the magnetic field of the motor M is therefore greater than the radius of the magnetic field produced by the generator G such that the motion M is either greater than or equal to the motion of generator G. The stator arm A contains a radially-disposed conductor coil (not shown) that transfers energy from Rl to motor M as indicated by arrow ET1. Energy is returned by second energy- transfer means generally indicated A in the direction indicated by arrows ET2. The energy transferred by ET1 is electromagnetic while that returned along ET2 can either be electrical, mechanical, magnetic or thermal. Electrical energy, for example, can be transferred back to the generator by connecting the motor element to a battery which is connected to the generator element. The magnetic energy can be transferred back to the generator by mechanically linking the generator and motor so that they may revolve respectively. Magnetic energy can be transferred back to the generator by employing the same method as that used in the stator

arm, i.e., encasing a conductive coil in the energy- transfer connection so that a current and magnetic flux is induced along the coil. In operation, therefore, the system produces energy at G which is transferred to motor M via the conductive coil. The magnetic flux produced at the end of the coil proximate to the motor M counter-reacts with the magnetic flux of the motor M such that the motor is induced to rotate relative to the stator arm. The energy produced by the motor is then returned to the generator element by the means described above so that the generator is energized to continue to rotate either at the same level or at an increased level. The amplification of energy results from the larger radius of the negative mass field of motor element M. Alternately, the generator element G can be smaller than motor element M wherein increased energy produced by the rotation of the generator and is transferred to a smaller motor, causing the motor to rotate more rapidly. The same spin system can also represent the behavior of an atom. The forces that hold the electron spins in their orbits relative to the nuclear spins can, for convenience sake, be generically described as negative mass-energy. An appropriate treatment of this field by magnetism, for example, will serve to alter the energy produced by an atom and thereby cause a change in the net energy of the material subjected to the electromagnetic field. One such area where this process would serve a useful purpose is in altering the rate of nuclear fission or fusion.

Fig. 1, therefore, can also represent a method for manipulating the rate of nuclear fission or fusion. The element G represents the nuclear material which is to be treated. A negative mass of one or more elements which individually, or in combination, are magnetizable is added to the material. This material, represented

by M, is then treated along with the nuclear material to a proper quantity of heat in order to • effect a cohesion or bonding between at least one of the constituent elements of the both nuclear and negative- mass materials. Other methods for effecting cohesion between these materials can be employed, such as using an appropriate catalyst to increase the heat. Once the materials have cohered and are bonded or linked as represented by element A in Fig. 1, this new material is subjected to one or more electromagnetic fields of suitable intensity, direction, and polarity in order that the transfer energy is enhanced. More specifically, the flow of energy represented by ET1 is increased. If this electromagnetic field is of suitable intensity, polarity and direction the rate of energy transfer between M and G is significant enough to effect the rate of nuclear fission or fusion. This process can either occur sequentially, wherein the material is added then bonded, then heated, and then subjected to magnetism, or can occur simultaneously.

A similar method to the above can also be employed to effect the transmission characteristics of light, particularly laser beams. Optical energy, which by the known definitions of science, is caused by the emission of photons, can be effected by magnetic fields. An electromagnetic field of a suitable intensity, therefore, can effect both amplification and attenuation of optical energy.

Fig. 1 can also represent a method for effecting the intensity of laser transmissions. The beam represented by G is subjected to an electromagnetic field which can be represented by M. Energy can either be directed toward or directed away from the laser beam depending on beam orientation relative to the magnetic field. In order to amplify transmissions, an electromagnetic field is directed to both the lasing

device and the beam which alters the characteristic of the gas or fluid contained in the laser device, as well as the properties of the photons such that the transmission is intensified or increased. Alternately, the material to be irradiated is subjected to an electromagnetic field of suitable intensity, direction, and polarity. When the laser beam impacts the field, the intensity of the beam is reduced.

Fig. 2 schematically represents a modification of the method of Fig. 1, and can be described in terms of the electromagnetic generator embodiment of the system. Motors Ml and M2 contact two stator arms Al and A2.. Energy is transferred via coils (not shown) in the direction indicated by arrows ETla and ETlb, and is returned by an appropriate energy-transfer means in the direction indicated by arrows ET2a and ET2b. Due to the increase in the number of motors, the total amplification produced by magnetic fields Ml and M2 would increase the motion indicated by arrow R2 of motor elements Ml and M2 and thereby increase the energy produced by this system compared to that shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a third embodiment of the conversion method wherein four motors. Ml through M4, contact four stator arms Al through A4, which, in turn, contact generator G at their opposite ends. Electromagnetic energy is transferred from G to Ml through M4 via stator arms Al through A4, respectively. Energy is returned to G from Ml and M4 via an energy-transfer means in the direction indicated by arrows ET2a through ET2d. The motive force of motor elements Ml through M4, therefore, would result from a combination of the amplifying fields produced in Ml through M4. In this embodiment, the rotational speed in the direction of R2 would be greater than that of the previous embodiments, and

therefore, the net energy transfer via ET2a through ET2d would exceed that of the previous embodiments. This increased energy transfer also increases the rotational speed of G and, consequently, the energy transfer to M1-M4 via ETla-ETld. The motion of this system can, therefore, be amplified, provided that the transfer of energy at ETla through ETld and return of it through ET2a through ET2d is highly efficient. Collectively, therefore, the two spin systems Rl and R2 can amplify and convert negative mass-energy into a mechanical, electrical or thermal output.

The systems as represented by Figs. 1 through 3 can be made into any number of physical configurations. The following embodiments represent several ways in which this method of energy conversion/amplification can be realized. These systems, however, are not exclusive realizations of this method.

Fig. 4 shows one arrangement for the generator motor and stator arm system 12 which can be used in many applications, such as in the home, an airplane, or a power generating facility. The generator 14 is comprised of rotor 16 having a plurality of magnets 18 embedded along the circumference of the rotor. The external ^'* - face 20 of each magnet 18 forms part of the circumferential surface of rotor 16 so that the flux of the magnets can extend across gap 23. Stator arm base 22 is arcuately shaped in order that the surface of . base 22 is located at a constant distance from the outer surface of generator rotor 16. Stator arm 24 extends radially from generator 14. The stator element

(as best shown in Fig. 5) has a rectangular cress- section 26 at its upper end, whose base 22 is also rectangular, and is of a greater length than upper end 26. The sides 28 and 30 of stator arm 24 thereby taper inwards toward the upper-end portion of the arm, as shown in Fig. 4. An appropriate electrical conductor.

e.g., copper wire, is encased within stator arm 24 (not shown) and is formed into a helical coil along the axis of line D-D. The conductor is made of a material, whose conductivity improves at negative temperatures. As shown in Fig. 4, stator arm 24 is twisted along its transverse axis B-B, which serves to aid in coiling the conductor contained within stator 24. By this method, the ^" coil is twisted ninety percent from each end. Alternatively, the coil may be replaced by a transformer.

The top face 26 of stator arm 24 is also arcuately shaped in order maintain a constant distance from motor rotor 36. Stator arm 24 is located at a set distance from motor rotor 36 such that a continuous gap 34 between the end of stator arm 24 and the inner circumference of motor rotor 36 is created. The magnets 37, or other flux-producing arrangements, are located at a proximate location above end 26 of stator arm 24. In operation, when generator motor 16 begins to rotate in the direction indicated by arrow C, a magnetic flux is produced whose direction is congruent with that indicated by arrow C. The coil conductors

(not shown) are, therefore, located in a magnetic field at their end adjacent stator__arm end 22. The magnetic field of the generator induces an electric current in the conductor coil, creating a magnetic field within the coil. Because the stator arm tapers toward motor stator end 26, the conductor coil also tapers, ^* resulting in an amplification of the inducted magnetic field at the end of the coils at stator arm ends 26. Motor rotor 36, in turn, has a magnetic field(s) of opposite flux direction to that of generator 14 and the end of stator arm 24 so that magnetic attraction/repellence between stator end 26 and motor rotor 36 induces motion to motor rotor 36 in the same

direction to generator 16, as indicated by arrow A.

Fig. 5 shows a second embodiment of Fig. 4, wherein motor rotor 38 is the. equivalent of stator arm

24 of Fig. " 4 and a motor stator 40 is located in close proximity to motor rotor 38 so that motor rotor 38 rotates relative to motor stator 40 allowing air flow, indicated by' arrow 41, to cool the device as it rotates.

Fig. 6 illustrates a third embodiment 50 of the energy conversion system, and includes details of the energy-transfer means. The converter is supported on stand 52, which can be attached to a suitable surface. Stand 52 comprises a horizontal base portion 53 and vertical stand portion 54, which has a stator portion 56 integrally formed with the vertical stand in order to maintain stator 56 in a fixed position relative to rotating generator rotor 58 and motor rotor 60. Stator 56 concentrically surrounds generator rotor 58. Ball bearings 62 are mounted between first support bearing 64 and second support bearing 66 in a suitable manner. First support bearing 64 is attached to the interior wall of vertical stand portions 54, and second support bearing 66 is attached to generator rotor 58. Ball bearing 6-2, therefore, will enable the generator rotor to freely rotate relative to_stand 52 and stator 56. A shaft 70 fits within an aperture located in the center of generator rotor 58 and is connected to the rotor. In addition to reducing friction, ball bearing 62 and support bearing 64 and 66 will hold generator rotor 58 at a fixed distance from stator 56, thereby creating a gap 68 therebetween. ¹ Motor rotor 60 concentrically surrounds stator 56 and is attached to energy-transfer wall 74. Energy-transfer wall 74 is U-shaped and attaches at end 76 to generator rotor 58. The length of energy-transfer wall 74 spaces the inner circumference of motor rotor 60 at a distance from the

exterior circumference of stator 56 thereby creating gap 78.

In operation, motion is initially induced to generator rotor 56 by a start-up device (not shown) which turns shaft 70 in the direction indicated by arrow 72. Generator rotor 58 begins to rotate along with shaft 70, thereby creating a magnetic flux at gap

68. The magnetic flux induces an electric current through the conductor coil (not shown) radially embedded in stator 56. Because the coil is disposed along the radial axis of stator 56 a current flows between generator rotor 56 and motor rotor 60 in the direction indicated by arrow 80. The coil produces a magnetic flux at the periphery of stator 56, and the flux extends through gap 78 and interacts with magne (s) (not shown) located in motor rotor 60 causing them to attract and repel in a manner that amplifies the motion indicated by arrow 82 of motor rotor 60.

Energy-transfer wall 74 then transfers the motion of the motor rotor to generator rotor 58, and the cycle repeats.

Fig. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a laser device 90. The inner portion of the laser device 92 comprises ^" - the generating part of the laser device. The generator system 92 is composed of light producing means 94 such as a photoflash bulb. The bulb may be attached to an appropriate energization device which lights the bulb to an intensity appropriate for laser transmissions. Bulb 94 is encased in mirror shell element 96 which is cylindrical. The mirror shell is made of a suitable transparent material that can withstand the heat produced by the bulb. The surface of mirror shell 96 is coated with a reflective material that allows light to pass through in one direction and light to be reflected in the other direction.

Specifically, the mirror coating is fifty percent

reflective on the outer surface while being completely transparent on the surfacefacing bulb 94 so that light produced by bulb 94 can be emitted outwardly of mirror shell 96. The lasing element 98 can be any type known in the field, i.e., a ruby, such that the characteristics of the lasing element will concentrate optical energy into beam 100 and direct the beam outwardly of the laser device, as indicated by direction arrow 102. Feedback system 104 encloses generator system 92.- The feedback system is made of a series of mirrors 106 and 108 which are at right angles to one another and disposed at an obtuse angle relative to the longitudinal axis of generator system 92. Mirrors 106 and 108 are one-hundred percent reflective and are made of a material that withstands the heat produced by bulb 94. The feedback system also includes front mirror 110 having aperture 112. Space 112 is of a size that allows passage of laser beam 100. A similarly disposed mirror to 110 may be located on the opposite side of laser device 90 (not shown) .

In operation, the space between generator system 92 and feedback system 104 may be filled with a gas or fluid in order to improve light transmission. An electric source (not shown) energizes bulb 94, whereby optical energy passes through mirror shell 96 and through the gas or fluid filled area to feedback mirrors 106 and 108 as shown by reference line 114. The light is then retro-reflected by mirrors 106 and 108 back to mirror shell 96 as indicated by reference arrow line 116. A portion (fifty percent) of the light returned from the feedback system passes through mirror shell 96 and increases the intensity of bulb 94. Another portion of the light is reflected back towards the feedback system, as indicated by reference line 118, and the light is retroreflected back towards generator system 92 as indicated by reference line 120.

The reflection and re-reflection of light in laser device 90 results in an increase in the intensity of bulb 94 which, in turn, results in an increase in the intensity of laser beam 100. Fig. 8 illustrates a further embodiment of this invention. The device 130 is a direct current generator which has a number of practical applications including its use as a power supply for a pacemaker or as a generator in a vehicle such as an airplane, automobile or boat. The electric generator 130 comprises a soft iron core or other appropriate magnetizable material 132. • Magnetic material 132 is formed into a W-type shape such that one pole is split into first magnets 134 and 136 which are bent around to face the opposite sides of second magnet 138. The end faces 140 of the first magnets are arcuately contoured in order to accommodate the rotation of other parts of generator 130. Slip rings 142 and 144 concentrically surround shaft 146 of a second magnet 138. Second magnet 138 is of an opposite pole to first magnets 134 and 136. Each slip ring is attached to a respective coil end 150 and 152 of coil 148. Coil 148 is made of a conductive material and forms a single loop around second magnet 138 in the space between first magnets 134 and 136 and second magnet 138. Arcuate contour 140 of first magnets 134 and 136 enables coil 148 to revolve relative to the first magnets. Brushes 154 and 156, which are made of an appropriate conductive material, contact the surface of slip rings 142 and 144 sp electrical current produced in coil 148 will conduct to slip rings 142 and 144, wherein the brushes contacting the slip rings will conduct the current along conductor rods 158 and 160 attached to brushes 154 and 156. A suitable external load, symbolized by resistor 162, is attached to conductor rods 158 and 160 and is energized by the current flowing through them.

In operation, the magnetic fields produced by first magnets 134 and 136 and second magnet 138 attract and repel thereby inducing motion to core element 132. The rotation of the core carries coil 148 across the flux lines extending from the poles of magnets 134 and 136 such that an electrical current is induced in coil 148 and flows across the coil to slip rings 142 and 144. Slip rings 142 and 144, thereby, form leads wherein the brushes resting on the slip rings conduct the current outwardly to the external load via conductor rods 158 and 160.

Although the present invention has been described with respect to specific features, embodiments and advantages, it is clear that a variety of such embodiments, features, and advantages can be contemplated within the scope of the present invention.