EXTRACT

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to nutritional compositions comprising a cereal beta-glucan and a Salacia extract, and to methods of using the compositions to control blood glucose levels in an individual during or after a meal.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from insufficient production of, or reduced sensitivity to, insulin. In persons who have diabetes, the normal ability of the body to utilize glucose is compromised, thereby increasing blood glucose levels. As more glucose accumulates in the blood, excess levels of glucose are excreted in the urine. Corresponding symptoms of diabetes include increased urinary volume and frequency, thirst, hunger, weight loss, and weakness.

[0003] Diabetes is often characterized as either Type 1 or Type 2. Type 1 diabetes results from failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, thus necessitating the administration of insulin to the diabetic individual, which in most instances will involve daily subcutaneous injections. Type 2-diabetes, however, results from dilatory pancreatic secretion of insulin and reduced sensitivity to the action of insulin on target tissues, which may also be remedied in most instances by routine insulin injections and or the administration of selected oral medications.

[0004] Among the earliest manifestations of type 2-diabetes includes excessive blood glucose levels following a meal due to inadequate first phase insulin secretion. In these individuals, the response to increased blood glucose levels and the modulation of such levels that would otherwise occur in a healthy individual is reduced or absent and thus results in an excessive spike in postprandial blood glucose levels. This is particularly significant given the well established correlation between effective blood glucose control in a diabetic individual and the risk of developing cardiovascular or circulatory diseases or disorders, especially the microvacsular and macro vascular complications from such diseases or disorders. As such, controlling postprandial blood glucose levels in the diabetic individual is an important step in reducing the development of cardiovascular or circulatory diseases, and of course the subsequent development of cardiovascular related conditions such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and so forth.

[0005] There are many ways, however, in which a diabetic individual can attempt to effectively control blood glucose levels, especially the postprandial blood glucose spikes that so commonly occur in diabetes. Such methods often include dietary and lifestyle changes as well as the use of insulin and or other medications designed to ultimately control blood glucose levels. Many individuals, however, require the use of injectable insulin and or the administration of oral medications, all of which can be costly and in some cases result in undesirable secondary affects.

[0006] There is therefore a need to include among such methods the use of a nutritional composition or supplement that would complement the other methods, or even in some instances reduce or eliminate the reliance upon the use of insulin or other medications to effectively control blood glucose levels, especially blood glucose spikes during and or after a meal.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0007] One embodiment is directed to a nutritional composition comprising a cereal beta-glucan and a Salacia extract.

[0008] Another embodiment is directed to a nutritional composition comprising a 1-3, l-4-P-D-linked beta-glucan and a Salacia extract.

[0009] Another embodiment is directed to a method of controlling blood glucose levels in an individual in need thereof during or after a meal. The method comprises administering to the individual a composition comprising a cereal beta-glucan and a Salacia extract.

[0010] It has now been discovered that postprandial glucose levels can be controlled and regulated in prediabetic individuals and individuals with diabetes, and particularly type-2 diabetes, by administering to the individual a nutritional composition comprising a cereal beta-glucan, or a 1-3, l-4-P-D-linked beta-glucan, in combination with a Salacia extract. When combined in a nutritional composition, the beta-glucan and Salacia extract act synergistically to control and regulate the postprandial glucose levels in an individual such that the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream is retarded and slowed over time. This combination may allow for a reduction in the amount of both ingredients in the nutritional composition and an associated cost savings.

[0011] Accordingly, the nutritional compositions and methods of the present disclosure offer a natural therapeutic option that may contribute to the maintenance of optimal glycemic control in subjects that are prediabetic, have impaired glucose tolerance, or have type-2 diabetes. These benefits are

advantageously achieved in such individuals without experiencing many of the complications often associated with the administration of oral anti diabetic medications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0012] The various embodiments hereof may include nutritional compositions and methods of using those compositions in controlling postprandial blood glucose levels in appropriate individuals, wherein the compositions comprise a cereal beta-glucan, or a 1-3, l-4-P-D-linked beta-glucan., in combination with a Salacia extract. These and other essential or optional elements of the various embodiments are described in detail hereinafter. [0013] The term "nutritional composition" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, means a composition suitable for oral administration to an individual but which does not provide sufficient fat, protein and carbohydrate to form a sole or primary source of nutrition in the individual.

[0014] The term "meal" as used herein means a typical selection of food to be consumed by an individual in one sitting, which most typically includes the food consumed at a breakfast, a lunch, or a dinner and which includes a combination of fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water typical of such

consumption in one sitting, although it is understood that the term "meal" may also include smaller quantities or even less balanced food combinations taken in the form of snacks between breakfast, lunch and or dinner.

[0015] All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein are by weight of the total composition, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level and, therefore, do not include solvents or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified.

[0016] All numerical ranges as used herein, whether or not expressly preceded by the term "about", are intended and understood to be preceded by that term, unless otherwise specified.

[0017] The nutritional compositions and methods described herein may also be free of any optional or other ingredient or feature also described herein provided that the remaining compositions or methods still contain the requisite ingredients or features as described herein. In this context, the term "free" means the selected composition or method contains or is directed to less than a functional amount of the ingredient or feature, which most typically is less than 1%, including less than 0.5%, including less than 0.1 %, and also including zero percent, by weight of such ingredient or feature. [0018] Any reference to singular characteristics or limitations of the present disclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristic or limitation, and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made.

[0019] Any combination of method or process steps as used herein may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specifically or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the referenced combination is made.

[0020] The nutritional compositions and methods may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the elements and features of the disclosure described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or features described herein or otherwise useful in a nutritional application.

Product Form

[0021] The nutritional compositions of the present disclosure may be formulated in any known or otherwise suitable product form for oral

administration, including powders, granulated particulates, solid bars, puddings, liquids, and bites. The nutritional composition is most typically in a solid or powder form, most typically in a powder form that can be reconstituted with an aqueous liquid such as water, tea or other beverage and ingested, or sprinkled over food and ingested.

[0022] Other suitable product forms include spry dried, agglomerated or dry blended powders. Dry powders are especially useful product forms for use herein and are formed by combining the selected ingredients in dry form and thoroughly mixing the combined ingredients to produce a dry blended powder suitable for reconstitution with a liquid or for sprinkling over food prior to

consumption. These powder embodiments of the present disclosure, including the dry blended powders, may be packaged in any suitable quantity and in any suitable container, including a small volume or single serving sachet or other container comprising from 1 to 20 grams, including from 2 to 10 grams, and also including from 4 to 7 grams, of the powder. [0023] The nutritional products may be packaged in multi-dose or single serving packages. For the nutritional compositions described herein, a serving represents the amount of the composition to be added to an aqueous liquid or food to achieve the desired blood glucose modulation effect, which liquid or food represents an amount to be reasonably consumed by the individual in one sitting. For the powder embodiment described herein, a single serving of the nutritional composition most typically ranges from about 1 to 20 grams, including from 2 to 10 grams, and also including from 4 to 7 grams.

[0024] The nutritional products also may contain sufficient ingredients to provide up to about 100 kcal per serving, including from 5 kcal to about 90 kcal per serving, and also including from about 10 kcal to about 70 kcal per serving.

Beta-Glucan

[0025] The nutritional compositions comprise a cereal beta-glucan. Any source of the cereal beta-glucan that is known or otherwise suitable for use in an oral nutritional product is also suitable for use herein, provided that such a source is also compatible with, or is otherwise rendered to be compatible with, the other selected ingredients in the composition.

[0026] The cereal beta-glucan suitable for use herein is sourced from grains as opposed to and is distinguished from yeast and mushroom-derived beta- glucan. Beta-glucans are a class of soluble dietary fibers that are polysaccharides that when taken with a meal, may result in a slower rate of carbohydrate and lipid absorption. Cereal beta-glucans are linear chains of β-D-glycopyranosyl units (1-3,1- 4-P-D-linked as compared to yeast-based beta-glucans that are 1-3, l-6-P-D-linked) in which 70% of the units are typically linked, but which also consist of β-D-cellotriosyl and β-D-cellotetraosyl residues separated by linkages arranged in a random manner. The soluble nature of beta-glucans, in conjunction with their chemical structure, helps to increase the viscosity of foods that contain them. [0027] Suitable cereal-based beta-glucans for use in the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure include oat-derived beta-glucans and barley- derived beta-glucans, with barley-derived beta-glucans being especially suitable. These specific beta-glucans, in combination with the Salacia extract described herein, act synergistically to control and regulate postprandial glucose levels such that glucose absorption into the bloodstream is retarded, thus lengthening the amount of time it takes a given amount of glucose to enter the bloodstream.

[0028] The beta-glucan source for use in the nutritional composition may comprise up to 100% by weight of a beta-glucan, including from about 30%> to 100%), and also including from about 50%> to 100%, and also including from 50%> to 95%o, and also including from about 60%. to about 85%, beta glucan by weight of the beta-glucan source.

[0029] The cereal beta-glucan selected for use herein may have any weight average molecular weight suitable for the selected use and formulation, but will most typically range from about 50 kDa to about 1000 kDa, including less than about 750 kDa, including from about 100 kDa to about 250 kDa.

[0030] One suitable commercially available source of a barley beta- glucan for inclusion in the nutritional composition is Barliv™ (70% barley beta- glucan), commercially available from Cargill (Panora, Iowa).

[0031] The nutritional compositions may comprise an amount of cereal beta-glucan sufficient to synergistically interact with the Salacia extract as described herein in providing the desired blood glucose control. The nutritional compositions most typically, however, comprise from about 5% to about 50%>, including from about 10%> to about 50%>, also including from about 11% to about 46%o, and also including from about 11% to about 25%, cereal beta-glucan by weight of the nutritional composition.

[0032] In some embodiments, the nutritional compositions may include at least about 0.5 grams, including from about 0.5 grams to about 4 grams, also including from about 1.1 grams to about 2.0 grams, and also including from about 0.77 grams to about 1.4 grams, of beta-glucan per serving of the nutritional composition.

Salacia Extract

[0033] The nutritional compositions comprise a Salacia extract. Any source of the extract that is known or otherwise suitable for us in an oral nutritional product is also suitable for use herein, provided that such a source is also compatible with, or is otherwise rendered to be compatible with, the other selected ingredients in the composition

[0034] The Salacia extract suitable for use herein may include a Salacia oblonga extract and or a Salacia reticula extract, either of which contains at least one of the a-glucosidase inhibitors salacinol, kotalanol and mangiferin 9, which have been shown to inhibit the activity of intestinal a-glucosidases and mitigate blood glucose responses upon ingestion of food.

[0035] Suitable Salacia oblonga extracts for use in the nutritional compositions include both powdered and liquid forms of Salacia oblonga extracts. One specific example of a suitable Salacia oblonga extract is Salacia oblonga Extract A or Salacia oblonga Extract D (both powdered forms), commercially available from Tanabe Seiyaku Company Limited (Osaka Japan).

[0036] The nutritional compositions may comprise an amount of Salacia extract sufficient to synergistically interact with the beta-glucan component of the composition in providing the desired blood glucose control. The nutritional compositions most typically, however, from about 0.5% to about 10%, including from about 1%) to about 5%, also including from about 1% to about 4%, and also including from about 1% to about 2%, Salacia extract by weight of the nutritional composition.

[0037] The nutritional compositions most typically comprise Salacia extract in amounts ranging from at least about 0.05 grams, including from about 0.1 to about 1.0 grams, and also including from about 0.1 grams to about 0.2 grams, and also including from about 0.1 grams to about 0.18 grams, of the extract per serving of the nutritional composition.

[0038] The Salacia extract in the nutritional compositions may also be characterized in terms of its alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity expressed as IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration). The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the Salacia extract are salacinol and/or kotalanol. The IC50 inhibitory concentration for the alpha-glucosidases may be from about 50 to about 60 micrograms per milliliter. In one specific example, Salacia oblonga extract D, which has an IC50 of not more than about 50 micrograms per milliliter can be used in the nutritional compositions.

Filler Material

[0039] The nutritional compositions described herein may further comprise a filler material to augment the bulk properties of the nutritional

compositions. These filler materials may include any such material suitable known for or otherwise suitable for use in a nutritional composition.

[0040] The filler material may include any nutritional ingredient that adds bulk to the composition, and in most instances will be substantially inert, and does not significantly negate the blood glucose benefits of the nutritional composition. The filler material most typically includes a fiber and or carbohydrate having a low glycemic index, although it is understood that other non-carbohydrate fillers as well as high glycemic index carbohydrate fillers may be used, although less desirable.

[0041] The filler material, including any carbohydrate or fiber filler material, may represent enough of the finished product to provide the desired bulk or flow properties, but most typically represent from about 30%> to about 90%>, including from about 40%> to about 85%, also including from about 50%> to about 85%, and also including from about 75% to about 80%, by weight of the nutritional composition.

[0042] Any carbohydrate source suitable for use in a nutritional composition is also suitable for use as a filler material in the nutritional compositions described herein. Such carbohydrates, however, may advantageously include those having a low glycemic index such as fructose and low DE maltodextrins as such ingredients do not introduce a high glycemic load into the nutritional composition. Other suitable carbohydrate filler material includes any dietary fiber suitable for use in a nutrition product, including soluble and insoluble fiber, especially

fructooligosaccharides. The filler material may be selected such that it does not negatively impact the synergistic nature of the beta-glucan and Salacia extract combination described herein.

[0043] Non limiting example of commercially available filler materials for use herein include Sunfiber® (Taiyo International, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota), which is a water-soluble dietary fiber produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of Guar beans; Fibersol 2™ (Archer Daniels Midland Company,

Bloomington, Illinois), which is a digestion resistant maltodextrin; and Nutriose® (Roquette Freres, France), which is a sugar substitute having extended energy release.

Optional Ingredients

[0044] The nutritional composition of the present disclosure may further comprise other optional ingredients that may modify the physical, chemical, aesthetic or processing characteristics of the compositions. Many such optional ingredients are known or otherwise suitable for use in nutritional products and may also be used in the nutritional compositions described herein, provided that such optional ingredients are safe and effective for administration and are compatible with the essential and other selected components in the compositions.

[0045] In some embodiments, the nutritional composition may include a fat source, a protein source, a flowing agent, a stabilizer, a preservative, an anti-oxidant, an acid, a buffer, a pharmaceutical active, a sweetener, an intense sweetener, a colorant, a flavor, a flavor enhancer, an emulsifying agent, an anti-caking agent, a lubricant, and so forth, as well as any combination thereof. Although it is within the scope of the present disclosure for the nutritional composition to include a fat source and/or a protein source, it is generally preferred that the nutritional composition be fat free and/or protein free. When included, the fat and/or protein source may be any conventional fat or protein source suitable for use in powdered nutritional compositions.

[0046] A flowing agent or anti-caking agent may be included in the nutritional compositions as described herein to retard clumping or caking of the powder over time and to make a powder embodiment flow easily from its container. Any known flowing or anti-caking agents that are known or otherwise suitable for use in a nutritional powder or product form are suitable for use herein, non limiting examples of which include tricalcium phosphate, silicates, and combinations thereof. The concentration of the flowing agent or anti-caking agent in the nutrition composition varies depending upon the product form, the other selected ingredients, the desired flow properties, and so forth, but most typically range from about 0.1% to about 4%, including from about 0.5% to about 2%, by weight of the nutritional composition.

[0047] A stabilizer may also be included in the nutritional compositions. Any stabilizer that is known or otherwise suitable for use in a nutritional product are also suitable for use herein, some none limiting examples of which include gums such as xanthan gum. The stabilizer may represent from about 0.1%) to about 5.0%), including from about 0.5%> to about 3%, including from about 0.7% to about 1.5%, by weight of the nutritional composition.

[0048] The nutritional compositions may further comprise minerals suitable for use in a nutritional product, non-limiting examples of which include phosphorus, sodium, chloride, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, iodine, calcium, potassium, chromium, chromium picolinate, molybdenum, selenium, and combinations thereof. Chromium picolinate is particularly useful in the nutritional compositions.

[0049] The nutritional composition may further comprise any vitamins or similar other materials suitable for use in a nutritional products, some non limiting examples of which include carotenoids (e.g., beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene), biotin, choline, inositol, folic acid, pantothenic acid,, vitamin A, thiamine (vitamin Bl), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and various salts, esters or other derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. Vitamin C, vitamin D, and or vitamin Bi ₂ are particularly useful in the nutritional composition

Manufacture

[0050] The nutritional compositions may be prepared by any known or otherwise effective manufacturing technique for preparing the powder or other selected product form. Many such techniques are known and may be applied by one of ordinary skill in the art to the nutritional compositions described herein.

[0051 ] One particularly desirable manufacturing method includes the dry blending of the selected ingredients to form a dry blended powder. In this process, for example, the beta glucan, Salacia extract, filler material, and any other optional materials, each in dry form, are combined as such and thoroughly mixed in a suitable mixing apparatus to for a dry blended nutritional composition in powder form.. The resulting dryblended composition may then be packaged in any desired size and material suitable for containing nutritional compositions in powder form.

[0052] The nutritional compositions may, of course, be manufactured by other known or otherwise suitable techniques not specifically described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive and that all changes and equivalents also come within the description of the present disclosure.

Methods of Use

[0053] The nutritional compositions may be used in accordance with the methods of the present disclosure, wherein such methods comprise the oral administration of the nutritional compositions described herein to individuals in need of blood glucose control, especially for modulating the blood glucose response during and or after a meal, including a carbohydrate-containing meal.

[0054] In accordance with the methods described herein, the term blood glucose control means a delay in the peak blood glucose response following a meal, a reduced blood glucose peak level following a meal, and/or a reduced blood glucose AUC following a meal.

[0055] The methods are especially useful in individuals afflicted with prediabetes, individuals afflicted with type 2 diabetes, overweight or obese individuals, individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, individuals at risk for developing diabetes, or other individuals who may otherwise benefit from the blood glucose control benefits made possible by the methods and compositions described herein.

[0056] In accordance with the methods described herein, the nutritional compositions may be administered to or orally consumed by an individual before, during, or after a meal to blood glucose levels as defined herein.

[0057] In one embodiment of the methods described herein, the nutritional product in powder form is reconstituted water, tea or other suitable liquid and then orally consumed by an individual before, during, or after a meal.

[0058] In another embodiment of the methods described herein, the nutritional product in powder form is sprinkled on food before it is consumed such that the nutritional composition in powder form is ingested during the meal.

[0059] The nutritional compositions may be administered to or consumed by the individual with one or more carbohydrate-containing or other meals per day, and or may be administered to or consumed by the individual once daily, twice daily, three times a day, four times a day or even more times per day to provide the desired blood control in the individual. The nutritional composition may be administered to or consumed by the individual within 0-60 minutes of the meal, including within 1 to 30 minutes of the meal, and including during the meal. EXAMPLES

[0060] The following Examples illustrate specific embodiments and or features of the nutritional compositions and methods of the present disclosure. The Examples are given solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

Example 1

[0061] In this Example, the effect of various water-soluble dietary fibers (Sunfibre®, Nutriose®, WPG™ Yeast Beta Glucan and Barliv™), alone or in combination with Salacinol (Salacia oblonga extract D), on postprandial glucose levels at 30 minutes are analyzed. Pre-diabetic (obese rats) and diabetic animal models are evaluated.

[0062] Postprandial blood glucose levels are evaluated in the prediabetic (obese) and diabetic Zucker male rats and in diabetic male mice at the age of approximately 6-8 weeks. Initially, the body weights of the animals are recorded before fasting and basal blood glucose measurements are taken. The animals fast overnight and are then randomized based on their basal glucose levels and assigned into different experimental groups (n = 5 to 7 per group).

[0063] Various sample compositions of water-soluble fibers and or Salacinol are prepared. To formulate the sample compositions, a corn starch suspension is first prepared by mixing 1 gram of corn starch with 10 ml of 0.5% Tween-80 in distilled water. The water-soluble fiber and or Salacinol are then slowly added to and mixed with the corn starch suspension at the concentrations described in the following Table. Sample Sunfibre® Nutriose® Barliv™ WPG™ Salacinol (mg/Kg)

1 600 - - -

2 600 - - 12.5

3 1000 - - -

4 1000 - - 12.5

5 - 100 - -

6 - 100 - 6.25

7 - - 100 -

8 - - 100 6.25

9 - - 200 -

10 - - 200 12.5

11 - - - 6.25

12 - - - 12.5

13 - - - - 6.25

14 - - - 100 6.25

[0064] The compositions summarized above in the Table are administered to the animals (where mg/kg of sample refers to mg of fiber or salacinol per kg of body weight of the animals) as a single oral dose (10 ml/Kg body weight) to the animals. After 30 minutes, the blood-glucose levels of the animals are tested using a glucometer and test strips (One Touch Ultra Lifescan, available from Johnson & Johnson, San Jose, CA). The tail of each animal is wiped clean with absorbent cotton and a drop of blood is obtained the tip. Each sample of blood is placed on a sampling area of the glucometer strip.

[0065] Results are expressed as means + SEM as percent change in glucose (mg/dl). Statistical analysis is performed by t-test for blood glucose levels. The results are shown in the following Table. Obese Rat Diabetic Obese Rat Obese Rat Diabetic Rat Diabetic Obese Rat Diabetic

Rat Rat Mouse

Dosage (mg/Kg) Sunfiber® Sunfiber® Nutriose® Barliv™ Barliv™ WPG™ Barliv™ Barliv™

600 1000 100 100 100 100 200 200 Saliconol Saliconol Salacinol Salacinol Salacinol Salacinol Salacinol Salacinol

12.5 12.5 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 12.5 12.5

Sunfibre® 27.4 37.5

Nutriose® -1.80

Barliv™ -6.1 1.3 2.7 -17.5

WPG™ -4.87

Salacinol -51.1 -59.5 -22.75 -9.8 3.8 -10.12 -12.2 -11.1

Sunfibre® + Salacinol -27.1 -27.5

Nutriose® + Salacinol -19.41

Barliv™ + Salacinol -27.6 -11.3 -21.2 -70.4

WPG™ + Salacinol -9.55

Observed Effect Inhibition Inhibition No synergy Synergy Synergy No synergy Synergy Synergy

[0066] In the diabetic rat, obese rat, and diabetic mouse models, the

combination of Barliv™ and Salacinol at varied concentrations shows significant

synergistic activity in reducing postprandial glucose levels at 30 minutes. Sunfibre®

shows significant inhibition of Salacinol activity on postprandial levels at all

concentrations tested. Nutriose®, alone or in combination with Salacinol, does not

show a significant effect on postprandial glucose levels. Additionally the yeast

derived beta glucan (WPG™ Beta Glucan) in combination with the Salacinol showed

a neutral, non-synergistic effect.

[0067] Based on these animal study results, the combination of Barliv™ (a cereal-based beta glucan) and Salacinol produces a synergistic effect on

postprandial glucose levels as compared to an inhibitory effect or no effect at all for

the other fibers in combination with Salacinol. Example 2

[0068] In this Example, blood glucose lowering effects of barley- derived beta glucan (Barliv™) and yeast-derived beta glucan (WGP™) in pre- diabetic (obese) and diabetic animal models are compared. The effects are evaluated at postprandial time points of 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes

[0069] The effect on postprandial blood glucose levels is evaluated in obese and diabetic Zucker male rats and in diabetic male mice at the age of approximately 6-8 weeks. Initially, the body weights of the animals are recorded before fasting and before basal glucose measurements. The animals fast overnight and are then randomized based on their basal glucose level and assigned into 3 different experimental groups (n = 9 per group).

[0070] A corn starch suspension is prepared by mixing 1 gram of corn starch with 10 ml of 0.5% Tween-80 in distilled water. This corn starch suspension is administered to the control group. A second suspension is prepared using the corn starch suspension prepared in the control group and slowly mixing Barliv™ (100 mg/Kg) therein. Additionally, a third suspension is prepared by slowly mixing the corn starch suspension of the control group with yeast whole beta glucan particle (WGP™) (100 mg/Kg).

[0071] The compositions are administered to their respective experimental group at a single oral dosage (10 ml/Kg body weight) to the animals. After 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes, the blood-glucose levels of the animals are tested using a glucometer and test strips (One Touch Ultra Lifescan, available from Johnson & Johnson). The tail of each animal is wiped clean with absorbent cotton and a drop of blood is obtained from the tip and placed on the sampling area of the glucometer strip.

[0072] Results are expressed as % change in AUC +/-SEM.

Statistical analysis is performed by t-test for blood glucose levels and one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison for AUC using graph pad prism software (significance at P < 0.05). The AUC (0 - 120 min) values expressed as percent change in blood glucose level are shown in the following Table.

[0073] The administration of Barliv™ with the corn starch solution shows a significant glucose lowering effect in the mice as compared to the

administration of WGP™ in the same animal model. The data further shows that WGP™ does not lower blood glucose levels at all.

Examples 3-11

[0074] Examples 3-10 illustrate selected embodiments of the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure, which embodiments include combinations of Barliv™ and Salacia oblonga extract. The exemplified formulations are described in the table below. The percentage of each ingredient is the weight percent of the ingredient based on the total weight of the nutritional composition, and the number in parentheses (where shown) is the amount, in grams, of the ingredient per serving. Example 11 illustrates a lemon flavored embodiment of the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure, which embodiment includes a combination of Barliv™ and Salacia oblonga extract. Example 11 illustrates a flavored embodiment that provides 2.0 g of Barliv™ and 0.12 g of Salacia per serving.

[0075] These powdered nutritional compositions are prepared by dry mixing the ingredients together and/or agglomerating the mixture to have improved mixability. The formulations may be used directly, such as sprinkled directly on food, or may be reconstituted with water or tea prior to use to the desired target ingredient concentrations. Ingredient Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6

Barliv™ 46.22% (1.1) 11% (1.1) 20% (2.0) 22% (1.1)

Salacia Extract 7.56% (0.18) 1.8% (0.18) 1.2% (0.12) 3.6% (0.18)

Nutriose® 60% (6.0) 50% (5.0) 66% (3.3)

Agglomerated Maltodextrin 42.02% (1.0) 10% (1.0)

Maltodextrin - M100 1.33% (0.0667)

Fructooligosaccharides 5.2% (0.52) 16.8% (1.68)

Fructose 10% (1.0) 10% (1.0)

Tri calcium phosphate 1.0% (0.1) 1.0% (0.1) 2.0% (0.1)

Xanthan gum 4.2% (0.1) 1.0% (0.1) 1.0% (0.1) 1.4% (0.07)

Vitamin C 3.6% (0.18)

Vitamin D 0.03% (0.0015)

Vitamin B 12 trace

Chromium Picolinate 0.035% (0.00177)

Ingredient Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 Example 10

Barliv™ 46.22% 11% 15% 22%

Salacia Extract 7.56% 1.8% 1.2% 4.6%

Nutriose® 40% 50% 65%

Agglomerated Maltodextrin 38.02% 10% 10%

Maltodextrin - MlOO 2.00% 20.0% 5.00% 1.33%

Fructooligosaccharides 5.2% 6.8%

Fructose 2.00% 10% 10%

Tri calcium phosphate 1.0% 1.0% 2.0%

Xanthan gum 4.2% 1.0% 1.0% 1.4%

Vitamin C 3.6%

Vitamin D 0.03%

Vitamin B 12 Trace

Chromium Picolinate 0.035%

Ingredient Example 11

Salacia Extract 1.2 (0.12)

Barliv™ 20 (2)

Nutriose® 50 (5)

Fructooligosaccharides 9.7 (0.97)

Fructose 10.0 (1)

Lemon Flavor 4.0 (0.4)

Citric Acid 3.0 (0.3)

Tri calcium Phosphate 1.0 (0.1)

Xanthan Gum 1.0 (0.1)

Sucralose 0.1 (0.01)