BACKGROUND

( 0001 J Products that are presently available to whiten teeth i nc lude a variety of different ingredients, but the primary active ingredient is a peroxide source. These products typically contain substantial amounts of whitening agents, for example, a peroxide source in an amount equivalent to about. 10% hydrogen peroxide. However, there is a need for compositions having lower concentrations of a peroxide source that are still effective in whitening teeth.

Embodiments of the present, invention are directed, in part, to this end.

SUMMARY

[0002] Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a non-aqueous oral care

composition comprising: a peroxide source in the amount effective to deliver 0.01% to 5,5% of hydrogen peroxide; and an adhesion system comprising: a hydrophobic component comprising a silicone adhesive; and a dental surface adhesion enhancing agent, wherein the composition when applied to the teeth is sufficiently viscous to form an adherent, continuous layer on a dental surface and deli ver an effecti ve amount of said peroxide source to a tooth surface.

[O903J In some embodiments, the present invention provides a non-aqueous dental whitening composition comprising: a peroxide component comprising a peroxide source in an amount effective to deliver or provide about 0.1% to about 5% of the total weight of the composition.

[0004] I n some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of whitening a tooth comprising applying any of the compositions described herein to a tooth of a mammal.

|0O05| Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed descnpiion and examples provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed descriptio and specific examples, while providing specific embodiments of the invention, are intended for illustration only and should in no way limit the scope of the invention,

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

{0006} In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is a viscous liquid, preferably a gel, which maintains its consistency during storage enabling the product to be painted on the tooth surface with a soft applicator pen or brush. |ftO 7| In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention provides a stable vehicle that prevents the decomposition of the peroxide whitening agent during storage and before use.

[0O08J Once applied on a tooth surface, the saliva on the tooth enamel surface to which the composition is applied will either dissolve or disintegrate the peroxide containing matrix

resulting in a rapid decomposition of the peroxide, and thereby provide an effective

concentration of the peroxide source at the tooth surface, despite its relatively low concentration in the composition. Surprisingly, thi s concentration is capable of delivering an acceptable le vel of tooth whitening,

[9009) The whiten ing compositions of the present in vention are portable vi scous li quid or gel tooth whiteners that can be applied to the teeth as coated layer conveniently painted onto the tooth enamel surface. Upon application to the teeth, the applied whitening composition forms an adherent layer of peroxide containing product that has the capacity to release the peroxide whitening agent over an extended period of time, e.g., from about 5 minutes to about 12 hours. The applied Saver adheres to the tootli surface whereby the released peroxide source then whitens the teeth to which the composition is applied,

)001O ^' | to s me embodiments, the tooth whitening compositions of the present invention are substantially anhydrous, that is, no water is added. The composition may contain trace levels of water from ingredients or from product manufacture; however, such trace levels are insubstantial and do not interfere with the hydrophobic character of the composition.

[00 11 The viscosity of a composition of the invention is greater than about 1 ,000 centipoise (cPs) and less than about 900,000 cPs, in a more specific embodiment greater than about 10,000 cP and less than about 100,000 cPs, in a more specific embodiment greater than 50,000 cPs and less than 900,000 cPs, and in an even more specific embodiment from between about 200,000 cPs to about 600,000 cPs.

[00121 1« some embodiments, the present invention comprises a hydrophobic component, carrier or base material that comprises a silicone polymer. The term "hydrophobic" or "water-insoluble" as applied to polymers and as employed herein refers to an organic polymer which is

substantially non-aqueous having a water solubility of less than one gram per 1.00 grams of water at 25°C. Any such silicone polymers that are compatible with, the whitening agents described, herein, and which can produce a tooth whitening composition having a desired viscosity can be used. |tt013| In some embodiments, the hydrophobic polymers suitable for use in the present invention are referred to as "siloxane" polymers, which are also generally known in the art as "silicone" polymers. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the hy drophobic polymers that comprise the hydropliobic material are those in which a whitening agent can be dispersed and are well known in the art. Many such silicone polymers are commercially available, I various embodiments, a preferred silicone-hased hydrophobic polymer is a polyorganosiloxane, in parti c u lar po!ydi m thy isil oxane .

|0014| In some embodiments, the siloxane polymers that can .function as part of the hydrophobic component are in the form of a fluid. Polysiloxane fluids useful herein for the hydrophobic silicone material component include those with a viscosity, at 25°€. , of about 1 miliiPascai-sec (raPa-s) to about 1000 raPa-s, or about 2 rnPa-s to about 500 mPa-s, or about 20 mPa-s to about 400 mPa-s. Polysiloxane fluids for use herein can be linear or cyclic, and can be substituted with a wide variety of sabstituents. In certain embodiments, substituems include methyl, ethyl and phenyl sabstituents. Suitable polysiloxane fluids include linear polysiloxane polymers such as dunethicone and other Sow viscosit analogues of the polysiloxane materials, in certain

embodiments having a viscosity, at 25° C, of 200 mPa-s or less and cyclomethicone, and other cyclic si!oxanes having for example a viscosity, at 25° C, of 200 mPa-s or less. Other fluids include polysiloxane poiyether copolymers and hydroxy terminated polydiniethyS-siloxane fluid (e.g., Dow Coming ST-D ETHICONOL/IM. 40, Dow Corning SGM 36, SGM3). Commercial examples of materials that are suitable for us herein include DC200 series fluids marketed by Dow-Corning Corporation and the A Fluid series marketed by Wacker-Chemie GmbH, imchers, Germany. High -molecular silicone resins with a polysiloxane blend may also be used including powdered triraefhylsiloxysilicaie, for example, Dow Coming 593 fluid, Wacker Belsii IMS 803. Another suitable silicone fluid from Dow Corning is Q7- 210.

j0015| In some embodiments, at. least part of the hydrophobic component is a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). Such PSAs can be produced by condensing silicone resin and an organosiloxane such as a polydiorganosiloxane. Such hydrophobic polymers are an elastomerie, tacky material, adhesion of which to dental enamel, surfaces can be varied by altering the ratio of silicone resin to polydiorganosiloxane i the copolymer molecule. Such polymers are pressure sensitive hydrophobic polymers specifically designed for pharmaceutical use and are permeable to many drag compounds and. find application for the transdermal application of various compounds. In some embodiments, the silicone polymers are the copoly mer product of mixing a silanol terminated poiydiorganosiloxane such as polydimethyl siloxane with a si!anol-containing silicone resin whereby the silanol groups of the poiydiorganosiloxane undergo a condensation reaction with the silanol groups of the silicone resin so that the poiydiorganosiloxane is lightly crosslinked by the silicone resin (that is, the poiydiorganosiloxane chains ate bonded together through the resin molecules to give chain branching and entanglement and/or a small amount of network character} to form the silicone hydrophobic polymers. A catalyst, for example, an alkaline material, such as ammonia, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium carbonate,, can be mixed with the silanol-terminated poiydiorganosiloxane and the silicone resin to promote this crossliftkiftg reaction. By copoiyoierizmg the silicone resin with the silanol terminated poiydiorganosiloxane, there results a polymer with self-adhering properties and the cohesive properties of a soft elastomer matrix characteristic of pressure sensitive polymers being

distinguished from the hard, non-elastomeric properties of other silicone resins. In one

embodiment, hydrophobic polymers used in the carrier are available from the Dow-Corning Company under the brand name BIO-PSA. The modification of a ratio of silicone resin to poiydiorganosiloxane modifies the tackiness of the polymer. This ratio can be in the range of about 70:30 to about 50:50, For example, the BIO PSA silicone sold by Dow-Corning is available in three silicone resin to silicone polymer ratios namely, 65/35 (low tack), 60/40 (.medium tack), 55/45 (high tack). Such a polyorganosiloxane PSA is available dissolved in either ethyl acetate solvent or dimethicone. Modifying the silicone resin to poiydiorganosiloxane ratio of the PSA will modify the tackiness of the PSA. For example, the BIO PSA silicone adhesive sold by Dow-Coming is available in three silicone resin to silicone polymer ratios namely, 65/35 (low tack), 60/40 (medium tack), 55/45 (high tack) dissolved in. either ethyl acetate solvent or dimethicone. A suitable silicone PSA is Silicone Adhesive 8-701.6, commercially available from Dow Corning.

|0O16J in some embodiments the hydrophobic component is present at a concentration of from about 20 to about 80%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic component is present at a concentration of from about 40 to about; 80%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic component is present at a concentration of from about 60 to about 80%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic component is present at a concentration of from about 70 to about 80%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic component is present at a concentration of about 75%, by weight of the composition.

[0017J In some embodiments, adhesiveness is be measured using standard adhesion tests known in the art. for example, the adhesive test disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6.613.812 to Bui. In certain embodiments, the adhesiveness between a tooth and a film formed from a composition of the present invention can be from about at least 500 pounds per square inch (PSI), at least 1 ,000 PSI, at least 2,000 PSL or greater.

|¾018j The present in ventors have discovered that particular amounts of dental surface adhesion enhancing agent not. only provides greater retention of the composition to the tooth surface, but also enhances the stability of the peroxide source and he!ps to maximize delivery of an effec tive concentration of the peroxide source at the target site.

[O019J in some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention optionally comprise a tartar control or anticaleulus agent, Tartar control agents among those usetui herein inciude salts of an of these agents, for example their alkali metal, and ammonium salts: phosphates and polyphosphates (for example pyrophosphates), polyaminopropanesulfonic acid t ΛΜ PS ), poiyoiefin sulfonates, poiyoiefin phosphates, diphosphonates such as azacyeloalkane-2,2- diphosphonates (e.g., a acycloheptane-2,2-diphosphonic acid), N-roethyl azacyclopentane-2,3- diphosphonic acid, ethane- i iydroxy-j ,I~diphosphonic acid (EHDP) and ethane- 1 -amino-! , 1 - diphosphonate, phosphonoalkane carboxyhc acids and. Useful inorganic phosphate and polyphosphate salts inciude monobasic, dibasic and fribasic sodium phosphates, sodium tripoSyphosphaie, tetrapolv hosphate, mono-, di-, tri- and tetrasodium pyrophosphates, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium hexanietaphosphate (SHMP) and mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment SHMP is used. The amount of stain prevention agent optionally present is from about 0.1% to about 10%, in another embodiment from about 2% to about 9%, and in another embodiment from about 5% to about 8%, or about. 7%, by weight, of the composition.

|0O2(i | In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention comprise a flavoring agent. Suitable flavoring agents include, but axe not limited to, essential oils as well as various flavoring aldehydes, esters, alcohols, and similar .materials. Examples of the essential oils include oils of spearmint, pepperra.hu, wintergreen, sassafras, clove, sage, eucalyptus, marjoram, cinnamon, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and orange. Also useful are such chemicals as menthol, carvone, and anethole. Of these, the most, commonly employed are the oils of peppermint, spearmint and wintergreen. The flavoring agent is incorporated in the whitening compositions of the present invention at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 2% by weight and preferably about 0.1 to about 0.5% by weight.

|0021| in some embodiments, the present invention provides a non-aqueous whitening composition comprising: a peroxide source in the amount of about 0.1% to about 30% of the total weight of the composition; and an adhesion system comprising: a hydrophobic component comprising a silicone adhesive; and a dental surface adhesion enhancing agent, wherein the composition when applied to the teeth is sufficiently viscous to form an adherent, continuous layer on a dental surface and deliver an effective amount of said peroxide source to a tooth surface.

(00221 la some embodiments, the peroxide source is selected from: hydrogen peroxide; urea peroxide, sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate; and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0023J In some embodiments, the peroxide source comprises a complex of hydrogen peroxide and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, in some embodiments, the peroxide source is hydrogen peroxide,

|0024| In some embodiments, die dental surface adhesion enhancing agent comprises an additional amount of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone. In some embodiments, the additional amount of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone is not complexed with hydrogen peroxide.

(0025j In some embodiments, the peroxide source is present in an amount effective to provide a hydrogen peroxide concentration of from about 0.01% to about 10%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the peroxide source is present in an araount effective to provide a hydrogen peroxide concentration of from about 0.05% to about 5.5%, by weight of the composition, in some embodiments, the peroxide source is present in an. amount effective to provide a hydrogen peroxide concentration of from about 0.1% to about 7%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the peroxide source is present in an amount effective to provide a hydrogen peroxide concentration of from about 0.1% to about 5.5%), by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the peroxide source is present in an amount effective to provide a hydrogen peroxide concentration of about 0.1%, by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the peroxide source is present i an amount effective to provide a hydrogen peroxide concentration of about 4.5%, by weight of the composition. [0026) In some embodiments, the silicone adhesive is a pressure sensitive silicone adhesive, in some embodiments, the pressure sensitive silicone adhesive is a copolymer prepared by

condensing a silicone resin with a polydiorganosiloxane, in some embodiments, the

polydiorganosiloxane is polydimeihylsiloxane. In some embodiments, the silicone resin is a silanol-containing silicone resin.

[0027) In some embodiments, the hydrophobic component further comprises a silicone fluid. I some embodiments, the silicone fluid comprises a siloxane polymer.

|0028| In some embodiments, the adhesion system further comprises a material selected from: bees wax. mineral oil, a blend of mineral oil and polyethylene (e.g., a plastigel), petrolatum, white petrolatum, a blend of liquid paraffin and a biitene/ethylene styreiie hydrogenated copolymer (e.g., a versagel), a polyethylene wax, polyisobuteae, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer; and a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the organic material comprises mineral oil.

[0029) In some embodiments, the dental surface adhesion enhancing agent is present in an amount of about 15% to about 25%, by weight, of the composition, in some embodiments, the dental surface adhesion enhancing agent is present in the amount of about 16% to about 20%, by weight, of the composition, in other embodiments, the dental surface adhesion enhancing agent is presen t at a concentration of about 18%, by weight, of the composition.

[0030] Further embodiments provide a method for whitening a tooth comprising applying a composition according to any one of the foregoing claims to a tooth of a mammal. In some embodiments, the composition is applied using a pen. In some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of the tooth for a plurality of minutes.

[003 J I In some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of a tooth for from about 1 minute to about 8 hours, in some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of a tooth for from about 5 minutes to about 4 hours. In some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of a tooth for from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of a tooth for from about 15 minutes to about 60 minutes. In some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of a tooth for from about 20 minutes to about 45 minutes. In some embodiments, the composition is maintained on the surface of a tooth for about 30 minutes.

[0O32J In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a gel. [00331 In some embodiments, the adhesion system farther comprises mineral oil; wherein the weight percentage of mmerai oil is substantially similar to, or greater than, the weight percentage of the silicone adhesive. In some embodiments, the adhesion system further comprises mineral oil; wherein the weight percentage of mineral oil is greater than, the weight percentage of the silicone adhesive, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0034 j In some embodiments, the compositions do not phase separate to an unacceptable level after I month.

|0035| In some embodiments, the composition has a Hershei-Bullde rate inde of less than 0.7. In some embodiments, the composition, has a Hershel-Bulkley rate inde of less than 0.68. In some embodiments, the composition has a Hershel-Bulkley rate index of less than 0.65.

[00361 la some embodiments, the composition has a G7G" ratio of greater than or equal to 1 in the linear viscoelastic region. In some embodiments, the compositio has a G'/G ^' ' ratio of greater than or equal to 1.5 in the linear viscoelastic region. In some embodiments, the

composition has a G '/G" ratio of greater than or equal to 2 in the linear viscoelastic region.

[00371 In some embodiments, the composition has a critical strain greater than or equal to 0.02,

[0038| In some embodiments, the composition has a Hershel-Bulkley rate index of less tha 0,7; a G '/G" ratio of greater than or equal to 1 in the linear viscoelastic region; and critical strain greater than or equal to 0.02.

[00391 In some embodiments, die compositions of the present invention can be prepared by adding and mixing the ingredients of the composition in a suitable vessel such as a stainless steel tank provided with a mixer, hi the preparation of the whitening compositions described herein, the ingredients are advantageously added to the mixer in the following order; hydrophobic component, peroxide component, dental surface adhesion enhancing agent, and any desired flavoring or sweetener. The ingredients are then mixed to form a homogeneous

d i spers i on/sol uti on .

|004OJ in some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are applied to the tooth of a subject, by manual application, such as by painting the teeth with, a soft applicator brush in the same manner as applica tion of nail polish to a finger nail and without the intervention of a dentist or technological operations. Application by the user, leaves a coating of the thick liquid suspension on the teeth. Contact with saliva causes the slow release of ¾(¾ from the matrix of the peroxide component, and permits efficient delivery of the peroxide source to the target site, e.g. the tooth.

[0041) Typically, the compositions are applied directly to the teeth, e.g., by paintin the teeth for a time sufficient to effect whitening. The compositions of the present invention can be used in a regimen for whitening teeth and can he used in combination with a whitening toothpaste and a whitening mouthwash to former enhance the whitening results.

{0042) Some embodiments provide a method wherein the applicator is a pen and the pen is stored within an ora! care implement, in some embodiments, the pen is removed from the oral care implement prior to application of the composition to the tooth. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to the tooth after brushing. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to the tooth after brushing with the oral care implement.

[0043) As used herein, "whitening" refers to a change in visual appearance of a tooth, preferably such that the tooth has a brighter shade. I crease in whiteness of a dental surface can be observed visually, for example with the aid of color comparison charts or gauges, or measured by colorimetry, using any suitable instrument such as a Minolta Chromameter, e.g., model CR-400 (Minolta Corp., Ramsey, N,J,). The instrument can be programmed, for example, to measure Hunter Lab values or L*a*b* values according to the standard established by the Internationa! Committee of Illumination (CIE). The L*a*b* system provides a numerical representation of three-dimensional color space where L* represents a lightness axis, a* represents a red-green axis and b* represents a yellow-blue axis. The L* and b* axes are typically of greatest applicability to measurement of tooth whiteness. Increase in wh iteness can be computed from differences in L*, a* and b* values before and after treatment, or between untreated and treated surfaces.

|0044] As used herein, "tooth" or "teeth" refers to natural mammalian teeth, dentures., dental plates, fillings, caps, crowns, bridges, dental implants, and the like, and any other hard surfaced dental prosthesis either permanently or temporarily fixed within the oral cavity.

[004 1 As used throughout, ranges are used as shorthand for describing each and even-' value that is within the .range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by referenced in their entireties, in the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls. |ft046| Unless otherwise specified, all percentages and amounts expressed herein and elsewhere in the specification should be understood to refer to percentages by weight. The amounts given are based on the active weight of the material.

|i)047| Embodiments of the present invention are further described in the following examples. The examples are merely illustrative and do not in any way limit the scope of the invention as described and claimed.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

|0O48| Table 1 (below) provides the formulation for exemplary compositions of the present invention.

Table I

Example 2

|(KM9| Whitening efficacy of Formula I and IS is determined using a duplicate pair of flow cells designed to accommodate a total of eight bovine enamel blocks (four in each cell). Bovine enamel blocks are obtained freshly stained using an established staining protocol (Indiana University, Indianapolis, Snd. }. The initial L*, a* and b* values are matched as closely as possible prior to the experiment using a chromameter (Minolta C -321) based on initial L*, a* and b* values iCIBLAB), The L, a, b values are measured four times at slightly differing locations on the surface of the bovine enamel blocks. |ft05 | To simulate the sali va of the human mouth, an artificial sali va buffer solution maintained at 3 ^' 7°C is prepared containing the salts usually present in saliva at levels typical to the levels found in human saliva.

|00S1| The bovine enamel blocks are placed in the flow cells and the liquid compositions are evenly applied using a brush. Flow over the teeth was 0.6 ml/min. for 30 mm. Average initial and final chromometer readings are read, and used to calculate Ab and ΔΤ.

Table 2

|0052J The data described in Table 2 (above) demonstrates thai exemplary physically stable peroxide-containing compositions of the present invention provide an unexpected level of whitening. It is specifically unexpected that compositions comprising a peroxide source in an amount effective to deliver 0.1% and 4.5% of hydrogen peroxide would provide the observed, level of whitening.

Example 3

(0053} heological properties of exemplary compositions of the present invention are characterized using oscillatory strain sweep and steady state flow experiments. The oscillatory strain sweep is conducted with a frequency and temperature controlled at 1 Hz and 25C. The viscoelastic response of the material to the applied oscillatory strain is measured in terms of G' and G", the viscous and loss moduli. In general, G' represents energy storage within the viscoelastic structure and G" represents dissipation of the energy through flow. Th e linear viscoelastic region (LVR) is determined by the region of the strain sweep in which G ' and G" remain constant with respect to the applied strain and the ratio of elastic to viscous contribution (G7G ^:! ) can be calculated based on the G" and G ⁿ values within the LV R. This ratio may be referred to as the structural parameter. In this case, a composition with desirable rheological properties (i.e., suitable for dispensation from a pen type syringe applicator) will have a linear viscoelastic region in which the structural parameter is greater than 1. The strain amplitude in which the structural parameter is equal to one, the critical strain, may be used as an indicator of the robustness of the structural network. T he greater the critical strain, the greater the stress the system can resist before collapsing. |ft054| The steady state flow is conducted in the shear rate range of 0.1 -100 l/sec. The resulting data is fu to a Hersehel-Bulkley flow model and the rate index is recorded. Compositions with a rate index 0.7 are suitable for pumping and dispensing. If the flow profile could not be accurately described using this model N/A was recorded.

[0055) Two series of experimental prototypes are manufactured and evaluated. The first set of prototypes maintained a constant level of ail ingredients except in the amount of dimethicone, used to solvate the tirmethylsiloxane/ditnethiconol cross polymer and the amount of gelled mineral oil, used to form a hydrophobic base.

[9056) The formulations, and results from both the oscillatory strain sweep experiment and visual observation, are described in Table 3 (below). Concentrations of PVP-H O? complex described in Table 3 refer to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and not to the concentration of the PVP-HjO? complex.

Table 3

|©057f The compositions in which the concentration of gelled mineral oil is substantially similar to - or greater than - that of dimethicone, the formulation exhibi ted the desired theological and physical attributes, i.e., the formulation exhibited a critical strain of about 0.02 or greater, and was physically stable; and also exhibited significant shear thinning properties.

Example 4

[0058] A second set of formulations are prepared, and incl ude additional modifications to identify actionable ranges for inclusion of a beneficial oral care agent. The modified ingredients include: hydrogen peroxide and poiy vmyl pyrrolidone. The formulatioiis, aod results from both the oscillatory strain sweep experimental and visual observation, are described in Table 4 (below). Concentrations of PVP-H2O2 complex described in Table 5 refer to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and not to the concentration of the PVP-H2O2 complex.

Table 4

| 059| As described in Table 4 (above), in the formulations where the bulking agent content was increased to incorporate a greater formula weight hydrogen peroxide, the formulations did not exhibit the necessary rheologicai properties. In cases where the bulking agent was maintained at about 20% or less, and the gelled mineral oil was substantially similar to or greater than that of dimethicone, the formula exhibited the desired rheologicai properties.

|0O6(if The foregoing results demonstrate that formulations in which the concentration of gelled mineral oil is substantially similar to or exceeds that of dimethicone and the solid bulking agent does not exceed about 20%, will exhibit the rheologicai attributes necessary for physical stability and extrusion via a pen-type syringe applicator.

{0061! While the invention has been described with respect to specific examples including presently preferred modes of carrying out the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations and permutations of the above described systems and techniques. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should be construed broadly as set forth in the appended claims.