CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims priority to US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/391 ,41 1 filed on July 22, 2022, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT GRANT

[0002] This invention was made with government support under Grant No. HR0011-17-2- 0035 awarded by DARPA. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD

[0003] The presented disclosure is related to broadband optical devices functioning as orbital angular momentum splitters.

BACKGROUND

[0004] In addition to wavelength and polarization, a wavefront also has a varying spatial structure. One characteristic of this spatial structure is the amount of angular momentum carried by the light. This can come in two forms: (1) As an example, in the case of a circular polarization, the spin degree of freedom is encoded in the handedness of the polarization where left and right circular polarization carry spin values of +1 and -1, respectively and (2) the orbital angular momentum, which is a property of the amplitude and phase variations of the beam and can take on an infinite number of values. [0005] Sensing and creation of beams with angular momentum is useful for a variety of applications. The dominant usage in research and practice to date has been in optical communications where information can be multiplexed onto the theoretically infinite set of basis states each with different orbital angular momentum. By adding spin, bandwidth can be doubled. This comes in two main forms, the first in free space where the Laguerre Gauss modes describe the shape of light with different angular momentum values [see references 1, 2, 3]. In cases where the usage of high orbital angular momentum values is problematic for sending information, communication bandwidth can be achieved through the use of spatially separated beamlets each carrying information on a few number of angular momentum degrees of freedom. These beamlets can be generated and detected in parallel by an array of devices at the pixel level [see reference 4],

[0006] The existing devices that operate based on angular momentum splitting encounter various challenges. Firstly, these devices tend to be bulky and large in comparison to the operational wavelength. Secondly, there is a difficulty in tiling the devices adjacent to one another due to pitch/device spacing issues. Additionally, these devices do not readily integrate with a standard imaging sensor, making it challenging, for example, to place them directly on top of a grid of sensor pixels. Moreover, customization of these devices to operate with different input angular momentum states and polarizations is limited. Lastly, adapting the designs of these devices to accommodate various geometries, such as fiber tips, often poses a significant challenge.

[0007] Therefore, there is a need for devices and methods to address the above-mentioned challenges and issues.

SUMMARY

[0008] The disclosed methods and devices address the problems and technical issues as described in the previous section.

[0009] The disclosed teachings are related to volumetric meta-optics where metamaterials are used to control light within a three-dimensional volume. More specifically, the described devices include complex three-dimensional (3D) structures allowing the splitting of angular momentum with higher efficiency. These structures could be implemented inside a camera or used in conjunction with a fiber communication system or could be tiled into an array for imaging or spatially resolved angular momentum detection for free space communication.

[0010] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, an optical arrangement is provided, comprising: a focal plane; a three-dimensional (3D) angular momentum splitter configured to: split an incident electromagnetic wave along optical states, the optical states including a plurality of angular momentum states, focus the split electromagnetic wave onto target areas corresponding to the plurality of angular momentum states, the target areas being on the focal plane.

[0011] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method of splitting an electromagnetic wave, into a plurality of waves with different optical states, is disclosed, the optical states including a plurality of angular momentum states, the method comprising: defining one or more figures of merit based on the plurality of angular momentum states; optimizing the one or more figures of merit, thereby calculating a set pattern; patterning a 3D volume in accordance with the set pattern; thereby forming a three-dimensional (3D) angular momentum splitter; applying the electromagnetic wave to the 3D angular momentum splitter at a first side thereof; scattering off the electromagnetic wave to generate a plurality of electromagnetic waves corresponding to plurality of angular momentum states, the plurality of electromagnetic waves exiting the 3D angular momentum splitter at a second side thereof.

[0012] Further aspects of the disclosure are provided in the description, drawings and claims of the present application. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Fig. 1 shows an exemplary optical arrangement including an orbital angular momentum splitter according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figs. 2A-2E show exemplary graphs illustrating the performance of the angular momentum splitters according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,

[0015] Fig. 3 shows an exemplary optical arrangement illustrating an application of the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0016] Fig. 4 shows exemplary layers in a multi-layer design according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] Fig. 1 shows an optical arrangement (100) that incorporates a three-dimensional (3D) angular momentum splitter (102), in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Incident light (101) enters from above and undergoes scattering while traversing the angular momentum splitter (102). The scattered light is then sorted within a focal plane (103) into four different optical states (SO, ..., S3). In an embodiment, the states may be chosen to carry, for example angular momentums of (-2, -1, 1, 2) paired with spins of (1, 1, -1, -1), respectively. Stated differently, the incident light, apart from possessing distinct angular momenta, represented by (-2, -1, 1, 2), additionally encompasses two distinct circular polarization states, whereby the handedness of each state is represented by one of the spins (1, -1). Focal plane (103) comprises four targeted areas represented by quadrant (Q0, ..., Q3) aligned with focal plane array image sensors (not shown). States (SO, ..., S3) essentially represent distinctive portions of scattered light received by corresponding pixels aligned with quadrants (Q0, ..., Q3) after being scattered when passing through angular momentum splitter (102). Stated differently, incident light (101), after passing through angular momentum splitter (102), is split along various optical states. The split light is then focused onto target areas on the focal plane, the target areas being represented by quadrant (Q0, ..., Q4). Although the embodiment shown use light as input, the teachings of the present disclosure are applicable to any electromagnetic wave with an arbitrary wavelength.

[0018] The embodiment of Fig. 1 assumes polarization multiplexing on two orthogonal circular polarization states, which is referred to, throughout this document, as the spin degree of freedom. This is different than the orbital angular momentum degree of freedom which describes how the phase of the electric field varies spatially. At each point in space, the electric field is also polarized due to its nature as a vector quantity. This polarization is three-dimensional, however, for the purpose of defining the polarization state, only the axes perpendicular to the direction of propagation are taken into consideration. Such axes are denoted as x, y such that a polarization p = ax + by for complex values of (a, b). According to the teachings of the present disclosure, two polarization states can be independently controlled if they are orthogonal. The circular polarization states are defined by (a, b) = ¹ ' ^1C ^' ^rst referred to as left circular polarization (v _; ) and the second as right circular polarization (v _r ). These are orthogonal states because v _L ■ = 0, i.e. - the dot product between one vector and its complex conjugate is 0.

According to further embodiments of the present disclosure, any choice of two pairs of (a, h) that is orthogonal in the same way can be used for polarization multiplexing. This includes the linear horizontal and vertical polarization pair (a, Z?) = (1,0), (0, 1), as well as any linear polarization combination that is orthogonal or any arbitrary elliptical polarization state pair that is orthogonal.

[0019] With continued reference to Fig. 1 , According to the teachings of the present disclosure, the 3D angular momentum splitter (102) can be efficiently designed using an adjoint variable method. Such method optimizes a specified objective function which is often based on the efficient focusing of incident light into one of quadrants (Q0, ..., Q3), depending on the input optical state. As described previously, such state which is defined based on a combination of the orbital angular momentum and polarization spin. The design process starts with an empty volume and involves iterative updates to an initial geometry to enhance performance. Full-wave finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) simulations are utilized to calculate the sensitivity of a specific figure of merit, to refractive index perturbations. As will be detailed later with regaids to the embodiments of Figs. 2A-2E, the intensity or contrast of the light received in respective quadrants are examples of the figure merit. Multiple incident angular momentum states across a desired broad bandwidth are considered to assign each state to a different pixel. In some embodiments, a gradient-descent algorithm is employed to iteratively improve and update the initial geometry.

[0020] Continuing with the embodiment of Fig. 1 and the design process as disclosed above, the 3D orbital momentum splitter (102) is made by patterning a 3D volume at subwavelength resolution in all dimensions, the patterning being performed based on one or more set objective functions/figures of merit. In other words, the 3D splitter is formed into a single block of material with interstices, by structuring, based on the set 3D pattern, a refractive index of the 3D splitter. As described more in detail later, in some embodiments, the vertical dimension may be divided into coarser layers to accommodate standard lithography fabrication processes. Each angular momentum state serves as input for forward illumination and is designed to focus on a distinct quadrant at the focal plane, aligning with a different pixel on a focal plane array sensor. The gradient required to improve the device's permittivity profile for quadrant- specific focusing is determined through the interfering fields from forward illumination and a dipole adjoint source originating from the target quadrant. A combined gradient from all angular momentum forward sources is utilized to adjust the device's permittivity in a direction that enhances overall performance. This iterative process continues until convergence is achieved. According to the teachings of the present disclosure, the angular momentum splitter may be made from a material with a refractive index of, for example n=1.5 while the interstices may be filled by air or a material with a refractive less than that of the material the splitter is made of.

[0021] Figs. 2A-2E show exemplary graphs according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, illustrating the performance of the device where two metrics are quantified. The first is the contrast, which describes how much of each mode goes to the desired quadrant versus the other quadrants. Second, the total transmission values normalized to incident power on the top of the cube are shown for each input state. Critically, these values can approach a value of 1 and are not limited by detecting multiple states. This can be contrasted with devices that first split the beam into four beams and then filter for a given state. These existing schemes are limited to a transmission of 0.25 at best, far exceeded by the device shown.

[0022] Graph (200 A) of Fig. 2A show contrast of each sorting state (SO, .. ., S3) as a function of the wavelength of the input light. As shown, each state carries specific pair (1, s) corresponding, where (1, s) represents the angular momentum and spin, respectively. As an example, state (SO) corresponds to the pair (-2, +1) and as a further example state (S2) corresponds to pair (+1, -1). Contrast is defined as C = ^{Tcorrect Tmcorrect} , where Tcorrect is transmission into the desired

Tcorrect incorrect quadrant for a given input mode and Tincorrect is transmission elsewhere in the focal plane for that same mode. The dashed line is the design wavelength and as can be noticed, the contrast of each state peaks at such design wavelength.

[0023] Exemplary graphs (200B-200E) of Figs. 2B-2E show breakdown of transmission for each state by quadrant and intensity on the focal plane given each illumination state. For each state, the transmission is plotted over a broad band where the dashed line is the design wavelength. As can be noticed, for each state, the intensity of the received light in the quadrant corresponding to such state is substantially larger than the intensity of light received at the other quadrants Performance of the device falls off gently away from this design point but can be made to operate over a broader band by adding this requirement explicitly into the optimization process as disclosed previously. Further, larger devices disposed on top of more sensor pixels that sort on both the angular momentum and wavelength of the input can increase the bandwidth and richness of imaging. These devices can be designed with the same methods described in this disclosure. While specific angular momentum states were chosen for this device demonstration, a different device can be designed with the same technique targeted towards different angular momentum modes. This can be chosen differently for each application or even chosen to be different at each point in the array for richer imaging and communication systems.

[0024] The disclosed methods and devices offer potential advantages for various applications. Fiber communication networks can benefit from multiplexing on the angular momentum degree of freedom by using special fibers that can reliably propagate a set of angular momentum modes [5]. While these modes will not have identical shape to the free space modes shown in this disclosure, the same types of devices can be used to detect and generate these modes by modifying slightly the input illumination profile to the optimization algorithm based on the fiber mode profiles.

[0025] A core challenge in the above-mentioned fiber communication networks is the ability to both create/multiplex the desired angular momentum states on the transmitter end and demultiplex them on the receiver side. The disclosed devices can efficiently accomplish both tasks without losing efficiency through beam splitting and filtering. For instance, in a fiber communication system, these techniques can be utilized on the transmitter side to encode information based on multiple orbital angular momentum states. The transmitter generates light carrying these states and transmits them using the disclosed teachings. On the receiving end, the received light can be divided into different pixels, precisely aligned with sensors, allowing the extraction of the necessary information and subsequent processing.

[0026] The described methods and devices can also be implemented as part of cameras or used in imaging systems. In order to further clarify this, reference is made to Fig. 3 showing an exemplary optical arrangement (300) including an optical block (301), angular momentum splitter array (302), sensor array (304) and processing unit (305). Optical block (301) comprises lenses (311, 312) and beamsplitter (313) to guide light throughout the system. The principle of operation of angular momentum splitter (302) is similar to what was described with regards to angular momentum splitter (102) of Fig. 1.

[0027] Incident light (320), after traversing optical block (301) will hit object (306), and subsequently undergo reflection. The irregularities present on the surface of the object (306) will cause the reflected light to exhibit various states of angular momentum that are specific to such irregularities. Subsequently, the reflected light will be directed, after being guided through optical block (301), towards the angular momentum splitter (302), where it will undergo spatial separation into the distinct components that have differing angular momentum states, as mentioned above. These spatially separated light components will then be collected by sensor arrays (304) and transmitted to a processing unit (305). The processing unit will then employ subsequent data analysis based on the received information to infer the properties of the object (306).

[0028] With reference to the embodiment of Fig. 3, although shown here in reflection, the same concept can be applied to image in transmission. For this approach, the beamsplitter can be removed and the lens can image light passing through the sample directly onto the array of angular momentum splitting devices that sort light onto the pixels in the focal plane array. The device shown can be used directly for the imaging application above where the scene is decomposed by its spatial overlap with local angular momentum beamlets.The person skilled in the art will understand that the embodiment of Fig. 3 serves merely as an illustrative example showcasing the potential applications of the teachings that have been disclosed. It is important to note that any configuration wherein light passes through or reflects from a sample can benefit from the aforementioned teachings, as they enable the generation of angular momentums and/or facilitate their utilization for the purposes of processing and data analysis.

[0029] The angular momentum sorting devices can also be used in reverse to generate 0AM modes that can be transmitted in free space or fiber. This may be performed by illuminating points in the focal plane and using the reciprocal nature of the device. In other words, if one focal point is illuminated upon excitation of the splitter with a given angular momentum state, then if that same focal point is excited directly, the device will transform that excitation back into the same angular momentum state. For this to work in practice, adjustments to the design may be made to focus light into each quadrant with a specific, likely linear, polarization for ease of reciprocal illumination. Using a spatial light modulator and a lens, a pattern of spots can be projected with this polarization onto the focal planes of an array of devices or an array of polarized laser sources can be placed directly in the focal plane. Then, one can choose which angular momentum states to create from the devices by changing the illumination pattern from the spatial light modulator or turning on/off different laser sources.

[0030] According to the teachings of the present disclosure, individual incarnations of the described devices can be paired with single point free space systems or fiber communication systems with small adjustments to the input mode profile.

[0031] As mentioned previously, the disclosed angular momentum splitters are formed based on a 3D pattern which is defined by structuring of the refractive index of the splitter and depending on the desired objective/cost function. On way to manufacture such splitters is to use a layered- approach where three-dimensional devices are constructed through repeated material deposition and patterning. In other words, the device may be structured by stacking a plurality of layers on top of one another. The fabrication process may be CMOS -compatible wherein the fabrication constraints may be directly incorporated with the design algorithm. Each layer may be produced using lithography. Fig. 4 illustrates the multi-layer concepts by showing the different layers of an exemplary 8-layer design. In this exemplary design, each layer may be, for example, 3O.15um x 30.15um x 2.4um and there are 8 layers, so the total device dimensions are 30.15um x 3O.15um x 19.2um. The dark regions (402) may be made of a material with, for example, and approximate index of refraction of 1.5 and the light regions may be vacuum (with a refractive index of 1), or any other material with a refractive index smaller than that of the material shown by dark regions (401).

[0032] With further reference to Fig. 4, by scaling the dimensions of the device, it can be made to work at any center wavelength provided adequate fabrication tolerances and the availability of a material at that wavelength with the same index of refraction. Another approach for getting the device to work in other wavelength regimes is to re-design it around different aspect ratios, fabrication tolerances, and material refractive indices using the same procedure outlined above. [0033] The disclosed devices and methods offer several benefits over the existing solutions. The compact size of such devices allows for their seamless tiling alongside one another, catering to a range of applications. The inventors have successfully manufactured devices with sizes and spacing as small as 7 times the operational wavelength, encompassing wavelengths in the singledigit micrometer range. These devices can be designed to be directly integrated onto a rectangular grid of photodetectors, facilitating easy integration with standard imaging sensors. Moreover, the described devices offer a high degree of customization in terms of angular momentum states and polarizations, granting flexibility to tailor their functionality. Additionally, the disclosed devices offer further applicability and adaptability by enabling customization for various geometries, including fiber tips.

[0034] All references [1 through 5] disclosed in the presented specification and shown below are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

REFERENCES

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