BACKGROUND

[0001] Printing devices rely on electric motors for a variety of tasks, e.g. advancing a print medium or moving a print head. An electric motor may comprise sensitive control electronics, which may require protection to avoid damage e.g. due to an overvoltage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0002] In the following, a detailed description of various examples is given with reference to the figures. The figures show schematic illustrations of

[0003] Fig. 1 : an electric motor control circuit in accordance with an example;

[0004] Fig. 2: a flow chart of a method of overvoltage protection for an electric motor according to an example;

[0005] Fig. 3: an electric motor control circuit with a motor driver according to an example;

[0006] Fig. 4: a flow chart of a method of overvoltage protection for an electric motor in accordance with an example;

[0007] Fig. 5a: a diagram of the angular velocity of an electric motor according to an example;

[0008] Fig. 5b: a diagram of the induced voltage of the electric motor in the example of Fig. 5a;

[0009] Fig. 5c: a diagram of the state of the motor driver of the electric motor in the example of Fig. 5a;

[0010] Fig. 6: a schematic sectional view of a printing device with an electric motor and a control circuit in accordance with an example; and

[0011] Fig. 7: a perspective view of a printing device according to an example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] If an electric motor is rotated manually, the motor may act as a generator and the rotation of the electric motor can induce a voltage between terminals of the motor. The induced voltage may be higher than a driving voltage used to operate the motor and may damage sensitive motor electronics, e.g. a motor driver. In printing devices, this may for example occur when a user pulls on a print medium supplied to the printing device and thereby rotates the motor used to advance the print medium. To prevent damage to the motor electronics, a control circuit may be used to monitor the induced voltage and to implement safety measures before the induced voltage reaches a level that may cause damage on electronic components.

[0013] Fig. 1 depicts a control circuit 100 for an electric motor 102 in accordance with an example. In the example shown in Fig. 1 , the electric motor 102 is a brushed DC motor comprising two coils 104. The coils 104 are connected to two motor terminals 106A and 106B via commutator brushes 108, which are to commute the polarity of a DC driving signal applied to the motor terminals 106A, 106B in order to drive the electric motor 102. In other examples, the electric motor 102 may comprise a different number of coils or motor terminals or may for example be a brushless DC motor or an AC motor.

[0014] The control circuit 100 includes a controller 110, which may for example comprise a microprocessor, an analog electronic circuit, a digital electronic circuit or a combination thereof. In some examples, the controller 110 may be a motor driver that is to generate an electric driving signal for the electric motor 102, e.g. as described below with reference to Fig. 3. The controller 110 may have a supply voltage input 112 and may use a supply voltage U _s to operate, e.g. a DC supply voltage. The controller 110 may for example use a DC voltage equal to or larger than a minimum supply voltage to operate, i.e. the minimum supply voltage is the minimum voltage required by the controller 110 to operate. The minimum supply voltage may e.g. be a voltage in the range between 5 V and 30 V, for example 12 V or 15 V. The controller 110 may switch off if the supply voltage U _s is below the minimum supply voltage and may switch on if the supply voltage U _s is at or above the minimum supply voltage. In some examples, the supply voltage input 112 may also be connected to an external power supply (not shown in Fig. 1 ), which may provide the supply voltage U _s when the power supply is switched on.

[0015] The control circuit 100 further comprises a voltage converter 114. The voltage converter 114 is to generate a supply voltage U _s of the controller 110 from a voltage u _ίhe i at the motor terminals 106A, 106B, i.e. to convert the voltage at the terminals 106A, 106B to a voltage to power the controller 110. Accordingly, the supply voltage U _s may depend on the voltage U _md at the motor terminals 106A, 106B and may be above the minimum supply voltage if the voltage U _d at the terminals 106A, 106B exceeds a certain level as described below in more detail with reference to Figs. 5a-5c. The voltage U _d at the motor terminals 106A, 106B, in the following also referred to as terminal voltage U _md , may for example be the voltage between the terminal 106A and the terminal 106B as shown in Fig. 1 or the voltage between at least one of the terminals 106A, 106B and a reference point, e.g. a ground contact. The terminal voltage U _md may for example be a voltage induced by rotation of the electric motor 102. This may allow for operating the controller 110 without requiring an external power supply or when the external power supply is switched off or disconnected from power.

[0016] In some examples, the controller 110 may be provided with a supply voltage U _s with a certain polarity, e.g. a positive DC voltage. The terminal voltage U _md may have a positive or negative polarity, which additionally may change over time. For a brushed DC motor, if the terminal voltage U _md is induced by the motor 102, the polarity of the terminal voltage U _md may e.g. depend on the direction in which the motor 102 rotates. For a brushless DC motor or an AC motor, the induced voltage may be an AC voltage with a periodically changing polarity. To generate the supply voltage U _s from the terminal voltage U _md , the voltage converter 114 may comprise a rectifier between the terminals 106A, 106B and the supply voltage input 112. The rectifier may convert the terminal voltage U _ind to a supply voltage U _s with a predefined polarity at the supply voltage input 112. The rectifier may for example comprise a diode, e.g. as described below with reference to Fig. 3.

[0017] The voltage converter 114 may further comprise a smoothing circuit to stabilize the supply voltage U _s. The terminal voltage U _ind may vary over time and, depending on the design of the motor 102, may e.g. exhibit oscillations or ripples. The smoothing circuit may for example comprise a low-pass filter to suppress the fluctuations, e.g. a capacitor or a first order RC filter, or a voltage regulator. This may allow for providing a constant or almost constant supply voltage U _s for the controller 1 10 and may prevent the controller 1 10 from switching on and off due to small fluctuations of the terminal voltage Uin _d · In some examples, the voltage converter may be to suppress fluctuations faster than 20 kHz, in one example faster than 1 kHz, by at least 3dB, in one example by at least 10 dB.

[0018] The control circuit 100 comprises a switchable braking circuit 1 16 that is connected to the motor terminals 106A, 106B. The braking circuit 1 16 may e.g. be an electrically conducting connection between the terminals 106A, 106B or may be an electrically conducting connection between at least one of the terminals 106A, 106B and a reference point, e.g. a ground contact. The braking circuit 1 16 may include a switch 1 18 that is to open or close the braking circuit 1 16. The switch 1 18 may for example be a transistor or an electromechanical relay. In some examples, closing the switch 1 18 may short-circuit the terminals 106A and 106B with each other or with the reference point. A resistance of the braking circuit 1 16 may e.g. be less than 10 W, in some examples less than 1 W. In other examples, the braking circuit 1 16 may comprise additional elements like a resistor, e.g. to dissipate energy.

[0019] The controller 1 10 may be to activate the braking circuit if the terminal voltage Uin _d at the motor terminals 106A, 106B exceeds a threshold voltage while the controller is in an off-state. For this, the controller 1 10 may for example control the switch 1 18. When the switch 1 18 is closed, the terminal voltage U, _nd may induce an electric braking current in the braking circuit 1 16. The braking current can dissipate energy, e.g. due to the electrical resistance of the coils 104 and/or of the braking circuit 1 16, and can generate a braking force on the electric motor 102. This may reduce the terminal voltage U, _nd and may prevent the terminal voltage U, _nd from increasing beyond the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage is a predefined value for the terminal voltage U, _nd at which the braking circuit is to be activated, e.g. a value that the terminal voltage U _ind should not exceed to prevent damage to electronic components connected to the terminal 106A, 106B. The threshold voltage may for example be chosen to be a certain fraction, e.g. between 75% and 90%, of a specified maximum operating voltage of electronic components connected to the terminals 106A, 106B or a certain fraction, e.g. between 125% and 175%, of a regular operating voltage of electronic components connected to the terminals 106A, 106B. Thereby, the voltage applied to electronic components connected to the terminals 106A, 106B may be limited and damage due to an overvoltage may be avoided.

[0020] In one example, the electronic components connected to the terminals 106A, 106B may be specified to withstand voltages of up to 42 V and the threshold voltage may be in a range between 30 V and 40 V, e.g. 35 V. In another example, the electronic components connected to the terminals 106A, 106B may have a regular operating voltage of 12 V and the threshold voltage may be in a range between 15 V and 20 V, e.g. 18 V. Since the supply voltage Us for the controller 1 10 is generated from the terminal voltage Um _d , the controller 1 10 may activate the braking circuit without an external power supply or if the external power supply is switched off. The control circuit 100 may thus provide an overvoltage protection even if a device that the control circuit 100 is used in, e.g. a printing device, is disconnected from power, wherein the voltage to be limited, i.e. the terminal voltage U _d , is used to power the controller, which may then activate the braking circuit to prevent the terminal voltage U _d from exceeding the threshold voltage.

[0021] In some examples, the voltage converter 1 14 may convert the terminal voltage U _md to the supply voltage U _s such that the supply voltage U _s reaches the minimum supply voltage when the terminal voltage Um _d reaches the threshold voltage. Accordingly, the controller 1 10 is switched on if the terminal voltage Um _d exceeds the threshold voltage. The controller 1 10 may close the switch 1 18 whenever the controller 1 10 is switched on and may open the switch whenever the controller is switched off. In other examples, the voltage converter 1 14 converts the terminal voltage U _md to the supply voltage U _s such that the supply voltage U _s reaches the minimum supply voltage before the terminal voltage U _ind reaches the threshold voltage. The controller 1 10 may for example monitor the supply voltage U _s or the terminal voltage U _md to determine whether the terminal voltage Um _d exceeds the threshold voltage and activate the switch 1 18 in response, e.g. as described below with reference to Figs. 5a-5c. In some examples, the voltage converter 114 may comprise a voltage divider, e.g. to adjust the terminal voltage U _md at which the controller 110 is switched on.

[0022] Fig. 2 shows a flow chart of a method 200 of overvoltage protection for an electric motor having a controller according to an example. The method 200 may for example be implemented for the electric motor 102 using the control circuit 100 as described in the following. This is, however, not intended to be limiting and the method 200 may be implemented using any other electric motor with a suitable controller. The flow diagram shown in Fig. 2 does not imply a certain order of execution for the method 200. As far as technically feasible, the method 200 may be performed in any order and different parts may be performed simultaneously at least in part.

[0023] The controller 110 is initially in an off-state, e.g. after disconnecting or switching off an external power supply connected to the supply voltage input 112. Accordingly, the supply voltage U _s at the supply voltage input 112 may be below a minimum supply voltage and may e.g. be 0 V prior to execution of the method 200. The electric motor 102 may initially be at rest, e.g. because a motor driver for the motor 102 has been switched off.

[0024] At 202, a supply voltage U _s for the controller 110 is generated from a voltage at the electric motor 102, e.g. the voltage U _d at the terminals 106A, 106B. As described above, the terminal voltage U _ind may for example be induced by a rotation of the motor 102, e.g. when manually rotating the motor 102. In the control circuit 100, for example, the supply voltage U _s is generated through the voltage converter 114. Generating the supply voltage U _s may comprise rectifying and smoothing the voltage U _ind at the motor 102, e.g. with the voltage converter 114.

[0025] If the supply voltage U _s exceeds the minimum supply voltage of the controller 110 at 204, the controller 110 is switched on at 206. Otherwise the controller 110 remains in the off-state. After the controller 110 is switched on, the controller 110 may for example monitor the supply voltage U _s or the voltage U _d at the motor 102 to determine, in 208, whether the terminal voltage U _d at the motor 102 exceeds the threshold voltage. If the terminal voltage U _md exceeds the threshold voltage, the method proceeds to 210. In other examples, the supply voltage U _s may reach the minimum supply voltage when the terminal voltage U _d reaches the threshold voltage. The controller 110 may then be switched on when the terminal voltage U _ind reaches the threshold voltage and the method may directly proceed to 210.

[0026] If the voltage at the electric motor 102 exceeds the threshold voltage at 208, a braking force is applied to the electric motor 102 using the controller 110 in 210. Applying the braking force may comprise short-circuiting terminals of the electric motor. In the example shown in Fig. 1 , the braking force may be applied by closing the switch 118 to activate the braking circuit 116. As described above, this may lead to a braking current through the braking circuit 116, which generates the braking force. Additionally or alternatively, the braking force may be applied in other ways, for example mechanically using a brake shoe or by generating an electric driving signal to actively decelerate the motor 102. Due to the applied braking force, the terminal voltage U _d may decrease and accordingly, the supply voltage U _s may decrease as well. The supply voltage U _s may e.g. decrease below the minimum supply voltage such that the controller 110 may switch off again.

[0027] Fig. 3 shows a control circuit 300 for the electric motor 102 in accordance with another example, wherein the controller 110 is a motor driver 302 that is to generate an electric driving signal for the electric motor, e.g. a driving voltage at the terminals 106A and 106B. The driving voltage may be adapted to the type of the electric motor 102, e.g. a DC voltage for a brushed DC motor, a commutated DC voltage for a brushless DC motor or an AC voltage for an AC motor. The motor driver 302 may for example generate the electric driving signal by controlling or modulating an input voltage, e.g. supplied by a power supply (not shown in Fig. 3) at an input port 304. For this, the motor driver 302 may control a switching circuit connecting the input port 304 to the terminals 106A, 106B, e.g. an FI bridge 306 as detailed below. The motor driver 302 may also be coupled to the power supply to provide an analog or digital signal, e.g. to control an amplitude of a voltage applied to the input port 304 and thereby an amplitude of the driving voltage at the terminals 106A and 106B. In other examples, the motor driver 302 itself may supply the input voltage or the driving voltage. As described above for the controller 110, the motor driver 302 may have a supply voltage input 112 to receive a supply voltage U _s powering the motor driver 302. In some examples, the supply voltage input 112 may be connected with the input port 304 to use the input voltage as a supply voltage U _s.

[0028] In the example shown in Fig. 3, the control circuit 300 comprises an H bridge 306 coupled to the terminals 106A and 106B. The H bridge 306 may consist of a low side 308 and a high side 310, each of which may comprise a pair of switches 308A, 308B and 310A, 310B, respectively. The low side may connect the terminals 106A and 106B to a reference point, e.g. a ground contact 312. The high side may connect the terminals 106A and 106B to the input port 304. The motor driver 302 may control the switches 308A, 308B, 310A, 310B to generate the electric driving signal. If the motor 102 is a brushed DC motor, the motor driver 302 may set the polarity of the driving voltage and thereby the direction of rotation of the motor 102 using the H bridge 306, e.g. by closing switch 310A to connect terminal 106A with the input port 304 and closing switch 308B to connect terminal 106B to the ground contact 312. If the motor 102 is a brushless DC motor, the motor driver 302 may use the H bridge 306 to commutate a DC voltage supplied at the input port 304 to generate an appropriate driving voltage.

[0029] The H bridge 306 may form at least a part of the voltage converter 114. In the example shown in Fig. 3, the voltage converter 114 is formed by the high side 310 of the FI bridge 306, which is connected to the supply voltage input 112. The high side 310 comprises two diodes 314A and 314B, which are connected in parallel with the switches 310A and 310B, respectively. The diodes 314A, 314B may e.g. be arranged such that the forward direction of the diodes 314A, 314B is in the direction from the respective terminal 106A, 106B to the supply voltage input 112, i.e. such that a positive voltage is passed on to the supply voltage input 112 whereas a negative voltage is blocked by the diodes 314A, 314B. The diodes 314A, 314B may in particular be parasitic structures of the switches 310A and 310B, respectively, e.g. a parasitic body diode formed by a transistor. The voltage converter 114 may additionally comprise other switching elements, a smoothing circuit or a voltage divider, e.g. between the high side 310 and the supply voltage input 112. The H bridge 306 may include additional diodes, e.g. additional diodes 315A, 315B connected in parallel with the switches 308A and 308B in the low side 308. Additional diodes 315A, 315B may for example be oriented such that a terminal is grounded via ground contact 312 when the terminal is at a negative voltage relative to the ground contact 312. The additional diodes 315A, 315B may also be parasitic structures of the switches 308A and 308B, respectively.

[0030] The H bridge 306 may also form at least a part of the braking circuit 116. In one example, the low side 308 may form the braking circuit 116. Accordingly, the motor driver 302 may activate the braking circuit 116 by closing the switches 308A and 308B, thereby creating an electrically conducting connection between the terminals 106A and 106B. In other examples, the braking circuit 116 may be formed by the H bridge 306 and a switchable circuit connecting the high side 310 to the low side 308. The motor driver 302 may then activate the braking circuit 116 for example by closing the switchable circuit as well as the switches 308A and 310B or by closing the switchable circuit as well as the switches 308B and 310A. The switchable circuit connecting the high side 310 to the low side 308 may for example comprise a resistor to dissipate energy.

[0031] The motor driver 302 may further comprise a control input 316 to receive an analog or digital control signal. The control signal may for example characterize a target speed of the motor 102. In one example, the motor driver 302 uses pulse width modulation (PWM) of the driving signal, e.g. via the H bridge 306, to control the speed of the motor 102. The control signal may e.g. determine a duty cycle of the PWM. In another example, the motor driver 302 may set an amplitude of the driving voltage to control the motor speed and the control signal may determine the amplitude of the driving voltage.

[0032] The motor driver 302 may also have an enable input 318 to receive an enable signal, e.g. a digital enable signal or an analog enable voltage U _e. In some examples, the motor driver 302 may have different states when switched on and the enable signal may determine the state of the motor driver 302. The motor driver 302 may for example switch between a sleep state and an on-state based on the enable signal. Additionally or alternatively, the state of the motor driver 302 may depend on the control signal.

[0033] In one example, the motor driver 302 uses a DC voltage equal to or larger than a minimum supply voltage to operate. The motor driver 302 may be in an off-state if the supply voltage U _s is below a minimum supply voltage and the control signal is off. In the off-state, the switches 308A, 308B, 310A, 310B may e.g. be open. If the supply voltage U _s is equal to or larger than the minimum supply voltage, the motor driver 302 may switch on and enter a state that depends on the enable voltage U _e and the control voltage. If the enable voltage U _e is below an enable threshold, the motor driver 302 may enter a sleep state, wherein the switches 308A, 308B, 310A, 310B may e.g. remain open. If the enable voltage U _e is above the enable threshold, the motor driver 302 may enter an on-state. If the motor driver 302 receives a control signal in the on- state, the motor driver 302 may e.g. enter a drive state, in which the motor driver 302 generates a driving signal for the motor 102 depending on the control signal. If the motor driver 302 does not receive a control signal in the on-state, the motor driver 302 may activate the braking circuit 116. This is described in more detail below with reference to Figs. 4 and 5a-5c.

[0034] If the control signal is an analog control voltage, not receiving a control signal may for example refer to the control voltage being below a minimum level, e.g. less than 0.5 V. In other examples, the motor driver 302 may enter a monitoring state if the supply voltage U _s is at or above a minimum supply voltage or if the motor driver 302 does not receive a control signal in the on- state. In the monitoring state, the motor driver 302 may monitor the terminal voltage U _md , e.g. via the supply voltage U _s or the enable voltage U _e , and may activate the braking circuit 116 if the terminal voltage U _d exceeds the threshold voltage.

[0035] The control circuit 300 may comprise a voltage divider circuit 320 to generate an enable signal for the motor driver 302 from the voltage U _d at the motor terminals 106A, 106B, e.g. to convert the terminal voltage U _md to an enable voltage U _e. The voltage divider circuit 320 may for example comprise a pair of resistors 320A, 320B connected in series between an input of the voltage divider circuit 320 and a reference point, e.g. a ground contact 322. An output of the voltage divider circuit 320 may be connected to a point between the resistors 320A, 320B. Additionally or alternatively, the voltage divider circuit 320 may comprise other elements, e.g. a rectifier or smoothing circuit. In other examples, the voltage divider circuit 320 may generate a digital enable signal based on the terminal voltage U _ind · The voltage divider circuit 320 may either be connected to the terminals 106A, 106B directly or through the voltage converter 114. In the example shown in Fig. 3, the voltage divider circuit 320 is connected to the high side 310 of the H bridge 306, which forms the voltage converter 114. In this example, the voltage divider circuit 320 generates the enable voltage U _e from the supply voltage U _s , wherein the enable voltage U _e is a certain fraction of the supply voltage U _s determined by the resistances of the resistors 320A and 320B.

[0036] Fig. 4 depicts a flow chart of a method 400 of overvoltage protection for an electric motor according to an example. The method 400 may for example be implemented for the electric motor 102 using the control circuit 300 as described in the following. This is, however, not intended to be limiting and the method 400 may be implemented using any other electric motor with a suitable controller. The flow diagram shown in Fig. 4 does not imply a certain order of execution for the method 400. As far as technically feasible, the method 400 may be performed in any order and different parts may be performed simultaneously at least in part.

[0037] Similar to method 200, the method 400 is executed with the motor driver 302 initially in the off-state, e.g. after disconnecting or switching off an external power supply connected to the input port 304. Accordingly, the electric motor 102 may initially be at rest. Furthermore, no control signal may be present at the control input 316, e.g. the control voltage at the control input 316 may be O V.

[0038] At 402, a supply voltage U _s for the motor driver 302 is generated from a voltage at the electric motor 102, e.g. the voltage U _d at the terminals 106A, 106B. As described above, the terminal voltage Uj _nd may for example be induced by a rotation of the motor 102, e.g. when manually rotating the motor 102. Generating the supply voltage U _s may comprise rectifying and smoothing the voltage at the motor 102. In the control circuit 300, the supply voltage U _s is generated through the voltage converter 114 formed by the high side 310 of the H bridge 306. The diodes 314A and 314B rectify the terminal voltage to generate the supply voltage U _s with a predefined polarity. In some examples, the supply voltage U _s may be equal to or approximately equal to the modulus of the terminal voltage. This may e.g. be the case when the low side 308 of the H- bridge 306 comprises the additional diodes 315A, 315B connected in parallel to the switches 308A, 308B, wherein the additional diodes 315A, 315B are oriented such that a terminal is grounded via ground contact 312 when the terminal is at a negative voltage relative to the ground contact 312. In other examples, the supply voltage U _s may be equal to or approximately equal to a moving average of the modulus of the terminal voltage.

[0039] At 404, an enable signal for the motor driver 302 may be generated from a voltage at the electric motor 102, e.g. the voltage U, _nd at the terminals 106A, 106B. As described above, the enable signal may be an analog enable voltage U _e or a digital enable signal. Generating an enable voltage U _e may comprise rectifying and smoothing the voltage at the motor 102. In some examples, the enable voltage U _e may be generated from the supply voltage U _s , e.g. as in the control circuit 300 through the voltage divider circuit 320. Accordingly, the enable voltage U _e may be equal to or approximately equal to a fraction of the supply voltage U _s. In other examples, the supply voltage U _s may be equal to or approximately equal to a fraction of the modulus of the terminal voltage U _d or of a moving average of the modulus of the terminal voltage U _d - [0040] To switch on, the motor driver 302 may for example require a DC voltage equal to or larger than a minimum supply voltage. The motor driver may thus remain in the off-state as long as the supply voltage U _s is below the minimum supply voltage at 406. If the supply voltage U _s is at or above the minimum supply voltage, the motor driver 302 may be switched on. Switching on the motor driver 302 may comprise switching the motor driver 302 to the sleep state if the supply voltage U _s is above the minimum supply voltage and the enable signal is below the enable threshold, and switching the motor driver 302 to the on-state if the supply voltage U _s is above the minimum supply voltage and the enable signal is above the enable threshold. The control circuit 300 may be designed such that the motor driver is switched on before the voltage at the electric motor reaches the threshold voltage, e.g. as described below with reference to Figs. 5a-5c. This may e.g. be helpful to reduce the time that the motor driver 302 needs to activate the braking circuit 116. If the supply voltage U _s subsequently drops below the minimum supply voltage, the motor driver 302 may switch off again.

[0041] In the example shown in Fig. 4, the motor driver 302 enters the sleep state in 408 if the supply voltage U _s is sufficient. In other examples, the motor driver 302 may directly enter different states depending on the enable signal or the control signal as described above. In the sleep state, the motor driver 302 may monitor the enable signal in 410 and may switch to a different state depending on the enable signal. If the enable signal is larger than the enable threshold, the motor driver 302 may switch to the on-state in 412. In the on- state, the motor driver 302 may monitor the control signal in 414. If the motor driver 302 receives a control signal, the motor driver 302 may enter the drive state in 416 and drive the motor 102 by generating an electric driving signal as described above. If the motor driver 302 does not receive a control signal, the motor driver 302 may apply a braking force to the motor 102 in 418, e.g. by closing the switches 308A and 308B to activate the braking circuit 116. The control circuit 300 may be designed such that the enable signal reaches the enable threshold when the voltage at the electric motor reaches the threshold voltage, e.g. as described in the following with reference to Figs. 5a-5c. In some examples, the motor driver 302 may monitor the terminal voltage U _d in the drive state and may also apply a braking force to the motor 102 if the terminal voltage U _ind exceeds the threshold voltage while the motor driver 302 is in the drive state.

[0042] Figs. 5a-5c illustrate an example how the control circuit 300 and the method 400 may be used to protect motor electronics from an overvoltage. Fig. 5a depicts a diagram 500 of the angular velocity w of the electric motor 102 as a function of time in this example. In Fig. 5b, the corresponding diagram 504 of the terminal voltage Um _d over time is shown. Fig. 5c illustrates the corresponding state of the motor driver 302. For comparison, the dashed lines 502 and 506 show an example without overvoltage protection.

[0043] Initially, the motor driver 302 is switched off and the motor 102 is at rest (w = 0). In this case, no voltage is induced between the terminals 106A and 106B and U _ind = 0. As described above, the switches 308A, 308B, 310A and 310B may be open when the motor driver 302 is switched off. Subsequently, the motor 102 is accelerated to a constant angular velocity, e.g. by a user manually rotating the motor 102 or an element mechanically coupled to the motor 102. The rotation of the motor 102 induces a voltage between the terminals 106A and 106B, which depends on the angular velocity, and thus U _d ¹ 0. In some examples, the induced voltage U _ind may be proportional or approximately proportional to the angular velocity, i.e. a DC voltage may be generated at a constant angular velocity. In other examples, U _d may change over time and may e.g. exhibit ripples or oscillations, for example if the motor 102 comprises a small number of coils 104 or is a brushless DC motor or an AC motor.

[0044] As described above with reference to Fig. 4, the supply voltage U _s generated from the terminal voltage Um _d by the voltage converter 1 14 may be equal to or approximately equal to the modulus of the terminal voltage Um _d in some examples. In other examples, the supply voltage U _s may be smaller than the modulus of the terminal voltage Um _d , e.g. due to a voltage drop at the diodes 314A and 314B or other elements of the voltage converter. In addition, the supply voltage U _s may be smoothed e.g. using a low-pass filter as detailed above and may for example correspond to a moving average of the terminal voltage U _ind .

[0045] For the control circuit 300, the enable voltage U _e generated from the terminal voltage Um _d by the voltage divider circuit 320 may be equal to or approximately equal to a fraction of the supply voltage U _s , wherein the fraction depends on the resistances of the resistors 320A and 320B. In one example, the enable voltage U _e is one sixth of the supply voltage U _s , e.g. by choosing the resistance of the resistor 320A to be five times the resistance of the resistor 320B.

[0046] In the example shown in Figs. 5a-5c, the supply voltage U _s is equal to the minimum supply voltage of the motor driver 302 when the terminal voltage Uin _d is equal to a voltage U ₀ . At this point, the enable voltage U _e may be below the enable threshold. Accordingly, the motor driver 302 is switched on when Uin _d exceeds U ₀ and enters the sleep state. The minimum supply voltage may for example be 5 V and may be equal to U ₀ as described above. As described above, the switches 308A, 308B, 310A and 310B may remain open when the motor driver 302 is in the sleep state.

[0047] Subsequently, the motor 102 is accelerated further and the angular velocity increases again. The resistances of the resistors 320A and 320B may be chosen such that the enable voltage U _e reaches the enable threshold when the terminal voltage U, _nd reaches the threshold voltage Ut. The enable threshold may e.g. also be 5 V and thus, if the enable voltage U _e is one sixth of the supply voltage U _s and the supply voltage U _s is equal to the modulus of the terminal voltage Uin _d , Ut may for example be 30 V. The threshold voltage Ut may be chosen to be smaller than a critical voltage U _c , at which electronic components connected to the terminals 106A and 106B may be damaged. The critical voltage may for example be 42 V. As soon as the terminal voltage U _ind is larger than Ut, the motor driver 302 switches from the sleep state to the on-state. If the motor driver 302 determines that no control signal is applied to the control input 316, the motor driver 302 may short-circuit the terminals 106A and 106B by activating the breaking circuit 1 16, e.g. by closing the switches 308A and 308B. In this example, the terminal voltage U, _nd induces a current through the low side 308 of the H bridge 306, which may prevent the terminal voltage U, _nd from rising further. The current generates a braking force on the motor 102, e.g. due to the rotation of the current-carrying coils 104 in a magnetic field created by magnets in the motor 102, and thus brakes the motor 102. Hence, the angular velocity and the terminal voltage U, _nd decrease.

[0048] As a result of the decreasing terminal voltage Uin _d , the enable voltage U _e decreases as well. As soon as the enable voltage U _e drops below the enable threshold, the motor driver 302 returns to the sleep state and opens the switches 308A and 308B, thereby interrupting the current through the low side 308. The motor 102 may then accelerate again, e.g. if a user continues to manually rotate the motor 102. The motor 102 may thus accelerate again until Ui _nd exceeds U _t , at which point the motor driver 302 enters the on-state again and brakes the motor 102. This process may repeat as long as the motor 102 is accelerated manually, leading to a repeated activation of the braking circuit 116 similar to cadence or stutter braking as depicted in Figs. 5a-5c. The repeated activation of the braking circuit 116 may also serve as a feedback to the user to indicate that the motor 102 is rotated too rapidly as detailed below with reference to Fig. 6. In this way, the control circuit 300 may prevent the terminal voltage U _d from reaching the critical voltage U _c and may protect electronic components connected to the terminals 106A and 106B from damage due to overvoltage. Without overvoltage protection, the motor 102 may accelerate further and the terminal voltage U _ind rnay exceed the critical voltage as illustrated by the dashed lines 502 and 506.

[0049] Fig. 6 illustrates a sectional view of a printing device 600 according to an example. The printing device 600 may e.g. be a large format printer that is to print on a print medium 602 like paper by depositing a printing substance such as ink using a print head 604. The printing device 600 comprises an electric motor 102 to drive a movable part of the printing device 600. The electric motor 102 may for example be used to advance the print medium 602 along a media advance direction indicated by the arrow labeled“X”. In other examples, the electric motor 102 may be used to move the print head 604 or other parts of the printing device 600, e.g. a maintenance cartridge or a movable cover or door of the printing device 600. The print medium 602 may be rolled up on a supply roll 606. The electric motor may be mechanically coupled to a roll 608, e.g. through a gear drive or belt drive 610, to advance the print medium 602 from the supply roll 606 to a printing area adjacent to the print head 604. Alternatively or additionally, the electric motor 102 may be mechanically coupled to the supply roll 606. The printing device 600 may also comprise a power supply 612, e.g. to generate an input voltage for the motor 102, the print head 604 and other components of the printing device 600.

[0050] When the print medium 602 is moved by means other than the motor 102, e.g. by a user manually pulling on an end portion of the print medium 602 extending outside of the printing device 600, the motor 102 may be rotated, e.g. through the roll 608 and the drive 610. As detailed above, this may induce a voltage at terminals of the motor, which may be harmful to electronic components within the printing device 600, e.g. a motor driver like the motor driver 302. If the printing device 600 is switched on, the printing device 600 may monitor the terminal voltage U _md , e.g. through the motor driver 302, and may prevent the terminal voltage Uj _nd from reaching a critical level. However, this may also occur while the printing device 600 is switched off or disconnected from power, i.e. in a state, in which no input voltage is provided by the power supply 612 and the printing device 600 may thus not monitor the terminal voltage U _ind.

[0051] The printing device 600 therefore comprises a control circuit that is to apply a braking force to the electric motor 102 if a voltage U _d at terminals of the electric motor 102 exceeds a threshold voltage while the printing device is switched off, wherein the control circuit is powered by the voltage U _d at the motor terminals while the printing device is switched off. The control circuit may for example be to apply the braking force by creating an electrically conducting connection between the motor terminals.

[0052] The control circuit may e.g. be similar to the control circuit 100 and may comprise a controller 110, a voltage converter 114 and a switchable braking circuit 116 connected to the motor terminals 106A and 106B. The voltage converter may generate a supply voltage U _s for the controller 110 from the voltage U _md at the terminals 106A and 106B of the motor 102 and the controller 110 may activate the braking circuit 116 if the voltage U _ind at the motor terminals exceeds a threshold voltage while the printing device 600 is switched off, i.e. while the controller 110 is in an off-state.

[0053] In the example shown in Fig. 6, the control circuit is the control circuit 300 described above with reference to Fig. 3. In other examples, the control circuit may be similar to the control circuit 300. The control circuit 300 may apply the braking force by creating an electrically conducting connection between the motor terminals 106A and 106B using the H bridge 306. The input port 304 of the control circuit 300 may for example be connected to the power supply 612, e.g. to provide a supply voltage U _s for the motor driver 302 and to generate the driving voltage for the motor 102 when the printing device 600 is switched on. In some examples, the ground contacts 312 and 322 may be connected to ground via the power supply 612. The control input and the enable input 318 of the motor driver 302 may be connected to other components of the printing device 600, e.g. a main controller that is to generate the respective signals.

[0054] The threshold voltage, above which the control circuit 300 applies the braking force, may for example be adjusted by adjusting the voltage divider circuit 320 (not shown in Fig. 6), e.g. by changing the resistances of the resistors 320A and 320B. Thereby, the ratio between the supply voltage U _s and the enable voltage U _e and thus the terminal voltage U _d at which the enable voltage U _e reaches the enable threshold may be set. In another example, the voltage converter 114 may comprise a voltage divider that determines a ratio between the terminal voltage U _d and the supply voltage U _s which may be adjusted. In some examples, the motor driver 302 may be programmable and may e.g. allow for changing the enable threshold.

[0055] The threshold voltage may be chosen such that the control circuit 300 provides protection against overvoltage damage and facilitates operation of the printing device 600. As described above, the threshold voltage may be lower than a voltage amount which would damage electronic components connected to the motor terminals 106A, 106B. The threshold voltage may be higher than a voltage that is induced at the motor terminals 106A, 106B when pulling the print medium with a“normal” speed, e.g. with a speed at which a user typically pulls the print medium 602 out of the printing device 600. The“normal” speed may for example be between 0.1 m/s and 0.5 m/s. Thereby, a user may slowly move the print medium 602 without the control circuit 300 interfering, but the control circuit 300 may apply the braking force if the user pulls too fast, inducing a higher voltage in the motor, such that electronic components might be damaged. The braking force may be noticeable by the user as an increased friction or resistance, e.g. when a stutter-like braking force is applied as depicted in Figs. 5a-5c, and thus may serve as a feedback to the user to indicate that the print medium 602 is moved too fast. The printing device 600 may comprise additional feedback mechanisms, e.g. a warning light or an acoustic alarm, that are to be activated when the terminal voltage U _d exceeds the threshold voltage.

[0056] Fig. 7 depicts a perspective view of a printing device 700 in accordance with an example. The printing device 700 may be similar to the printing device 600. The printing device 700 may for example also comprise an electric motor 102 (not shown in Fig. 7) to advance a print medium 602 stored on a supply roll 606 as well as a motor driver 302 (not shown in Fig. 7) to generate an electric driving signal for the electric motor 102. The printing device 700 may further comprise a print head 604 (not shown in Fig. 7) that is movable along a direction Ύ” that may e.g. be perpendicular to the media advance direction“X” in order to deposit a printing substance on the print medium 602. The printing device 700 may also comprise a control panel 702 for controlling the printing device 700, e.g. to adjust printer settings or to initiate execution of a printing job, and a plurality of cartridges 704, e.g. to supply a plurality of printing substances, e.g. ink of different colors.

[0057] The printing device 700 may include a supply compartment 706 to mount the supply roll 606 containing an unused part of the print medium 602. The supply roll 606 may be removably attached to the printing device 700, e.g. via mounting pins or clips, such that the supply roll 606 is accessible and may be exchanged by a user. When mounted, the supply roll 606 may be coupled to the electric motor 102, e.g. via the mounting pins, such that the electric motor 102 can rotate the supply roll 606 to advance the print medium 602. An end portion of the print medium 602 may be accessible to a user and a user may manually pull on the end portion as indicated by the arrow labeled“U”, e.g. to insert the end portion of the print medium 602 into the printing device 700 for printing. The user may thereby accelerate the electric motor 102, e.g. while the printing device 700 is switched off. To avoid motor electronics being damaged by the induced voltage, the motor driver 302 provides an overvoltage protection by applying a braking force to the electric motor 102 as described above. In particular, the motor driver 302 may not apply the braking force if the print medium 602 is pulled with a“normal” speed such that a user can unroll the print medium 602 from the supply roll 606. In contrast, if the print medium 602 is pulled rapidly, thereby inducing a potentially damaging voltage, the motor driver 302 may apply the braking force, which may be noticeable by the user as an increased friction.

[0058] This description is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to any of the examples described above. The electric motor control circuit, the printing device, and the method of overvoltage protection disclosed herein can be implemented in various ways and with many modifications without altering the underlying basic properties.