TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to pattern-recognition computing and to interference-based optical computers.

BACKGROUND ART

The primary background art for the present invention is the applicant's U.S. Patent No. 5,093,802, which teaches the basics of interference-based computing. In that patent, computer-generated (synthetic) holograms are described as a means for producing the computer functions claimed. -Devices that use interference-based computing have come to be called "photonic transistors" even though the process will operate using non-photonic energy forms.

In the February 1994 issue of the Computer Applications Journal appeared an article by the applicant which explains the basics of conventional computer generation of holograms as diey apply to two-input photonic transistors.

Absent from the previous information on interference-based computing are several fundamental processes that the present invention utilizes. These include:

1. The computer generation of pattern-recognition image (fringe) component separators.

2. The simultaneous recognition of multiple information-modulated input patterns. 3. The separation of complex pattern combinations from dynamic images.

4. The use of pattern recognition to produce computer logic.

5. The use of special interference (from application 08/357,460) in pattern recognition.

6. The use of frequency multiplexing of simultaneous logic functions (from applications 08/357,460 and 08/454,070) in pattern recognition. 7. The use of arrays of the full operational range of optical elements that go beyond the simple opaque, clear, or phase-adjusted ability of the individual pixels that make up ordinary computer-generated holograms.

Non-computing applications of pattern recognition are commonly produced by photographic and holographic techniques in the laboratory. While such methods work well for picking out static letters of die alphabet from a typewritten page, they are not well suited for use in functional active logic, digital computing, or signal processing.

The use of pattern recognition in digital computing requires at least two different patterns that are independently modulated with pattern-illuminating energy to make even an elementary logic device. The energy from the two patterns must be combined to form a dynamic image that changes continually as logic action proceeds. Additionally, there must be an image component separator in order to eliminate from the output any energy from component parts of the dynamic image that would not contribute to the output in a manner in harmony with the rules of logic for the particular device being made. The present invention surpasses the previous methods by providing these necessary things.

According to the teachings of the present invention, one could make some elementary logic

devices by simply guessing which patterns might work well, and then producing a functioning logic device by trial and eπor. However, to optimize output signal levels and waveforms, a method is needed for determining exactly which pattern shapes work best, especially when the device utilizes a multitude of inputs and performs complex computing functions.

The present invention also teaches both a method of calculating pattern-recognition wavefronts, optics and systems as these apply to interference-based computing, and a method of optimizing the input patterns to provide optimal output waveforms from given input-modulation sequences.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a method of performing pattern-recognition computing, computer logic, signal processing, and related functions. It also includes a method of calculating the computer- generated optics used to implement the invention. The basic method of producing pattern-recognition computing using multiple information- modulated input patterns of wave-type energy comprises the following steps: a) producing a first input wavefront of said at least one wavelengt-h having a first pattern modulated with quantized information resulting in a first set of modulation states; b) producing at least one oώer input wavefront of at least one wavelength having at least one other pattern modulated with quantized information resulting in at least one other set of modulation states; c) combining said first and at least one other input wavefronts to produce at least one dynamic image having component parts, and d) separating energy from a subset of said component parts that have a computing function relationship with said quantized information to produce at least one output, thereby providing a method of pattern-recognition computing. Any wave-type energy that is capable of producing the required combining of wavefronts - including acoustical waves, moving particle waves, and electromagnetic energy - can be used in the present invention. However, in order to provide for a clear understanding, optical terminology will be used in this disclosure.

A wave having "quantized information" in a "set of modulation states" is a wave that is amplitude- and/or phase-modulated at discrete levels similar to die stair-step method used to simulate analog signals in electronics. Rather than being merely a progression of steps, though, the quantized information can exist at any predefined level. The term "digital" could also be applied. However. "digital" has generally come to mean "binary," and in the present invention many more than just two levels can be used to make up the set of modulation states.

Quantizing the input signals in the present invention has an effect similar to digitizing electronic signals into binary code. The effects of noise can be reduced or eliminated because the information being transmitted is not lost in noise variations. Likewise, quantization of the information used to modulate me inputs reduces susceptibility to noise variations. Quantizing the input information produces a set of modulation states for each independently modulated input. Each discrete combination of input states produces a discrete interference image having its own distribution of energy that is pan of the set of images that make up the dynamic image.

On a micro scale, the minimum energy difference from one discrete input level to another is one quantum as commonly described for electromagnetic waves, along with its equivalent for non- photonic waves. Indeed, precision-built devices of die present invention are able to distinguish such finely divided levels. However, ώe use of the term "quantizing" herein is in no way restricted to single quantum increments, but includes multi-quanta-level differences as well.

When a device of the present invention operates using analog-modulated signals, the input

fades from one discrete level to die next, and this produces a fading from one discrete output combination to t-he next. This process is often very useful in working devices, but is more difficult to calculate when producing the devices. As a result, quantization of the input information allows die calculating method of the present invention to optimize patterns and optics so as to provide optimized output waveforms over a range of discrete inputs that are able to simulate analog waveforms. This optimization can now be accomplished by the present invention even if the resolution must be calculated to the quantum level. The laws of physics do not allow for analog information to be transmitted in any finer resolution in any case.

Steps a) and b) above provide die multiple-pattern input, each pattern being illuminated and modulated to provide a set of input modulation states. Each combination of modulation states will produce a different interference image when the input wavefronts are combined in step c). The set of all interference images (including images that have a consistent energy distribution with no visible signs of interference occurring,) that result from the various combinations of input modulation states is the dynamic image. It is a "dynamic" image because it changes from one specific interference image to another as die inputs are modulated. Thus, as computation proceeds from one input to die next, the dynamic images change from one interference image to the next. Like frames in a movie film, each frame is a different image, but together t-hey make up a complete moving picture.

Step d) is die extracting of logic or computing results from the complex dynamic image. The full area occupied by die dynamic image is divided into component parts by the constructive and destructive interference that occurs when die input wavefronts are combined. The size of these component parts is determined by die shape of die input patterns and the optics used to combine die input wavefronts. For ease of calculation and description, die dynamic image area can be divided up into much smaller parts, so that each component pan is made up of one or more pixels. However, it is die changing energy levels in die component pans that make pattern-recognition computing work, even if a particular component pan is only one pixel in size.

As the input information changes, so does the distribution of energy widiin the dynamic image. As a result, each component pan and thus each pixel, changes energy level (phase and amplitude.) Taken individually, each pixel will produce a particular waveform over time as the inputs change from state to state, and may be used as an output. As any particular sequence of input modulation states proceeds, a great variety of waveforms are available from die many pixel locations within die dynamic image. To design a particular logic or o&er signal-processing device (i.e., a device diat performs a computer function), one or more pixels are chosen that produce output waveforms corresponding to die desired computer function.

If more than one pixel is chosen, energy from the plurality of pixels is first separated from die dynamic image and dien combined together to provide die desired waveform output. When a number of pixels or component pans produce die same or nearly die same waveform, these constitute a subset of image components. When energy from such a subset is separated to become die output, its common characteristic waveform, as output, has a higher amplitude. When a subset is chosen that produces a waveform that relates to the input waveforms according to die rules of some computing function, die

present invention performs computer logic by pattern recognition. Each combination of input states, along with die resultant output state, defines the computing operation performed.

As a result, time variations of die inputs produce signal-processed waveforms by sequential pattern recognition. Essentially, multiple lines of serial information are provided to die inputs. This information is processed in diree important steps. Each serial line has a pattern impressed on it. The energy, and thus the information it carries, is combined in parallel into die dynamic image. Parallel signal processing, and thus information processing, occurs because of the laws of physics that produce the dynamic image, and because of the third step - the separation of energy from selected pixel locations witiiin the dynamic image to produce die serial output. Thus, multiple serial input lines, processed in parallel, produce one or more serial lines out.

The introduction of patterns into the process is a substantial improvement over die prior an, first because it enables die production of dynamic images having a much greater variety of pixel waveforms than are produced by ordinary interference-producing methods. Second, because die patterns are a pan of die apparatus doing die computing rather man coming in as pan of die input information, the image component separator can be made to conform to a particular set of interference images; that is, the particular energy distributions that occur in the pattern-produced dynamic image. Third, die input patterns used can be changed during d e design process so that die most efficient set of coordinated optics can be found through calculation. Fouπh. die patterns, the optics that impress mem on die input, die dynamic images, and die image component separators are all coordinated together to function as an efficient unit, tuned, as it were, to perform its computing function.

Related to die subsets of pixels, chosen because they match a particular computing function's waveform, are odier subsets diat produce complementary waveforms which may have the same amplitude variations, but may have phase variations or vice versa. When pixel-sized or component-pan- sized optical elements are introduced at appropriate locations within die image component separator, one or more of these complementary waveforms can be combined to provide a stronger or modified output waveform. Multiple complementary subsets can also be combined into multiple outputs. The net result of diis secondary combining of energy from multiple subsets is the production of a larger variety of possible output waveforms from a given group of input states. This makes die present invention more versatile. Modern optical technology also allows for die use of a much wider variety of optical elements at each image component separator t-han die simple clear, opaque, and phase-changing elements of conventional holograms, although these are certainly important elements. The present invention is also able to use lenses, mirrors, color filters, or any other optical element in the array of optical elements that make up the image component separator. In fact, such arrays of optical elements can also be used at die location of die pattern inputs so as to better tailor die full optical arrangement for a panicular task.

The present invention has die capability of performing many complex logic operations simultaneously. These include such operations as address decoding, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, and quite a large number of other computing operations. The operation is similar to a table

look-up function.

Each combination of inputs is a form of address. Each address produces a specific interference image as pan of die dynamic image. The image component separator is made by selecting subsets of components diat are separated to produce one or more outputs which then represent the information found at die address selected. As me input "addresses" represent data to be computed, die output represents die results of computation diat have been "looked up" in die image component separator.

In anodier configuration, a number of outputs can be produced, each wit-h its own output waveform, for a given set of inputs. If eight such outputs are used, the table look-up operation produces an output byte. Likewise, any number of outputs can be used to form parallel words of any desired length, images, or any other form of parallel energy carrying information. If d e group of outputs form a pixel image, die present invention can be used to table-look-up a series of images. Consequently, d e present invention is very useful for storing information as a read-only memory which can be calculated into die coordinated optics diat include d e image component separator and the group of input patterns, rather than being written into as with a CD ROM master. The next step is to manufacture coordinated optics packaged in a modular unit which can be removed and replaced in a computing system like chips in an electronic computer, a removable CD ROM, or an optical "hard drive." The reasons for packaging the entire coordinated optics set rather than just a single image component separator or set of patterns will become more apparent in die discussion below diat explains die process for computer generation and optimization of die optics involved. The input signals diat illuminate the input patterns and die output signals produced can be easily standardized, while die input pattern set and d e image component separator are individuals diat result from calculating and modifying diem as a team.

Frequency-multiplexed operation can be achieved widi t-he addition of die following modifying steps to die basic method set forth above: said at least one wavelength includes a plurality of wavelengths, each of said plurality of wavelengths being independently modulated with quantized information having independent said computing relationships, thereby providing a method of frequency-multiplexed pattern-recognition computing. Interference images of different frequencies can exist within dynamic images without cross- talking between diem. The present invention takes advantage of this physical quality so as to permit the simultaneous and parallel operation of multiple computing operations using a single coordinated optics set. Funher information is provided in die quotations from applications 08/357,460 and 08/454,070 below.

Outputs can be produced diat contain both amplitude- and phase-varying waveforms by further modification of the basic method as follows: separating phase-varying energy from said subset of said component pans when said subset of said component pans has energy which varies in phase when different sets of said pattern sets are energized, thereby providing said at least one output having phase-modulated energy.

Phase-modulating one or more of die inputs with quantized information produces a different dynamic image, just as amplitude modulation or frequency modulation does. Having a different dynamic image requires a different image component separator to produce die same waveforms output. However, most dynamic images will have component pans that contain phase variations regardless of die modulation type chosen for die input. These areas too can be used to produce outputs having phase variations.

In a further modification of die basic method above, outputs can be produced which use special interference, discussed in greater detail below in quotations from application 08/357,460. The modified steps are: separating energy which varies according to die tenets of special interference from said subset of said component pans when different sets of said pattern sets are energized, thereby providing a method of pattern-recognition computing using special interference.

When non-optical energy forms are used, die signals from the modulated patterns produce a dynamic combination diat is separated by a means appropriate to die energy form being used. For example, if the inputs are patterns of electrons, it is apparent that "optical elements" cannot be used to separate an output signal from a dynamic combination. If die patterns are combined in free space or some other medium, then electric and magnetic fields are used to accomplish the required separation. Acoustical patterns, likewise, require acoustical means for separating energy from die dynamic combination. Also, die coordinated optics become coordinated pattern-combining means and dynamic combination separating means. It is therefore intended diat these non-optical methods be included in die present invention, even though die body of diis disclosure uses optical terminology as stated above. In general, whether optical or non-optical methods are used, pattern recognition computing is accomplished by die dynamic recognition of modulated patterns. Therefore a dynamic pattern- recognition computer is comprised of: a first input capable of inputting a first modulated pattern; at least one other input for inputting at least one other modulated pattern; at least one output means; combining means for combining said first and at least one other modulated patterns to provide an output signal at said at least one output means, such diat each modulation combination of said first and at least one other modulated patterns results in a discrete output, thereby providing a dynamic pattern-recognition computer. CALCULATION OF COORDINATED OPTICS

Four primary things affect die distribution of energy widiin die dynamic image. They are the shape and/or organization of die input patterns, die modulation states of die input patterns, die optics used to combine die wavefronts to make die dynamic images, and die separator optics used to form die outputs. To produce working optimized embodiments, die present invention provides for a special method of calculation at is able to calculate die complexity of dynamic images and produce die coordinated optics involved in a particular embodiment.

For example, a certain embodiment may have three inputs, one widi a pattern in die shape of a square, one in the shape of a circle, and one in die shape of a star. When the star pattern is on and die other two are off, a single interference image will appear at the dynamic image location. When the circle and the square patterns are on but the star is off, a different interference image will appear at the location of die dynamic image.

The dynamic image can be divided up into pixels, so diat one set of pixels will be energized when die star pattern is on, and another when die circle and square are both on. Of these, a subset will be energized only when both the circle and square are on, but will not be energized any time die star is on. If die image component separator is made up of an array of clear or opaque pixels, one subset of pixels can be used to pass energy into die output while energy from die other pixels is blocked. With separation of energy from only those pixels that are on when the circle and die square are on but die star is off, a decoding logic function takes place so that the output is on only when die inputs to die circle and square are on and die input to die star is off. Such a subset of pixel-sized component areas can be selected so as to produce an output for any input modulation combination.

But should the star be a star? Perhaps it should be shaped like die letter q or like a moose head. Seldom would such patterns produce optimal computing waveforms. The first process in determining how a coordinated optics set needs to be organized is to calculate the energy distributions within die dynamic image for every combination of input modulation states. The method of calculating individual interference images within dynamic images comprises die following steps: a) producing a first input model describing a first input wavefront having a first pattern modulated with quantized information which produces a first set of modulation states; b) producing at least one other input model describing at least one other input wavefront having at least one other pattern modulated with quantized information which produces at least one other set of modulation states, and c) producing a dynamic image model describing image components of at least one dynamic image by calculating energy distributions diat result from combining said first input wavefront and said at least one other wavefront at the position of said dynamic image for combinations of said sets of modulation states, thereby producing a mathematical model of energy distributions within said dynamic image that result from combining energy from multiple modulated input patterns. Energy distributions at several places in each device being produced are calculated as models. That is, mathematical descriptions of die energy at diose points are calculated. Such descriptions can include an array of amplitude and phase vectors, or any other suitable mathematical description that can be used in subsequent calculations.

In a) and b) above, die models are of wavefronts coming from the illuminated patterns. Each model includes not only the wavefront 's pixel pattern, but also d e quantized modulation states that result from die quantized information. This information is used to describe die modulated input patterns

of pixels for every quantized state that will be used in die final device.

It should be noted diat all possible input combinations need not be calculated each time die method is used. Experience, records of past calculations, and limiting die number of input state combinations to only those combinations that will actually be needed for die final application of die device being designed can be used to reduce die computational load witiiin die method of the present invention.

Step c) is die production of a model of die dynamic image divided into pixels. This model contains a calculated description of die wavefront at every pixel in die dynamic image for every needed combination of input modulation states for all inputs. Clearly, a very few inputs with only a handful of modulated states require a considerable amount of calculating. Not so long ago, an invention such as diis would have been impossibly difficult to produce. With today's high-speed computers and die introduction of die first fully optical computers, however, such immense number-crunching processes have become workable. Or course, many of the calculations contain considerable redundancy which can be used to advantage in reducing die work load. The laws of physics provide for a number of mathematical med ods of wavefront analysis.

These include summation of amplitude and phase vectors, Fourier analysis, and a number of others. Any suitable mathematical algorithm(s) that are able to provide die information needed for die models can be used with die present invention.

Once a description of die dynamic image is achieved, die next step is: d) selecting, from said dynamic image model, image component subsets diat are able to contribute to die production of an output waveform having a computing function relationship with said modulation states, thereby producing a mathematical model describing energy distributions within said dynamic image that can be used to produce said pattern-recognition computing. This step is actually a search through the dynamic image model to find pixels with waveforms or complementary waveforms that can be used to contribute to at least one combined output diat is coordinated with specific input states according to die rules of operation for the device under construction. That is, if die device is to be an AND circuit, pixels are chosen from die dynamic image that can contribute to an output diat behaves as an AND, and so on for whatever device is being made. After a method of calculating energy distributions within dynamic images and determining which pans of a dynamic image can be used to produce die needed ouφuts is arrived at, die next operation is to incorporate diis method into a mediod for producing a coordinated set of optics diat includes both an image component separator and die set of input patterns diat operate it. The next step in determining how to build die separator is: e) producing a separator model describing an array of optical elements for separating energy from said image component subsets to produce at least one output, thereby producing a mathematical model of pattern-recognition optics diat have been coordinated with said dynamic images produced from said multiple modulated input patterns. Once a separator model coordinated with die input patterns through die dynamic image is

produced, d e next step includes die production of a model of a separator capable of using complementary subsets to produce common outputs because die optical elements in the separator array are used to modify energy from the complementary subsets to enable them to contribute to die common output waveform. The "image component subsets" of step e) include all contributing image components, and die model description of die optical elements includes information about die individual optical elements needed to make complementary waveforms contribute positively to the final output.

Having produced all of diese models, we now have a description of a working, but not necessarily optimized, device.

Changing the shape of an input pattern changes the distribution of energy widiin die dynamic image. As a result, special patterns can be selected that produce energy distributions widiin d e dynamic image diat are more conducive to producing certain types of outputs. By changing the input patterns and then coordinating diem widi die image separating optics, optimized devices are produced. To produce an optimal optics set, the next two steps in die mediod of the present invention are: f) changing at least one of d e following: (i) said first pattern description widiin said first input model, and (ii) said at least one other pattern description widiin said at least one other input model; and g) iterating steps c) through f) until a substantially optimized pattern-recognition configuration is achieved, thereby producing a description of an optimized said array of optical elements for accomplishing said pattern-recognition computing.

Making incremental changes in at least one of die input patterns will produce a different coordinated optics set for each optics set for each of the input patterns. On each successive iteration, the new optics set is compared widi die previous optics set(s). After a number of iterations, is process will produce a substantially optimized coordinated set of optics having a set of input patterns that provide improved performance when used widi their matching optics as compared to other pattern-and- optics arrangements.

The next improvement in the present mediod is to include an individual array of input optical elements for each input. The quantized information-modulated inputs pass through die arrays of input optical elements to both impress die pattern on die input energy and produce specialized input wavefronts diat can be optimized into a more efficient arrangement.

The mediod of producing a mathematical model of a dynamic image for use in pattern- recognition computing using input arrays of optical elements thus comprises die following steps: a) producing a first input model describing (i) a first input wavefront modulated widi quantized information which produces a first set of modulation states and (ii) a first array of input optical elements for impressing a first pattern on said first input wavefront; b) producing at least one otiier input model describing (i) at least one other input wavefront-modulated widi quantized information which produces at least one other set of modulation states, and (ii) at least one other array of input optical elements for impressing at least one other pattern on said at least one other input wavefront, and

c) producing a dynamic image model describing image components of at least one dynamic image by calculating energy distributions at die position of said dynamic image for combinations of said sets of modulation states diat result from combining said first input wavefront modified by said first array of input optical elements and said at least one other wavefront as modified by said at least one other array of input optical elements, ώereby producing a mathematical model of energy distributions widiin said dynamic image diat result from combining energy from multiple modulated patterns; d) selecting, from said dynamic image model, image component subsets that are able to contribute to die production of an output waveform having a computing function relationship widi said modulation states, thereby producing a mathematical model describing energy distributions within said dynamic image at can be used to produce said pattern-recognition computing; e) producing a separator model describing an array of output optical elements for separating energy from said image component subsets to produce at least one ouφut, thereby producing a mathematical model of pattern-recognition optics at have been coordinated widi each otiier and said dynamic images as produced from said multiple modulated patterns; f) changing at least one of the following: (1) said first array of input optics widiin said first input model, and (ii) said at least one other array of input optics within said at least one other input model, and g) iterating steps c) through f) until a substantially optimized pattern-recognition configuration is achieved, thereby producing descriptions of substantially optimized said pattern-recognition optics. At each iteration, the quality of die output waveforms can be examined to determine whether or not recent pattern changes have contributed to die production of a better device. The process of selecting a new pattern can be an automatic one, such as by adding or deleting a pattern pixel, or by human intervention and intuition, or by some other mediod, including trying all possible patterns and choosing die best one. By these methods, a wide variety of logic, signal processing, and other computer functions can be produced, optimized and utilized. Such functions include all functions based on special interference, frequency multiplexed logic, and any other imerference-based computing function using any wave-type energy form.

INFORMATION FROM PRIORITY APPLICATIONS Certain subsets of dynamic image component parts produce waveforms that obey die tenets of special interference.

The following quotations from U. S. application number 08/357,460 explain the tenets of special interference used in die present invention. (Abbreviations: di = destructive interference, ci = constructive interference.)

(from page 2 line 4)

"These special interference phenomena are produced whenever the geometry of die apparatus is such diat energy from a plurality of beams causes destructive interference at die first location(s) where energy from the input beams appears when any one of the input beams is on by itself. Since the law of conservation of energy requires diat die energy in the beams not be destroyed by die destructive interference, when an out-of-phase beam is on, die energy must appear somewhere else. Depending on die geometry of beam superposition, die energy will be reflected, or divened to a position adjacent to die first location(s), or at some angle in between. The important result is that energy from the plurality of beams is actually divened away from the first location(s) where destructive interference occurs and on to a second location where constructive interference occurs, outside of die area where at least one input beam appears in die absence of interference.

In die most elementary examples, having only two input beams, two types of special interference are manifest. Widi die first type, neither of die input beams contribute energy to the second location when either one is on by itself. When both input beams are on, interference causes energy from both beams to appear at the second location.

With die second type of special interference, die first input beam contributes no energy to die second location when it is on by itself. When die second input beam comes on, interference causes energy from both input beams to appear at die second location. However, energy from die second beam does appear at die second location when it is on by itself.

Some embodiments and applications of die present invention is able to use either type of special interference. There are some things, however, that require one type or die other, but will not work for both types; e.g., the logical AND, discussed below.

The individual beams, in eidier type of special interference, actually produce images at die locations where interference takes place, even if these images are just simple spots. These images men interfere with each other.

In complex images, one or more input beams are able to produce image component area(s) that correspond to the simple examples above. The inputs are subsets of a plurality of input beams that form images. When only one beam set is on, and as a result its image is on, die energy pattern defines a set of "first" locations by the presence of energy. When at least two of the subsets are on, interference occurs between the two images, and energy from both images is removed from die first locations by destructive interference. That energy then appears at die second location(s) because of constructive interference. The second locations lie outside of the area where the first locations are.

Holograms, especially but not exclusively computer-generated holograms, like other pictures, are made up of individual pixels. From each pixel comes a group of rays diat eventually combine to produce the wave-front reconstructed holographic image. As a result, each spot on the image is produced by a group of rays from die hologram. The rays constitute a set of beams. When a whole set of beams are modulated in concert, the image it produces, and die complex interference diat occurs between it and other images is also modulated. Interference between such images, made by subsets of all input beams, are also able to be used to produce die special interference phenomena used by die present invention. The important difference between these special interference phenomena and

Young's fringes used in die prior an is diat energy from at least one of die input beam sets, which appears at die second location(s), appears while interference is occurring, and does not appear at diat location(s) in the absence of interference. On the other hand, die input beams used in Young's fringes do appear at that second locations) in the absence of interference, when any of those beams are on by diemselves.

These special phenomena are analog in nature, in that the amount of energy diat appears at the second locations) is proportional to die amount of energy in die two input beams or images. The energy appearing at the second locations) has been divened from die first locations).

If one input is held constant, and a second input(s) is increased, die amount of energy contributed to die second location(s) from the first input(s) reaches a limit where the addition of more energy in the second input(s) is unable to cause more energy from the first input(s) to appear at die second location(s). The phenomena may be utilized in digital energy circuits through the use of discrete levels for modulating die input beams, to establish discrete states of die interference images, having discrete amounts of energy in their component pans. " (from page 49 line 12)

"38. Basic theory of operation. Applicant theorizes diat die amplitude and intensity of energy at die purely constructive interference locations, using die first type of special interference, are able to be calculated using an adaptation of die standard vector sum of amplitudes method used widi other interference phenomena.

The basic formula for intensity has been derived from die law of cosines and considers just two incoming rays.

That formula is:

A = amplitude of die first beam. B = amplitude of die second beam. Theta= phase difference between die two beams.

Intensity « I - A ² + B ² +2AB Cos(Theta)

The Total amplitude T _d = square root of I, just as A ² = die intensity of amplimde A.

At die center of die constructive interference (ci) area, Theta = 0, and die Cos(Theta)= + 1. At die center of die destructive interference (di) area, Theta = 180 degrees, and the Cos(Theta)=-l. As a result, die vector sum of two amplitudes at these two locations is also die algebraic sum of die amplitudes.

The two rays are in phase in the ci area, so die sum has that same phase. As a result, the ci intensity formula is, I _d = A ² + B ² +2AB = (A + B) ² In the di area:

The two rays are out of phase in die di area, so diat die vector sum is die difference of die two amplitudes, which takes on die phase of the largest of die two. If they are equal, die algebraic sum is zero. The di formula for intensity becomes: I* = A ² + B ² -2AB - (A - B) ² These two conditions are also able to be viewed as the vector sums of three different rays, which will be labeled B,, B ₂ , and U. In die di area, B - -B, = B ₂ , so diat U is the difference between A and B, and A = B+U

When A is on by itself, die amplitude at location 1 is die vector sum of B, and U. The intensity is (B, + U) ² . When beam B ₂ comes on it combines with die first two. Since it is 180 degrees out of phase with B, and U, die totals of amplitude and intensity are as shown in formulae 1.

Formulae 1. di location for all of the interference types: T, = T _Λ = B, + U - B ₂ = U I, - I _β - (B, + U - B ₂ ) ² = U ² also, by substitution we get: I, » L _j = A ² + B ² -2AB = (B+U) ² + B ² -2B(B+U)

= B ² + 2BU + U ² + B ² -2B ² -2BU = U ² This is exactly what is expected because die amplitudes add algebraically, and die intensity is the square of die amplimde.

This indicates diat die addition of an out-of-phase beam smaller than die first beam leaves energy having an amplimde equal to die difference of die two. If it is viewed as die sum of three beams, two of which are equal in amplimde but of opposite sign, die diird beam is equal to the amplimde of the energy remaimng at this location after all three have been summed.

The process of interference relocates energy within a fringe image. The equivalent amount of energy that is missing from the di areas appears in die ci areas. As shown above, when two unequal beams interfere destructively, not all of die

energy in die di areas is relocated into die ci areas. The remainder is exacdy equal to die difference between die two unequal beams. This remainder has not been relocated; it continues to arrive at die di location. As a result, diis remaimng energy is able to be called "undivened" energy, because it has not been divened into the ci areas by die interference.

As a result, one is able to describe die energy which is apparently missing from die di area as "diverted" energy. In Young's ci area:

In the case of Young's type interference, die amplimde of energy arriving at a second location, namely die ci area, when only one beam is on is A. A is able to be considered as tbe sum of two amplitudes B, and U.

Again, when beam B ₂ comes on, it combines with die first two. Since it is in phase widi B, and U, B = B, = B-, and die totals of amplimde and intensity are as shown in formulae 2. Formulae 2, Young's interference type in either amplification or saturation:

T ₂ = T _α = B, + U + B ₂ = 2B + U I ₂ = j - (B, + U + B ₂ ) ² = (2B + U) ² also, by substitution we get:

I ₂ = Lj = A ² + B ² +2AB = (B+U) ² + B ² +2B(B+U) = B ² + 2BU + U ² + B ² +2B ² +2BU

= 4B ² + 4BU + U ² = (2B + U) ² This is also exactly what is expected because die amplitudes add algebraically, and die intensity is die square of die amplimde. In diis case, Young's type interference has energy directed to diis ci location when only one beam is on. It is able to be viewed as having two components. When the second beam comes on, energy from die di area is divened into die ci area. As shown above, die amount added to die ci area by interference exacdy equals die amount removed from die di area. As a result, two equal parts exist, B, and B ₂ . One came from beam A and die other from beam B. The difference between die two is U.

In both die ci case and die di case, U remains unchanged. It has been called "undivened" energy. Apparently, it remains unaffected by die interference diat is taking place between B, and B ₂ , even in die ci area. If B rises to become equal widi A, U drops to zero at both places. The resulting interference image goes completely dark at die di location, and die intensity at die ci location goes to 4A ² = 4B ² . All of die energy contributes to die interference image.

When A and B are not equal, the image formed is able to be viewed as being

the sum of two images. One image is the interference image formed by portions B, and B ₂ in die familiar interference fringe pattern. The other image is a consistent spot, having no contrast change from one pan to anodier; its amplimde equals U, and its intensity is U ² . As a result, U, die difference between two unequal beams, can rightly be called "undivened," for it arrives at the same locations and in the same pattern as when B, and B ₂ are off.

B, and B ₂ are rightly called "divened" energy, because this energy has been rearranged, or "diverted," in order to form die interference image. In that image, the energy from the di location is diverted into die ci location to combine widi an equal contribution from die other beam diat will arrive there anyway in die absence of interference. In special interference:

Next, we examine special interference. Special interference has no contribution to location 2, the ci location, when only one beam is on. This occurs because the beams are small in comparison to the di location, and are directed only toward die di location, and are not spread out to cover die location where ci will eventually take place.

The di area functions exactly as described above, as having two in phase beams from A, with die out-of-phase B.

The ci area has no energy in die absence of interference. Most importantly, it has no "undiverted" energy (diat is, U=0).

When die second beam (B ₂ ) comes on, interference occurs producing an interference image diat removes energy from die di location, (B, - B ₂ ), leaving U as residual energy.

The energy removed from die di location is diverted into the ci location as B, + B ₂ . It has an intensity of (B, + B ₂ ) ² . Again by substitution we get:

I ₂ = Lj = A ² + B ² +2AB = (B+U) ² + B ² +2B(B+U) = B ² + 2BU + U ² + B ² +2B ² +2BU

= 4B ² + 4BU + U ² = (2B + U) ² However, U = 0 at this location, producing die important relation as shown in formulae 3. Formulae 3, first interference type in either amplification or saturation:

T ₂ = 2B

I ₂ = (2B + 0) ² = 4B ²

As a result, a formula for the first type of special interference has been derived for both die amplimde and die intensity.

The total amount of energy in any one application depends upon die area of ci and die area of di, because they are able to be made up of many rays, even thousands or billions of rays. The total energy is able to be expanded to cover large areas, or focused to small areas. The output characteristics will be a function of die size, locations, and die ratio of output area to image area of the image component separator relative to die image. Contributions of energy from the other parts of the image that are not pure ci or di also contribute to die overall operation of the invention.

The importance of these formulae to die process of amplification and limiting cannot be overstated. As an example, a substantially constant power beam A that is directed to location 1 and a control beam B (which is smaller than A) produce an interference image at locations 1 and 2, widi di at 1, and ci at 2.

The output intensity is 4B ² , and die amplimde is 2B. It does not matter how much larger A is than B, within die limits of die breakdown of the optics or otiier factors diat would physically change die arrangement. Energy diverted into the output is directly proportional to the control beam B.

When the control beam is amplitude modulated, die output is also amplitude- modulated, having twice the amplitude of the control beam. The energy in die information carrying portion of die output waveform has been doubled. Unlike die amplifier of die prior art diat uses Young's interference, the present invention does not produce die residual output U, die undiverted leftover energy diat does not contribute to die interference image.

As long as die modulated beam is smaller than the constant beam, the output will be amplified. The output amplimde is always double die smaller of die two.

Next consider what happens when die modulated control beam rises above the level of the constant power beam. Widi B > A, for any given instant die output will be twice the smaller of the two. It is the same as switching the beam names in die formulae above. Because die smaller one is also the constant one, the output will be a constant 2A no matter how highly B is modulated, again widiin die realm of not destroying or modifying die optical arrangement. This condition is called "saturation. " All of die energy from beam A that is able to be has been diverted into die output.

As a result, die amplification curve of die present invention is NON¬ LINEAR. Non-linear optics diat operate at die speed of light is able to accomplish many tasks diat are otherwise impossible. A modulated waveform will be limited and clipped at die point where die two input beams are equal.

Second type of special interference:

The second type of special interference is also able to be viewed as having three component amplitudes. The power beam (A) is directed to die di location; none

of it is directed to die ci location, just as widi die first type of special interference.

The control beam (B) is directed to bodi locations. For diat reason, diis type of interference will not produce a logical AND in a single stage; however, it makes an excellent amplifier. When die control beam is off, I ₂ = 0, and I, = B, + U.

When the control beam is less than die substantially constant power beam, A = B _! + U, and B = B ₂ . The amplimde at location 1 will be B, + U. Formulae 4, 2nd interference type in amplification:

Amplimde = T ₂ = B, + B ₂ = 2B Intensity = I ₂ = (B, + B ₂ ) ² = 4B ²

This is die same as with die first type of special interference. The difference appears when die arrangement goes into saturation. When diat occurs, the undivened energy (U). which equals B-A (because B is larger) does not come from die power beam. In this case the residual energy comes from the control beam which is directed straight into the output. As a result, die output during saturation is as shown in formulae 5. Formulae 5, 2nd interference type in saturation:

Amplimde = T ₂ = B, + B ₂ + U = 2B + U = 2A + U

Intensity = I ₂ = (B, + B ₂ + U) ² = 4A ² + 4AU + U ² Amplification is reduced because A is constant. All of the available energy of die power beam has been diverted into die output. Further increases in B only increase the size of U, which is not doubled. When squaring to produce the intensity, the 4AU factor indicates that there exists some interaction widi energy from odier parts of the interference image, but U remains the same. As a result, this second type of special interference behaves like die first type of special interference when B < A. However, it behaves like Young's interference when B > A. Amplification is still limited somewhat, but it is not clipped.

Broad band and narrow band arrangements. The above-described process is phase-dependent. The energy removed from the di location is relocated in the ci position. But what if the signals arrive at the first location at some other phase? In this case, die ci position is at some other location, resulting in near binary operation of a phase-modulated signal. The inputs would have to be exactly out of phase in order for the ci location to be die same as the output location.

In practice, the optics used will have to be engineered in wavelength units and wavelengdi sizes. Most optical arrangements rely on an averaging of energy from multiple points of the cross-section of an input beam. Averaging of energy from these multiple points produces die familiar sinusoidal interference fringe.

If ihe amplifier is engineered to include a large number of such points so as to use the averaging principle, men it will have a wide bandwidth and will be able to function using a number of input frequencies. The ouφut locations function as if a group of controllers were placed side by side, each one using an individual ray set. In diis case, die ouφut bole includes a large number of wavelength size locations. For slightly different phases and slighdy different frequencies, die ci location from each pair of input locations will be at slightly different ouφut locations. If those ouφut locations happen to be widiin die area of die hole, die energy will output. If tiiey are not, it will not. Modern optics is capable of operations at wavelength sizes. Wavelength size input beams and wavelength size ouφut holes will produce processes that operate considerably differently from the multiple-location averaging style of optics. The more precise die optics are, die more precisely phases and frequencies must be in order for die ci area to hit the ouφut hole. Wavelength size precision will cause a phase-modulated signal to ouφut only when die phase is close enough to 180, at die first location, in order for die ci area to hit die wavelength size ouφut hole. The ouφut from an analog phase-modulated signal would be a binary ouφut diat occurs only when the two inputs are exacdy out of phase. If multiple frequencies are used, die only ones that will be able to hit die ouφut hole will be those diat match the wavelength geometry so that die ci location is where die tiny hole is.

As a result, each method and each device must be engineered to produce die type of amplifier needed. If a phase demodulator is to operate widi an analog input, it will have to be of the averaged, multiple location (broad band) type. If it is to be used in a binary circuit, then the single wavelength-size location (narrow band) type will work quite well.

It is possible to produce a considerable number of composite operations by using a number of wavelength-size controllers having a common first location, but separate ouφut locations; dius, a variety of signals are able to be handled all at once.

A frequency division demultiplexer is able to be produced by inputting the beams from different locations directed to a common location. Each different frequency will produce its ci at a different output location. If each ouφut location has its own ouφut hole in die image component separator, a complex group of frequencies in die input will be separated into separate ouφuts. Meanwhile, it will filter out any frequencies in between, because no ouφut hole is provided for those frequencies, and no matching input frequency is provided.

If die control input is directed to a common location and a number of power inputs are used, each having a different frequency and a different location, die

geometry is able to be arranged so that die ci locations all match, producing a very accurate frequency-selectable filter. All frequencies that match a power beam will have their ci at die common ouφut hole. All other frequencies will not. The difference between diis arrangement and die broad band averaging arrangement is diat each of die frequencies diat pass through the filter must match precisely the frequency and phase of die power beam. At wavelength sizes, filters are capable of providing die best selectivity of any known means, especially at light wave frequencies and beyond. These basic principles of operation produce functions similar to the way electronic transistors perform similar functions. As a result, the present invention warrants die common name "photonic transistors. " Even though die present invention is quite capable of using non-photonic wave-type energy, photonic embodiments are expected to become die most common in operation. "

The present invention is also able to produce pattern-recognition computing using frequency multiplexing of computing functions. The following quotation from U. S. application number 08/357,460 explains the use of special interference in frequency multiplexed systems, (from page 17 line 31)

"12. Active filter.

The present invention is able to be used as a phase and frequency sensitive, precision active filter using die first type of special interference. If either of die input beams contains energy diat is not of die same frequency and opposite phase of die other input, no uninverted ouφut will occur. As a result, the present invention is able to be used to demultiplex frequency multiplexed signals, distinguish colors, and demodulate frequency-modulated and phase-modulated signals. If more than one color (wavelength) is supplied to both beam sets, a single device will operate independently and simultaneously at each wavelength. As a result, die present invention is able to be used to switch, separate, and organize broad-band signals.

By supplying multiple-wavelength energy of a substantially constant (above- zero) level(s) as the first beam set of a gated amplifier, along widi a multiple- wavelengdi second beam set. an amplified signal at matches each wavelength diat occurs simultaneously in both inputs will appear at die ouφut. By switching die individual wavelengths of the power beam set on and off, die filtering process is able to be gated for selecting and demultiplexing the matching signals. A plurality of diese active filters are able to be used eidier in parallel, or in a tree structure to demultiplex frequency multiplexed signals of all kinds, including those used in optical fiber transmission, microwave and even radio.

The active filter uses the present, basic invention by adding diese steps to the means and method:

a. Providing die first beam set with energy at a constant above-zero-level having at least one wavelength, and often several wavelengths; b. Switching wavelengths of the first beam set off and on to gate filtering of those individual wavelengths off and on; c. Providing die second beam set with energy at multiple wavelengths to be filtered, and d. Producing special interference widi a subset of the multiple wavelengths matching die first beam set wavelengths and rejecting all other wavelengdis, thereby providing a means and mediod of gated active filtering by producing an ouφut only at wavelengdis diat exist simultaneously in bodi input beam sets.

13. Removing signals using an active filter.

It should be noted diat either type of special interference is able to be used for filtering, but the relationships between die input signals and ouφut signals in die second type of interference differ somewhat from those in die first type of interference.

Widi die second type of interference, die filtered, uninvened ouφut will contain a contribution from the second beam set unless die second beam set is equal to and in phase widi die first beam set's wavelengths, in which case constructive interference will occur at die first location(s) at those wavelengdis removing diat energy from die second location(s) and die umnvened ouφut.

Adding an inverted ouφut, as widi die inverter above, produces an ouφut which is differential to die uninvened ouφut at every wavelength present in die power beam, but is not differential at other wavelengdis.

The procedure for producing a differential active filter, using either type of interference, begins with an amplifier widi an inverted ouφut and continues widi die following steps: a. Providing die first beam set widi its substantially constant above-zero level energy having at least one wavelength; b. Providing die second beam set widi multiple wavelengdis to be filtered, and c. Producing interference widi a subset of diose multiple wavelengdis diat match the at least one wavelength in die first beam set to divert energy of matching wavelengdis away from the first location(s) and into die second location(s), thereby providing an inverted active filter by producing an invened ouφut deficient of wavelengdis which exist simultaneously in both input beam sets. This invened output is differential to die uninvened ouφut, just as widi die inverter above, only in diis instance, inputs having a variety of wavelengdis are provided for die purpose of filtering, removing, and separating one wavelength from another while preserving any information present in die wavelength(s) being filtered. 14. Frequency demultiplexer.

Frequency multiplexing is easily performed by combining individually modulated signals of different frequencies into a common beam path. Demultiplexing is more complex. The procedure used in building a frequency demultiplexer is: a. Provide a plurality of active filers; b. Provide a frequency multiplexed beam set having a plurality of modulated wavelengdis; c. Direct a portion of the frequency multiplexed beam set into die second (control) beam set of each filter, and d. Provide die first beam set of each filter widi a different frequency of energy matching each of die plurality of modulated wavelengdis, diereby providing a frequency demultiplexer by producing a separate modulated ouφut, from each filter, matching each different frequency.

The second type of special interference is not used, because frequencies not having a matching power beam will pass through into the ouφut. If the second beam sets of the active filters use die same input and first locations, step c. above happens simultaneously as die energy is being directed to that first location. Each frequency will produce a ci at a different location, where die separate ouφuts are taken. "

Additionally, d e following quotation from application 08/454,070 contains further information about frequency multiplexed logic in general, which can also be incorporated into die present invention.

(from page 3 line 3) ^•

"The present invention comprises a means and method for providing frequency-multiplexed functions including logic, amplification, and energy beam control. A common set of optics produces simultaneous, independent functions on independent frequency channels within a single device. Individual channels of die frequency-multiplexed ouφut contain die results of individual functions performed on the channels individually.

Input beams contain multi-frequency energy wherein individual frequency channels function as independent carrier waves diat are modulated independently with information which is to be used widiin die invention. The invention has a plurality of such frequency-multiplexed inputs. Interference is produced simultaneously among all of die inputs which produces a separate interference image for each carrier wave frequency channel. Because common optics are used to produce interference, all of d e images tend to overlap each odier in die same general area, although some frequency separation does take place.

While the overlapping images can be called a composite image, the fact is diat a modulation change in a single channel produces a change in only at interference image which has been produced by energy of diat particular wavelength.

The other images produced by energy from the other channels are unaffected.

An image component separator, such as a mask, permits energy to pass dirough into die ouφut from one or more locations that are chosen specifically because of their relationship to die individual images. As a result of overlapping, die ouφut is taken from die individual images from these same locations at the same time. The function performed using energy from each individual channel depends upon die modulation characteristics of die input beams for diat channel, the shape of die interference image for that channel, and locations widiin diat image from which energy is being taken. These parameters can be engineered into a particular device by die proper selection and orientation of optical elements, and by die selection of modulation patterns and phases of die individual channels.

As a result, the present invention can provide die logical AND for one channel, die logical OR for another, an amplifier for a third, and so on, depending upon die individual parameters for each channel as they relate to die common optics being used.

When common optics are used, die ouφut is also frequency-multiplexed, and it contains die results within each channel of the function performed individually widiin die invention.

Frequency-multiplexed logic has the advantage of reducing die number of optical components needed for controlling many signals. For example, the individual bits of a complete frequency-multiplexed word can be gated on and off, individually or as a group, by controlling die input signals to a single device. "

ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION This invention provides die means and method of pattern-recognition computing, logic, and signal processing.

This invention also provides a method of calculating energy distributions widiin dynamic images, and producing coordinated, optimized optics for die implementation of pattern-recognition computing. The foregoing benefits of the present invention will become clearer through an examination of the drawings, description of die drawings, description of die preferred embodiment, and claims which follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is an operational drawing showing modulated patterns with a double image component separator.

Fig. 1A illustrates me relationship between input and ouφut waveforms of the present invention.

Fig. 2 shows a dynamic image set from a two-pattern input.

Fig. 2 A is an expanded view showing area 30 of Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 illustrates image component separation with secondary recombiniug in the present invention.

Fig. 4 is a flow chart showing a method of calculating optimized coordinated optics.

Fig. 5 is a flow chart showing a method of calculating optimized coordinated optics including input arrays of optical elements.

Please note that die beam angles, sizes, and proportions are exaggerated so as to provide for clarity of understanding.

BEST MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Fig. 1 illustrates a basic embodiment of die present invention having four inputs (10) dirough (13), each modulated independently with quantized information. They may be binary, or may have any number of discrete modulation levels representing die information to be computed. Each input is provided widi an optical element array diat causes energy from each input to take on a pattern. Any array of optical elements, be they lenses, prisms, holograms, or the simple masks shown in Fig. 1, can be used to impress the patterns onto the modulated input energy. These optical elements also act as a combining means for producing dynamic image (31) from which ouφut (28) is taken, and dynamic image (31 A) from which ouφut (29) is taken. In diis example, energy from input (10) takes on pattern (14), here shown as a star, to produce a wavefront (18) diat includes both die star pattern and die information modulated onto input (10). Input (11) is directed to pattern (15), here shown as a diamond, to produce die modulated wavefront (19). Input (12) produces modulated wavefront (20) having die circular pattern from pattern (17). Input (13) produces modulated wavefront (21) having a random pixel pattern from pattern (16). Wavefronts (18) through (21) combine to form (a) dynamic image(s) located at image component separator(s) (22) and/or (25). The image component separators can be arrays of optical elements and may include lenses, prisms, holograms, or the simple masks shown in Fig. 1. Portions of the energy from dynamic image at position (24) are passed dirough image component separator (22) into ouφut (28), while other portions are stopped as at position (23). Likewise, still other portions of dynamic image at position (27) pass dirough image component separator (25) to become ouφut (29), while me portions at position (26) are blocked.

Fig. 1 A shows a computing relationship between a set of input waveforms and an ouφut waveform. The computing relationship in this diagram is the logical AND function shown over time. Inputs (10) and (13) are die modulated waveforms over time. At least one ouφut (28) is the logical AND of inputs (10) and (13). In diis particular situation, inputs (11) and (12) are off (not used), and ouφut (29) is not being considered. This is die case when die energy at position (24) obeys die tenets of special interference.

The method of determining which portions of die dynamic image are to pass into an ouφut and which portions are not is a major feature of the present invention. Fig. 2 shows how such a determination is made.

The area where die dynamic image (31) appears is in widiin die area of separator (22). In diis illustration, only inputs (10) and (13) producing one ouφut (28) of Fig. 1 are used because die number of modulation combinations increases rapidly and becomes difficult to draw as one increases die number of inputs and die number of quantized modulation states. Because binary inputs are contemplated, for purposes of this discussion, there are two states in each set of modulation states for each input, as in Fig. 1A.

When inputs (10) and (13) are both off, there is no light, and hence no dynamic image. For that reason, that state combination is not shown in Fig. 2, even though it is a valid input combination. When input (10) is on and input (13) is off, wavefront (18) forms a first dynamic image state

shown as diagonal cross-hatch area (33) widiin dynamic image (31), which is one of the set of images that make up dynamic image (31). At this time, only diis portion of (31) has energy from input (10) because die laws of physics determine how wavefront (18) is affected by pattern (14).

When input (10) is off and input (13) is on, wavefront (21) forms a second dynamic image state, shown as vertical cross-hatch area (34). Again, only this portion of (31) has energy from input (13) because die laws of physics determine how wavefront (21) is affected by pattern (16).

When inputs (10) and (13) are both on, pattern-modified wavefronts (18) and (21) combine and interfere to direct energy into area (32), shown as horizontal cross-hatch, to form a third dynamic image state. As the inputs go dirough die various combinations of modulation states, the energy distribution within dynamic image (31 ) will change from one interference image to another. But, because the patterned inputs and die image component separator are stationary, the set of images that make up the dynamic image remain die same. That is, each combination of input modulation states will produce one and only one interference image. While a different combination of input states will produce a different interference image, the image produced for diat combination will always be the same whenever that input combination is present at the input.

In order to produce logic and other computer functions, energy is separated from dynamic image (31) from locations that correspond to die functions to be performed. For example, if die logic function to be performed is die logical OR. the ouφut is separated from area (42) and contains energy during each of die diree state combinations as indicated by die overlapping of all diree areas (36), (38) and (39). The area of the image component separator (22) diat corresponds to area (42) in die dynamic image is made clear so energy from area (42) can go into ouφut (28), while die rest of (22) is made opaque to prevent energy of other combinations from adversely affecting ouφut (28).

If the function to be performed is to provide energy to ouφut (28) when input (10) is on or when inputs (10) and (13) are on, but not when input (13) is on by itself, die energy from overlapping area (37) is separated into ouφut (28). If die AND function is to be used, energy is separated from area (36). Since area (36) contains energy only when inputs (10) and (13) are both on, diis area also conforms to the tenets of special interference, so diat such a device can be used to accomplish all of the tasks performed by other special interference devices. Each individual interference image diat corresponds to a particular combination of input states is generally much more complex than those shown here, having differing amplimde values and phases from one pan of die image to another. In order to utilize such complex images, the present invention uses an image component separator diat is made of an array of optical elements. An expanded view of a portion of at array is shown as Fig. 2A, which is an enlarged view of area (30). This expanded view shows die image component separator made of an array of pixel-sized optical elements, in diis case clear pixels (44) or opaque pixels (45). The optimum size of die pixels depends upon die nature of die dynamic image. The pixel-sized areas can be as large as a full optical diat is positioned widiin one of die component parts of the dynamic image, such as areas (36), (39) or some other area(s), or die pixels can be much smaller and more suitable for computing die coordinated

optics set.

Energy passing dirough each of die pixels of die separator combines to form a single ouφut (28). However, die distribution of energy in each of die pixels may or may not have energy which represents a waveform that is conducive to producing die combined output waveform desired in ouφut (28), one which properly represents die logic or other computation to be accomplished by die completed device. This includes the separation of phase-varying energy to form phase modulated ouφuts. Hence, diose pixels (45) which will not contribute to die desired ouφut waveform in a positive fashion are made opaque, while those diat will are made as clear opemngs or some other transparent optical element (44). Fig. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of patterns (14) and (16) and image component separators

(22) and (25) taken along lines 3-3 of Fig. 1. Energy from patterns (14) and (16) is directed toward image component separator (22) where die dynamic image is formed on die left side of image component separator (22). The dynamic image components are separated by strategically placed optical elements diat make up die array of optical elements diat accomplishes energy separation. The individual optical elements in die array can be filters, lenses, holograms, phase changers, opaque areas, or any other optical element or portion thereof. Some examples are shown as a lens (54), an opaque area (55), and a transparent area (56).

Ouφut from die array of optical elements that make up die image component separator (22) is directed to a common ouφut location (57) to form the combined ouφut (28). Each element in image component separator (22) is chosen, positioned, and oriented so as to provide a positive contribution to output (28) in forming a desired waveform as die input sequences dirough its various combinations. If die energy at a certain position such as opaque area (55) cannot be modified by any practical optical element to provide a positive contribution to ouφut (28). diat position is made opaque. Patterns (14) and (16) are used to modify die input energy of inputs (10) and (13) respectively so as to provide an individual pattern arrangement to die modulated wavefronts (18) and (21). As with image component separator (22) and/or (25), patterns (14), (15), (16) and/or (17) can be made of arrays of various optical elements such as a lens (51), a transparent area (or opening) (52), and/or an opaque area (53). As is die case widi image component separator (22) and/or (25), diese elements can be pixel - sized elements of any type.

By properly selecting die optical elements in these arrays, die wavefronts can be "tuned" or modified so as to provide an optimal dynamic image diat can be used to produce better image component separators (22) and/or (25) and better waveforms at ouφut (28).

Pixel-sized optical elements for image component separator (22) and patterns (14) and (16) are especially useful when using the procedure of calculating die various optical elements and optimizing diose calculations as taught herein.

For purposes of calculating, the pixels are made small enough so that energy components during each of die possible input state combinations can be easily represented in a mathematical model. One such way is by using an amplimde vector, wherein die angle of die vector represents die phase of

energy at that pixel. However, diere are other ways to represent wave energy that can also be used.

Fig. 4 depicts die flow chart for the mediod of calculating die pattern-recognition computing components of die present invention. Compare Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The basic procedure starts (60) by producing a first input model (61) which describes a first modulated wavefront (18) modulated widi quantized information having a first set of modulation states.

Also, at least one other input model (62) is produced describing at least one other modulated wavefront (21) modulated with quantized information having at least one other set of modulation states. The production of input models (61) and (62) is shown occurring in parallel because they do not have to be produced in any particular sequence with respect to each other. However, die production of dynamic image model (63) requires both input models (61) and (62).

Dynamic image model (63) therefore describes images occurring at areas (36) dirough (39), (41) and (42) of at least one dynamic image (31) using die first input model (61) and at least one other input model (62) and calculating input state pattern combinations from the first set of modulation states and at least one other set of modulation states as die first input wavefront (18) is combined widi at least one oώer wavefront (21).

At diis point, die procedure of die present invention has accomplished what prior procedures have not: the production of a description of die component parts of a dynamic image for each of die quantized information states presented at die input for use in pattern recognition computing. From this, a description of die image component waveforms that result from any series of input combinations can be deduced.

The next step uses die dynamic image model (63) to produce a pattern-matching model (64) by selecting from the dynamic image model (63) image component subsets that can be used to provide helpful contributions to ouφut (28). The additional information needed to produce pattern-matching model (64) is a truth table, rules of logic, or ouier description of die waveform diat is to be produced at ouφut (28) given die sequence of input modulation states diat are to be used in die completed device. Once a description of helpful ouφut locations widiin die adjacent dynamic image is acquired, die next two steps are to create a separator model (65) and an ouφut model (66). These two steps are produced together. Each pixel in pattern-matching model (64) corresponds with a pixel element in image component separator (22) and die separator model (65). The information at each pixel from dynamic image model (63) and panern-matching model (65) for each of die input modulation states is used to determine which optical element is to be placed at each pixel in order to provide energy which will be helpful in the construction of die desired waveform at ouφut (28).

Taking die energy contributions from each pixel element of image component separator (22) as uiey appear at location (57) of ouφut (28) produces a description of die ouφut waveform which is ouφut model (66).

At diis point, die present invention has accomplished what no other calculation process has done before: it has produced a description of the ouφut waveform that results from separating a dynamic image produced from multiple modulated patterns. The optical elements that make up die separator have been designed by this process so diat diey are coordinated widi die modulated-input

O 96/18965 PCMJS95/16456

29 wavefronts, thus producing "coordinated optics. "

Having calculated a set of coordinated optics for producing a logic or odier computational function, there is still room for improvement. The patterns chosen at the beginning as pans of the input models (61) and (62) may not be die most effective patterns for producing die desired waveforms at ouφut (28), as may some other pattern or set of patterns modulated widi die same quantized information. To determine whedier a different pattern would be better, the next step is first to determine if die patterns currently described in die input models (61) and (62) are already die optimal patterns. Such a determination can be made on die basis of a number of criteria used to compare to the ouφut model (66) and/or die separator model (65). If the model set is already optimized, die models are output (69) from die process where they can be used to manufacture the working components of the present invention.

If die coordinated optics are not yet optimized, one or more of the input models (61) and/or (62) are changed (68), and another set of coordinated optics is calculated, restarting this iteration at the production of a new dynamic image model (63). Again, a determination is made at (67) to see if die models have been optimized, but from now on, a comparison can be made between die newly calculated separator and ouφut models and diose produced by previous iterations. If the optimal models have not yet been found, die iterations continue until die best arrangement is found, even if diat requires die calculation of all possible arrangements. When die optimal set of coordinated optics as described in the models has been calculated, ouφut (69) provides diese calculated results. At diis point, die present invention has produced what no other calculating process has produced: a description of an optimal coordinated set of optics capable of producing computer functions by recognition of multiple modulated patterns.

Fig. 5 shows an improvement over Fig. 4: the addition of an array of optical elements for adjusting die energy in patterns (14) and (16) of Fig. 3. These arrays are described as a first optics model (71) and at least one other optics model (72). In Fig. 5, die production of die optics models is shown in parallel widi die production of die input models because the optics models can be produced without necessarily using information from the input models. However, they can also be produced using information from the input models, and can even contain information about die patterns.

The important point is diat die input models (61) and (62) and die optics models together describe die modulated wavefronts (18) and (21) of Fig 3. As a result, all the information needed to describe diese wavefronts must be included in die input and optics models before die dynamic image model (63) can be calculated.

The next difference between Figs. 5 and 4 is at (70), where changes are made in die input models and/or die optics models in order to continue die iterative process for optimizing die arrangement. The addition of die optics models allows for a greater variety of possible changes to die modulated wavefronts (18) and (21) over simply changing die patterns themselves. This greater variety of possible wavefronts results in a greater opportunity for producing a better set of coordinated optics for accomplishing pattern-recognition computing. The coordinated optics now includes die arrays of optics at patterns (14) and (15) as described by die optics models (71) and (72).

Again, die present invention has accomplished what none other before it has. It provides a mediod of accomplishing pattern-recognition computing along with a mediod of producing a coordinated and optimized set of mathematical descriptions for producing die actual optics used in pattern-recognition computing. The present invention has die additional advantage of providing a mediod of producing a much larger variety of ouφut waveforms, making it capable of accomplishing a much wider variety of computational tasks beyond simple Boolean logic. Even with a large number of inputs widi a large set of possible modulation states, the present invention continues to provide both a determination of how to build devices and die functioning devices themselves, which are able to provide a modulated pattem- recognition computing equivalent of the table look-up function of a read-only memory having multiple inputs and multiple ouφuts as in Fig. 1. Any type of information that can be quantized into die mathematical models can now be produced for optical retrieval from a coordinated optics set.

Optical element arrays having a large number of pixel-sized optics of die present invention can now be used for the storage of large amounts of information widiin die precalculated arrangements of die coordinated optics. By directing die ouφuts from an optical register set into die inputs of die present invention, every possible arrangement of registers can be calculated to produce any desired set of ouφut waveforms that correspond to die parallel processing of data stored in diose registers. By interconnecting various embodiments of the present invention, entire optical computers can be constructed. The importance of interference-based computing should not be overlooked as die basis for die present invention. Every type of interference, including special interference, can be used in die production of dynamic images. As a result, the present invention is capable of using all of die former interference-based computing processes in a more advanced, more complex, and optimized manner. Because interference images of different wavelengdis can exist simultaneously widiin die dynamic images, the present invention can be used widi advantage because each possible modulation state for each wavelength used forms a pan of the quantized information diat is described by die various sets of modulation states. The present invention is described as operating at "at least one wavelengdi," because the present invention is capable of operating using many wavelengdis, each with its own modulated quantized information. Multiple-wavelengdi use of separate information channels is the definition of frequency multiplexing. As a result, die present invention provides what no odier computing system or method of manufacture provides, namely frequency-multiplexed, parallel-processed computing based on die recognition of multiple modulated patterns using dynamic interference images, a coordinated set of optimized optics, and die method of producing die same.

While die foregoing description of die preferred embodiment of die present invention has disclosed specific constructions, means, and methods of accomplishing the present invention, because specific improvements and modifications will become readily apparent to diose skilled in die art of computers and optical devices and die like, it is applicant's intent not to be limited by any of die foregoing descriptions, but only by die claims which follow.