O'BOYLE NOEL MICHAEL (GB)
DE GRAAF CHRIS (GB)
CHRISTOPHER JOHN ANDREW (GB)
CONGREVE MILES STUART (GB)
SCULLY CONOR (GB)
SAWYER TOMI K (US)
WO2015147240A1 | 2015-10-01 | |||
WO2023017180A1 | 2023-02-16 |
US203162633881P | ||||
US4522811A | 1985-06-11 | |||
US5763263A | 1998-06-09 |
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CLAIMS: 1. A peptide having a sequence comprising: Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, wherein, Z1 is absent, a capping group, Arg, or hArg(Et)2; X1 is absent, an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X2 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X3 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X4 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X5 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X6 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X7 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X8 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X9 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X10 is Ala, Gly, or a Gly derivative; X11 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X12 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X13 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X14 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; and X15 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain or a derivative thereof. 2. A peptide having a sequence comprising: Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, wherein, Z1 is absent, a capping group, Arg, or hArg(Et)2; X1 is absent, an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X2 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X3 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X4 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X5 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X6 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X7 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X8 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X9 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X10 is Ala, Gly, or a Gly derivative; X11 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X12 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X13 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X14 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; and X15 is 2-AOC, 2-AHP, NLE, NVA, Phe or Phe(3-Br), wherein the phenyl of X15 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1- C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl. 3. A peptide having a sequence comprising: Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 3), Z1 is absent, a capping group, Arg, or hArg(Et)2; X1 is absent, Phe, Leu, Gln, D-Gln, or Hyp(4-OH); X2 is Gln, Asn, N-Me-Asn, Thr, Ser, D-Gln, D-Leu, Leu, hArg, D-hArg, or Hyp(4- OH); X3 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Hyp(4-OH), His, Lys, Asp, Glu, Ser, D-Phe, Trp, hArg, Pro, D- Pro, or D-hArg; X4 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, Glu, Pro, D-Pro, Ala, or D-Ala; X5 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Hyp(4-OH), His, Lys, Asp, Glu, or Ser; X6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly, N-(naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(3-EtNH2-Phenethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe-Phenethyl)-Gly, Phg, Phg(4-OH), or Gly, wherein the phenyl of X6 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X7 is Asn, N-Me-Asn, Ser, Thr, or Gln; X8 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, or Glu; X9 is Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, wherein the phenyl of X9 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X10 is Phg, Phg(4-OH), N-Phenethyl-Gly, N(naphtha-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe- Phenethyl)-Gly, Gly, or Ala, wherein the phenyl of X10 is optionally substituted with halo, - OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X11 is Phg, Phg(4-OH), N-Phenethyl-Gly, N(naphtha-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe- Phenethyl)-Gly, or Gly, wherein the phenyl of X11 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, - O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X12 is Ile, Ala, Val, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, wherein the phenyl of X12 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X13 is N-Me-Leu, Leu, Ala, Val, Ile, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, wherein the phenyl of X13 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1- C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X14 is Thr, Ser, Asn, or Gln; and X15 is 2-AOC, 2-AHP, NLE, NVA, Phe, or Phe(3-Br), wherein the phenyl of X15 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1- C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl. 4. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein: Z1 is absent or CAP; X1 is absent, Phe, Leu, Gln, D-Gln, or Hyp(4-OH); X2 is Gln, D-Gln, Hyp(4-OH), D-Leu, hArg, D-hArg, or Leu; X3 is Hyp(4-OH), D-Phe, Trp, hArg, Pro, D-Pro, or D-hArg; X4 is Hyp(4-OH), Arg, Pro, D-Pro, Ala, or D-Ala; X5 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Lys, or Ser; X6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly or Gly; X7 is Asn or N-Me-Asn; X8 is Hyp(4-OH) or His; X9 is Ala; X10 is Phg or Ala; X11 is Gly; X12 is Ile; X13 is Leu; X14 is Thr; and X15 is 2-AOC or NLE. 5. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein Z1 is CAP. 6. The peptide of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Z1 is Arg or hArg(Et)2. 7. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X1 is absent. 8. The peptide of any one of claims 1-6, wherein X1 is Phe, Leu, or Hyp(4-OH). 9. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X2 is Gln, Asn, N-Me-Asn, Thr, Ser, D-Gln, D-Leu, Leu, or Hyp(4-OH). 10. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X2 is Gln, D-Gln, Hyp(4-OH), D-Leu, or Leu. 11. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X3 is Hyp(4-OH), D-Phe, Trp, hArg, or D-hArg. 12. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X4 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, Glu, Pro, D-Pro, Ala, or D-Ala. 13. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X5 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Hyp(4- OH), His, Lys, Asp, Glu, or Ser. 14. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X5 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Lys, or Ser. 15. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly, N- (naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(3-EtNH2-Phenethyl)-Gly, N- (4-OMe-Phenethyl)-Gly, Phg, Phg(4-OH), or Gly. 16. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly or Gly. 17. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X7 is Asn, N-Me-Asn, Ser, Thr, or Gln. 18. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X7 is Asn or N-Me-Asn. 19. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X8 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, or Glu. 20. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X8 is Hyp(4-OH) or His. 21. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X9 is Ala. 22. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X10 is Phg. 23. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X11 is Gly. 24. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X12 is Ile. 25. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X13 is Leu. 26. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X14 is Thr. 27. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X15 is 2-AOC, 2-AHP, NLE, NVA, Phe or Phe(3-Br). 28. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein X15 is 2-AOC or NLE. 29. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the capping group is 30. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, being of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5: H2N-(PEG)6-X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X13X14-(2-AOC)-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7-Hyp(4-OH)-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 5), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. 31. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, being of SEQ ID NO: 6: H2N-(PEG)6-X1X2X3X4X5X6X7-Hyp(4-OH)-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-(2-AOC)-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 6), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. 32. The peptide of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the peptide is selected from the peptides described in Table 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 33. A peptide obtainable by, or obtained by, a method described herein. 34. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of any one of the preceding claims or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. 35. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the peptide is selected from the peptides described in Table 1. 36. A method of modulating orexin receptor activity, comprising contacting a cell with a peptide of any one of claims 1-33 or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition of claim 34 or claim 35. 37. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a peptide of any one of claims 1-33 or pharmaceutical composition of claim 34 or claim 35. 38. The peptide of any one of claims 1-33 or pharmaceutical composition of claim 34 or claim 35 for use in modulating orexin receptor activity. 39. The peptide of any one of claims 1-33 or pharmaceutical composition of claim 34 or claim 35 for use in treating or preventing a disease or disorder. 40. Use of the peptide of any one of claims 1-33 in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating orexin receptor activity. 41. Use of the peptide of any one of claims 1-33 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or disorder. 42. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of claims 36-41, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with an implicated orexin receptor. 43. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of claims 36-42, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with an implicated orexin-2 receptor. 44. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of claims 36-43, wherein the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a neurological disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a psychiatric disorder, a mental health disorder, a circadian rhythm disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia. 45. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of claims 36-44, wherein the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, or sleep apnea. |
[0297] In some embodiments, the capping group (i.e., H 2 N-(PEG) 6 ). [0298] In some embodiments, the capping group (i.e., N(CH3)2-(PEG)6). [0299] In some embodiments, the capping group (i.e., H2N-(PEG)8). [0300] In some embodiments, the capping group (i.e., CH3-(PEG)6). [0301] In some embodiments, the capping group is [0302] In some embodiments, the capping group i [0303] In some embodiments, the capping group is (CAP). [0304] In some embodiments, the peptide is of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5: H2N-(PEG)6-X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X13X14-(2-AOC)-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7-Hyp(4-OH)-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 5), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. [0305] In some embodiments, the peptide is of SEQ ID NO: 6: H2N-(PEG)6-X1X2X3X4X5X6X7-Hyp(4-OH)-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR- (2-AOC)-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 6), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. [0306] In some embodiments, the peptide is selected from the peptides described in Table 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0307] In some embodiments, the peptide is selected from the peptides described in Table 1.
H 2 2 H 2 H N N N h 4 O O X R P R P G G X 3 R A R h A h 2 N N X L G L G X 1 Z 1 P A P C A C e d i t . p o e N 1 2 P
X 4 O R O P R P 3 G G X R A R h A h N N X 2 L L G G - D X 1 1 P P Z A C A C e d i t . p o e N 3 4 P
X 4 O O R R P P - D 3 - G G X D R A R h A h 2 N N X L G L G X 1 P P Z 1 A C A C e d i t . p o e N 5 6 P
X 4 O R O P R P 3 - G G X D R A R h A h X 2 N L N G - L D G X 1 P P Z 1 A C A C e d i t . p o e N 7 8 P
r t S - l 6 y - h t Y Y X N e n L L e h G G P 5 G R R X A E S - 4 4 ( p ) y H A X L H O A - 3 4 ( p ) H P X y O R H T - 2 4 ( ) U X p H E y L H O - D 1 E X H P Z 1 e d i t . p o 0 e N 9 1 P
G G G 5 R E R E R X S S E S X 4 A A L L A L A A - A D - D 3 P E E R H H X T P - P D - D U U U X 2 E L - E E D L L X 1 U E U L E E L H P Z 1 e d i t . p o 1 e N 1 2 1 3 1 P
u t c X u A A r t S - l 6 Y y - h t Y X L e G N n L e h G P 5 R G X E S R A A G X 4 L A - R D A E - 3 H 4 ( ) X P - p y H D H O 2 U - E 4 ( ) X L - p H D y H O - 4 X 1 U E ( L p ) y H H O Z 1 e d i t . p o 4 e N 1 5 1 P
X R A R A 4 G G X R A R A - 4 ( ) O X 3 p y H R H O P - 4 ( ) G X 2 p y H R H O A h - 4 ( ) X 1 p y H N L H O G 1 P Z A C e d i t . p o 6 e N 1 7 1 P
4 G G X R A R A 3 O O X R P - R D P 2 - G R G X D A R h A h N X 1 L N G L - G D - D Z 1 P A P C A C e d i t . p o 8 e N 1 9 1 P
9 A X L A - 8 4 ( ) X p y H H O e r u t 7 N S c X u A r t S - l 6 y - h t e Y X N n L e h G P 5 G X R A 4 G X R A 3 O X R P 2 G X R A h 1 N X L G- D 1 P Z A C e d i t . p o N 0 e 2 P [0308] In some embodiments, the peptide is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of the peptides described in Table 1. [0309] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide being an isotopic derivative (e.g., isotopically labeled peptide) of any one of the peptides of the Formulae disclosed herein. [0310] In some embodiments, the peptide is an isotopic derivative of any one of the peptides described in Table 1 and prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0311] In some embodiments, the peptide is an isotopic derivative of any one of the peptides described in Table 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0312] In some embodiments, the peptide is an isotopic derivative of any one of prodrugs of the peptides described in Table 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0313] In some embodiments, the peptide is an isotopic derivative of any one of the peptide described in Table 1. [0314] It is understood that the isotopic derivative can be prepared using any of a variety of art-recognised techniques. For example, the isotopic derivative can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Examples described herein, by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. [0315] In some embodiments, the isotopic derivative is a deuterium labeled peptide. [0316] In some embodiments, the isotopic derivative is a deuterium labeled peptide of any one of the peptides of the Formulae disclosed herein. [0317] The term “isotopic derivative”, as used herein, refers to a derivative of a peptide in which one or more atoms are isotopically enriched or labelled. For example, an isotopic derivative of a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 is isotopically enriched with regard to, or labelled with, one or more isotopes as compared to the corresponding peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the isotopic derivative is enriched with regard to, or labelled with, one or more atoms selected from 2 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 29 Si, 31 P, and 34 S. In some embodiments, the isotopic derivative is a deuterium labeled peptide (i.e., being enriched with 2 H with regard to one or more atoms thereof). In some embodiments, the peptide is a 18 F labeled peptide. In some embodiments, the peptide is a 123 I labeled peptide, a 124 I labeled peptide, a 125 I labeled peptide, a 129 I labeled peptide, a 131 I labeled peptide, a 135 I labeled peptide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the peptide is a 33 S labeled peptide, a 34 S labeled peptide, a 35 S labeled peptide, a 36 S labeled peptide, or any combination thereof. [0318] It is understood that the 18 F, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 129 I, 131 I, 135 I, 32 S, 34 S, 35 S, and/or 36 S labeled peptide, can be prepared using any of a variety of art-recognised techniques. For example, the deuterium labeled peptide can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Examples described herein, by substituting a 18 F, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 129 I, 131 I, 135 I, 3 S, 34 S, 35 S, and/or 36 S labeled reagent for a non-isotope labeled reagent. [0319] A peptide of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that contains one or more of the aforementioned 18 F, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 129 I, 131 I, 135 I, 32 S, 34 S, 35 S, and 36 S atom(s) is within the scope of the invention. Further, substitution with isotope (e.g,, 18 F, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 129 I, 131 I, 135 I, 3 S, 34 S, 35 S, and/or 36 S) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. [0320] For the avoidance of doubt it is to be understood that, where in this specification a group is qualified by “described herein”, the said group encompasses the first occurring and broadest definition as well as each and all of the particular definitions for that group. [0321] The various functional groups and substituents making up the peptides of the SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 are typically chosen such that the molecular weight of the peptide does not exceed 1000 daltons. More usually, the molecular weight of the peptide will be less than 900, for example less than 800, or less than 750, or less than 700, or less than 650 daltons. More conveniently, the molecular weight is less than 600 and, for example, is 550 daltons or less. [0322] A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a peptide of the disclosure is, for example, an acid-addition salt of a peptide of the disclosure which is sufficiently basic, for example, an acid-addition salt with, for example, an inorganic organic acid, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, trifluoroacetic, formic, citric methane sulfonate or maleic acid. In addition, a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a peptide of the disclosure which is sufficiently acidic is an alkali metal salt, for example a sodium or potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, for example a calcium or magnesium salt, an ammonium salt or a salt with an organic base which affords a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, for example a salt with methylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. [0323] It will be understood that the peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein and any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprise stereoisomers, mixtures of stereoisomers, polymorphs of all isomeric forms of said peptides. [0324] It will be understood that while peptides disclosed herein may be presented in one particular configuration. Such particular configuration is not to be construed as limiting the disclosure to one or another isomer, tautomer, regioisomer or stereoisomer, nor does it exclude mixtures of isomers, tautomers, regioisomers or stereoisomers. In some embodiments, the presentation of a peptide herein in a particular configuration intends to encompass, and to refer to, each of the available isomers, tautomers, regioisomers, and stereoisomers of the peptide, or any mixture thereof; while the presentation further intends to refer to the specific configuration of the peptide. [0325] It will be understood that while peptides disclosed herein may be presented without specified configuration (e.g., without specified stereochemistry). Such presentation intends to encompass all available isomers, tautomers, regioisomers, and stereoisomers of the peptide. In some embodiments, the presentation of a peptide herein without specified configuration intends to refer to each of the available isomers, tautomers, regioisomers, and stereoisomers of the peptide, or any mixture thereof. [0326] As used herein, the term “isomerism” means peptides that have identical molecular formulae but differ in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers,” and stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers. A mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is termed a “racemic mixture.” [0327] As used herein, the term “chiral centre” refers to a carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents. [0328] As used herein, the term “chiral isomer” means a peptide with at least one chiral centre. Peptides with more than one chiral centre may exist either as an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed “diastereomeric mixture.” When one chiral centre is present, a stereoisomer may be characterised by the absolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral centre. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral centre. The substituents attached to the chiral centre under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit.1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahn et al., Angew. Chem.1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951 (London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J. Chem. Educ.1964, 41, 116). [0329] As used herein, the term “geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds or a cycloalkyl linker (e.g., 1,3-cyclobutyl). These configurations are differentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules. [0330] It is to be understood that the peptides of the present disclosure may be depicted as different chiral isomers or geometric isomers. It is also to be understood that when peptides have chiral isomeric or geometric isomeric forms, all isomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope of the present disclosure, and the naming of the peptides does not exclude any isomeric forms, it being understood that not all isomers may have the same level of activity. [0331] It is to be understood that the structures and other peptides discussed in this disclosure include all atropic isomers thereof. It is also to be understood that not all atropic isomers may have the same level of activity. [0332] As used herein, the term “atropic isomers” are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques, it has been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases. [0333] As used herein, the term “tautomer” is one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another. This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom accompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomers exist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solutions where tautomerisation is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomers that are interconvertible by tautomerisations is called tautomerism. Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonly observed. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of the aldehyde group (-CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (-OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic (ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose. [0334] It is to be understood that the peptides of the present disclosure may be depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood that when peptides have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope of the present disclosure, and the naming of the peptides does not exclude any tautomer form. It will be understood that certain tautomers may have a higher level of activity than others. [0335] Peptides that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers”. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”. When a peptide has an asymmetric centre, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterised by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric centre and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarised light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (-)-isomers respectively). A chiral peptide can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”. [0336] The peptides of this disclosure may possess one or more asymmetric centres; such peptides can therefore be produced as individual (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers or as mixtures thereof. Unless indicated otherwise, the description or naming of a particular peptide in the specification and claims is intended to include both individual enantiomers and mixtures, racemic or otherwise, thereof. The methods for the determination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers are well-known in the art (see discussion in Chapter 4 of “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 4th edition J. March, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2001), for example by synthesis from optically active starting materials or by resolution of a racemic form. Some of the peptides of the disclosure may have geometric isomeric centres (E- and Z- isomers). It is to be understood that the present disclosure encompasses all optical, diastereoisomers and geometric isomers and mixtures thereof that possess inflammasome inhibitory activity. [0337] The present disclosure also encompasses peptides of the disclosure as defined herein which comprise one or more isotopic substitutions. [0338] It is to be understood that the peptides of any sequences described herein include the peptides themselves, as well as their salts, and their solvates, if applicable. A salt, for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged group (e.g., amino) on a substituted peptide disclosed herein. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, sulfamate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, glutamate, glucuronate, glutarate, malate, maleate, succinate, fumarate, tartrate, tosylate, salicylate, lactate, naphthalenesulfonate, and acetate (e.g., trifluoroacetate). [0339] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable anion” refers to an anion suitable for forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Likewise, a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g., carboxylate) on a substituted peptide disclosed herein. Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion or diethylamine ion. The substituted peptides disclosed herein also include those salts containing quaternary nitrogen atoms. [0340] It is to be understood that the peptides of the present disclosure, for example, the salts of the peptides, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimiting examples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc. [0341] As used herein, the term “solvate” means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some peptides have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H2O. [0342] As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a chemical peptide that is structurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or in the presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of one functional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is a peptide that is similar or comparable in function and appearance, but not in structure origin to the reference peptide. [0343] As used herein, the term “derivative” refers to peptides that have a common core structure and are substituted with various groups as described herein. [0344] As used herein, the term “bioisostere” refers to a peptide resulting from the exchange of an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom or group of atoms. The objective of a bioisosteric replacement is to create a new peptide with similar biological properties to the parent peptide. The bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically or topologically based. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include, but are not limited to, acyl sulfonamides, tetrazoles, sulfonates and phosphonates. See, e.g., Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev.96, 3147-3176, 1996. [0345] It is also to be understood that certain peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms such as, for example, hydrated forms. A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvate is, for example, a hydrate such as hemi-hydrate, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate or a tri-hydrate. It is to be understood that the disclosure encompasses all such solvated forms that possess inflammasome inhibitory activity. [0346] It is also to be understood that certain peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may exhibit polymorphism, and that the disclosure encompasses all such forms, or mixtures thereof, which possess inflammasome inhibitory activity. It is generally known that crystalline materials may be analysed using conventional techniques such as X-Ray Powder Diffraction analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, solution and/or solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The water content of such crystalline materials may be determined by Karl Fischer analysis. [0347] Peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may exist in a number of different tautomeric forms and references to peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 include all such forms. For the avoidance of doubt, where a peptide can exist in one of several tautomeric forms, and only one is specifically described or shown, all others are nevertheless embraced by SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. Examples of tautomeric forms include keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms, as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, and nitro/aci-nitro. keto enol enolate [0348] Peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein containing an amine function may also form N-oxides. A reference herein to a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 that contains an amine function also includes the N-oxide. Where a peptide contains several amine functions, one or more than one nitrogen atom may be oxidised to form an N-oxide. Particular examples of N-oxides are the N-oxides of a tertiary amine or a nitrogen atom of a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. N-oxides can be formed by treatment of the corresponding amine with an oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide or a peracid (e.g. a peroxycarboxylic acid), see for example Advanced Organic Chemistry, by Jerry March, 4th Edition, Wiley Interscience, pages. More particularly, N-oxides can be made by the procedure of L. W. Deady (Syn. Comm. 1977, 7, 509-514) in which the amine peptide is reacted with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), for example, in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane. [0349] The peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may be administered in the form of a prodrug which is broken down in the human or animal body to release a peptide of the disclosure. A prodrug may be used to alter the physical properties and/or the pharmacokinetic properties of a peptide of the disclosure. A prodrug can be formed when the peptide of the disclosure contains a suitable group or substituent to which a property-modifying group can be attached. Examples of prodrugs include derivatives containing in vivo cleavable alkyl or acyl substituents at the ester or amide group in any one of the Formulae disclosed herein. [0350] Accordingly, the present disclosure includes those peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein as defined hereinbefore when made available by organic synthesis and when made available within the human or animal body by way of cleavage of a prodrug thereof. Accordingly, the present disclosure includes those peptides of any one of the sequences disclosed herein that are produced by organic synthetic means and also such peptides that are produced in the human or animal body by way of metabolism of a precursor peptide, that is a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may be a synthetically-produced peptide or a metabolically-produced peptide. [0351] A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein is one that is based on reasonable medical judgment as being suitable for administration to the human or animal body without undesirable pharmacological activities and without undue toxicity. Various forms of prodrug have been described, for example in the following documents: a) Methods in Enzymology, Vol.42, p.309-396, edited by K. Widder, et al. (Academic Press, 1985); b) Design of Pro-drugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985); c) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, edited by Krogsgaard- Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Chapter 5 “Design and Application of Pro-drugs”, by H. Bundgaard p.113-191 (1991); d) H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 8, 1-38 (1992); e) H. Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77, 285 (1988); f) N. Kakeya, et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, 692 (1984); g) T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-Drugs as Novel Delivery Systems”, A.C.S. Symposium Series, Volume 14; and h) E. Roche (editor), “Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design”, Pergamon Press, 1987. [0352] A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein that possesses a hydroxy group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable ester or ether thereof. An in vivo cleavable ester or ether of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein containing a hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester or ether which is cleaved in the human or animal body to produce the parent hydroxy peptide. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable ester forming groups for a hydroxy group include inorganic esters such as phosphate esters (including phosphoramidic cyclic esters). Further suitable pharmaceutically acceptable ester forming groups for a hydroxy group include C 1 -C 10 alkanoyl groups such as acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl groups, C1-C10 alkoxycarbonyl groups such as ethoxycarbonyl, N,N-(C1-C6 alkyl) 2 carbamoyl, 2-dialkylaminoacetyl and 2-carboxyacetyl groups. Examples of ring substituents on the phenylacetyl and benzoyl groups include aminomethyl, N- alkylaminomethyl, N,N-dialkylaminomethyl, morpholinomethyl, piperazin-1-ylmethyl and 4- (C1-C4 alkyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable ether forming groups for a hydroxy group include ^-acyloxyalkyl groups such as acetoxymethyl and pivaloyloxymethyl groups. [0353] A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein that possesses a carboxy group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable amide thereof, for example an amide formed with an amine such as ammonia, a C 1-4 alkylamine such as methylamine, a (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 2 amine such as dimethylamine, N-ethyl-N-methylamine or diethylamine, a C1-C4 alkoxy-C2-C4 alkylamine such as 2-methoxyethylamine, a phenyl-C1- C 4 alkylamine such as benzylamine and amino acids such as glycine or an ester thereof. [0354] A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein that possesses an amino group is, for example, an in vivo cleavable amide derivative thereof. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable amides from an amino group include, for example an amide formed with C 1 -C 10 alkanoyl groups such as an acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl groups. Examples of ring substituents on the phenylacetyl and benzoyl groups include aminomethyl, N-alkylaminomethyl, N,N- dialkylaminomethyl,morpholinomethyl,piperazin-1-ylmethyl and 4-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)piperazin-1- ylmethyl. [0355] The in vivo effects of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may be exerted in part by one or more metabolites that are formed within the human or animal body after administration of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein. As stated hereinbefore, the in vivo effects of a peptide of any one of the sequences disclosed herein may also be exerted by way of metabolism of a precursor peptide (a prodrug). [0356] Suitably, the present disclosure excludes any individual peptides not possessing the biological activity defined herein. Methods of Synthesis [0357] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a peptide of the present disclosure. [0358] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing a peptide, comprising one or more steps as described herein. [0359] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide obtainable by, or obtained by, or directly obtained by a method for preparing a peptide as described herein. [0360] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides an intermediate as described herein, being suitable for use in a method for preparing a peptide as described herein. [0361] The peptides of the present disclosure can be prepared by any suitable technique known in the art. Particular processes for the preparation of these peptides are described further in the accompanying examples. [0362] In the description of the synthetic methods described herein and in any referenced synthetic methods that are used to prepare the starting materials, it is to be understood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, can be selected by a person skilled in the art. [0363] It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reaction conditions utilised. [0364] It will be appreciated that during the synthesis of the peptides of the disclosure in the processes defined herein, or during the synthesis of certain starting materials, it may be desirable to protect certain substituent groups to prevent their undesired reaction. The skilled chemist will appreciate when such protection is required, and how such protecting groups may be put in place, and later removed. For examples of protecting groups see one of the many general texts on the subject, for example, ‘Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis’ by Theodora Green (publisher: John Wiley & Sons). Protecting groups may be removed by any convenient method described in the literature or known to the skilled chemist as appropriate for the removal of the protecting group in question, such methods being chosen so as to effect removal of the protecting group with the minimum disturbance of groups elsewhere in the molecule. Thus, if reactants include, for example, groups such as amino, carboxy or hydroxy it may be desirable to protect the group in some of the reactions mentioned herein. [0365] By way of example, a suitable protecting group for an amino or alkylamino group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an alkoxycarbonyl group, for example a methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, or t-butoxycarbonyl group, an arylmethoxycarbonyl group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl, or an aroyl group, for example benzoyl. The deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group. Thus, for example, an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or alkoxycarbonyl group or an aroyl group may be removed by, for example, hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide. Alternatively an acyl group such as a tert-butoxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by treatment with a suitable acid as hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid and an arylmethoxycarbonyl group such as a benzyloxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium on carbon, or by treatment with a Lewis acid for example boron tris(trifluoroacetate). A suitable alternative protecting group for a primary amino group is, for example, a phthaloyl group which may be removed by treatment with an alkylamine, for example dimethylaminopropylamine, or with hydrazine. [0366] A suitable protecting group for a hydroxy group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an aroyl group, for example benzoyl, or an arylmethyl group, for example benzyl. The deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups will necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group. Thus, for example, an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or an aroyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium, sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Alternatively an arylmethyl group such as a benzyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium on carbon. [0367] A suitable protecting group for a carboxy group is, for example, an esterifying group, for example a methyl or an ethyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a base such as sodium hydroxide, or for example a tert-butyl group which may be removed, for example, by treatment with an acid, for example an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or for example a benzyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium on carbon. [0368] Once a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 has been synthesised by any one of the processes defined herein, the processes may then further comprise the additional steps of: (i) removing any protecting groups present; (ii) converting the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 into another peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3; (iii) forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof; and/or (iv) forming a prodrug thereof. [0369] The resultant peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 can be isolated and purified using techniques well known in the art. [0370] Conveniently, the reaction of the peptides is carried out in the presence of a suitable solvent, which is preferably inert under the respective reaction conditions. Examples of suitable solvents comprise but are not limited to hydrocarbons, such as hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, toluene or xylene; chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichlorethylene, 1,2- dichloroethane, tetrachloromethane, chloroform or dichloromethane; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol; ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, cyclopentylmethyl ether (CPME), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or dioxane; glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme); ketones, such as acetone, methylisobutylketone (MIBK) or butanone; amides, such as acetamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP); nitriles, such as acetonitrile; sulfoxides, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); nitro peptides, such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene; esters, such as ethyl acetate or methyl acetate, or mixtures of the said solvents or mixtures with water. [0371] The reaction temperature is suitably between about -100 °C and 300 °C, depending on the reaction step and the conditions used. [0372] Reaction times are generally in the range between a fraction of a minute and several days, depending on the reactivity of the respective peptides and the respective reaction conditions. Suitable reaction times are readily determinable by methods known in the art, for example reaction monitoring. Based on the reaction temperatures given above, suitable reaction times generally lie in the range between 10 minutes and 48 hours. [0373] Moreover, by utilising the procedures described herein, in conjunction with ordinary skills in the art, additional peptides of the present disclosure can be readily prepared. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these peptides. [0374] As will be understood by the person skilled in the art of organic synthesis, peptides of the present disclosure are readily accessible by various synthetic routes, some of which are exemplified in the accompanying examples. In some embodiments, the synthetic route is solid phase peptide synthesis. The skilled person will easily recognise which kind of reagents and reactions conditions are to be used and how they are to be applied and adapted in any particular instance – wherever necessary or useful – in order to obtain the peptides of the present disclosure. Furthermore, some of the peptides of the present disclosure can readily be synthesised by reacting other peptides of the present disclosure under suitable conditions, for instance, by converting one particular functional group being present in a peptide of the present disclosure, or a suitable precursor molecule thereof, into another one by applying standard synthetic methods, like reduction, oxidation, addition or substitution reactions; those methods are well known to the skilled person. Likewise, the skilled person will apply – whenever necessary or useful – synthetic protecting (or protective) groups; suitable protecting groups as well as methods for introducing and removing them are well-known to the person skilled in the art of chemical synthesis and are described, in more detail, in, e.g., P.G.M. Wuts, T.W. Greene, “Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 4th edition (2006) (John Wiley & Sons). Biological Assays [0375] Peptides designed, selected and/or optimised by methods described above, once produced, can be characterised using a variety of assays known to those skilled in the art to determine whether the peptides have biological activity. For example, the molecules can be characterised by conventional assays, including but not limited to those assays described below, to determine whether they have a predicted activity, binding activity and/or binding specificity. [0376] Furthermore, high-throughput screening can be used to speed up analysis using such assays. As a result, it can be possible to rapidly screen the molecules described herein for activity, using techniques known in the art. General methodologies for performing high- throughput screening are described, for example, in Devlin (1998) High Throughput Screening, Marcel Dekker; and U.S. Patent No.5,763,263. High-throughput assays can use one or more different assay techniques including, but not limited to, those described below. [0377] Various in vitro or in vivo biological assays are may be suitable for detecting the effect of the peptides of the present disclosure. These in vitro or in vivo biological assays can include, but are not limited to, enzymatic activity assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, reporter gene assays, in vitro cell viability assays, and the assays described herein. [0378] Despite orexin cell loss and decreased orexin peptides in cerebrospinal fluid in NT1, orexin receptors on post synaptic neurons remain intact as suitable targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention. The orexin peptides A and B (OXA and OXB) may be cleaved from a single precursor molecule (prepro-orexin) that is produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus. Both orexin peptides bind with similar high affinity to OX2R, but the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) may be preferentially bound by OXA. Postsynaptic excitation of these G-protein coupled orexin receptors may stimulate the release of monoaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmitters that promote wakefulness and inhibitory neurotransmitters that suppress REM sleep atonia. [0379] In some embodiments, the assay uses cells stably expressing either human orexin type 2 or human orexin type 1 receptor. In some embodiments, the cells are obtained by inserting the Orexin receptor cDNA into pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid vector, identifying clones by G418 drug resistance selection, and/or growing a single clone for OX2R-CHO and OX1R-CHO in bulk. In some embodiments, the assay is detected using Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader TETRA (FLIPR TETRA: manufactured by Molecular Devices). In some embodiments, the agonist activity of the test peptide is calculated assuming that the fluorescence value of the well containing only the dilution buffer is 0 % and the fluorescence value of the well containing 10 nM human orexin A (Tocris) buffer is 100 %. [0380] In some embodiments, the biological assay is described in the Examples herein. Pharmaceutical Compositions [0381] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the present disclosure as an active ingredient. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one peptide of each of the formulae described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one peptide selected from Table 1. [0382] As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. [0383] The peptides of present disclosure can be formulated for oral administration in forms such as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups and emulsions. The peptides of present disclosure on can also be formulated for intravenous (bolus or in- fusion), intraperitoneal, topical, subcutaneous, intramuscular or transdermal (e.g., patch) administration, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. [0384] The formulation of the present disclosure may be in the form of an aqueous solution comprising an aqueous vehicle. The aqueous vehicle component may comprise water and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Suitable acceptable excipients include those selected from the group consisting of a solubility enhancing agent, chelating agent, preservative, tonicity agent, viscosity/suspending agent, buffer, and pH modifying agent, and a mixture thereof. [0385] Any suitable solubility enhancing agent can be used. Examples of a solubility enhancing agent include cyclodextrin, such as those selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin, triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxy-3- (trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin, glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfated β-cyclodextrin (S-β-CD), maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether, branched-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin, and trimethyl-γ- cyclodextrin, and mixtures thereof. [0386] Any suitable chelating agent can be used. Examples of a suitable chelating agent include those selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and metal salts thereof, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, and tetrasodium edetate, and mixtures thereof. [0387] Any suitable preservative can be used. Examples of a preservative include those selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium salts such as benzalkonium halides (preferably benzalkonium chloride), chlorhexidine gluconate, benzethonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, benzyl bromide, phenylmercury nitrate, phenylmercury acetate, phenylmercury neodecanoate, merthiolate, methylparaben, propylparaben, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propylaminopropyl biguanide, and butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, and sorbic acid, and mixtures thereof. [0388] The aqueous vehicle may also include a tonicity agent to adjust the tonicity (osmotic pressure). The tonicity agent can be selected from the group consisting of a glycol (such as propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol), glycerol, dextrose, glycerin, mannitol, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride, and a mixture thereof. [0389] The aqueous vehicle may also contain a viscosity/suspending agent. Suitable viscosity/suspending agents include those selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethylene glycols (such as polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400), carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and cross-linked acrylic acid polymers (carbomers), such as polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol (Carbopols - such as Carbopol 934, Carbopol 934P, Carbopol 971, Carbopol 974 and Carbopol 974P), and a mixture thereof. [0390] In order to adjust the formulation to an acceptable pH (typically a pH range of about 5.0 to about 9.0, more preferably about 5.5 to about 8.5, particularly about 6.0 to about 8.5, about 7.0 to about 8.5, about 7.2 to about 7.7, about 7.1 to about 7.9, or about 7.5 to about 8.0), the formulation may contain a pH modifying agent. The pH modifying agent is typically a mineral acid or metal hydroxide base, selected from the group of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid, and mixtures thereof, and preferably sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. These acidic and/or basic pH modifying agents are added to adjust the formulation to the target acceptable pH range. Hence it may not be necessary to use both acid and base - depending on the formulation, the addition of one of the acid or base may be sufficient to bring the mixture to the desired pH range. [0391] The aqueous vehicle may also contain a buffering agent to stabilise the pH. When used, the buffer is selected from the group consisting of a phosphate buffer (such as sodium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate), a borate buffer (such as boric acid, or salts thereof including disodium tetraborate), a citrate buffer (such as citric acid, or salts thereof including sodium citrate), and ε-aminocaproic acid, and mixtures thereof. [0392] The formulation may further comprise a wetting agent. Suitable classes of wetting agents include those selected from the group consisting of polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers (poloxamers), polyethoxylated ethers of castor oils, polyoxyethylenated sorbitan esters (polysorbates), polymers of oxyethylated octyl phenol (Tyloxapol), polyoxyl 40 stearate, fatty acid glycol esters, fatty acid glyceryl esters, sucrose fatty esters, and polyoxyethylene fatty esters, and mixtures thereof. [0393] Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active peptide can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the peptide in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or peptides of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavouring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, orange flavoring. [0394] According to a further aspect of the disclosure there is provided a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a peptide of the disclosure as defined hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. [0395] The compositions of the disclosure may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels, or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository for rectal dosing). [0396] The compositions of the disclosure may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art. Thus, compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents. [0397] An effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure for use in therapy is an amount sufficient to treat or prevent an inflammasome related condition referred to herein, slow its progression and/or reduce the symptoms associated with the condition. [0398] An effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure for use in therapy is an amount sufficient to treat an inflammasome related condition referred to herein, slow its progression and/or reduce the symptoms associated with the condition. [0399] The size of the dose for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes of a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 will naturally vary according to the nature and severity of the conditions, the age and sex of the animal or patient and the route of administration, according to well-known principles of medicine. Methods of Use [0400] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of modulating orexin receptor activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo), comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. [0401] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of modulating orexin-2 receptor activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo), comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. [0402] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder disclosed herein in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0403] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder disclosed herein in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0404] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with an implicated orexin receptor activity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder in which orexin receptor activity is implicated. [0405] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with an implicated orexin- 2 receptor activity. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease or disorder in which orexin-2 receptor activity is implicated. [0406] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia. [0407] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0408] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0409] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing narcolepsy in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0410] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a hypersomnia disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0411] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0412] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a symptom of a rare genetic disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0413] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a mental health disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0414] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a metabolic syndrome in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0415] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing osteoporosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0416] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing cardiac failure in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0417] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing coma in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0418] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0419] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating narcolepsy in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0420] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a hypersomnia disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0421] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0422] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a symptom of a rare genetic disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0423] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a mental health disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0424] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a metabolic syndrome in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0425] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating osteoporosis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0426] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating cardiac failure in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0427] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating coma in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0428] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. [0429] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method, use, or peptide or pharmaceutical composition for use of the peptide disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional therapy. [0430] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapy is oral birth control. [0431] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapy is administered for the treatment of excessive sleepiness. [0432] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapy is administered for the treatment of comorbid indications. [0433] In some embodiments, the comorbid indication is depression. [0434] In some embodiments, the comorbid indication is a psychiatric disorder. [0435] In some embodiments, the comorbid indication is hypertension. [0436] In some embodiments, the comorbid indication is a metabolic disorder. [0437] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in modulating orexin receptor activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo). [0438] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in modulating orexin-2 receptor activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo). [0439] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a disease or disorder disclosed herein. [0440] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a disease or disorder disclosed herein. [0441] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0442] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing narcolepsy in a subject in need thereof. [0443] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a hypersomnia disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0444] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0445] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a symptom of a rare genetic disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0446] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a mental health disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0447] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a metabolic syndrome in a subject in need thereof. [0448] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing osteoporosis in a subject in need thereof. [0449] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing cardiac failure in a subject in need thereof. [0450] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing coma in a subject in need thereof. [0451] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating or preventing a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0452] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0453] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating narcolepsy in a subject in need thereof. [0454] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a hypersomnia disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0455] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0456] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a symptom of a rare genetic disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0457] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a mental health disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0458] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a metabolic syndrome in a subject in need thereof. [0459] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating osteoporosis in a subject in need thereof. [0460] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating cardiac failure in a subject in need thereof. [0461] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating coma in a subject in need thereof. [0462] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof for use in treating a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0463] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating orexin activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo). [0464] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating orexin-2 activity (e.g., in vitro or in vivo). [0465] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or disorder disclosed herein. [0466] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or disorder disclosed herein. [0467] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0468] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing narcolepsy in a subject in need thereof. [0469] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a hypersomnia disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0470] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0471] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a symptom of a rare genetic disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0472] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a mental health disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0473] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a metabolic syndrome in a subject in need thereof. [0474] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing osteoporosis in a subject in need thereof. [0475] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cardiac failure in a subject in need thereof. [0476] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing coma in a subject in need thereof. [0477] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0478] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0479] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating narcolepsy in a subject in need thereof. [0480] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a hypersomnia disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0481] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0482] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a symptom of a rare genetic disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0483] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a mental health disorder in a subject in need thereof. [0484] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic syndrome in a subject in need thereof. [0485] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating osteoporosis in a subject in need thereof. [0486] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cardiac failure in a subject in need thereof. [0487] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating coma in a subject in need thereof. [0488] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides use of a peptide of the present disclosure or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a complication in emergence from anesthesia in a subject in need thereof. [0489] The present disclosure provides peptides that function as modulators of orexin receptor activity. [0490] In some embodiments, the peptides of the present disclosure are agonists of the orexin receptor. [0491] The present disclosure provides peptides that function as modulators of orexin-2 receptor activity. [0492] In some embodiments, the peptides of the present disclosure are agonists of the orexin- 2 receptor. [0493] In some embodiments, the modulation of the orexin receptor is activation of the orexin receptor. [0494] Effectiveness of peptides of the disclosure can be determined by industry-accepted assays/ disease models according to standard practices of elucidating the same as described in the art and are found in the current general knowledge. [0495] The present disclosure also provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in which orexin receptor activity is implicated in a patient in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide, or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein. [0496] The present disclosure also provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in which orexin-2 receptor activity is implicated in a patient in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide, or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein. [0497] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a method for treating a disease or disorder by decreasing excessive sleepiness and/or excessive daytime sleepiness. [0498] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a method for treating a disease or disorder by decreasing excessive sleepiness. [0499] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a method for treating a disease or disorder by decreasing excessive daytime sleepiness. [0500] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with excessive sleepiness and/or excessive daytime sleepiness. [0501] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a primary hypersomnia disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a hypersomnia/neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or emergence from anesthesia. [0502] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a primary hypersomnia disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a hypersomnia/neurodegenerative disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a mental health disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia. [0503] In some embodiments, the excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with a neurodegenerative disorder. [0504] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder associated with excessive daytime sleepiness is Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, or multiple sclerosis. [0505] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a recurrence of hypersomnia. [0506] In some embodiments, the recurrence of hypersomnia is narcolepsy type 1, narcolepsy type 2, or idiopathic hypersomnia. [0507] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is sleep apnea, traumatic brain injury, age-related cognitive dysfunction, or excessive daytime sleepiness. [0508] In some embodiments, excessive daytime sleepingess is associated with sleep apnea, traumatic brain injury, or age-related cognitive dysfunction. [0509] In some embodiments, the disorder is narcolepsy. In some embodiments, narcolepsy is narcolepsy type 1. In some embodiments, the narcolepsy is narcolepsy type 2. [0510] In some embodiments, the hypersomnia is a symptom of narcolepsy. [0511] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a symptom of narcolepsy. [0512] In some embodiments, a symptom of narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnopompic and hynogogic hallucinations, disturbed nighttime sleep, or inappropriately timed rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. [0513] In some embodiments, a symptom of narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness. [0514] In some embodiments, the symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy. In some embodiments, cataplexy is pathognomonic of narcolepsy (e.g., narcolepsy type 1). [0515] In some embodiments, a symptom of narcolepsy is sleep paralysis. [0516] In some embodiments, a symptom of narcolepsy is hypnopompic and hynogogic hallucinations. [0517] In some embodiments, a symptom of narcolepsy is disturbed nighttime sleep. [0518] In some embodiments, a symptom of narcolepsy is inappropriately timed rapid-eye- movement (REM) sleep. [0519] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by cataplexy. [0520] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. [0521] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is Parkinson’s disease. [0522] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer’s disease. [0523] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is Huntington’s disease. [0524] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is multiple sclerosis. [0525] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is a traumatic brain injury. [0526] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is sleep apnea. [0527] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is age-related cognitive dysfunction. [0528] In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disorder is a disorder of recurrent hypersomnia. [0529] In some embodiments, a disorder of recurrent hypersomnia is Klein-Levin syndrome, inappropriately timed sleep, (e.g., delayed- or advanced-sleep phase disorder), shift work disorder, or jet lag disorder. [0530] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a symptom of a rare genetic disorder. [0531] In some embodiments, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder is abnormal daytime sleepiness. [0532] In some embodiments, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder is excessive daytime sleepiness. [0533] In some embodiments, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder is sleep onset REM periods. [0534] In some embodiments, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder is characterized by cataplexy-like symptoms. [0535] In some embodiments, a rare genetic disorder is Myotonic Dystrophy, ADCA-DN, Coffin-Lowry syndrome, Moebius syndrome, Norrie disease, Niemann-Pick disease type C, or Prader-Willi syndrome. [0536] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a mental health disorder. [0537] In some embodiments, the mental health disorder is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. [0538] In some embodiments, the mental health disorder is attention deficit disorder. [0539] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a metabolic syndrome. [0540] In some embodiments, the metabolic syndrome is obesity. [0541] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is osteoporosis. [0542] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is cardiac failure. [0543] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a coma. [0544] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is emergence from anesthesia. [0545] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a complication in emergence from anesthesia. [0546] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a neurological disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a psychiatric disorder, a mental health disorder, a circadian rhythm disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia. [0547] In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, or sleep apnea. Routes of Administration [0548] Peptides of the present disclosure, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be administered alone as a sole therapy or can be administered in addition with one or more other substances and/or treatments. Such conjoint treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential or separate administration of the individual components of the treatment. [0549] For example, therapeutic effectiveness may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e. by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the individual is enhanced). Alternatively, by way of example only, the benefit experienced by an individual may be increased by administering the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit. [0550] In the instances where the peptide of the present disclosure is administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, the peptide of the disclosure need not be administered via the same route as other therapeutic agents, and may, because of different physical and chemical characteristics, be administered by a different route. For example, the peptide of the disclosure may be administered orally to generate and maintain good blood levels thereof, while the other therapeutic agent may be administered intravenously. The initial administration may be made according to established protocols known in the art, and then, based upon the observed effects, the dosage, modes of administration and times of administration can be modified by the skilled clinician. [0551] The particular choice of other therapeutic agent will depend upon the diagnosis of the attending physicians and their judgment of the condition of the individual and the appropriate treatment protocol. According to this aspect of the disclosure there is provided a combination for use in the treatment of a disease in which orexin activity is implicated comprising a peptide of the disclosure as defined hereinbefore, or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, and another suitable agent. [0552] According to a further aspect of the disclosure there is provided a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a peptide of the disclosure, or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, in combination with a suitable, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. [0553] In addition to its use in therapeutic medicine, peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are also useful as pharmacological tools in the development and standardisation of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of modulators of orexin receptor activity in laboratory animals such as dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agents. [0554] In addition to its use in therapeutic medicine, peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are also useful as pharmacological tools in the development and standardisation of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of modulators of orexin-2 receptor activity in laboratory animals such as dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agents. [0555] In some embodiments, the peptides with a 14 amino acid sequence have sufficient potency. [0556] In some embodiments, the peptides with a 15 amino acid sequence have sufficient potency. [0557] In some embodiments, the peptides with a 13 amino acid sequence do not have sufficient potency. [0558] In any of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical composition, process, method, use, medicament, and manufacturing features of the instant disclosure, any of the alternate embodiments of molecules of the present disclosure described herein also apply. [0559] The peptides of the disclosure or pharmaceutical compositions comprising these peptides may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically, peripherally, or topically (i.e., at the site of desired action). [0560] Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g. by ingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray or powder); ocular (e.g., by eye drops); pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., via an aerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppository or enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, and intrasternal; by implant of a depot or reservoir, for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Exemplary Embodiments [0561] Exemplary Embodiment 1. A peptide having a sequence comprising: Z 1 X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 X 8 X 9 X 10 X 11 X 12 X 13 X 14 X 15 -NH 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, wherein, Z 1 is absent, a capping group, Arg, or hArg(Et) 2 ; X 1 is absent, an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X2 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X3 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X4 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 5 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 6 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X 7 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X8 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 9 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X10 is Ala, Gly, or a Gly derivative; X11 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X 12 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 13 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X14 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; and X 15 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain or a derivative thereof. [0562] Exemplary Embodiment 2. A peptide having a sequence comprising: Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, wherein, Z 1 is absent, a capping group, Arg, or hArg(Et) 2 ; X1 is absent, an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 2 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof, or an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 3 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X4 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X5 is an amino acid comprising an electrically charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 6 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X 7 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; X8 is an amino acid comprising a polar charged side chain, or a derivative thereof, or a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X 9 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X10 is Ala, Gly, or a Gly derivative; X 11 is Gly or a Gly derivative; X 12 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X13 is an amino acid comprising a hydrophobic side chain, or a derivative thereof; X14 is an amino acid comprising a polar uncharged side chain, or a derivative thereof; and X15 is 2-AOC, 2-AHP, NLE, NVA, Phe or Phe(3-Br), wherein the phenyl of X15 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1- C 6 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl. [0563] Exemplary Embodiment 3. A peptide having a sequence comprising: Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X14X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 3), Z 1 is absent, a capping group, Arg, or hArg(Et) 2 ; X 1 is absent, Phe, Leu, Gln, D-Gln, or Hyp(4-OH); X2 is Gln, Asn, N-Me-Asn, Thr, Ser, D-Gln, D-Leu, Leu, hArg, D-hArg, or Hyp(4- OH); X 3 is Arg, hArg(Et) 2 , Hyp(4-OH), His, Lys, Asp, Glu, Ser, D-Phe, Trp, hArg, Pro, D- Pro, or D-hArg; X4 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, Glu, Pro, D-Pro, Ala, or D-Ala; X 5 is Arg, hArg(Et) 2 , Hyp(4-OH), His, Lys, Asp, Glu, or Ser; X 6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly, N-(naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(naphthalen-1-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(3-EtNH2-Phenethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe-Phenethyl)-Gly, Phg, Phg(4-OH), or Gly, wherein the phenyl of X 6 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; X7 is Asn, N-Me-Asn, Ser, Thr, or Gln; X8 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, or Glu; X 9 is Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, wherein the phenyl of X 9 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; X 10 is Phg, Phg(4-OH), N-Phenethyl-Gly, N(naphtha-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe- Phenethyl)-Gly, Gly, or Ala, wherein the phenyl of X 10 is optionally substituted with halo, - OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; X 11 is Phg, Phg(4-OH), N-Phenethyl-Gly, N(naphtha-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe- Phenethyl)-Gly, or Gly, wherein the phenyl of X11 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, - O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; X12 is Ile, Ala, Val, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, wherein the phenyl of X12 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; X13 is N-Me-Leu, Leu, Ala, Val, Ile, Met, Phe, Tyr, or Trp, wherein the phenyl of X13 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C1-C6 alkyl), -CN, -NH2, -NH(C1-C6 alkyl), -N(C1- C 6 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl; X 14 is Thr, Ser, Asn, or Gln; and X15 is 2-AOC, 2-AHP, NLE, NVA, Phe, or Phe(3-Br), wherein the phenyl of X15 is optionally substituted with halo, -OH, -O(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), -N(C 1 - C 6 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 alkynyl. [0564] Exemplary Embodiment 4. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein: Z 1 is absent or CAP; X1 is absent, Phe, Leu, Gln, D-Gln, or Hyp(4-OH); X2 is Gln, D-Gln, Hyp(4-OH), D-Leu, hArg, D-hArg, or Leu; X 3 is Hyp(4-OH), D-Phe, Trp, hArg, Pro, D-Pro, or D-hArg; X 4 is Hyp(4-OH), Arg, Pro, D-Pro, Ala, or D-Ala; X5 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Lys, or Ser; X 6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly or Gly; X 7 is Asn or N-Me-Asn; X8 is Hyp(4-OH) or His; X9 is Ala; X 10 is Phg or Ala; X11 is Gly; X12 is Ile; X 13 is Leu; X 14 is Thr; and X15 is 2-AOC or NLE. [0565] Exemplary Embodiment 5. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein Z 1 is CAP. [0566] Exemplary Embodiment 6. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein Z1 is Arg or hArg(Et)2. [0567] Exemplary Embodiment 7. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 1 is absent. [0568] Exemplary Embodiment 8. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 1 is Phe, Leu, or Hyp(4-OH). [0569] Exemplary Embodiment 9. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X2 is Gln, Asn, N-Me-Asn, Thr, Ser, D-Gln, D-Leu, Leu, or Hyp(4- OH). [0570] Exemplary Embodiment 10. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X2 is Gln, D-Gln, Hyp(4-OH), D-Leu, or Leu. [0571] Exemplary Embodiment 11. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 3 is Hyp(4-OH), D-Phe, Trp, hArg, or D-hArg. [0572] Exemplary Embodiment 12. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X4 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, Glu, Pro, D-Pro, Ala, or D- Ala. [0573] Exemplary Embodiment 13. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X5 is Arg, hArg(Et)2, Hyp(4-OH), His, Lys, Asp, Glu, or Ser. [0574] Exemplary Embodiment 14. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 5 is Arg, hArg(Et) 2 , Lys, or Ser. [0575] Exemplary Embodiment 15. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly, N-(naphthalen-2-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(naphthalen- 1-yl-ethyl)-Gly, N-(3-EtNH 2 -Phenethyl)-Gly, N-(4-OMe-Phenethyl)-Gly, Phg, Phg(4-OH), or [0576] Exemplary Embodiment 16. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 6 is N-Phenethyl-Gly or Gly. [0577] Exemplary Embodiment 17. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X7 is Asn, N-Me-Asn, Ser, Thr, or Gln. [0578] Exemplary Embodiment 18. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 7 is Asn or N-Me-Asn. [0579] Exemplary Embodiment 19. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 8 is Hyp(4-OH), His, Arg, Lys, Asp, Gln, or Glu. [0580] Exemplary Embodiment 20. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X8 is Hyp(4-OH) or His. [0581] Exemplary Embodiment 21. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 9 is Ala. [0582] Exemplary Embodiment 22. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X10 is Phg. [0583] Exemplary Embodiment 23. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X11 is Gly. [0584] Exemplary Embodiment 24. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 12 is Ile. [0585] Exemplary Embodiment 25. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X13 is Leu. [0586] Exemplary Embodiment 26. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X 14 is Thr. [0587] Exemplary Embodiment 27. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X15 is 2-AOC, 2-AHP, NLE, NVA, Phe or Phe(3-Br). [0588] Exemplary Embodiment 28. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein X15 is 2-AOC or NLE. [0589] Exemplary Embodiment 29. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the capping group is [0590] Exemplary Embodiment 30. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, being of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5: H2N-(PEG)6-X1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X13X14-(2-AOC)-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), Z1X1X2X3X4X5X6X7-Hyp(4-OH)-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-X15-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 5), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. [0591] Exemplary Embodiment 31. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, being of SEQ ID NO: 6: H 2 N-(PEG) 6 -X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 -Hyp(4-OH)-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-(2-AOC)-NH 2 (SEQ ID NO: 6), or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof. [0592] Exemplary Embodiment 32. The peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the peptide is selected from the peptides described in Table 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. [0593] Exemplary Embodiment 33. A peptide obtainable by, or obtained by, a method described herein. [0594] Exemplary Embodiment 34. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments or an isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. [0595] Exemplary Embodiment 35. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the peptide is selected from the peptides described in Table 1. [0596] Exemplary Embodiment 36. A method of modulating orexin receptor activity, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of the peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments; optionally the activity is in vitro or in vivo. [0597] Exemplary Embodiment 37. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the peptide or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments. [0598] Exemplary Embodiment 38. The peptide or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments for use in modulating orexin receptor activity. [0599] Exemplary Embodiment 39. The peptide or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments for use in treating or preventing a disease or disorder. [0600] Exemplary Embodiment 40. Use of the peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating orexin receptor activity. [0601] Exemplary Embodiment 41. Use of the peptide of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or disorder. [0602] Exemplary Embodiment 42. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with an implicated orexin receptor. [0603] Exemplary Embodiment 43. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the disease or disorder is associated with an implicated orexin-2 receptor. [0604] Exemplary Embodiment 44. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, a hypersomnia disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a neurological disorder, a symptom of a rare genetic disorder, a psychiatric disorder, a mental health disorder, a circadian rhythm disorder, a metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, cardiac failure, coma, or a complication in emergence from anesthesia. [0605] Exemplary Embodiment 45. The method, peptide, pharmaceutical composition, or use of any one of the preceding Exemplary Embodiments, wherein the disease or disorder is narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, or sleep apnea. EXAMPLES General procedures [0606] Where no preparative routes are included, the relevant intermediate is commercially available. Commercial reagents were utilized without further purification. Room temperature (rt) refers to approximately 20-27 ° C. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded at 400 MHz on a Bruker instrument. Chemical shift values are expressed in parts per million (ppm), i.e. (δ)-values. The following abbreviations are used for the multiplicity of the NMR signals: s=singlet, br=broad, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, quint=quintet, td=triplet of doublets, tt=triplet of triplets, qd=quartet of doublets, ddd=doublet of doublet of doublets, ddt=doublet of doublet of triplets, m=multiplet. Coupling constants are listed as J values, measured in Hz. NMR and mass spectroscopy results were corrected to account for background peaks. Abbreviations aq aqueous DCM dichloromethane DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DIC N,N′-Diisopropylcarbodiimide DIEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DTT dithiothreitol EtOAc ethyl acetate Fmoc fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl h hour(s) HATU 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5- b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate HBTU (2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole HPLC high performance liquid chromatography LC liquid chromatography MeCN acetonitrile MS mass spectrometry NMR nuclear magnetic resonance Pbf 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl PDA photo diode array rt room temperature s second(s) SQD single quad detector SPPS solid phase peptide synthesis TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran Tis triisopylsilane Trt or trityl triphenylmethyl UPLC ultra performance liquid chromatography Prefixes n-, s-, i-, t- and tert- have their usual meanings: normal, secondary, iso, and tertiary. Analytical Methods [0607] LCMS Method A: Instrument: Waters Acquity UPLC, Waters 3100 PDA Detector, SQD; Column: Acquity HSS-T3, 1.8 micron, 2.1 x 100 mm; Gradient [time (min)/solvent B in A (%)]: 0.00/10, 1.00/10, 2.00/15, 4.50/55, 6.00/90, 8.00/90, 9.00/10, 10.00/10; Solvents: solvent A = 0.1% TFA acid in water; solvent B = MeCN; Injection volume 1 μL; Detection wavelength 214 nm; Column temperature 30 °C; Flow rate 0.3 mL per min. [0608] LCMS Method B: Instruments: Waters Acquity H-Class LCMS, PDA Detector and QDa Mass Detector, Mass Lynx software; Column: Gemini-NX C18, 3 μm, 30 x 2mm; Gradient [time (min)/solvent B in A (%)]: 0.00/0, 1.30/100, 1.55/100, 1.60/0, 3.00/0; Solvents: solvent A = 50 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution at pH 7.4; solvent B = MeCN; Injection volume 1 μL; Detection wavelength range 200-500 nm; Column temperature 40 °C; Flow rate 0.5 mL per min. Synthesis of Intermediates and Peptides [0609] The following examples are provided to illustrate preferred aspects of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Synthesis of Intermediates [0610] All Fmoc-amino acids are commercially available except for intermediate 1. Example 1. Synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-3-((2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4- yl)ethyl)amino)propanoic acid (Intermediate 1) [0611] Step-1: Synthesis of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4- yl)ethyl)acetamide (2): To a solution of 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine dihydrochloride (1, 25.0 g, 136.6 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL), Et 3 N (67 mL, 464.4 mmol) was added at rt and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C. A solution of ethyl trifluoroacetate (20 mL, 164.0 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added to the reaction mixture over 30 min at 0 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h. This reaction mixture was diluted with dry DCM (200 mL) and Et3N (60 mL, 409.8 mmol) and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C. Trityl chloride (76 g, 273.2 mmol) was added portion wise and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (300 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform (3 x 150 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was triturated with n-hexane to give 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)acetam ide (2, 50.10 g, 81%) as a white solid. [0612] MS (ESI +ve): 450 [0613] 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCl 3 ): ^ 2.75 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.60 - 3.65 (m, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 7.08 - 7.15 (m, 6H), 7.31 - 7.38 (m, 9H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 8.41 (bs, 1H). [0614] Step-2: Synthesis of 2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine (3): To a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)acetam ide (2, 50.0 g, 111.3 mmol) in THF (150 mL) and MeOH (180 mL), NaOH (22.0 g, 556.7 mmol) in water (100 mL) was slowly added at 0 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (300 mL) and the aq. layer was extracted with chloroform (3 x 150 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to give 2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine (3, 34.0 g, 86%) as a yellowish sticky solid. The crude residue was used for the next step without further purification. [0615] MS (ESI +ve): 354 [0616] 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCl 3 ): ^ 1.53 (bs, 2H), 2.65 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 7.11 - 7.16 (m, 6H), 7.28 - 7.38 (m, 10H). [0617] Step-3: Synthesis of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (5): To a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (4, 20.0 g, 138.8 mmol) in MeCN (200 mL), K2CO3 (96 g, 694.0 mmol) and MeI (26 mL, 416.6 mmol) were added at rt and reaction mixture was refluxed for 10 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, filtered through a pad of celite, washed with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The organic layer was washed with 10% aq. Na2S2O3 (100 mL), dried, (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to give 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3- dioxane-4,6-dione (5, 21 g, 88%) as a yellow solid. The crude residue was used for the next step without further purification. [0618] 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCl3): ^ 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.73 (s, 6H). [0619] Step-4: Synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-3-((2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4- yl)ethyl)amino) propanoic acid (Intermediate 1): A solution of 2-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4- yl)ethan-1-amineto (3, 8.0 g, 22.6 mmol) and Et 3 N (16.0 mL, 113.0 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was added drop wise over 60 min to a solution of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (5, 5.8 g, 29.76 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) at 75 °C. The reaction mixture was further stirred at same temperature for 3 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in chloroform (100 mL) and washed with 10% aq. citric acid (approximate pH 6-6.5). The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue obtained was triturated with hot chloroform (150 mL) and n-hexane (75 mL) and the suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h. The solid was filtered, washed with chloroform:n- hexane (1:1, 2 x 50 mL) and dried in vacuo to give 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-3-((2-(1-trityl-1H- imidazol-4-yl)ethyl)amino)propanoic acid (Intermediate 1, 6.8 g, 64%) as a white solid. [0620] LCMS (Method A): m/z 468 [M+H] + (ES + ), at 5.38 min, 99.31% [0621] 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d6): ^ 1.21 (s, 6H), 2.57 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.22 - 3.27 (m, 2H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 7.06 - 7.11 (m, 6H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.35 - 7.42 (m, 8H), 7.64 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 12.44 (bs, 1H). Example 2. Synthesis of Examples 1-20 [0622] The peptide examples described herein may be prepared by chemical synthesis using solid-phase techniques such as those described in G. Barany and R. B. Merrifield, “The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology”; Volume 2—“Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part A”, pp.3-284, E. Gross and J. Meienhofer, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1980; and in J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, “Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis”, 2nd Ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, 111., 1984. The synthetic strategy is based on the Fmoc (9- Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) group for temporary protection of the α-amino group, in combination with protecting groups such as tert-butyl (-tBu), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (-Boc), trityl (-Trt) groups for temporary protection of the amino acid side chains (see for example E. Atherton and R. C. Sheppard, “The Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Amino Protecting Group”, in “The Peptide Analysis, Synthesis, Biology”; Volume 9-“Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part C”, pp.1-38, S. Undenfriend and J. Meienhofer, Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1987). The peptides can be synthesized in a stepwise manner on an insoluble polymer support (also referred to as “resin”) starting from the C-terminus of the peptide. A synthesis is begun by appending the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide to the resin through formation of an amide or ester linkage. This allows the eventual release of the resulting peptide as a C terminal amide or carboxylic acid, respectively. The C-terminal amino acid and all other amino acids used in the synthesis are required to have their α-amino groups and side chain functionalities (if present) differentially protected such that the α-amino protecting group may be selectively removed during the synthesis. The coupling of an amino acid is performed by activation of its carboxyl group as an active ester and reaction thereof with the unblocked α-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid appended to the resin. The sequence of α-amino group deprotection and coupling is repeated until the entire peptide sequence is assembled. The peptide is then released from the resin with concomitant deprotection of the side chain functionalities, usually in the presence of appropriate scavengers to limit side reactions. The resulting peptide is finally purified by reverse phase HPLC. General method for Peptide Synthesis: [0623] The general method used for peptide synthesis is detailed below for Example 3. 1) Add DMF to the vessel containing Rink amide MBHA Resin (0.3 mmol, 1.01 g, sub: 0.297 mmol/g) and swell for 2 h. 2) Drain and then wash with DMF for 30 s, 3 times. 3) Add 20% piperidine/DMF and mix for 30 min. 4) Drain and then wash with DMF for 30 s, 5 times. 5) Add Fmoc-amino acid solution and mix 30 seconds, then add coupling regents, N 2 bubbling for approximately 1 h. 6) Repeat step 2 to 5 for next amino acid coupling. The synthesis scale was 0.30 mmol.
Peptide Cleavage and Purification: 1) Add cleavage buffer (92.5% TFA/2.5% TIS/2.5% H 2 O/2.5% DTT) to the flask containing the side chain protected peptide at rt and stir for 3 h. 2) Filter and collect the filtrate. 3) The peptide is precipitated with cold isopropyl ether and centrifuged (3 min at 3000 rpm). 4) Wash with isopropyl ether two additional times. 5) Dry the crude peptide in vacuo for 2 h. 6) The crude peptide was purified by Prep-HPLC (Solvents: A: 0.075% TFA in H2O, B: MeCN) and convert to AcOH salt to give Example 1 (14.1 mg). Purification conditions and conversion to AcOH salt:
[0624] Peptide Nos.1, 2 and 4 to 20 were synthesized and purified using similar procedures to those detailed above for Example 3. For the Examples below, different materials and, or, different coupling agents, and, or, different equivalents of coupling agents were used.
LCMS properties of purify peptides represented by Examples 1-20 Example 3. Orexin Type 2 Receptor Agonist Activity of Exemplary Peptides. [0625] Stable cell line generation. Obtainment of cells stably expressing either human orexin type 2 or human orexin type 1 receptor: to obtain a stable cell line the Orexin receptor cDNA was inserted into pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid vector and clones identified by G418 drug resistance selection. Clones demonstrating functional activity Orexin A were selected and taken into continuous culture. A single clone for OX2R-CHO and OX1R-CHO were grown in bulk and frozen to generate a cell bank for routine screening. [0626] Measurement of orexin type 1 receptor agonist activity. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human orexin type 1 receptor (hOX1R) were seeded in each well of 384 well black clear bottom plates (BD Flacon) at 10,000 cells per well and cultured for 24 h in an Ham’s F12 (Gibco) medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (Sigma Aldrich) under the conditions of 37 o C, 5 % CO2. After removal of the medium, 50 µL of assay buffer 1 (0.1 % bovine serum albumin (Sigma Aldrich), 20 mM HEPES (Molecular Dimensions), 250 mM probenecid (Sigma Aldrich), 1X Calcium 5 dye (Molecular Devices) in Hank’s balanced salt solution (Invitrogen)) was added, and the cells were incubated for 60 min under the conditions of 37 o C, 5 % CO 2 . A test peptide was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma Aldrich) to 1 mM, and then diluted with assay buffer 2 (20 mM HEPES, Hank’s balanced salt solution, 0.1 % bovine serum albumin). For the reaction, a test peptide solution (10 µl) was added using Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader TETRA (FLIPR TETRA: manufactured by Molecular Devices), a fluorescence value (excitation wavelength 488 nm, measurement wavelength 570 nm) of each well was measured every one second for 2 min, and the agonist activity was determined using the area of the fluorescence value as an indicator of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. The agonist activity of the test peptide was calculated assuming that the fluorescence value of the well added with only the dilution buffer was 0 % and the fluorescence value of the well added with 10 nM human orexin A (Tocris) buffer was 100 %. The agonist activity values EC 50 and E max of each peptide are shown in Table 1 below. As used herein, E max indicates the value at 1 µM concentration when orexin A is converted to a full agonist (maximum value of agonist activity: 100 %). [0627] Measurement of orexin type 2 receptor agonist activity. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human orexin type 2 receptor (hOX2R) seeded in each well of 384 well black clear bottom plates (BD Flacon) at 10,000 cells per well and cultured for 24 h in an Ham’s F12 (Gibco) medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (Sigma Aldrich) under the conditions of 37 o C, 5 % CO 2 . After removal of the medium, 50 µL of assay buffer 1 (0.1 % bovine serum albumin (Sigma Aldrich), 20 mM HEPES (Molecular Dimensions), 250 mM probenecid (Sigma Aldrich), 1X Calcium 5 dye (Molecular Devices) in Hank’s balanced salt solution (Invitrogen)) was added, and the cells were incubated for 60 min under the conditions of 37 o C, 5 % CO 2 . A test peptide was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma Aldrich) to 1 mM, and then diluted with assay buffer 2 (20 mM HEPES, Hank’s balanced salt solution, 0.1 % bovine serum albumin). For the reaction, a test peptide solution (10 µl) was added using Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader TETRA (FLIPR TETRA: manufactured by Molecular Devices), a fluorescence value (excitation wavelength 488 nm, measurement wavelength 570 nm) of each well was measured every one second for 2 min, and the agonist activity was determined using the area of the fluorescence value as an indicator of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. The agonist activity of the test peptide was calculated assuming that the fluorescence value of the well added with only the dilution buffer was 0 % and the fluorescence value of the well added with 10 nM human orexin A (Tocris) buffer was 100 %. The agonist activity values EC 50 and E max of each peptide are shown in Table A below. As used herein, E max indicates the value at 1 µM concentration when orexin A is converted to a full agonist (maximum value of agonist activity: 100 %). [0628] Values of hOX1 and hOX2 pEC 50 in Table A are presented in ranges, in which “+” < 8.0, 8.0 ≤ “++” < 9.0, 9.0 ≤ “+++” < 10.0, and 10.0 ≤ “++++”. Values of hOX1 and hOX2 Emax in Table A are presented in ranges, in which 40 ≤ “F” < 50, 50 ≤ “E” < 60, 60 ≤ “D” < 70, 70 ≤ “C” < 80, 80 ≤ “B” < 90, and 90 ≤ “A”. Table A Example 4. Activity Comparison of 13 Amino Acid Sequences and 14/15 Amino Acid Sequences [0629] The peptide examples described herein were compared against sequence listings with 13 amino acids, for example: CAP-TRP-ALA-SER-GLY-ASN-HIS-ALA-ALA-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-NLE-NH 2 (SEQ ID NO: 7); and TRP-ARG-SER-GLY-ASN-HIS-ALA-Phg-GLY-ILE-LEU-THR-NLE-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 8). [0630] The two above sequences are representative of a set of 13 amino acid sequences that were tested for both OX1 and OX2 activity. Both SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8 showed OX1 pEC 50 below 6.5 and OX2 pEC 50 below 8.8. All of the 13 amino acid sequences tested showed OX1 pEC 50 below 7.8 and OX2 pEC 50 below 9.6. Thus, in contrast to the 14 and 15 amino acid peptides of the instant disclosure (e.g., Peptide Nos.1-20), none of the 13 amino acid sequences met the potency criteria for further development. EQUIVALENTS [0631] The details of one or more embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying description above. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are now described. Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description and from the claims. In the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. All patents and publications cited in this specification are incorporated by reference. [0632] The foregoing description has been presented only for the purposes of illustration and is not intended to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed, but by the claims appended hereto.