STEEPWATER

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This invention generally relates to fertilizer compositions. Select embodiments provide fertilizers containing phosphorus derived from steepwater, e.g., corn steepwater, and methods of making such fertilizers from steepwater.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Wet milling of corn is a common technique in the commercial production of corn starch, corn syrup, and com oil, among other corn products. In wet milling, the corn is steeped prior to breaking the corn. Steeping softens the kernels, making it easier to separate the corn into its components.

[0003] Corn contains phosphorous, primarily in the form of an organic phosphorous-containing compound, phytate. Steeping leeches phytate, along with a variety of other corn solubles, out of the corn. The soaked corn kernels can be removed, leaving a steepwater that includes phosphorous and other corn solubles. After reduction to remove excess water, steepwater can be used in a variety of further applications, including use as part of an animal feed or as a nutrient source for fermentation processes.

[0004] Phytate is poorly digested by monogastric animals. Although ruminants, e.g., cattle, can digest phytate, excess dietary phytate and other phosphates in a ruminant diet will pass through the animal's gastrointestinal tract to be excreted as manure. Excessive amounts of phosphorous from animal manure is undesirable from an environment standpoint. Furthermore, phytate can ^' associate with multivalent cations. Some multivalent cations, e.g., calcium, are important nutritional elements in the animal's diets; phytate's association with these cations can interfere with their bioavailability to the animal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] Figure 1 is a process diagram schematically illustrating components of a facility that may be used to carry out aspects of the invention.

[0006] Figure 2 is a bar graph schematically comparing samples made in accordance with various embodiments of the invention to a commercially available starter fertilizer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A. Overview

[0007] Embodiments of the invention provide methods for making fertilizers that include phosphorus and may additionally include primary nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and potassium), secondary nutrients (e.g., sulfur, calcium, magnesium), and micro nutrients (e.g., metals). Some methods contemplate removing phytate from steepwater from wet corn milling by mixing the steepwater with an alkaline hydroxide, such as calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof. The hydroxide converts the phytate to an alkaline metal salt and/or ammonium salt (phytin), which precipitates to provide a phosphorous-rich precipitate and a reduced-phosphorous steepwater.

[0008] In one approach, the amount of alkaline metal and/or ammonium hydroxide added is effective to precipitate the phosphorous in the steepwater and to provide an alkaline metal- or ammonium-phytin complex or associate the divalent metal and/or ammonium ion with the phytin such that the phytin will precipitate with the calcium metal ions, magnesium metal ions, and/or ammonium ions. Calcium ions are believed to work better to precipitate phosphorus than other ions, even when the other ions are in an environment having a high pH. The alkaline metal or ammonium ions may also form complexes and precipitate a small amount of inorganic phosphate from the steepwater. Generally, the alkaline metal and/or ammonium hydroxide may be present in an amount sufficient to provide a pH of greater than about 5.5 and preferably greater than about 6.0.

[0009] The molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus may be selected to precipitate at least 75%, preferably 80% or more, of the phosphorus; a Ca/P ratio of at least

about 1 , preferably greater than about 1.0, is expected to suffice. The ion/phytin complex is separated from the steepwater to provide a low-phosphorous steepwater. This precipitated ion/phytin complex and other co-precipitates can be used directly as a fertilizer or fertilizer component. In one useful embodiment, the precipitate is further processed to free up the phosphorus for use as a fertilizer or component thereof.

[0010] The phosphorous-rich precipitate removed from the steepwater may also contain other primary nutrients, such as nitrogen (typically from protein) and potassium; secondary nutrients such as calcium and sulfur; and many micronutrients, e.g., iron, copper, magnesium, and oxalate. These other important fertilizer nutrients may co-precipitate with the ion/phytin complex.

B. Definitions

[0011] "Phytate" means myoinositol 1 ,2, 3,4,5, 6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate). This compound associates with cations and forms complexes, which are sometimes called phytin. We shall also describe these metal or ammonium ion/phytate-associated molecules as phytin complexes.

[0012] "Corn gluten feed" is a by-product of the wet milling of corn for products such as corn starch and corn syrup. Corn gluten feed generally includes corn germ, corn bran, corn solubles, cracked corn, and fermentation end products.

[0013] Maize Components: Botanically, a maize kernel or corn kernel is known as a caryopsis, a dry, single-seeded, nutlike berry in which the fruit coat and the seed are fused to form a single grain. Mature kernels have four major parts: pericarp (hull or bran), germ (embryo), endosperm, and tip cap.

[0014] An average composition of whole maize, and its fractions, on a moisture- free (dry) basis is as follows.

Table A

Fraction of Kernel Starch Protein Lipid Sugar Ash wt Whole Maize Wt % Wt % Wt % Wt % Wt % %

Whole grain 100 71.5 10.3 4.8 2.0 1.4

Endosperm 82.3 86.4 9.4 0.8 0.6 0.3

Germ 11.5 8.2 18.8 34.5 10.8 10.1

Pericarp 5.3 7.3 3.7 1.0 0.3 0.8

Tip cap 0.8 5.3 9.1 3.8 1.6 1.6

[0015] Germ: The scutellum and the embryonic axis are the two major parts of the germ. The scutellum makes up 90% of the germ, and stores nutrients mobilized during germination. During this transformation, the embryonic axis grows into a seedling. The germ is characterized by its high fatty oil content. It is also rich in crude proteins, sugars, and ash constituents. The scutellum contains oil-rich parenchyma cells, which have pitted cell walls. Of the sugars present in the germ, about 67% is glucose.

[0016] Endosperm: The endosperm contains the atarch, and is lower in protein content than the germ and the bran. It is also low in crude fat and ash constituents.

[0017] Pericarp: The maize kernel is covered by a water impermeable cuticle. The pericarp (hull or bran) is the mature ovary wall beneath the cuticle and comprises all the outer cell layers down to the seed coat. It is high in non-starch- polysaccharides, such as cellulose and pentosans. A pentosan is a complex carbohydrate present in many plant tissues, particularly brans, characterized by hydrolysis to give five-carbon atom monosaccharides (pentoses). It is any member of a group of pentose polysaccharides found in various foods and plant juices. Because of its high fiber content, the pericarp is tough.

[0018] Tip cap: The tip cap, where the kernel is joined to the cob, is a continuation of the pericarp, and is usually present during shelling. It contains a loose and spongy parenchyma.

C. Equipment

[0019] Figure 1 schematically illustrates a steepwater processing system 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. This system 10 includes a mixing tank 20 that receives a supply of steepwater via a steepwater supply line 22 and a supply of a suitable alkaline hydroxide via feed line 36. A pH adjustment supply 24 may deliver any additional components needed to adjust the pH of the contents of the mixing tank 20. If so desired, a process water supply 26 may also be

coupled to the mixing tank. The contents of the mixing tank may be continuously mixed by a mixer 28.

[0020] As discussed below, a variety of alkaline hydroxides may be combined with the steepwater in accordance with different embodiments of the invention. In the particular embodiment shown in Figure 1 , the alkaline hydroxide delivered via supply line 36 is lime, i.e., calcium hydroxide. A lime silo 30 may hold lime for delivery to a pair of mixing tanks 32a and 32b. In the illustrated embodiment, lime from the silo 30 is delivered to the first mixing tank 32a and mixed with water by a mixer 34a. A portion of the resultant lime slurry may be delivered to the second mixing tank 32b, which is continuously mixed by a mixer 34b. This ensures a ready supply of lime slurry to meet the process needs in the mixing tank 20.

[0021] After suitable processing as detailed below, the steepwater and an entrained phosphate-rich precipitate may be delivered to at least one separator 60 by a delivery line 50. In the illustrated embodiment, a flocculent supply 40 may deliver a flocculent to a pump 52 for delivery to the separator(s) 60. A process water supply 54 may add any additional water necessary for the separator(s) 60.

[0022] The specific system shown in Figure 1 employs a pair of decanter centrifuges 60a and 60b. Suitable decanter centrifuges are commercially available, e.g., from Westfalia. If so desired, the separated phosphate-rich precipitate may be delivered to a storage or processing facility. A reduced-phosphate steepwater may be delivered to a collection tank 70 via delivery line 64. In one embodiment, the steepwater may be allowed to settle in the tank 70 to reduce any foam that may have formed in the centrifuges 60. As explained in PCT International Publication No. WO 03/061403 (the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference), the reduced-phosphorous steepwater in the tank 70 may be further processed for reuse, e.g., as a component of an animal feed.

D. Process

[0023] The first step in the wet milling of corn is steeping, in which corn is soaked in water under controlled processing conditions. Controlling temperature, time, sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ) concentration, and lactic acid content has been found to promote diffusion of water through the tip cap of the corn kernel into the germ and

endosperm. Steeping softens the kernels, facilitating separation of the components of corn.

[0024] Bulk corn is cleaned on vibrating screens to remove coarse material and fine material. These screenings removed from the corn kernels are used for animal feed. If allowed to remain with the corn, fine material can cause processing problems such as restricted water flow through steeps and screens and increased steep liquor viscosity.

[0025] Steeping is well known in the art and need not be detailed here. Steeping parameters useful in connection with some embodiments of the invention are set forth in PCT International Publication No. WO 03/061403, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Generally, though, steeping involves putting corn into tanks and covering the corn with water. The corn and water blend may be heated to about 125 ⁰ F and held for about 22 to about 50 hours. Steeping may be done by continuously adding dry corn at the top of the steep while continuously withdrawing steeped corn from the bottom.

[0026] Water from the steeping accumulates corn solubles. The water may be treated with SO ₂ to a concentration of about 0.12 to about 0.20 weight percent. The SO ₂ increases the rate of water diffusion into the kernel and assists in breaking down the protein-starch matrix, which is necessary for high starch yield and quality.

[0027] Water moves from one steep tank to another and as the water is advanced from steep to steep, the SO ₂ content decreases and bacterial action increases. This results in the growth of lactic acid bacteria. The lactic acid concentration is from about 16 to about 20% (dry basis) after the water has advanced through the steeping system and been withdrawn as light steepwater (steepwater without water evaporated therefrom). Meanwhile, the SO ₂ content drops to about 0.01 % or less.

[0028] During steeping some water is absorbed by the corn to increase its moisture content from about 16 weight percent to about 45 weight percent. Unabsorbed water is withdrawn from the steeping system. This light steepwater contains corn solubles soaked out of the corn, which include phosphorous and may also include one or more of protein, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper, and iron. The steepwater is mixed with a base, e.g., Ca(OH) ₂ and/or Mg(OH) ₂ , to

precipitate the phytate in the steepwater as described below. Precipitation with calcium hydroxide is preferred; calcium ions work better to precipitate phosphorus than alternative ions even when the other ions are in a high pH environment.

[0029] One implementation of the invention employs a light steepwater that contains about 1-30 weight percent (wt %) solids, preferably about 4-13 wt % solids, and about 0.1 to about 3 wt % phytate, preferably about 0.4-1.3 wt % phytate, with a pH of about 3.5 to about 4.5. This light steepwater may be mixed with a sufficient amount of alkaline metal hydroxide (e.g., calcium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide), and/or ammonium hydroxide to raise its pH to at least about 5.5 and to precipitate at least about 75% of total phosphorus in steepwater, typically as phytin and insoluble phosphates, e.g., calcium phosphate. In one embodiment, more than about 90 wt % of phytate and about 20 wt % to about 50 wt % of inorganic phosphate are precipitated out of steepwater as the calcium salt. The amount of hydroxide will vary depending on the pH of the starting steepwater and the desired degree of phosphorous removal. Generally, though, the hydroxide may be added to a concentration of at least about 0.07 wt %, e.g., about 0.07-3.0 wt %, and preferably about 0.3 to about 1.0 wt %.

[0030] The method may also precipitate out at least about 80 wt %, e.g., 90 wt % or more, of total oxalate in the steepwater as calcium oxalate. The resulting steepwater contains white calcium phytate/phosphate precipitate and calcium oxalate precipitate, which may be separated (e.g., by vacuum filtration or horizontal basket centrifugation) to produce a low-phosphorous steepwater and a phosphorous-rich precipitate that includes calcium phytate and calcium oxalate. In one embodiment that employed centrifugal separation, the precipitate included between 28 wt % and 32 wt % dissolved solids (DS).

[0031] One embodiment provides a precipitate that includes phosphorous and at least one other fertilizer nutrient, which may be a primary nutrient, a secondary nutrient, or a micronutrient. Suitable primary nutrients include nitrogen and potassium. Secondary nutrients include calcium magnesium, and sulfur and micronutrients commonly are metals such as manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper, and iron. Depending on the treatment of the precipitate, the building blocks (i.e., carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) may also be available. Analysis of the precipitate on a dry basis typically finds about 10-17 wt % total phosphorus, about

10-14 wt % calcium, about 9-24 wt % protein, about 2.45-3.55 wt % magnesium, and about 0.66-1.63 wt % sulfur.

[0032] Treatment of the precipitate can yield a fertilizer that has bio-available phosphorus as well as other essential elements. The organically bound phosphorus can be converted to a more bio-available inorganic phosphorus by chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, or combustion.

[0033] For chemical hydrolysis, the precipitate may be dissolved in a mineral acid (e.g., sulfuric or hydrochloric acid) to a final pH of 2.0-3.5, desirably about 3, and heated to about 100 ⁰ C for several hours. Reaction time can vary depending on optimal conditions and desired level of hydrolysis, but 100% hydrolysis can occur after 24 hrs.

[0034] For enzymatic hydrolysis the precipitate is dissolved in mineral acid (e.g., sulfuric or hydrochloric acid) to a final pH of 2.0-3.5 and treated with about 0.1 wt% to 0.33 wt% of a phytase enzyme. Reaction is held at 37°C for several hours. 100% hydrolysis can occur after 24 hrs, but hydrolysis time can vary depending on how much enzyme is used, what temperature is chosen, and what level of hydrolysis is desired.

[0035] In one embodiment, the precipitate is combusted to convert the organic bound phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus. In one example, the precipitate was dried to the following specifications: Moisture 3.79%, Carbon 18.0%, Hydrogen 3.36%, Nitrogen 2.56%, Sulfur 0.39%, Ash 52.4% and Oxygen 9.54% (by difference). Combusting the dry material released 3083 BTU/lb and yielded an ash with the following elemental analysis: SiO ₂ <0.01 wt %, AI ₂ O ₃ <0.01 wt %, TiO ₂ <0.01 wt %, Fe ₂ O ₃ 0.38 wt %, CaO 30.80 wt %, MgO 7.63 wt %, Na ₂ O 0.02 wt %, K ₂ O 6.76 wt %, P ₂ O ₅ 55.06 wt %, SO ₃ 0.01 wt %.

E. Examples

Example I

[0036] Method of Making Low Phosphorus Reduced Steepwater: Various amounts of lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to light steepwater at about 50-600 ⁰ C with mixing to precipitate a phosphorous-rich precipitate. The mixture is filtered through a filter under vacuum to remove precipitate solids. The total phosphorus

content can be measured by various analytical methods. One analytical method involves the use of phytase to hydrolyze phytate to free phosphates and measuring free phosphates with an ion chromatography.

[0037] The phytase hydrolysis reaction of the analytical method was done at about 379 ⁰ C for 4 hours in 0.2 M citrate buffer with a pH of 5. Under these analytical conditions, 96% of total phosphate is hydrolyzed from phytate. In this example, more than 80% of total phosphorus in steepwater precipitated out at a pH of at least about 5.5 and a calcium to phosphorus molar ratio (Ca/P) of about 0.75 or greater. Analysis of the calcium phytate precipitate collected at pH=6.4 found the precipitate contained about 11 % protein, 56% ash, 13.9% calcium, 17.6% phosphorus, 3.6% magnesium, and 1.6% sulfur. The starting steepwater solids contain 3.6% phosphorus and the low phosphorus steepwater solids contain only 0.5% phosphorus. More than 85% of total phosphorus is removed from the steepwater.

[0038] Steepwater from another source was also processed as indicated above. Results of processing were as follows:

Table 1. Phosphorous and Oxalate Removal with varying pH and Ca/P

%P %oxalate

PH Ca/P Removed Removed

6.14 1.58 87.4 92.8

5.62 1.42 83.6 89.4

5.29 1.25 69.0 81.8

5.07 1.10 52.7 84.9

4.95 0.95 40.5 82.1

4.76 0.79 10.2 81.2

4.56 0.63 2.1 89.2

4.37 0.47 7.5 90.3

4.14 0.33 3.7 85.7

4.10 0.16 0 64.9

3.97 0.03 3.3 0

EXAMPLE

Materials and Methods:

[0039] A phosphorous-rich precipitate was formed generally as outlined above and quantities of the precipitate were collected over time to obtain a composite sample that reflected fluctuations in the wet mill operation. The composite sample was dried using a tray dryer and ground to a fine granular consistency. The composite sample was stored in a clean, dry 55-gallon drum to form a inventory of 200 - 500 lbs. Aliquots of the sample were used as starting material for pH adjustment, hydrolysis, and final pH adjustments as indicated below.

[0040] Sample 1 : A sample of the phosphorous-rich precipitate was tray dried at 50 ⁰ C and ground to fine granular consistency. Table 1 lists the chemical analysis on a weight percent basis, fertilizer nutrients (pounds of nutrient/ton of dried precipitate), and the analytical method employed in each measurement.

Table 2. Phosphorous-rich Precipitate (Sample 1 )

Sample 1 Analysis Nutrients Analysis Parameters Wt % lbs/ton Method

Ammonium Nitrogen (N) 0.01 0.3 EPA 350.2

Organic Nitrogen (N) 2.81 56.2 EPA 350.2

Total Nitrogen (N) 2.82 56.4 EPA 351.3

Phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 19.36 387.2 EPA 200.7

Potassium (K ₂ O) 2.58 51.5 EPA 200.7

Sulfur (S) 0.37 7.4 EPA 200.7

Calcium (Ca) 9.37 187.3

Magnesium (Mg) 1.97 39.4 EPA 200.7

Sodium (Na) 0.02 0.3 EPA 200.7

Copper (Cu) 7 ppm 0.01 EPA 200.7

Iron (Fe) 641 ppm 1.28 EPA 200.7

Manganese (Mn) 240 ppm 0.48 EPA 200.7

Zinc (Zn) 555 ppm 1.11 EPA 200.7

Moisture 14.5 EPA 160.3

Total Solids 85.5 1710 Wheatstone

Total Salts 278.8 EPA 120.1

PH 6.4 EPA 150.1

Ash 37.2 CaIc.

Phosphate Available 18.82 CaIc. (P ₂ O ₅ )

[0041] Sample 2: A sample of the phosphorous-rich precipitate was slurried in water to 33 D. S. and adjusted with sulfuric acid to pH 3.5 at room temperature. The slurry was then tray dried at 50 C and ground to fine granular consistency. Table 3 lists the chemical analysis on a weight percent basis, fertilizer nutrients (pounds of nutrient/ton of dried precipitate), and the analytical method employed in each measurement.

Table 3. Acidified Phosphorous-rich Precipitate (Sample 2)

Sample 2 Analysis Nutrients Analysis Parameters Wt % lbs/ton Method

Ammonium Nitrogen (N) 0.04 0.8 EPA 350.2

Organic Nitrogen (N) 2.38 47.6 EPA 350.2

Total Nitrogen (N) 2.42 48.5 EPA 351.3

Phosphorus (P2O5) 18.34 366.8 EPA 200.7

Potassium (K ₂ O) 1.89 37.8 EPA 200.7

Sulfur (S) 4.8 96 EPA 200.7

Calcium (Ca) 9.83 196.6 EPA 200.7

Magnesium (Mg) 1.77 35.4 EPA 200.7

Sodium (Na) 0.02 0.4 EPA 200.7

Copper (Cu) 6 ppm 0.01 EPA 200.7

Iron (Fe) 610 ppm 1.22 EPA 200.7

Manganese (Mn) 235 ppm 0.47 EPA 200.7

Zinc (Zn) 583 ppm 1.17 EPA 200.7

Moisture 11.2 EPA 160.3

Total Solids 88.8 1776 Wheatstone

Total Salts 371 EPA 120.1

PH 4 EPA 150.1

Ash 39.6 CaIc.

Phosphate Available 18.21 CaIc. (P ₂ O ₅ )

[0042] Sample 3: A sample of the phosphorous-rich precipitate was slurried in water to 33 D. S. and adjusted with sulfuric acid to pH 3.5. The slurry was hydrolyzed by heating to 100 C until ion chromatographic analyses indicate >85% PO ₄ hydrolysis. The slurry was tray dried at 50 C and ground to fine granular consistency. The chemical analyses, lbs/ton of fertilizer nutrients, and analytical methods for the hydrolyzed calcium phytate precipitate are given in Table 4.

Table 4. Hydrolyzed Phosphorous-rich Precipitate (Sample 3)

Sample 3 Analysis Nutrients Analysis Parameters Wt % lbs/ton Method

Ammonium Nitrogen (N) 0.07 1.5 EPA 350.2

Organic Nitrogen (N) 2.13 42.6 EPA 350.2

Total Nitrogen (N) 2.2 44 EPA 351.3

Phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 13.78 275.7 EPA 200.7

Potassium (K ₂ O) 1.62 32.4 EPA 200.7

Sulfur (S) 6.5 130 EPA 200.7

Calcium (Ca) 8.99 179.7 EPA 200.7

Magnesium (Mg) 1.3 26 EPA 200.7

Sodium (Na) 0.01 0.2 EPA 200.7

Copper (Cu) 7 ppm 0.01 EPA 200.7

Iron (Fe) 478 ppm 0.96 EPA 200.7

Manganese (Mn) 176 ppm 0.35 EPA 200.7

Zinc (Zn) 440 ppm 0.88 EPA 200.7

Moisture 17.9 EPA 160.3

Total Solids 82.1 1642 Wheatstone

Total Salts 239.8 EPA 120.1

PH 2.6 EPA 150.1

Ash 31.3 CaIc.

Phosphate Available 13.56 CaIc. (P ₂ O ₅ )

[0043] Sample 4: A sample of the phosphorous-rich precipitate was slurried in water to 33 D. S. and adjusted with sulfuric acid to pH 3.5. The slurry was hydrolyzed by heating to 100 ⁰ C until ion chromatographic analyses indicated >85% PO ₄ hydrolysis. The material was cooled to ambient temperature and the pH was

adjusted to 7.0 with aqua ammonia. The slurry was tray dried at 50 ⁰ C and ground to fine granular consistency. The chemical analyses, lbs/ton of fertilizer nutrients, and analytical methods for the resultant hydrolyzed, ammonia-adjusted precipitate are given in Table 5.

Table 5. Hydrolyzed, Ammonia-adjusted Precipitate (Sample 4)

Sample 4 Analysis Nutrients Analysis Parameters Wt % lbs/ton Method

Ammonium Nitrogen (N) 5.78 115.5 EPA 350.2

Organic Nitrogen (N) 2.25 45 EPA 350.2

Total Nitrogen (N) 8.03 160.7 EPA 351.3

Phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 15.44 308.8 EPA 200.7

Potassium (K ₂ O) 1.78 35.7 EPA 200.7

Sulfur (S) 5.53 110.6 EPA 200.7

Calcium (Ca) 7.56 151.2 EPA 200.7

Magnesium (Mg) 1.46 29.2 EPA 200.7

Sodium (Na) 0.01 0.2 EPA 200.7

Copper (Cu) 6 ppm 0.01 EPA 200.7

Iron (Fe) 493 ppm 0.99 EPA 200.7

Manganese (Mn) 198 ppm 0.4 EPA 200.7

Zinc (Zn) 483 ppm 0.97 EPA 200.7

Moisture 15.2 EPA 160.3

Total Solids 84.8 1696 Wheatstone

Total Salts 331.8 EPA 120.1

PH 6.2 EPA 150.1

Ash 30.5 CaIc.

Phosphate Available 15.35 CaIc. (P ₂ O ₅ )

[0044] Sample 5: A sample of the phosphorous-rich precipitate was slurried in water to 33 D. S. and adjusted with sulfuric acid to pH 3.5. The slurry was hydrolyzed by heating to 100 ⁰ C until ion chromatographic analyses indicated >85% PO ₄ hydrolysis. The material was cooled to ambient temperature and pH adjusted to 7.0 with calcium hydroxide. The slurry was tray dried at 50 ⁰ C and ground to fine granular consistency. The chemical analyses, lbs/ton of fertilizer nutrients, and

analytical methods for the resultant hydrolyzed, calcium hydroxide-adjusted precipitate are given in Table 6.

Table 6. Hydrolyzed, calcium hydroxide-adjusted Precipitate (Sample 5)

Sample 5 Analysis Nutrients Analysis Parameters Wt % lbs/ton Method

Ammonium Nitrogen (N) 0.01 0 EPA 350.2

Organic Nitrogen (N) 1.64 32.8 EPA 350.2

Total Nitrogen (N) 1.65 33.1 EPA 351.3

Phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) 12.04 240.8 EPA 200.7

Potassium (K ₂ O) 1.42 28.4 EPA 200.7

Sulfur (S) 4.4 88.1 EPA 200.7

Calcium (Ca) 17.19 343.8 EPA 200.7

Magnesium (Mg) 1.19 23.8 EPA 200.7

Sodium (Na) 0.01 0.2 EPA 200.7

Copper (Cu) 5 ppm 0.01 EPA 200.7

Iron (Fe) 429 ppm 0.86 EPA 200.7

Manganese (Mn) 152 ppm 0.3 EPA 200.7

Zinc (Zn) 365 ppm 0.73 EPA 200.7

Moisture 11.9 EPA 160.3

Total Solids 88.1 1762 Wheatstone

Total Salts 396.2 EPA 120.1

PH 9.1 EPA 150.1

Ash 52.2 CaIc.

Phosphate Available 11.82 CaIc. (P ₂ O ₅ )

EXAMPLE III

[0045] An acid, southern Iowa soil was air-dried and three kilograms of soil were added to each of a number of clean plastic greenhouse pots. The soil from each pot was transferred to a mixer to which appropriate amounts of limestone and a phosphate source were added to reach a particular pH and phosphorous content. Each pot contained either no additional phosphate source or one of seven different phosphate sources: di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), a commercially available 18- 46-0 starter fertilizer, and Samples 1-5 from Example Il above. After mixing, the

treated soil was returned to its pot. four corn seeds were planted in each pot, and water was applied to achieve field capacity. After emergence, only two plants were kept in each pot. After nine weeks, the plants were harvested by cutting the stalks at one-half inch above the soil. Harvested plants were placed in paper bags, weighted and dried at 65 C until constant weight was achieved. Dried plants and bags were weighed and the plant material was ground. Empty bags were weighed to enable determination of fresh and dried plant yields. Microwave digestion procedures were used to prepare plant samples for elemental analysis and total nitrogen was determined by dry combustion in a LECO CHN analyzer.

[0046] Corn germinated, grew and developed normally throughout the study with byproduct and fertilizer treated soils producing the greater growth than the check treatment. Tables 7 and 8 present dry matter yield and compositional analysis and uptake of nutrients by the corn plants. A two-factor variance analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences (p-values less than 0.01 ) between the phosphorous sources in dry matter yield and in the corn contents of phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Treatment of the soil with limestone significantly altered corn magnesium and manganese contents; manganese uptake is greater in acid soils than near neutral soils.

Table 7. Corn plant yield and tissue analysis.

Source Liming Fresh wt Dry wt Total N P K Al Ca Cu Fe Mg Mn Na Zn

— grams — % ppm % — - — ppm

No fertilizer added

No lime 87 138 0 929 680 250 54 3,929 27 45 2,788 83 16 40 pH 65 106 17 4 0 956 887 226 67 5,158 20 76 3,201 30 18 41 pH 69 114 185 0 859 853 1 99 31 5,437 17 50 3,128 36 18 45

18-46-0 fertilizer added

No lime 185 433 0 525 1,449 1 59 63 3,631 23 43 2,433 101 25 26 pH 85 173 333 0 694 1,656 1 45 25 3,399 12 24 2,776 28 14 24 pH 6 9 210 440 0704 1,587 1 29 24 4,358 11 24 3,103 34 16 25

Saπrole 1 added

No lime 239 49 5 0483 2,002 1 38 41 3,125 13 22 2,369 80 17 25 pH 6 5 236 53 5 0 670 2,156 1 45 32 3,857 11 41 2,796 24 17 25 pH 69 255 55 5 0 677 2,118 1 31 31 3,963 19 44 2,921 22 13 23

Samole 2 added

No lime 209 493 0 554 1,265 1 55 49 3,426 17 40 2,383 100 19 26 pH 65 248 532 0 654 1,350 1 45 31 3,780 12 21 2,684 26 14 23

Sarrole 3 added

No lime 300 799 0 851 1,837 1 13 149 5,942 9 71 3,516 71 14 28 pH 6 5 269 824 0526 1,843 1 00 33 4,325 11 79 3,884 45 11 29 pH 6 9 295 793 0 999 1,910 1 11 27 4,834 6 78 3,964 23 14 49

SarriDle 4 added

No lime 190 35 5 0 506 1,571 1 66 48 3,734 15 25 2,459 96 12 32 pH 65 203 37 3 0 659 1,667 1 44 43 4,290 10 23 2,841 35 56 66 pH 69 217 39 3 0737 1,772 1 35 9 3,971 6 18 2,904 26 9 30

Sample S added

No lime 254 51 8 0492 1,146 1 23 31 3,230 9 20 2,251 69 12 44 pH 65 233 450 0529 1,532 1 28 24 3,444 14 22 2,442 22 12 20 pH 69 220 523 0548 1 540 1 19 13 3,907 6 19 2,590 27 13 24

Italics Indicate missed byproduct treatment

Table 8. Corn nutrient and trace-element uptake

Source Lime trt Dry wt Total N P Ca Mq K Al Cu Fe Mn Na Zn grams - milligrams - micrograms

No fertilizer added

No lime 11 4 127 9 54 38 341 732 384 630 1,140 225 552 pH 65 10 2 153 16 79 62 346 926 321 1,089 462 289 647 pH S 9 186 165 16 100 58 367 577 306 917 672 329 841

18-46-0 starter fertilizer added

No lime 530 226 60 155 104 668 2,676 957 1,789 4,286 1,005 1,098 pH 6 5 41 1 227 54 111 91 469 824 372 780 905 480 779 pH 6 9 57 1 305 66 193 136 551 1,123 481 1,022 1 ,501 654 1,062

Sample 1 added

No lime 44 1 238 99 154 117 678 2,022 653 1,117 3,939 865 1,225 pH 6 5 58 3 351 112 208 151 763 1,853 602 2,358 1,264 862 1,411 pH 6 9 536 371 116 222 162 723 1,622 1,207 2,552 1,207 726 1,275

Sample 2 added

No lime 580 273 62 166 116 753 2,395 789 1,952 4,819 921 1,296 pH 65 532 348 72 201 143 774 1,667 631 1,143 1,381 747 1,221 pHβ9 26 7 238 20 106 67 389 372 233 802 611 151 669

Sample 3 added

No lime 101 9 553 127 342 267 733 7,566 668 6,011 6,546 831 2,086 pH 65 885 506 137 330 306 763 2,664 904 6,913 4,310 896 2,286 pH 69 875 779 149 384 313 869 2,166 455 6,245 1,826 1,122 3,752

Samole 4 added

No lime 32 8 181 56 133 87 589 1,700 530 907 3,419 423 1,135 pH 65 337 247 63 161 107 542 1,532 381 844 1,323 1,922 2,348 pH 6 9 31 2 293 69 156 114 526 357 245 707 1,008 371 1,127

SamDle 5 added

No lime 580 251 61 167 116 639 1,545 437 978 3,700 627 2,377 pH 6 S 450 238 69 155 110 575 1,100 621 974 984 545 888 pH 6 9 37 5 280 80 208 138 617 768 356 1,093 1,330 674 1,269

Italics indicate missed byproduct treatment

[0047] Although Sample 3 had been treated with ammonia, an analysis of ammonium content by KCI displacement yielded values less those measured for the other samples. This suggests that ammonium ions are held in the byproduct complex more strongly than ammonium ions held on the soil exchange complex.

[0048] Figure 2 illustrates the phosphorous content of the phosphorous sources (stated as weight percent) and the percentage phosphorous uptake in the plants in each of the pots. As evident from Figure 2, Samples 3 and 4 yielded excellent phosphorous uptake results. This, combined with the nitrogen content of Samples 3 and 4, suggests that they would make excellent starter fertilizers or components thereof.

[0049] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise," "comprising," and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, that is to say, in a sense of "including, but not limited to." Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number, respectively. When the claims use the word "or" in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

[0050] The above-detailed descriptions of embodiments of the invention are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, whereas steps are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order. The various embodiments described herein can be combined to provide further embodiments.

[0051] In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above-detailed description explicitly defines such terms. While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.