"POLYMERIC COMPOSITIONS LOADED WITH CARBON NANOTUBES, THEIR PRODUCTION AND USE"

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to polymeric compositions loaded with carbon nanotubes, to a method for the production of these compositions and to the use thereof, particularly in the production of composite materials made up of polymer impregnated fabrics.

STATE OF THE ART

It is known that polymers can be loaded with a wide variety of both organic and inorganic materials, such as fibers, powders, or other forms of particulate matter, in order to modify their properties.

This method is used to improve the properties of polymers from a mechanical, chemical or physical point of view, or to give the polymers better properties or special features.

Applications of the method are many.

Just to make some examples, it is known to add minerals such as talc, mica or kaolin, in finely divided form, to thermoplastic materials, in order to increase their resistance to bending and impact. The composite materials thus obtained are used, for example, in the automotive industry. It is known to add copper salts in combination with potassium bromide or iodide to polyamides so as to increase their resistance to high temperature oxidation and thus prevent the degradation of their mechanical properties over time. Other additives widely used in the field are flame retardants, among which the most common are brominated organic compounds, phosphorus containing compounds, antimony oxide and others. Finally, it is known to add graphite or coal powder to polymers of any kind to give them electrical conductivity properties.

After the discovery of so-called "carbon nanotubes" in 1991, the addition of these new materials to polymers has also been extensively explored. Carbon nanotubes are generally referred to as CNTs (Carbon NanoTubes in English). These materials exist in single wall form, known as SWCNTs (Single-Wall CNTs), and consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms that defines a cylindrical wall; and in multiple wall forms, known as MWCNTs (Multi-Wall CNTs) and consist of two or more of said cylindrical walls in a concentric arrangement. Another important feature to describe the CNTs is their "aspect ratio", that is the ratio between the largest and the smallest dimension, in this case the ratio between the length and the diameter. Many patents relate to polymer materials loaded with CNTs; in most of these patents, SWCNTs are used because they are the ones having most controlled features and give the best results.

U.S. Patent 7,479,516 B2 describes, in principle, the addition of SWCNTs to virtually any type of polymers and for any possible application; however, this patent indicates that to have an efficient (and useful for the intended purposes) interaction between polymers and CNTs, it is necessary to functionalize the surface thereof through the use of oligomers, i.e. short polymer type chains, before adding CNTs to the polymer.

US patent application 2012/0123020 Al describes the addition of CNTs (in particular MWCNTs) to epoxy resins; also according to this document, however, in order to have a good interaction between the polymer and the CNTs, it is necessary to have them previously functionalized, in this case by an ozonolysis treatment.

US patent application 2010/0143701 Al describes various uses of epoxy resins loaded with CNTs, for example for impregnating fabrics to obtain articles known as "pre-preg" in the art; notwithstanding the description in general terms, only executions with SWCNTs are exemplified. Also this document states that in order to have a good interaction between CNTs and the polymer, and thus to obtain the desired functional enhancements, it is necessary to have the CNTs functionalized before their addition to the polymer, in this case through the formation of functional groups capable of reacting with the polymer matrix (in particular acyl halides) on the surface of the CNTs. Patent applications US 2008/0300357 Al (concerning the use of dual wall CNTs and MWCNTs) and US 2009/0035570 Al (concerning the use of SWCNTs, dual wall CNTs and MWCNTs) describe loading CNTs in epoxy resins by pre-dispersion of the CNTs in acetone, and adding the suspension thus obtained to the polymer.

From a reading of these documents, a teaching is learned that, in order to obtain an improvement in the functional properties of the composite material by the addition of CNTs, it is almost always necessary to carry out their functionalization, that is, a chemical modification of the same, before mixing them with the polymer; alternatively (or in addition), prior dispersion of CNTs in a solvent is required, thus obtaining a suspension to be added to the polymer during its formation, which, however, entails the need to remove the solvent itself before polymerization is completed.

Furthermore, compositions of the prior art often require relatively high amounts of CNTs, for example in the order of 5-10% by weight, to have the desired effects.

Finally, another limitation of the prior art compositions is that they often require the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes only for their preparation (in view of obtaining improved functional properties), which, however, are more difficult to produce and/or purify, and therefore more expensive, than the multi-wall nanotubes.

The object of the present invention is to provide polymeric compositions loaded with carbon nanotubes, as well as a method for their production, which overcome the disadvantages of the prior art methods and give rise to functional performances equal to those obtained by use of single-walled nanotubes or even superior.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This object is achieved by the present invention, which in its first aspect relates to a composite material comprising:

- a matrix formed by a polymeric material selected from epoxy resins, phenolic resins, bismaleimide resins, silicone resins and vinyl esters; and

- multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a diameter between 3 and 30 nm, within the matrix, in an amount between 0.05 and 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymeric material, in the case of MWCNTs having an aspect ratio between 100 and 700, or in a quantity between 0.5 and 7 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymeric material, in the case of MWCNTs, having an aspect ratio greater than 1000.

Among the polymeric materials, the use of epoxy resins is preferred.

In a second aspect, the invention consists of a method for producing the composite material described above, comprising the steps of:

a) providing a precursor or mixture of precursors of the polymeric material of the composite;

b) providing multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs, having the dimensions as indicated above;

c) adding said MWCNTs to the precursor or precursors of the polymeric material; d) dispersing the MWCNTs into the resulting mixture by a mechanical dispersion method and applying a single shear rate action with a minimum value of 10 ⁶ s ^"1 or alternatively more than once a shear rate of at least 10 ⁵ s ^"1 ;

e) determining the formation of the polymer by reaction and possible crosslinking of said precursor or mixture of precursors,

wherein the MWCNTs added in step c):

- have an aspect ratio between 100 and 700 and are added in an amount between 0.05 and 1 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymeric material;

or:

- have an aspect ratio greater than 1000 and are added in an amount between 0.5 and 7 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymeric material.

Optionally, and preferably, the process may comprise a step c') to be realized between steps c) and d), which consists in premixing the MWCNTs in the precursors of the polymer.

In one embodiment of the invention, the composite material is used for impregnation of technical yarns, such as carbon fibers, glass fibers, basalt, kevlar or mixed fibers, by using known techniques, such as manual impregnation, infusion, Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and pre-preg. These yarns may be presented, as in the prior art, in the form of unidirectional ribbons, woven fabrics, multi-axial fabrics, non-woven fabrics and the like.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Fig. 1 shows a photomicrograph under the scanning electron microscope of a composite material of the invention containing MWCNTs with aspect ratio between 100 and 700;

Fig. 2 shows a photomicrograph under the scanning electron microscope of a composite material of the invention containing MWCNTs with aspect ratio greater than 1000;

Fig. 3 shows the results of electrical conductivity tests performed on samples of composite materials of the invention containing MWCNTs with an aspect ratio between 100 and 700;

Figs. 4 and 5 show stability results over time of two samples of MWCNT dispersion in a resin obtained according to the method of the invention; the measurements were carried out using Dinamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is described below in detail with reference to Figures.

In the rest of the description, unless otherwise specified, the amount of MWCNTs present in the composite materials of the invention will be indicated in terms of parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of a polymer component, where by polymer component both starting monomers or oligomers and any organic type additives, in particular initiators of polymerization reactions, are meant.

The composite material of the invention is made up of a resin and carbon nanotubes of the MWCNT type with a diameter between 3 and 30 nm and aspect ratio values comprised in two different intervals, as further specified below.

Polymer materials which may be used in the invention include epoxy, phenolic, bismaleimide, silicone resins and vinyl esters; epoxy resins are preferred.

The preparation of these resins is well known to those skilled in polymers. For example, epoxy resins are produced from compounds containing an epoxy ring, which can be reacted in a state of homopolymerization by addition of reaction initiators; these may be Lewis acids or bases, but most commonly are reacted with catalysts, mainly amines, organic acids or anhydrides. Depending on the number of functional groups present in the single monomer molecule or the initial reagent compound, there are different degrees of crosslinking that determine the mechanical properties of the final resin.

Carbon nanotubes present in the compositions of the invention are multi-walled, the type of CNTs that is most readily obtained in the production of these materials. In the compositions of the invention, the MWCNTs have a homogeneous distribution, which results in remarkable results, particularly in terms of significant improvement of the mechanical properties as compared to the corresponding unloaded resins, already with very low loading rates with MWCNT nanotubes and in any case with results comparable to those obtainable with the use of SWCNTs.

The addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs, to resins improves technological properties (especially mechanical and electrical ones); moreover, the inventors have surprisingly found, in particular, that MWCNTs with aspect ratio between 100 and 700 and added in amounts between 0.05 and 1 parts by weight per 100 of polymer increases the stiffness (Young's module) thereof; while MWCNTs with aspect ratios greater than 1000 and added in amounts of 0.5 to 7 parts by weight per 100 of polymer, increase its elongation at breakage, related to the ability to absorb more energy before it breaks (tenacity). Preferably, MWCNTs of the second type have aspect ratio between 1000 and 2000.

Figure 1 shows an image obtained with a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) of the interior of a composite material of the invention; the MWCNTs used for the production of the material in the photomicrograph, which are produced by Belgian company Nanocyl SA, had an average aspect ratio of 160 and a purity of 90%. The image is about 12,000 magnifications, and shows how surprisingly the MWCNTs are distributed discretly and without the presence of agglomerates thereof, although these nanotubes have not been superficially functionalized to improve their dispersion, as required in many scientific and patent literature in the art.

In a second aspect, the invention consists of a method for producing the composite material described above.

The first step of the process, a), consists in obtaining a precursor, or a precursor mixture of the polymer component of the composite. All monomers, oligomers, or polymerization and/or crosslinking initiators that lead to the production of the polymeric part of the composite are widely commercially available. Commonly, epoxies formulations (precursors of epoxy resins) are sold which include epoxy-reacted epichlorhydrin; formulations of this type are available, by way of example, from the company ELANTAS Camattini S.p.A. of Collecchio (PR), or by the companies of the Huntsman Corporation LLC group.

In the preferred case of preparation of epoxy resins, starting components of the precursor are typically bisphenol A and/or bisphenol F, which are reacted with epichlorohydrin or 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether subsequently employing preferably an amine as polymerization initiator.

The second step of the process, b), includes providing MWCNTs with desired characteristics. Multi-walled nanotubes useful for the invention are commercially available from various sources, for example Raymor Industries Inc., La Verendrye (Quebec, Canada); Nanocyl S.A., Sambreville (Belgium); Nano structured & Amorphous Materials, Inc., Houston (Texas, USA); and Cnano Technology Ltd., San Francisco (California, USA).

These companies provide various types of CNTs as standard product in the catalogue, including MWCNTs characterized by purity (expressed as a percentage by weight of nanotubes on the total mixture, which also contains amorphous carbon and part of the catalysts used for their production) and average values of length and diameter. Both in the case of MWCNTs with aspect ratios of less than 700 and in case of those with aspect ratio greater than 1000, these have external diameters between 3 and 30 nm.

In the third step of the process, c), MWCNTs are added to the precursors of the polymer component of the composite in the quantities by weight as above, which depend on their aspect ratio. According to the invention, MWCNTs are added to said precursors without the aid of solvents.

The fourth step of the process of the invention, d), consists in the mechanical dispersion of MWCNTs in the polymer precursors, to obtain a homogeneous mixture. This operation has also the effect of separating individual MWCNTs (as shown in Figures 1 and 2), which after their production come in the form of aggregates of multiple nanotubes. Step d) requires mechanical stirring of the mixture with a shear rate greater than 10 ⁶ 1/s or alternatively more than once a shear rate of at least 10 ⁵ s ^"1 and is carried out with machines of the type known as "three roll mill", or preferably using the dispersion system described in patent application EP 2868370 Al in the name of the Applicant. The inventors noted that MWCNT dispersion in the polymer material obtained after step d) is homogeneous and the mixture obtained is stable over time, as verified with Dinamic Light Scattering measurements; this mixture can therefore be stored for relatively long periods, even a few months, and sold as intermediate product intended for subsequent uses, for example pre-preg production.

Optionally and preferably, step d) is preceded by a step c'), in which the MWCNT suspension in the polymer precursors is premixed with normal stirring and mixing systems.

The preparation thus obtained, depending on the use for which it is intended, can be stored in containers and sold separately from the crosslinking agent to be used, after mixing the two components, for the manufacture of fiber-reinforced resin components as discussed further on.

Alternatively, the preparation containing the MWCNTs can be combined, by mixing, with low reactivity crosslinking agents, such as, for example, diamino diphenyl sulphone or dicyandiamide. The system thus obtained is particularly well suited for the production of pre-preg, since it has a very low crosslinking rate at room temperature and thus can maintain pre-preg workability for several weeks at room temperature, and for further 12 months if stored at temperatures below -18 °C.

Finally, in the last process step, e), resin crosslinking is caused, that is, the reaction between functional groups placed on adjacent polymer chains that irreversibly binds them and fixes the three-dimensional structure of the polymer, making it rigid.

The last aspect of the invention relates to articles produced by impregnating fabrics, preferably in the form of multilayers, with the composite material of the invention not yet crosslinked or only partially crosslinked and subjecting the fabrics so impregnated and possibly shaped to complete crosslinking (curing). It is known to impregnate fabrics or layers of fabric with resins to make manufactures with structural function. Fibers can be impregnated with different methods, such as manual impregnation, infusion, Resin Transfer Molding, filament winding and variants thereof. In a preferred embodiment, impregnation is carried out by the technique known as pre-preg. In order to realize a pre-preg according to the present invention, fibers, in the form of unidirectional ribbon, fabric, or multiaxial fabric, in single layer or arranged in multiple overlaid layers, are arranged on a flat surface; The fabric layer thus obtained is then impregnated with the resin and MWCNTs mixture obtained after step d) of the process of the invention, i.e. after the high shear rate dispersion of the precursor and MWCNTs mixture and following the addition of low reactivity crosslinking agents. The final polymerization (or curing) of the resin creates a rigid structure, in which the fabric has structural support (and in some cases aesthetic) function, while the composite of the invention forms a matrix in which the fibers of the fabric are dipped, preventing relative movements therof .

The invention will be further described by the following experimental part.

EXAMPLE 1

This example relates to the production of a series of composite materials of the invention based only on epoxy resin.

As precursor of the epoxy component, product EC 157, a non-crosslinked epoxy resin with viscosity between 500 and 600 mPa- s, and as crosslinking agent product W 152 XLR (amine based) were used, both sold by ELANTAS Camattini S.p.A. Collecchio (PR); the two components were used in a 100:30 weight ratio.

The carbon nanotubes used for the preparation of the samples are of the MWCNT type, having a purity (carbon content) of 90% and an average aspect ratio of 160, sold by Nanocyl SA, Sambreville (Belgium).

Starting from these precursors, three series of samples with different content of MWCNTs by weight were produced following the procedure described below; in particular, the MWCNT content of the three series of samples is 0.077, 0.154 and 0.385 parts by weight of nanotubes per 100 parts by weight of polymeric component (epoxy precursors + crosslinking) respectively. For comparison purposes, a series of resin samples were also produced without MWCNT addition.

For the preparation of the samples, the desired MWCNT amount was dispersed in 1 kg of epoxy precursor, initially by manual premixing and then by mixing with high shear rate using the mixing apparatus described in patent application EP 2868370 Al, with a shear rate of 10 ⁶ 1/s and performing two mixing cycles for the fluid inside the apparatus; this ensures homogeneous and stable dispersion over time of the MWCNTs.

0.3 kg of the above-described crosslinking agent were added to the epoxy precursor containing the MWCNTs, in quantities of 30 parts by weight of crosslinker per 100 parts by weight of epoxy precursor; the resulting mixture was mixed to allow dispersion of the crosslinking agent in the precursor and then subjected to degassing for 20 minutes under reduced pressure, between about 0.01 and 0.05 bar, and at room temperature.

At the end of this treatment, the resins loaded with nanotubes (as well as the comparison one, without MWCNTs) were poured into silicone molds of dimensions and shape suitable for the production of specimens on which mechanical characterizations were performed according to ASTM D 638 and ASTM D 695 M rules. The loaded resins were then reticulated by a treatment having the following thermal profile:

- heating from room temperature T up to 35 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min;

- maintaining at 35 °C for 10 hours;

- heating from 35 °C up to 70 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min;

- maintaining at 70 °C for 7 hours;

- natural cooling to room temeperature T.

MWCNT content of the composite materials obtained (in parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer component) is summarized in Table 1; the three samples according to the invention are designated respectively as C1-C3, while the sample CO* does not contain MWCNTs (the asterisk indicates a reference sample).

Table 1

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 is repeated, but in this case MWCNTs are used that are produced and sold by the company Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc., and have an average aspect ratio of 1000. The MWCNTs are added to the resin in an amount of 1.15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer component.

The sample obtained is referred to as sample C5.

EXAMPLE 3

This example relates to the production of pre-preg material.

As the liquid epoxy precursor for the dispersion of the MWCNTs already used in Example 1, Araldite GY 2600 from Huntsman International LLC was used.

A desired amount of MWCNTs was dispersed in 0.6 kg of epoxy precursor for the preparation of the samples, initially by premixing with a mixer, and then it was subjected to a high shear rate dispersion process using the mixing apparatus described in patent application EP 2868370 Al, with a shear rate of 10 ⁶ 1/s and performing two mixing cycles for the fluid inside the apparatus; this ensures homogeneous dispersion of the MWCNTs.

Araldite GY 2600 liquid resin containing the nanotubes was then inserted into a mixer and 0.4 kg of Araldite GT 6097 solid resin from Huntsman was added. The whole of epoxy precursors was mixed at a temperature of 70 °C for 20 minutes and afterwards 0.076 kg of dicyandiamide crosslinking agent from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC and 0.020 kg of Aradur 3088 accelerating agent from Huntsman were added. The resulting mixture was mixed for further 10 minutes at a temperature between 65 and 70 °C and subjected to degassing at reduced pressure, ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 bar.

The final content of MWCNTs within the system thus composed is equal to 0.27 parts by weight of nanotubes per 100 parts by weight of polymer component (epoxy precursors + crosslinker + accelerant). For comparison purposes, a resin sample was also produced using the same procedure as described above but without the addition of MWCNTs.

The resulting resin samples were then used for the manufacture of pre-pregs based on high-strength T700S 12K carbon fiber from Toray Industries Inc. in the form of fiber spools better known to the filed operators as tow.

Pre-preg preparation steps are better described below:

- providing a fibrous mass in laminar form;

- making a resin film onto a transfer support (silicone covered paper);

- impregnating step at a temperature of 70 °C, during which impregnation of the fibrous mass with the polymer composition is carried out;

- cooling the composite material thus obtained to room temperature.

The pre-preg thus obtained was then cut to size, stratified and finally subjected to autoclave treatment cycle at 6 bar pressure with a heat treatment having the following profile:

- heating from room temperature T up to 105 °C at a rate of 2 °C/min; - maintaining at 105 °C for 0.5 hours;

- heating from 105 °C up to 120 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min;

- maintaining at 120 °C for 1 hour;

- natural cooling up to room temeperature T.

The panels thus obtained were machined to obtain specimens meeting the ASTM specifications for the tensile and three-point flexion tests of the same.

EXAMPLE 4

The C1-C3 samples of the invention and the comparison CO* sample prepared as described in Example 1 were subjected to traction and compression tests, respectively according to ASTM D 638 and ASTM D 695 M standards. The deformation "full-field" analysis data were measured using a Q-400 DIC system of Dantec Dynamics A/S (Denmark).

The results of traction tests are given in Table 2, while those of the compression tests are shown in Table 3.

Table 2

Table 3

Standard dev. 3.91 0.71 0.18

C2 Average value 106.27 3.8 2.963

Standard dev. 3.5 0.69 0.4

C3 Average value 113.74 6.48 3.220

Standard dev. 3.38 2.08 0.18

EXAMPLE 5

The C1-C3 samples prepared in Example 1 were subjected to electrical conduction tests at three different alternating current frequencies. The test results are summarized in Figure 3 and show a monotonous increase in electrical conductivity as the amount of MWCNTs loaded in the resin increases.

EXAMPLE 6

Sample C5 has been subjected to traction tests as reported in Example 4.

The test results are shown in Table 4, together with the results obtained on an epoxy resin sample that was not loaded with MWCNTs (CO*).

Table 4

EXAMPLE 7

In this practical example, resin loaded with MWCNTs used to prepare CI and C2 samples, not yet crosslinked, has been subjected, at increasing temporal intervals, to the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurement technique to characterize its dispersion stability over time.

According to this technique, the sample is hit by a laser beam and the variations in the intensity of light diffused by the sample are measured as a function of time. Such variations are due to the Brownian movement of nanoparticles, and therefore depend on their size: the smaller the nanoparticles, the quicker their movements, this resulting in rapid changes in the scattering intensity. Subsequently, the rate of the intensity fluctuations is processed through a correlation function to obtain the nanoparticle diffusion coefficient from which, by means of the Stokes-Einstein equation, the average hydrodynamic diameter can be reckoned.

During preparation of samples CI and C2, a portion of resin loaded with MWCNTs was taken and subjected to dispersion of these latter, i.e. the composition obtained after step d) of the process of the invention; this resin was diluted in the same samples CI and C2 (EC 157) forming resin by adding 9 g EC 157 resin to 0.06 g resin of the invention and the resulting composition was shaken, left to stand for 12 hours and brought to a temperature of 25 °C before making the measurement.

The two loaded resin samples thus obtained were measured using DLS technique, using the Zetasizer Nano ZEN 1600 model instrument of Malvern Instruments Ltd. The test results are shown in Figures 4 and 5, which show how the particle dimensional distribution remains substantially unchanged over time in both cases (tests carried out after one day, 33 days and 127 days after preparation of the samples); these results confirm that dispersions obtained by the method of the invention are stable over time, and that MWCNTs do not undergo aggregation at least over a few months; the dispersions can therefore be stored for relatively long periods after their preparation and prior to crosslinking.

EXAMPLE 8

Samples obtained in Example 3 were subjected to traction and flexion tests according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D790 standards.

The fabric impregnated with resin (either of the invention or not) was in all cases of T700S type from Toray Industries Inc. in a one-way arrangement.

In addition, all values are normalized to a fraction by volume of fiber of 60% (and hence a resin fraction by volume of 40%), which is a standard mode in the field to compare different samples. Test results are shown in Table 5 below. For comparison purpose, the table also shows the mechanical characteristics of two commercial Toray products similar to the sample of the invention, as reported in the manufacturer's technical sheets. The table shows the quantities measured for both the fiber and the composite obtained with it (the units of measurement concerning the values given for each quantity are given in parentheses).

Table 5

Comment on the results

In the case of MWCNTs with an aspect ratio less than 700 (C1-C3 samples) compression tests show a clear increase in resistance along with a moderate increase in the modulus (Table 3). The analysis of compression tests shows a reduction in breakage elongation at low nanotube loads followed by an increase due to loading 0.385 parts by weight of MWCNTs per 100 parts by weight of polymer component. The tensile test shows a remarkable increase in the elastic modulus as the MWCNT amount by weight increases. Tensile strength does not vary considerably while elongation at breaks decreases.

In the case of MWCNTs with an aspect ratio greater than 1000, the results show an increase in breakage elongation of about 10% at the expense of a slight decrease of 3.8% of the elastic modulus (Young modulus), resulting in increased energy needed to break the material.

The pre-preg obtained in Example 3 and tested in Example 8 is characterized by a higher traction and flexion elastic modulus than the pre-preg obtained with a resin not containing MWCNTs, that is 13.6% and 4.9%, respectively. Tensile and bending strength increases by a few percentage points. These data, when compared with the pre-preg ones obtained from the same fiber and resins with comparable technical characteristics, place the nano-loaded pre-preg at higher or anyway comparable levels with respect to the best existing products on the market today. The resin loaded with MWCNTs according to the invention, therefore, allows the best exploitment of the fiber characteristics, thus obtaining a composite material characterized by significant performances without the need to use solvents or chemical functionalisations to obtain an adequate dispersion of CNTs.